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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rbso</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. bras. saúde ocup.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2317-6369</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0303-7657</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho - FUNDACENTRO</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/2317-6369000003118</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00006</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">02400</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Tema Livre/Artigo</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Fatores associados ao presenteísmo em trabalhadores da indústria</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Presenteeism and associated factors in industry workers</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3773-8389</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pie</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Clara Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3353-5365</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Rita de Cássia Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<!--xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref-->
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0969-0170</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Martins</given-names>
					</name>
					<!--xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref-->
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9336-7845</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Porto</surname>
						<given-names>Lauro Antônio</given-names>
					</name>
					<!--xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref-->
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>a</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA). Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde, Ambiente e Trabalho. Salvador, BA, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde, Ambiente e Trabalho</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>b</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA). Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">Contato: Ana Clara Souza Pie E-mail: <email>anaclarapie@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<p>Os autores declaram que o trabalho não foi subvencionado e que não há conflitos de interesses.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn4">
					<p>Contribuições de autoria Pie ACS realizou o trabalho completo, desde a concepção geral do estudo até a escrita do artigo, a saber, revisão completa da literatura sobre o tema, discussão de caráter teórico e metodológico, escrita completa do artigo, incluindo revisões, correções e interpretação dos resultados. Fernandes RCP contribuiu com a concepção geral do estudo, orientação e discussão de caráter teórico relacionado ao tema, interpretação dos resultados, elaboração conjunta do método de análise, correção das versões preliminares e ajustes necessários, apoio na elaboração e submissão do manuscrito, acompanhamento sistemático da evolução do artigo. Carvalho FM contribuiu com discussão de caráter teórico relacionado ao tema, elaboração conjunta do método de análise, interpretação dos resultados, correção das versões preliminares e ajustes necessários. Porto LA forneceu contribuições importantes de caráter metodológico, especificamente no método de análise dos dados, interpretação dos resultados e contribuições nas versões preliminares. Todos os autores aprovaram a versão final publicada e assumem responsabilidade pública pelo trabalho realizado.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>24</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">		
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>45</volume>
			<elocation-id>e13</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2018</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introdução:</title>
					<p>o presenteísmo pode ser definido como estar no trabalho mesmo percebendo limitações, físicas ou psíquicas, que podem reduzir a capacidade laborativa.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos:</title>
					<p>estimar a prevalência do presenteísmo e sua associação com características sociodemográficas, estilos de vida, aspectos relacionais no trabalho e interpessoais e condições gerais de saúde em trabalhadores da indústria na Bahia.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p>o presenteísmo foi medido pelo somatório das respostas positivas às questões sobre falta de vontade, falta de concentração e indisposição ou desânimo para o trabalho, em conjunto com o absenteísmo negativo. Utilizou-se na análise multivariada o modelo de Poisson com variância robusta para estimar a magnitude das associações por meio da razão de prevalências.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p>entre os dados analisados de 2.093 trabalhadores, ter menos de 30 anos, ter maior escolaridade, apresentar dor, dormir mal, sentir-se estressado e experimentar sentimentos negativos em relação à vida associaram-se a maiores prevalências de presenteísmo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão:</title>
					<p>o presenteísmo pode evoluir para piora progressiva da saúde do trabalhador. Portanto, identificá-lo precocemente e promover intervenções para reduzir seus determinantes é um desafio para as organizações.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
			<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction:</title>
					<p>presenteeism can be defined as being at work despite perceiving limitations, physical or psychological, which can reduce the work ability.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives:</title>
					<p>to estimate presenteeism prevalence and its association with socio-demographic characteristics, life styles, work and interpersonal relational aspects and general health conditions in industry workers in Bahia, Brazil.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>presenteeism was measured by the sum of positive responses to questions about lack of motivation, lack of concentration, and indisposition or discouragement to work, along with negative absenteeism. In the multivariate analysis, we used the Poisson model with robust variance to estimate the associations magnitude by means of the prevalence ratio.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>among the 2,093 workers whose data were analyzed, be under 30 years of age, having higher education, feel pain, having poor sleep quality, feeling stressed and experiencing negative feelings about life were associated with higher prevalence of presenteeism.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion:</title>
					<p>presenteeism can lead to a progressive worsening of the worker’s health, so early identification and promoting interventions to reduce its determinants is a challenge for organizations.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords<italic>:</italic></title>
				<kwd>presenteeism</kwd>
				<kwd>work conditions</kwd>
				<kwd>health level</kwd>
				<kwd>occupational health</kwd>
				<kwd>interpersonal relations</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>presenteísmo</kwd>
				<kwd>condições de trabalho</kwd>
				<kwd>nível de saúde</kwd>
				<kwd>saúde do trabalhador</kwd>
				<kwd>relações interpessoais</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="40"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introdução</title>
			<p>O prejuízo à saúde dos trabalhadores gera uma rede de perdas para o indivíduo, a família, a empresa, o governo e a sociedade em geral. Alterações nas condições de saúde dos trabalhadores podem levar à redução da capacidade ou à incapacidade para o trabalho, e consequentemente à perda de produtividade, seja pelo absenteísmo ou presenteísmo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>O presenteísmo e o absenteísmo fazem parte de um <italic>continuum</italic>, no qual os trabalhadores transitam ao longo da vida. O absenteísmo é um problema conhecido, estudado e algumas vezes abordado nas práticas organizacionais. O mesmo não ocorre com o presenteísmo, geralmente tratado como empecilho para a produtividade sem motivar discussões sobre questões de saúde relacionadas a este desfecho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>O presenteísmo pode ser definido como estar no trabalho mesmo percebendo limitações que reduzem a capacidade laborativa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>. Tais limitações se expressam pelo sofrimento psíquico ou físico, comprometendo o bem-estar dentro e fora do trabalho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. O presenteísmo tem sido medido por meio do registro de dias em que o trabalhador, embora presente no local de trabalho, sentiu que deveria estar ausente devido à sua condição física, cognitiva ou emocional, sentindo-se, portanto, incapaz de realizar as atividades laborais em sua plenitude<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>A literatura internacional aponta duas concepções sobre o presenteísmo. A primeira, predominante entre autores europeus, estuda o desfecho sob uma perspectiva epidemiológica, centrada nas características ocupacionais, responsáveis pelo estresse e adoecimento dos trabalhadores. A segunda, oriunda de escolas americanas (porém não exclusivamente), investiga o impacto das doenças na produtividade dos trabalhadores e os custos relacionados a esta perda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Na lógica epidemiológica, é um desfecho mediado por questões pessoais e do contexto de trabalho, com impacto na condição de saúde do trabalhador<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Na dimensão econômica, o presenteísmo expressa a redução da produtividade no trabalho devido a problemas de saúde, e, portanto, tem impacto financeiro para as organizações.</p>
			<p>Estudos longitudinais têm apontado que a frequência do presenteísmo relaciona-se com a frequência e duração do absenteísmo de curto e longo prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>, com morbidades como eventos coronarianos graves<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>, depressão<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> e <italic>burnout</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>. Além disso, o presenteísmo frequente também pode ser precursor de incapacidade para o trabalho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Por outro lado, alguns autores têm discutido recentemente as consequências positivas do presenteísmo dentro do processo de reabilitação profissional em um contexto laboral favorável e socialmente positivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>, como a ampliação da autoestima do trabalhador e manutenção de sua produtividade. Nessas condições, estar presente no trabalho, apesar de limitações de saúde, poderia revelar a existência de compensações no ambiente laboral que resultassem na permanência do trabalhador e numa percepção positiva sobre estar presente. Entretanto, esta não foi a perspectiva adotada neste estudo, nem na maioria dos estudos sobre presenteísmo.</p>
			<p>O presenteísmo pode relacionar-se com fatores organizacionais e pessoais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> que interagem sobre a decisão do trabalhador acerca do seu comparecimento ou ausência ao trabalho. No geral, há uma tendência em atribuir o presenteísmo a questões pessoais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>, embora alguns estudos tenham enfatizado questões organizacionais como principais preditores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Ainda que os estudos brasileiros sobre o tema sejam escassos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>, a literatura internacional evidencia que o presenteísmo é uma questão atual e frequente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, e que seu estudo pode favorecer a identificação precoce de problemas de saúde, além de promover a reflexão sobre estressores organizacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Assim, conhecer as características do presenteísmo entre trabalhadores pode melhorar a saúde e a capacidade laboral, além de prevenir o absenteísmo de longo prazo e a incapacidade, pela identificação precoce de queixas.</p>
			<p>No contexto industrial, onde se realizou este estudo, há crescente necessidade de demonstrar o impacto dos programas de promoção da saúde (PPS). Os PPS são formados por ações sistemáticas no ambiente de trabalho que visam ampliar os recursos de saúde dos trabalhadores, como palestras e oficinas (alimentação saudável, doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, atividades físicas, saúde bucal etc.), ginástica laboral, massoterapia e outras atividades, elaborados em conjunto com as empresas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>A medida do presenteísmo pode contribuir para elucidar uma morbidade ou situação de desconforto e inadaptação laboral que não pode ser identificada por meio dos indicadores de absenteísmo. Considerando tal contexto, este estudo investigou a prevalência do presenteísmo e sua associação com características sociodemográficas, estilos de vida, aspectos relacionais no trabalho e interpessoais e condições gerais de saúde em trabalhadores da indústria.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Métodos</title>
			<p>Realizou-se estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal com dados secundários provenientes da base de dados do Sistema de Gestão do Lazer (SGL), pertencente ao Serviço Social da Indústria/Departamento Regional da Bahia (Sesi/DR-BA), para o qual se obteve a autorização de uso. A base de dados foi formada pelas avaliações técnicas diagnósticas (ATD) respondidas pelos trabalhadores antes da participação em programas de promoção da saúde (PPS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> no ambiente de trabalho, no ano de 2013.</p>
			<p>A ATD sempre é aplicada por profissionais do Sesi/DR-BA antes de iniciar o PPS na indústria. Os dados são tabulados no SGL, no qual são gerados os relatórios epidemiológicos do perfil de estilo de vida dos trabalhadores.</p>
			<p>Foram incluídos no estudo todos os registros de trabalhadores de indústrias na Bahia atendidas pelos PPS e que responderam integralmente a ATD. Foram excluídos os registros dos trabalhadores provenientes de empresas não industriais e os registros que referiram ausência do trabalho nos últimos 30 dias, por descaracterizar o desfecho de interesse, que é estar presente no trabalho mesmo com limitações para executar as tarefas.</p>
			<p>Os dados foram coletados conforme padrões específicos do Sesi/DR-BA, que definem a conduta do avaliador e forma de aplicação das ATD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. A ATD é aplicada em local apropriado dentro da empresa (sala reservada) e orientada pelo profissional do Sesi (que explicita o motivo e objetivo da ATD, os aspectos éticos e sana dúvidas sobre questões a serem respondidas). Utilizou-se, em cada empresa participante dos PPS, amostra não aleatória dos trabalhadores, ou seja, todos foram convidados a participar durante o período da avaliação.</p>
			<p>O instrumento utilizado na coleta de dados foi elaborado pela própria instituição para verificar o perfil de estilo de vida da população de trabalhadores antes e após a intervenção do PPS. É composto por 30 questões, das quais 21 foram utilizadas neste estudo.</p>
			<p>Os procedimentos utilizados no momento da coleta asseguraram a participação voluntária, o anonimato e o sigilo das informações. Os aspectos éticos foram cumpridos em consonância com a Resolução 466/2012 e o projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, conforme parecer 950.362.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Variável dependente</title>
				<p>O presenteísmo foi medido por meio de três questões extraídas da ATD que demonstravam relação com a capacidade de o trabalhador manter-se no trabalho mesmo percebendo alguma limitação para desempenhar as atividades laborais, ou seja, em situação de presenteísmo.</p>
				<p>As questões selecionadas, disponíveis na ATD, corresponderam aos componentes cognitivo e emocional diante das situações de trabalho, a saber: “<italic>Nos últimos 30 dias, em quantos dias você</italic> não sentiu vontade <italic>
 <italic>de vir ao trabalho?</italic>
</italic> ”; “<italic>Nos últimos 30 dias, em quantos dias você</italic> se sentiu indisposto ou sem ânimo <italic>(energia) para realizar tarefas que o seu trabalho exige?</italic>”; “<italic>Nos últimos 30 dias, em quantos dias você</italic> sentiu dificuldade para se concentrar <italic>no trabalho?</italic>”. Essas questões possuíam quatro alternativas em escala Likert, as quais receberam pontuação de 0 a 3, representando as respostas: 0 = “<italic>nenhum</italic>”, 1 = “<italic>1 a 2 dias</italic>”, 2 = “<italic>3 a 7 dias</italic>” e 3 = “<italic>8 ou mais dias</italic>”.</p>
				<p>Foi utilizado como critério de exclusão a questão sobre absenteísmo: “<italic>Nos últimos 30 dias, em quantos dias você precisou pedir afastamento do trabalho por motivos de saúde (com ou sem licença médica)?</italic>”. Apenas os trabalhadores que referiram não terem se ausentado do trabalho foram mantidos, por caracterizar o desfecho, ou seja, são os trabalhadores que referiam alguma limitação cognitiva e/ou emocional para realização do trabalho nos últimos 30 dias e ainda assim continuaram trabalhando, caracterizando nesse estudo o presenteísmo.</p>
				<p>A soma das pontuações das três questões variou de 0 a 9. Quanto maior o resultado, maior a limitação percebida para exercer as atividades laborais.</p>
				<p>Destaca-se que as questões da ATD escolhidas para aferir o presenteísmo e a forma de compor o escore foram elaborados com base na literatura sobre o tema<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. Essas questões abordam a condição psíquica e cognitiva do trabalhador diante do trabalho, expressa nas dificuldades (falta de concentração, indisposição e falta de vontade) para o exercício das atividades laborais. As queixas são condições que podem levar tanto ao adoecimento físico quanto psíquico.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Variáveis independentes</title>
				<p>As variáveis independentes utilizadas, considerando a plausibilidade das possíveis associações, foram as características sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, escolaridade e estado civil), estilos de vida (hábito de fumar, consumo de álcool, consumo alimentar e prática de atividades físicas), condições gerais de saúde (avaliação geral de saúde, dores e desconforto corporal, qualidade do sono e estresse), e aspectos relacionais interpessoais e no trabalho (qualidade dos relacionamentos, sentimentos em relação à vida e nível de adaptação e integração ao ambiente em geral). Todas as questões e escalas de respostas utilizadas tiveram origem na ATD. Houve categorização das variáveis conforme segue.</p>
				<p>Variáveis sociodemográficas: idade (corte na mediana, 30 anos); escolaridade, <italic>com ensino superior</italic> e <italic>sem ensino superior</italic> (fundamental incompleto; fundamental completo; médio completo); e estado civil, <italic>com parceiro</italic> (casado ou vivendo com parceiro) e <italic>sem parceiro</italic> (solteiro, viúvo, desquitado ou divorciado).</p>
				<p>Características de estilos de vida: hábito de fumar: foi categorizado em <italic>não</italic>, para os que nunca fumaram ou ex-fumantes; e <italic>sim</italic>, quando referiram fumar, independentemente da quantidade.</p>
				<p>A prática de atividades físicas no lazer, conforme recomendação do Colégio Americano de Medicina Esportiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>, foi categorizada em <italic>suficiente</italic> (para as respostas sim, 3 ou 4 vezes por semana; sim, 5 ou mais vezes por semana) e <italic>insuficiente</italic> (não, e não estou interessado(a) em realizar atividades físicas no meu lazer num futuro próximo; não, mas estou interessado em realizar atividades físicas no meu lazer num futuro próximo; sim, 1 ou 2 vezes por semana).</p>
				<p>O consumo alimentar, conforme orientações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>, foi categorizado em <italic>recomendado</italic>, quando houve referência ao consumo semanal habitual de quatro vezes ou mais de alimentos <italic>in natura</italic> (frutas e verduras), e sem consumo de alimentos <italic>ultraprocessados</italic> (refrigerantes); e <italic>não recomendado</italic>, quando as respostas foram o consumo semanal inferior ou igual a três vezes por semana de alimentos <italic>in natura</italic> e quando houve qualquer consumo de alimentos <italic>ultraprocessados</italic>.</p>
				<p>O consumo excessivo de álcool em uma única ocasião, o <italic>binge drinking</italic>, foi definido conforme recomendações do Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças, e caracterizado como positivo quando os trabalhadores referiram consumo de cinco ou mais doses na mesma ocasião<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Condições gerais de saúde: as respostas das variáveis sobre autoavaliação geral de saúde, qualidade do sono e estresse foram dicotomizadas, respectivamente, em: <italic>excelente/bom</italic> (sempre/quase sempre dorme bem; raramente/às vezes estressado) e <italic>regular/ruim</italic> (às vezes/nunca/raramente dorme bem; quase sempre/sempre estressado). A variável sobre a frequência de dores e desconforto foi categorizada em três níveis: <italic>nenhum dia</italic>, <italic>1 a 7 dias</italic>, e <italic>mais de 8 dias.</italic></p>
				<p>Aspectos relacionais interpessoais e no trabalho: as respostas foram dicotomizadas, respectivamente, em: qualidade dos relacionamentos <italic>excelente/bom</italic> e <italic>regular/ruim</italic>; sentimentos em relação à vida, <italic>positivo</italic> (se sente muito bem/bem) e <italic>negativo</italic> (se sente mal/muito mal); e nível de integração e adaptação ao ambiente, em <italic>excelente/bom</italic> e <italic>regular/ruim</italic>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise</title>
				<p>Foram considerados casos positivos de presenteísmo os trabalhadores que apresentaram, na soma das três questões, mais de 1 ponto e não relataram afastamento do trabalho por motivos de saúde nos últimos 30 dias, ou seja, compareceram ao trabalho mesmo com limitação emocional e/ou cognitiva (falta de vontade, indisposição/desânimo ou falta de concentração).</p>
				<p>O presenteísmo foi categorizado em dois níveis de frequência: curta duração (escores 1 a 4); e longa duração (escores 5 a 9). O grupo com escore 0 foi utilizado como grupo de referência, equivalente ao presenteísmo negativo.</p>
				<p>A análise dos dados foi realizada no programa R, versão 3.1.3. Inicialmente realizou-se a etapa descritiva das variáveis independentes e das que compuseram o desfecho, bem como dos escores obtidos pela soma das questões que o compõem. A análise bivariada foi iniciada com a construção de tabelas <italic>k</italic> × 3 e, em seguida, foram calculadas as razões de prevalências (RP) e intervalos de confiança (IC, associação bruta).</p>
				<p>Os dados analisados não suportaram o critério de convergência para uso do modelo multinominal. Utilizou-se como alternativa o modelo de Poisson com variância robusta para estimar a magnitude das associações por meio da razão de prevalências<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>. Assim, na análise multivariada, o presenteísmo de curta e longa duração foram analisados separadamente em relação ao presenteísmo negativo. A variável hábito de fumar foi excluída do modelo exploratório em virtude da baixa proporção de trabalhadores tabagistas.</p>
				<p>Por se tratar de um estudo exploratório e considerando critérios de plausibilidade teórica e biológica, todas as variáveis independentes foram incluídas no modelo de Poisson concomitantemente e os resultados analisados foram os oriundos das associações observadas no primeiro modelo exploratório.</p>
				<p>Os coeficientes estimados para cada variável independente do modelo foram utilizados para calcular a RP, bem como seus respectivos intervalos de confiança, em nível de 95%, apenas para verificar a magnitude do efeito e a precisão dos dados em relação à população investigada, assim como compará-los aos resultados da análise bivariada.</p>
				<p>Foi conduzida análise de resíduos a fim de verificar a dispersão das observações em torno do esperado, demonstrando a qualidade do ajuste dos dados ao modelo utilizado.</p>
				<p>Apesar de a população estudada não ter origem em amostra aleatória, foram utilizados os intervalos de confiança apenas para demonstrar o grau de precisão das estimativas encontradas. Conforme Rothman<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>, nesses casos, os intervalos servem apenas como uma estimativa mínima da real incerteza sobre o objeto estimado. Desta forma, adotou-se uma posição crítica e uma interpretação parcimoniosa dos resultados, com todas as variáveis mantidas nos modelos finais. Ou seja, nenhuma variável foi removida com base na inferência estatística.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>A população foi constituída por 2.093 trabalhadores industriais, em sua maioria homens (63,5%), com idade entre 16 e 81 anos (dp = 9,5) e média de 31,4 anos (dados não mostrados). A maioria relatou ser casado (53,7%) e não possuir ensino superior (82%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1"><bold>Tabela 1</bold></xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características dos trabalhadores da indústria participantes dos Programas de Promoção de Saúde na Bahia, em 2013 (n = 2.093)</title>
					</caption>
					<alternatives>		
						<graphic xlink:href="t1.jpg"/>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center"><italic>Características da população</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>n</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="3"><bold>Características sociodemográficas</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Sexo</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Masculino</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.330</td>
								<td align="center">63,5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Faixa Etária*</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Até 30 anos</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.152</td>
								<td align="center">55,1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Estado civil</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Com parceiro(a)</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.124</td>
								<td align="center">53,7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Escolaridade</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Sem ensino superior</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.717</td>
								<td align="center">82,0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="3"><bold>Características de estilo de vida</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Hábito de fumar</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Não</italic></td>
								<td align="center">2.018</td>
								<td align="center">96,4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Consumo excessivo de álcool na mesma ocasião</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Não</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.597</td>
								<td align="center">76,3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Consumo alimentar</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Recomendado</italic></td>
								<td align="center">96</td>
								<td align="center">4,6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Prática de atividades físicas no lazer</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Suficiente</italic></td>
								<td align="center">578</td>
								<td align="center">27,6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="3"><bold>Condições gerais de saúde</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Autoavaliação geral de saúde</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Excelente/Bom</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.759</td>
								<td align="center">84,0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Qualidade do sono</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Sempre ou quase sempre dorme bem</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.327</td>
								<td align="center">63,4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Estresse</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Raramente/Às vezes estressado</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.845</td>
								<td align="center">88,2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Dores/desconforto nos últimos 30 dias</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Nenhum</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.071</td>
								<td align="center">51,2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="3"><bold>Aspectos relacionais</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Qualidade dos seus relacionamentos</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Excelente/Bom</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.922</td>
								<td align="center">91,8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Sentimento em relação à vida</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Positivo (muito bem/bem)</italic></td>
								<td align="center">2.040</td>
								<td align="center">97,5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="3"><bold>Nível de integração e adaptação ao ambiente</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Excelente/Bom</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.911</td>
								<td align="center">91,3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="3"><bold>Limitação percebida para o trabalho</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Falta de vontade de ir ao trabalho</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Nenhum dia</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.333</td>
								<td align="center">63,7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Indisposição/desânimo para realizar as tarefas</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Nenhum dia</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.159</td>
								<td align="center">55,4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Dificuldade em se concentrar no trabalho</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Nenhum dia</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.363</td>
								<td align="center">65,1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Presenteísmo</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Negativo (score 0)</italic></td>
								<td align="center">888</td>
								<td align="center">42,4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Positivo (score 1 a 9)</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.205</td>
								<td align="center">57,6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Frequência do presenteísmo</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Curta duração (score 1 a 4)</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1.042</td>
								<td align="center">49,8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Longa duração (score 5 a 9)</italic></td>
								<td align="center">163</td>
								<td align="center">7,8</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</alternatives>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>*Perda de dados n = 4.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Fonte: Avaliações Técnicas Diagnósticas (ATD) do Serviço Social da Indústria/Departamento Regional da Bahia (Sesi/DR-BA).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Apenas 3,6% referiram fumar, 23,4% consumir álcool em excesso na mesma ocasião, 95,4% apresentaram hábitos alimentares não recomendáveis e 72,4% atividade física no lazer insuficiente.</p>
			<p>A avaliação geral de saúde <italic>regular/ruim</italic>, a qualidade do sono comprometida e o estresse apresentaram prevalência de 16% (<italic>n</italic> = 334), 36,6% (<italic>n</italic> = 766) e 11,8% (<italic>n</italic> = 248), respectivamente.</p>
			<p>A prevalência de dores e desconforto corporal para realização das atividades de trabalho foi alta, relatada por 48,8% (<italic>n</italic> = 1.022) dos indivíduos. A duração da dor variou de 1 a mais de 8 dias, com maior proporção entre os que relataram até 7 dias no último mês (42,5%; <italic>n</italic> = 890) (dados não mostrados).</p>
			<p>Quanto aos aspectos relacionais, mais de 90% dos indivíduos avaliados demonstraram aspectos relacionais positivos.</p>
			<p>Foi observada alta prevalência das limitações cognitiva e/ou emocional em relação ao trabalho, avaliadas pelas questões: falta de vontade de ir ao trabalho (36,3%; <italic>n</italic> = 760), indisposição ou desânimo para realizar as tarefas de trabalho (44,6%; <italic>n</italic> = 934) e falta de concentração no trabalho (34,9%; <italic>n</italic> = 730) nos últimos 30 dias.</p>
			<p>A prevalência do presenteísmo geral entre os trabalhadores da indústria foi de 57,6%, com escore entre 1 e 9.</p>
			<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2"><bold>Tabela 2</bold></xref> e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3"><bold>Tabela 3</bold></xref> descrevem, respectivamente, os resultados mais fortemente associados para presenteísmo de curta e longa duração em relação à categoria de referência, presenteísmo negativo (escore = 0).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análise multivariada separada para o presenteísmo de curta duração (score 1 - 4; n = 1.042) em relação ao grupo referente, presenteísmo negativo (score 0; n = 888), entre trabalhadores da indústria, participantes dos Programas de Promoção da Saúde na Bahia, em 2013 (n = 1.930)</title>
					</caption>
					<alternatives>		
						<graphic xlink:href="t2.jpg"/>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="6"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2"><italic>Variáveis independentes</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="6"><italic>Presenteísmo de curta duração</italic></th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center"><italic>n</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>RP bruta</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>IC 95%</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>RP ajustada</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>IC 95%</italic></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Características sociodemográficas </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Sexo</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Masculino</italic></td>
								<td align="center">607</td>
								<td align="center">49,2</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Feminino</italic></td>
								<td align="center">435</td>
								<td align="center">62,4</td>
								<td align="center">1,27</td>
								<td align="center">1,12-1,43</td>
								<td align="center">1,11</td>
								<td align="center">0,97-1,26</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Faixa etária*</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>31 anos ou mais</italic></td>
								<td align="center">416</td>
								<td align="center">46,5</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Até 30 anos</italic></td>
								<td align="center">623</td>
								<td align="center">60,4</td>
								<td align="center">1,30</td>
								<td align="center">1,14-1,47</td>
								<td align="center">1,32</td>
								<td align="center">1,15-1,51</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Escolaridade</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Sem ensino superior</italic></td>
								<td align="center">818</td>
								<td align="center">51,9</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Com ensino superior</italic></td>
								<td align="center">224</td>
								<td align="center">63,5</td>
								<td align="center">1,22</td>
								<td align="center">1,05-1,41</td>
								<td align="center">1,43</td>
								<td align="center">1,21-1,66</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Estado civil</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Sem parceiro</italic></td>
								<td align="center">503</td>
								<td align="center">56,9</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Com parceiro</italic></td>
								<td align="center">539</td>
								<td align="center">51,5</td>
								<td align="center">0,91</td>
								<td align="center">0,80-1,02</td>
								<td align="center">0,97</td>
								<td align="center">0,85-1,10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Características de estilo de vida</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Consumo excessivo de álcool na mesma ocasião (<italic>binge drinking</italic>)</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Não</italic></td>
								<td align="center">782</td>
								<td align="center">53,1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Sim</italic></td>
								<td align="center">260</td>
								<td align="center">56,9</td>
								<td align="center">1,07</td>
								<td align="center">0,92-1,23</td>
								<td align="center">1,14</td>
								<td align="center">0,98-1,31</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Consumo alimentar</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Recomendado</italic></td>
								<td align="center">45</td>
								<td align="center">50,6</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Não recomendado (negativo)</italic></td>
								<td align="center">997</td>
								<td align="center">54,2</td>
								<td align="center">1,07</td>
								<td align="center">0,80-1,46</td>
								<td align="center">1,06</td>
								<td align="center">0,79-1,46</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Prática de atividades físicas no lazer</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Suficiente</italic></td>
								<td align="center">269</td>
								<td align="center">50,9</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Insuficiente</italic></td>
								<td align="center">773</td>
								<td align="center">55,2</td>
								<td align="center">1,09</td>
								<td align="center">0,94-1,24</td>
								<td align="center">1,04</td>
								<td align="center">0,90-1,20</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Condições gerais de saúde</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Dores/desconforto nos últimos 30 dias</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Nenhum</italic></td>
								<td align="center">408</td>
								<td align="center">39,1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>1 a 7 dias</italic></td>
								<td align="center">575</td>
								<td align="center">71,3</td>
								<td align="center">1,83</td>
								<td align="center">1,60-2,07</td>
								<td align="center">1,76</td>
								<td align="center">1,53-2,00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>8 dias ou mais</italic></td>
								<td align="center">59</td>
								<td align="center">73,8</td>
								<td align="center">1,89</td>
								<td align="center">1,42-2,45</td>
								<td align="center">1,75</td>
								<td align="center">1,30-2,30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Autoavaliação geral de saúde</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Excelente/Bom</italic></td>
								<td align="center">850</td>
								<td align="center">51,2</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Regular/Ruim</italic></td>
								<td align="center">192</td>
								<td align="center">71,1</td>
								<td align="center">1,39</td>
								<td align="center">1,18-1,62</td>
								<td align="center">1,11</td>
								<td align="center">0,93-1,30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Qualidade do sono</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Sempre ou quase sempre dorme bem</italic></td>
								<td align="center">607</td>
								<td align="center">48,1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Às vezes/Nunca/Raramente dorme bem</italic></td>
								<td align="center">435</td>
								<td align="center">65,0</td>
								<td align="center">1,35</td>
								<td align="center">1,19-1,52</td>
								<td align="center">1,17</td>
								<td align="center">1,01-1,31</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Estresse</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Raramente/Às vezes estressado</italic></td>
								<td align="center">901</td>
								<td align="center">52,0</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Quase sempre/Sempre estressado</italic></td>
								<td align="center">141</td>
								<td align="center">71,9</td>
								<td align="center">1,38</td>
								<td align="center">1,15-1,64</td>
								<td align="center">1,15</td>
								<td align="center">0,94-1,38</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Aspectos relacionais</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Qualidade dos seus relacionamentos</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Excelente/Bom</italic></td>
								<td align="center">946</td>
								<td align="center">52,6</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Regular/Ruim</italic></td>
								<td align="center">96</td>
								<td align="center">72,7</td>
								<td align="center">1,38</td>
								<td align="center">1,11-1,69</td>
								<td align="center">1,20</td>
								<td align="center">0,95-1,49</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Sentimento em relação à vida</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Positivo (Muito bem/Bem)</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1022</td>
								<td align="center">53,8</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Negativo (Mal/Muito mal)</italic></td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">66,7</td>
								<td align="center">1,24</td>
								<td align="center">0,76-1,87</td>
								<td align="center">0,90</td>
								<td align="center">0,55-1,37</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Nível de integração e adaptação ao ambiente</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Excelente/Bom</italic></td>
								<td align="center">949</td>
								<td align="center">53,1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Regular/Ruim</italic></td>
								<td align="center">93</td>
								<td align="center">65,0</td>
								<td align="center">1,22</td>
								<td align="center">0,98-1,50</td>
								<td align="center">1,01</td>
								<td align="center">0,79-1,25</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</alternatives>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>*Perda de dados n = 3.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Fonte: Avaliações Técnicas Diagnósticas (ATD) do Serviço Social da Indústria/Departamento Regional da Bahia (Sesi/DR-BA).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análise multivariada separada para o presenteísmo de longa duração (score 5 - 9; n = 163) em relação ao grupo referente, presenteísmo negativo (score 0; n = 888), entre trabalhadores da indústria, participantes dos Programas de Promoção de Saúde na Bahia, em 2013 (n = 1.051)</title>
					</caption>
					<alternatives>		
						<graphic xlink:href="t3.jpg"/>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="6"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2"><italic>Variáveis independentes</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="6"><italic>Presenteísmo alto</italic></th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center"><italic>n</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>RP bruta</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>IC 95%</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>RP ajustada</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>IC 95%</italic></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Características sociodemográficas</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Sexo</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Masculino</italic></td>
								<td align="center">97</td>
								<td align="center">13,4</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Feminino</italic></td>
								<td align="center">66</td>
								<td align="center">20,1</td>
								<td align="center">1,50</td>
								<td align="center">1,09-2,04</td>
								<td align="center">0,89</td>
								<td align="center">0,62-1,25</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Faixa etária</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>31 anos ou mais</italic></td>
								<td align="center">42</td>
								<td align="center">8,1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Até 30 anos</italic></td>
								<td align="center">121</td>
								<td align="center">22,9</td>
								<td align="center">2,84</td>
								<td align="center">2,01-4,07</td>
								<td align="center">2,05</td>
								<td align="center">1,41-3,01</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Escolaridade</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Sem ensino superior</italic></td>
								<td align="center">140</td>
								<td align="center">15,6</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Com ensino superior</italic></td>
								<td align="center">23</td>
								<td align="center">15,1</td>
								<td align="center">0,97</td>
								<td align="center">0,60-1,47</td>
								<td align="center">1,50</td>
								<td align="center">0,91-2,36)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Estado civil</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Sem parceiro</italic></td>
								<td align="center">85</td>
								<td align="center">18,2</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Com parceiro</italic></td>
								<td align="center">78</td>
								<td align="center">13,3</td>
								<td align="center">0,73</td>
								<td align="center">0,53-0,99</td>
								<td align="center">0,86</td>
								<td align="center">0,62-1,19</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Características de estilo de vida</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Consumo excessivo de álcool na mesma ocasião (<italic>binge drinking</italic>)</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Não</italic></td>
								<td align="center">124</td>
								<td align="center">15,2</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Sim</italic></td>
								<td align="center">39</td>
								<td align="center">16,5</td>
								<td align="center">1,09</td>
								<td align="center">0,74-1,54</td>
								<td align="center">1,13</td>
								<td align="center">0,76-1,63</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Consumo alimentar</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Recomendado</italic></td>
								<td align="center">124</td>
								<td align="center">13,7</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Não recomendado (negativo)</italic></td>
								<td align="center">39</td>
								<td align="center">15,6</td>
								<td align="center">1,14</td>
								<td align="center">0,57-2,67</td>
								<td align="center">0,83</td>
								<td align="center">0,40-2,00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Prática de atividades físicas no lazer</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Suficiente</italic></td>
								<td align="center">49</td>
								<td align="center">15,9</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Insuficiente</italic></td>
								<td align="center">114</td>
								<td align="center">15,4</td>
								<td align="center">0,97</td>
								<td align="center">0,69-1,36</td>
								<td align="center">0,83</td>
								<td align="center">0,58-1,18</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Condições gerais de saúde</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Dores/desconforto nos últimos 30 dias</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Nenhum</italic></td>
								<td align="center">27</td>
								<td align="center">4,1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>1 a 7 dias</italic></td>
								<td align="center">84</td>
								<td align="center">26,7</td>
								<td align="center">6,55</td>
								<td align="center">4,30-10,28</td>
								<td align="center">5,24</td>
								<td align="center">3,38-8,34</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>8 dias ou mais</italic></td>
								<td align="center">52</td>
								<td align="center">71,2</td>
								<td align="center">17,49</td>
								<td align="center">11,09-28,22</td>
								<td align="center">10,94</td>
								<td align="center">6,57-18,47</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Autoavaliação geral de saúde</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Excelente/Bom</italic></td>
								<td align="center">99</td>
								<td align="center">10,9</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Regular/Ruim</italic></td>
								<td align="center">64</td>
								<td align="center">45,1</td>
								<td align="center">4,14</td>
								<td align="center">3,00-5,65</td>
								<td align="center">1,15</td>
								<td align="center">0,77-1,71</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Qualidade do sono</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Sempre ou quase sempre dorme bem</italic></td>
								<td align="center">66</td>
								<td align="center">9,2</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Às vezes/Nunca/Raramente dorme bem</italic></td>
								<td align="center">97</td>
								<td align="center">29,3</td>
								<td align="center">3,20</td>
								<td align="center">2,34-4,38</td>
								<td align="center">1,42</td>
								<td align="center">0,99-2,02</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Estresse</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Raramente/Às vezes estressado</italic></td>
								<td align="center">111</td>
								<td align="center">11,8</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Quase sempre/Sempre estressado</italic></td>
								<td align="center">52</td>
								<td align="center">48,6</td>
								<td align="center">4,13</td>
								<td align="center">2,95-5,71</td>
								<td align="center">1,80</td>
								<td align="center">1,20-2,65</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Aspectos relacionais</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Qualidade dos seus relacionamentos</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Excelente/Bom</italic></td>
								<td align="center">124</td>
								<td align="center">12,7</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Regular/Ruim</italic></td>
								<td align="center">39</td>
								<td align="center">52,0</td>
								<td align="center">4,09</td>
								<td align="center">2,82-5,80</td>
								<td align="center">1,42</td>
								<td align="center">0,90-2,19</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Sentimento em relação à vida</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Positivo (Muito bem/Bem)</italic></td>
								<td align="center">140</td>
								<td align="center">13,8</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Negativo (Mal/Muito mal)</italic></td>
								<td align="center">23</td>
								<td align="center">69,7</td>
								<td align="center">5,07</td>
								<td align="center">3,17-7,71</td>
								<td align="center">1,83</td>
								<td align="center">1,07-3,00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Nível de integração e adaptação ao ambiente</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Excelente/Bom</italic></td>
								<td align="center">124</td>
								<td align="center">12,9</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Regular/Ruim</italic></td>
								<td align="center">39</td>
								<td align="center">43,8</td>
								<td align="center">3,40</td>
								<td align="center">2,34-4,82</td>
								<td align="center">1,13</td>
								<td align="center">0,70-1,78</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</alternatives>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>Fonte: Avaliações Técnicas Diagnósticas (ATD) do Serviço Social da Indústria / Departamento Regional da Bahia (Sesi/DR-BA).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>As variáveis associadas ao presenteísmo de curta duração foram: faixa etária de até 30 anos, escolaridade superior e presença de dores e desconforto. Para o desfecho presenteísmo de longa duração, as variáveis associadas foram: faixa etária, dores e desconforto, estresse e sentimentos negativos em relação à vida.</p>
			<p>Nenhuma das características de estilos de vida manteve-se associada ao desfecho ou apresentaram estimativas fracas, assim como as variáveis sexo, estado civil, autoavaliação geral de saúde e nível de integração e adaptação ao ambiente.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussão</title>
			<p>Neste estudo observou-se alta prevalência do presenteísmo entre os trabalhadores da indústria, predominantemente o presenteísmo de curta duração. Os mais jovens e os com dor ou desconforto foram os mais atingidos pelo presenteísmo, de curta ou de longa duração. Além disso, trabalhadores mais expostos a situações de estresse e que experimentam sentimentos negativos em relação à vida apresentaram maiores prevalências de presenteísmo de longa duração.</p>
			<p>A alta prevalência do presenteísmo foi compatível com estudos que analisaram diferentes populações, mesmo com a utilização de diferentes instrumentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, demonstrando se tratar de um fenômeno comum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Estudos prévios apontam alta prevalência do presenteísmo em ocupações relacionadas ao cuidado em saúde e educação<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>, as quais são caracterizadas pelo atendimento a pessoas dependentes ou clientes vulneráveis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>, ou por suprir alguma necessidade humana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. Embora esse não seja o perfil dos trabalhadores industriais, tais estudos também relacionam a alta prevalência do presenteísmo a ocupações que combinam fatores de risco ocupacionais, alta carga de trabalho, estresse, baixos salários e maior absenteísmo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Ainda que algumas pesquisas apontem maior prevalência de presenteísmo entre os mais velhos, associada com maior vulnerabilidade quanto à insegurança no emprego e maior dificuldade de recolocação no mercado de trabalho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>, neste estudo verificou-se maior prevalência entre os mais jovens.</p>
			<p>Entre os trabalhadores industriais, a faixa etária foi relevante para o presenteísmo de curta e longa duração, cuja RP ajustada foi 1,32 e 2,05, respectivamente, demonstrando que os mais jovens apresentam maior prevalência de presenteísmo, associação que aumenta no desfecho de maior duração.</p>
			<p>Fatores que podem explicar tal resultado são as características relativas ao vínculo de trabalho dos jovens, que pode ser mais frequentemente temporário do que entre os mais idosos, o que pode levar ao excesso de comprometimento para garantir espaço no mercado de trabalho, ou seja, a sustentabilidade do emprego. Portanto, os jovens tendem a referir maior limitação para o trabalho nos últimos 30 dias, embora permaneçam trabalhando<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>O excesso de comprometimento também pode ser resultado da “cultura do presenteísmo” nas organizações, nas quais o absenteísmo é evitado por causa da forte competitividade e a presença assídua é critério de valorização na carreira, podendo representar mecanismo de pressão para que o trabalhador evite o afastamento, apesar de suas limitações<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>. Essa cultura também reflete a conduta de líderes e supervisores, que tornam ambígua a decisão que o trabalhador deve tomar quando não se sente apto para realizar suas atividades. Ocorre também que eles próprios não se afastem do trabalho por motivo de doença, perpetuando esse comportamento, supondo assim dar o exemplo aos subordinados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>É preciso ponderar a possibilidade de afastamento dos trabalhadores mais velhos, uma vez que a frequência do presenteísmo pode predizer o absenteísmo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Não era esperado para esta população maior presenteísmo entre os mais bem escolarizados, relevante para o desfecho de curta duração, como revela a RP de 1,43. Outros estudos não mostraram clara relação entre escolaridade e presenteísmo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>No caso do Brasil, para algumas profissões o nível de escolaridade não significa melhores cargos e salários, como visto em estudo com agentes penitenciários<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>, o que também é provável no caso do trabalho industrial. Entretanto, mesmo que os mais bem escolarizados ocupem cargos de liderança ou supervisão, aspectos ligados à responsabilidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> e à falta de substituição<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>, por exemplo, estão relacionados ao comparecimento ao trabalho, refletindo também o esforço de sustentabilidade do emprego ou cargo.</p>
			<p>A dor mais prolongada (com duração maior ou igual a 8 dias) foi fortemente associada à limitação percebida em termos de desânimo, falta de vontade e falta de concentração para o trabalho nos últimos 30 dias. Embora já se esperasse que trabalhadores com dor apresentassem mais limitação percebida para o trabalho, pôde-se demonstrar um gradiente de ampliação das associações entre a duração da dor e o presenteísmo de longa duração, ou seja, quanto mais dias com dor, maior o desânimo, a falta de concentração e a falta de vontade de ir ao trabalho, conforme mensurado neste estudo e conforme esperado.</p>
			<p>Quanto maior a duração da dor, maior a limitação percebida para o trabalho. Os que tiveram dor com duração de até uma semana no último mês apresentaram aproximadamente cinco vezes a prevalência de presenteísmo de longa duração dos que não tiveram dor. Esta associação é cerca de onze vezes maior para os que apresentaram mais de 8 dias com dor nos últimos 30 dias. Cabe destacar que a dor está entre as mais importantes razões de incapacidade laboral, consequência da combinação entre fatores físicos, relacionados ou não ao trabalho, fatores psicossociais e individuais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Pode-se supor que os trabalhadores avaliados apresentaram redução de sua capacidade laboral e podem ter compensado essa redução em horas extras e/ou maior esforço físico e cognitivo, como sugerido por Demerouti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>, o que pode levar ao agravamento da dor, ao surgimento de comorbidades, especialmente as relacionadas à saúde mental, e à incapacidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>O presenteísmo de pessoas com dor merece atenção, uma vez que essas desordens, mais comuns em trabalhos com grande sobrecarga física, afeta estruturas corporais, causando sofrimento físico e psíquico. Trabalhar com dor pode prolongar a persistência dos sintomas e ou reduzir a probabilidade de recuperação<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>No modelo exploratório utilizado neste estudo, a qualidade do sono ruim e estresse foram associados ao presenteísmo de curta e longa duração, respectivamente. Ter qualidade do sono comprometida resultou em 17% mais presenteísmo de curta duração e 42% mais presenteísmo de longa duração no último mês, quando se compara aos que referiram bom sono, embora este resultado tenha apresentado um intervalo de confiança menos preciso.</p>
			<p>Em estudo de corte para investigar a relação entre insônia e incapacidade para o trabalho, Sivertsen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> demonstraram que apesar de a insônia não justificar a concessão de benefícios, foi um preditor robusto para incapacidade de longo prazo (OR [<italic>Odds Ratio</italic>] = 1,75; IC 95% = 1,40-2,20), mesmo ajustado por morbidades físicas e psíquicas.</p>
			<p>A relação entre insônia e incapacidade é mediada por fatores somáticos e psicológicos, e frequentemente abordada como um sintoma de tais morbidades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo vão ao encontro desta relação entre qualidade do sono e presenteísmo.</p>
			<p>Referir estresse resultou em 80% mais presenteísmo de longa duração, em comparação aos que não referiram. O estresse surge quando os recursos pessoais são insuficientes para atender às exigências do meio e do grau de estressores aos quais o sujeito está submetido. As respostas para este desequilíbrio podem ser emocionais, fisiológicas ou comportamentais, favorecendo a redução da saúde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Em geral, o trabalho na linha de produção industrial tem como característica a alta demanda psicológica e o baixo controle do trabalhador, atributos associados ao estresse e ao presenteísmo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> e que levam à redução da saúde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Assim como o presenteísmo entre pessoas com dor, o presenteísmo entre pessoas que apresentam estresse prolongado merece atenção, pois esse estado gera um sofrimento psicológico cumulativo com consequências para a saúde física e mental<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Chama a atenção a associação expressiva dos sentimentos negativos em relação à vida com o desfecho presenteísmo de longa duração (RP = 1,83). É possível que tais sentimentos sejam características de um estado emocional negativo e possam estar ligados a outros transtornos mentais.</p>
			<p>A autoavaliação geral de saúde não manteve associação consistente com o desfecho, apesar de estudo conduzido por Aronsson e Gustafsson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>, utilizando questão similar, ter encontrado forte relação entre essa variável e o presenteísmo (OR = 3,32; IC 95% = 2,71-4,07). Nesse aspecto, mais estudos são desejáveis para investigar o papel de possíveis confundidores ou modificadores de efeito ainda não analisados.</p>
			<p>Não há consenso na literatura sobre a relação entre o presenteísmo e as variáveis sociodemográficas de sexo e estado civil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Na análise multivariada desta pesquisa com os trabalhadores industriais, ambas não apresentaram associação importante com o desfecho.</p>
			<p>Também não há consenso sobre o impacto das características de estilos de vida no presenteísmo. Alguns estudos têm mostrado que pessoas mais saudáveis ou com menor quantidade de fatores de risco comportamentais possuem melhores níveis de produtividade, melhor saúde e menores níveis de presenteísmo e absenteísmo, embora mais pesquisas sejam desejáveis nessa área<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref>. Na população industrial pesquisada, esses fatores não foram importantes para caracterizar o desfecho.</p>
			<p>Por se tratar de um estudo de corte transversal, os resultados devem considerar as limitações deste tipo de desenho, incluindo a possibilidade de causalidade reversa para as associações identificadas.</p>
			<p>As questões da ATD utilizadas neste estudo não foram testadas nesse formato para captar o presenteísmo, embora tenha utilizado como referência aspectos da ferramenta validada para o Brasil, o SPS-6<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref>. Muitos instrumentos disponíveis na literatura ainda demonstram limitações quanto à validade e não há um padrão-ouro. No entanto, as questões utilizadas que constavam do banco de dados medem características/desfechos compatíveis com os medidos por instrumento validado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>O uso de informações secundárias, oriundas da ATD, não permitiu a inserção e análise de variáveis relacionadas ao trabalho, que podem ser mais relevantes para o desfecho, como aponta a literatura internacional sobre o tema<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>. Por esse motivo, não há informação sobre a população total e o percentual de adesão à ATD em cada indústria participante do PPS.</p>
			<p>Considerando a escassez de estudos nacionais e a indisponibilidade de dados sobre trabalhadores industriais, os resultados apresentados, apesar dos limites do estudo, podem ser importantes para caracterizar o presenteísmo nessa população, bem como contribuir para a discussão de suas implicações para a saúde e orientar estudos futuros.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Considerações finais</title>
			<p>Este estudo permitiu concluir que ser mais jovem e com maior escolaridade, referir dor ou desconforto, ter qualidade do sono comprometida, apresentar estresse e sentimentos negativos em relação à vida são fatores associados ao presenteísmo, ou seja, à percepção de prejuízo na capacidade para o trabalho, seja de curta ou longa duração.</p>
			<p>O presenteísmo foi medido por meio dos relatos de falta de vontade, indisposição e ou desânimo e falta de concentração para desempenhar as atividades laborais, contemplando as dimensões cognitiva (falta de vontade e de concentração) e física/emocional (indisposição ou desânimo), que refletem sentimentos negativos em resposta às situações de trabalho.</p>
			<p>O trabalhador que se mantém em atividade nessas condições pode apresentar redução de sua capacidade para o trabalho e evoluir para uma queixa específica de saúde. Demonstrou-se essa relação por meio das associações obtidas entre o presenteísmo e condições diversas de saúde mensuradas nesta população.</p>
			<p>Nesse sentido, identificar precocemente e gerenciar as condições relacionadas ao presenteísmo pode contribuir para reduzir ou evitar o afastamento e a incapacidade para o trabalho. Além disso, pode ajudar a identificar diversos problemas estruturais na organização, responsáveis pelo adoecimento dos trabalhadores, assim como auxiliar na implementação de políticas organizacionais favoráveis.</p>
			<p>Ressalta-se neste estudo que, diante de um problema de saúde, físico ou psíquico, específico ou não, com ou sem diagnóstico definido, a decisão entre procurar tratamento e recuperar-se para pleno engajamento ou continuar a trabalhar com o risco de agravar a condição de saúde depende sobretudo da cultura organizacional e, muito provavelmente, do apoio social e da segurança no trabalho de que esta pessoa dispõe.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Este trabalho é baseado na dissertação de mestrado de Ana Clara Souza Pie, intitulada <italic>Fatores associados ao presenteísmo em trabalhadores da indústria</italic>, apresentada à Universidade Federal da Bahia em 2016.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="presented-at" id="fn3">
				<p>Os autores informam que o trabalho não foi apresentado em evento científico.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Assorted topics/Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Presenteeism and associated factors in industry workers</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3773-8389</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pie</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Clara Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>a</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3353-5365</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Rita de Cássia Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0969-0170</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Martins</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9336-7845</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Porto</surname>
						<given-names>Lauro Antônio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>a</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA). Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde, Ambiente e Trabalho. Salvador, BA, Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>b</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA). Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">Contact: Ana Clara Souza Pie E-mail: <email>anaclarapie@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn6">
					<p>The authors declare that they received no financial support and there are no conflicts of interest.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn8">
					<p>Authors’ contributions Pie ACS performed the entire work, from designing the overall study to writing the paper, namely, complete review of the literature on the topic, theoretical and methodological discussion, complete drafting of the article, including revisions, corrections and interpretation of results. Fernandes RCP contributed to the general conception of the study, theoretical guidance and discussion related to the theme, interpretation of results, joint development of the analysis method, correction of preliminary versions and necessary adjustments, support in preparing and submitting the manuscript, systematic monitoring of the evolution of the article. Carvalho FM contributed with a theoretical discussion related to the theme, joint elaboration of the analysis method, interpretation of results, correction of preliminary versions and necessary adjustments. Porto LA provided important methodological contributions, specifically in the method of data analysis, interpretation of results and contributions in the preliminary versions. All authors approved the final published version and assume public responsibility for the work performed.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction:</title>
					<p>presenteeism can be defined as being at work despite perceiving limitations, physical or psychological, which can reduce the work ability.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives:</title>
					<p>to estimate presenteeism prevalence and its association with socio-demographic characteristics, life styles, work and interpersonal relational aspects and general health conditions in industry workers in Bahia, Brazil.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>presenteeism was measured by the sum of positive responses to questions about lack of motivation, lack of concentration, and indisposition or discouragement to work, along with negative absenteeism. In the multivariate analysis, we used the Poisson model with robust variance to estimate the associations magnitude by means of the prevalence ratio.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>among the 2,093 workers whose data were analyzed, be under 30 years of age, having higher education, feel pain, having poor sleep quality, feeling stressed and experiencing negative feelings about life were associated with higher prevalence of presenteeism.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion:</title>
					<p>presenteeism can lead to a progressive worsening of the worker’s health, so early identification and promoting interventions to reduce its determinants is a challenge for organizations.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords<italic>:</italic></title>
				<kwd>presenteeism</kwd>
				<kwd>work conditions</kwd>
				<kwd>health level</kwd>
				<kwd>occupational health</kwd>
				<kwd>interpersonal relations</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Harm to workers’ health generates a chain of problems for the individual, the family, the company, the government and society in general. Changes in workers’ health conditions can lead to decreased ability or total inability for work and consequent loss of productivity, whether due to absenteeism or presenteeism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Presenteeism and absenteeism are part of a continuum in which workers move throughout their lives. Absenteeism is a well-known, well-studied problem, sometimes addressed in organizations. The same is not true of presenteeism, which is generally viewed as an obstacle to productivity without triggering discussions about related health issues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Presenteeism can be defined as being present at work despite awareness of limitations that reduce the work ability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>. Such limitations relate to psychological or physical suffering, compromising well-being inside and outside the workplace<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. Presenteeism has been measured by recording the days when workers, albeit present in the workplace, sense they should be absent due to their physical, cognitive or emotional condition, therefore feeling unable to perform to the best of their abilities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>The international literature mentions two conceptions of presenteeism. The first, predominant among European authors, studies the outcome from an epidemiological perspective, centered on occupational traits responsible for workers’ stress and illness. The second, originated in American schools (but not exclusively), investigates the impact of diseases on workers’ productivity and the costs related to such loss<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In the epidemiological approach, it is an outcome mediated by personal and workplace-related issues, with an impact on workers’ health conditions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. In the economic dimension, presenteeism expresses reduced productivity in the workplace due to health problems, and therefore has a financial impact for organizations.</p>
				<p>Longitudinal studies have indicated that the frequency of presenteeism is related to the frequency and duration of short- and long-term absenteeism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>, with morbidities such as serious coronary events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>, depression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> and burnout<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>. In addition, frequent presenteeism can also lead to decreased work ability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, some authors have recently discussed the positive consequences of presenteeism within the process of professional rehabilitation in a favorable and socially positive work setting<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>, such as increased self-esteem and consistent productivity. In these conditions, being present at work, despite health limitations, could reveal the existence of compensations in the workplace that would result in the worker remaining at work and having a positive perception about being present. However, this was not the perspective adopted in this study or in most studies on presenteeism.</p>
				<p>Presenteeism can be related to organizational and personal factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> that interact to influence workers’ decision about their presence at or absence from work. In general, there is a trend to attribute presenteeism to personal issues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>, although some studies have pointed to organizational issues as the main predictors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Although Brazilian studies on the subject are scarce<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>, the international literature shows that presenteeism is a current and frequent issue<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> and that its study may favor the early identification of health problems, besides encouraging reflection on organizational stressors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Thus, knowing the characteristics of presenteeism among workers can contribute to improve health and ability for labor, in addition to preventing long-term absenteeism and disability by early identification of complaints.</p>
				<p>In the industrial context, where this study was conducted, there is a growing need to ascertain the impact of health promotion programs (HPP). HPP consists of systematic initiatives in the workplace that aim to expand the health resources of workers, such as lectures and workshops (healthy eating, non-communicable diseases, physical activities, oral health, etc.), workplace gymnastics, massage therapy and other activities jointly developed with companies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Measuring presenteeism can contribute to elucidate a morbidity or situation of discomfort and inadequacy at work that cannot be identified by means of absenteeism indicators. Therefore, this study investigated the prevalence of presenteeism and its association with sociodemographic traits, lifestyle, workplace and interpersonal relational aspects and general health conditions in industry workers.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Methods</title>
				<p>A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out with secondary data from the Leisure Management System (SGL) database of the Social Service of Industry/Regional Department of Bahia (Sesi/DR-BA), for which authorization was granted. The database comprised technical diagnostic assessments (TDA) answered by workers prior to their participation in health promotion programs (HPP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> in the workplace in 2013.</p>
				<p>TDA is always administered by Sesi/DR-BA professionals before implementing HPP in industries. The data are tabulated in SGL, where the epidemiological reports of the workers’ lifestyle profiles are generated.</p>
				<p>The study included all records of industrial workers in Bahia engaged in HPP and who fully answered the TDA. Records of workers from non-industrial companies and records on absence from work in the last 30 days were excluded for being incompatible with the outcome of interest, which is being present at work despite performance limitations.</p>
				<p>The data were collected according to specific Sesi/DR-BA standards, which define the conduct of the assessor and the form of administering TDA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. TDA is administered in an appropriate place within the company (reserved room) and guided by the Sesi professional (who explains the reason and goal of TDA, the ethical aspects and clarifies doubts about the questions). A non-random sample of workers was used in all HPP participating companies, that is, all were invited to take part during the assessment period.</p>
				<p>The data collection instrument used was designed by the actual institution to verify the lifestyle profile of the population of workers before and after intervention with HPP. It consists of 30 questions, of which 21 were used in this study.</p>
				<p>The procedures used at the time of collection ensured voluntary participation, anonymity and confidentiality of information. The ethical aspects complied with Resolution 466/2012 and the project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, according to opinion 950.362.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Dependent variable</title>
					<p>Presenteeism was measured by means of three questions extracted from TDA that showed a relationship with the workers’ capability to remain at work despite being aware of some kind of limitation to their performance, that is, in a situation of presenteeism.</p>
					<p>The selected questions, available in TDA, related to cognitive and emotional components in the face of work situations, namely: “<italic>In the last 30 days, how many days did you <bold>
 <italic>not feel like</italic>
</bold> coming to work</italic>?”; “<italic>In the past 30 days, how many days did you <bold>
 <italic>feel unwell or discouraged</italic>
</bold> to perform tasks that your job requires</italic>?”; “<italic>In the past 30 days, how many days did you find it difficult to concentrate at work</italic>?” These questions had four alternatives on a 0-3 Likert scale, representing the answers: 0 = “none,” 1 = 1 to 2 days,” 2 = “3 to 7 days” and 3 = “8 or more days.”</p>
					<p>The question about absenteeism was used as an exclusion criterion: <italic>“In the last 30 days, how many days were you absent from work for health reasons (with or without sick leave)?”</italic> Only workers who reported not having been absent from work were included for characterizing the outcome, that is, the workers who reported some cognitive and/or emotional limitation to perform work in the last 30 days and yet continued working, the definition of presenteeism in this study.</p>
					<p>The added scores of the three questions ranged from 0 to 9. The higher the result, the greater the awareness of limitations to work performance.</p>
					<p>It is noteworthy that the TDA questions chosen to assess presenteeism and the manner of reaching a score were based on the literature on the subject<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. These questions address the psychic and cognitive condition of workers in the face of work, expressed in the difficulties (lack of concentration, indisposition and unwillingness) to perform work tasks. These complaints are conditions that can lead to both physical and psychological illness.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Independent variables</title>
					<p>The independent variables used, considering plausible associations, were sociodemographic traits (sex, age, education and marital status), lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and physical activity), general health conditions (general health assessment, body pain and discomfort, sleep quality and stress), and interpersonal and workplace relational aspects (quality of relationships, feelings about life and level of adaptation and integration in the workplace in general). All questions and response scales used were based on TDA. The variables were categorized as follows.</p>
					<p>Sociodemographic variables: age (median split, 30 years); education level, <italic>with higher education</italic> and <italic>without higher education</italic> (incomplete elementary school; complete elementary school; complete secondary school); and marital status, <italic>with partner</italic> (married or living with a partner) and <italic>without partner</italic> (single, widowed, separated or divorced).</p>
					<p>Lifestyle characteristics: smoking: <italic>no</italic> for non- or ex-smokers; and <italic>yes</italic> when smoking was reported, regardless of frequency.</p>
					<p>Leisure time physical activity, as recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>, was classified as <italic>sufficient</italic> (yes, 3 or 4 times a week; yes, 5 or more times a week) and <italic>insufficient</italic> (no, and I am not interested in doing physical activities in my leisure time in the near future; no, but I am interested in doing physical activities in my leisure time in the near future; yes, 1 or 2 times a week).</p>
					<p>Food consumption, according to the guidelines of the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>, was classified as <italic>recommended</italic> for consumption of <italic>fresh</italic> food (fruit and vegetables) four times a week or more, and with no consumption of <italic>highly processed</italic> foodstuffs (soft drinks); and <italic>not recommended</italic> for consumption of fresh food three times a week or less and any consumption of highly processed foodstuffs.</p>
					<p>Binge drinking was defined according to the recommendations of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and was characterized as positive when workers reported consuming five or more drinks on a single occasion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>.</p>
					<p>General health conditions: the answers to the variables about self-assessed general health, sleep quality and stress were respectively classified into: <italic>excellent/good</italic> (always/almost always sleeps well; rarely/sometimes stressed) and <italic>average/poor</italic> (sometimes/never/rarely sleeps well; almost always/always stressed). The variable related to frequency of pain and discomfort was classified into three levels: <italic>none</italic>, <italic>1 to 7 days</italic> and <italic>more than 8 days</italic>.</p>
					<p>Interpersonal and workplace relational aspects: the answers were respectively classified as: quality of relationships, <italic>excellent/good</italic> and <italic>average/poor</italic>; feelings about life, <italic>positive</italic> (feels very good/good) and <italic>negative</italic> (feels bad/very bad); and level of integration and adaptation in the workplace, <italic>excellent/good</italic> and <italic>average/poor</italic>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Analysis</title>
					<p>Positive cases of presenteeism were considered those in which the overall score for the three questions was above 1 and no absence from work for health reasons was reported in the last 30 days, i.e., the workers came to work despite emotional and/or cognitive limitations (unwillingness, indisposition/discouragement or lack of concentration).</p>
					<p>Presenteeism was classified into two levels of frequency: short term (scores 1 to 4); and long term (scores 5 to 9). The group with a score of 0 was used as a control group, equivalent to negative presenteeism.</p>
					<p>Data analysis was performed using R software version 3.1.3. The first step comprised describing the independent variables and those that made up the outcome, as well as the overall scores obtained in the questions. The bivariate analysis started with the construction of <italic>k</italic> × 3 tables followed by calculation of the prevalence ratios (PR) and confidence intervals (CI, crude association).</p>
					<p>The analyzed data did not support the convergence criterion for using the multinomial model. As an alternative, the Poisson model with robust variance was used to estimate the magnitude of associations by means of the prevalence ratio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>. Therefore, in the multivariate analysis, short- and long-term presenteeism were analyzed separately in relation to negative presenteeism. The smoking variable was excluded from the exploratory model due to the low number of smokers.</p>
					<p>Being an exploratory study and considering theoretical and biological plausibility criteria, all independent variables were included in the Poisson model concurrently and the results analyzed were those derived from the associations observed in the first exploratory model.</p>
					<p>The estimated coefficients for each independent variable of the model were used to calculate the PR, as well as its respective 95% confidence intervals, merely to verify the magnitude of the effect and the accuracy of the data in relation to the investigated population, as well as to compare them with the results of the bivariate analysis.</p>
					<p>Residual analysis was carried to verify the dispersion of the observations in relation to expected outcomes, demonstrating the quality of data adjustment to the model used.</p>
					<p>Although the population studied did not originate from a random sample, confidence intervals were used merely to demonstrate the degree of precision of the estimates found. According to Rothman<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>, in these cases the intervals serve only as a minimum estimate of the actual uncertainty about the estimated object. This enabled the adoption of a critical position and parsimonious interpretation of results, with all variables preserved in the final models. In other words, no variables were removed based on statistical inference.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p>The population comprised 2,093 industrial workers, mostly men (63.5%), between 16 and 81 years of age (sd = 9.5), averaging 31.4 years (data not shown). Most reported being married (53.7%) and not having higher education (82%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4"><bold>Table 1</bold></xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Characteristics of industry workers participating in Health Promotion Programs in Bahia, in 2013 (n = 2.093)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"><italic>Population traits</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>n</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="3"><bold>Sociodemographic traits</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sex</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Male</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,330</td>
									<td align="center">63.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Age group*</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Aged 30 or below</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,152</td>
									<td align="center">55.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Marital status</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>With partner</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,124</td>
									<td align="center">53.7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Level of education</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>No higher education</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,717</td>
									<td align="center">82.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="3"><bold>Lifestyle</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Smoking</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>No</italic></td>
									<td align="center">2,018</td>
									<td align="center">96.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Binge drinking</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>No</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,597</td>
									<td align="center">76.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Eating habits</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Recommended</italic></td>
									<td align="center">96</td>
									<td align="center">4.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Leisure time physical activity</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Sufficient</italic></td>
									<td align="center">578</td>
									<td align="center">27.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="3"><bold>Overall health conditions</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Self-assessed overall health</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Excellent/Good</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,759</td>
									<td align="center">84.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sleep quality</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Always or almost always sleeps well</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,327</td>
									<td align="center">63.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Stress</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Rarely/Sometimes</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,845</td>
									<td align="center">88.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Pain/discomfort in the last 30 days</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>None</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,071</td>
									<td align="center">51.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="3"><bold>Relational aspects</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Quality of relationships</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Excellent/Good</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,922</td>
									<td align="center">91.8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Feeling about life</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Positive (very good/good)</italic></td>
									<td align="center">2,040</td>
									<td align="center">97.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Integration and adaptation in workplace</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Excellent/Good</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,911</td>
									<td align="center">91.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="3"><bold>Awareness of limitations at work</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Unwillingness to attend work</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>None</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,333</td>
									<td align="center">63.7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Indisposition/discouragement to perform tasks</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>None</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,159</td>
									<td align="center">55.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Difficulty to concentrate at work</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>None</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,363</td>
									<td align="center">65.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Presenteeism</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Negative (score 0)</italic></td>
									<td align="center">888</td>
									<td align="center">42.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Positive (score 1 to 9)</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,205</td>
									<td align="center">57.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Frequency of presenteeim</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Short term (score 1 to 4)</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1,042</td>
									<td align="center">49.8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Long term (score 5 to 9)</italic></td>
									<td align="center">163</td>
									<td align="center">7.8</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>*Data loss n = 4.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>Source: Technical Diagnostic Assessments (TDA) of Social Service of Industry/Regional Department of Bahia (Sesi/DR-BA).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Only 3.6% reported smoking, 23.4% reported binge drinking, 95.4% had non-recommended eating habits and 72.4% did insufficient leisure time physical activity.</p>
				<p>Prevalence of <italic>average/poor</italic> overall health assessment, poor sleep quality and stress was 16% (n = 334), 36.6% (n = 766) and 11.8% (n = 248), respectively.</p>
				<p>Prevalence of pain and body discomfort in performing work activities was high, reported by 48.8% (<italic>n</italic> = 1,022) of individuals. The duration of pain ranged from 1 to more than 8 days, with a higher percentage among those who reported up to 7 days in the last month (42.5%; <italic>n</italic> = 890) (data not shown).</p>
				<p>As for relational aspects, more than 90% of individuals reported positive relational aspects.</p>
				<p>A high prevalence of cognitive and/or emotional limitations in relation to work was observed, assessed by the following questions: unwillingness to go to work (36.3%; n = 760), indisposition or discouragement to perform work tasks (44.6%; <italic>n</italic> = 934) and lack of concentration at work (34.9%; <italic>n</italic> = 730) in the last 30 days.</p>
				<p>Prevalence of general presenteeism among industry workers was 57.6%, with a score between 1 and 9.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5"><bold>Table 2</bold></xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6"><bold>Table 3</bold></xref> respectively feature the outcomes most strongly associated with short- and long-term presenteeism in relation to the control category, negative presenteeism (score = 0).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Separate multivariate analysis for short-term presenteeism (score 1 - 4; n = 1,042) in relation to the control group, negative presenteeism (score 0; n = 888), among industry workers participating in Health Promotion Programs in Bahia, in 2013 (n = 1.930)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="6"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2"><italic>Independent variables</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="6"><italic>Short-term presenteeism</italic></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"><italic>n</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>Crude PR</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>95%CI</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>Adjusted PR</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>95%CI</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Sociodemographic traits</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sex</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Male</italic></td>
									<td align="center">607</td>
									<td align="center">49.2</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Female</italic></td>
									<td align="center">435</td>
									<td align="center">62.4</td>
									<td align="center">1.27</td>
									<td align="center">1.12-1.43</td>
									<td align="center">1.11</td>
									<td align="center">0.97-1.26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Age group*</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>31 or more</italic></td>
									<td align="center">416</td>
									<td align="center">46.5</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>30 or less</italic></td>
									<td align="center">623</td>
									<td align="center">60.4</td>
									<td align="center">1.30</td>
									<td align="center">1.14-1.47</td>
									<td align="center">1.32</td>
									<td align="center">1.15-1.51</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Level of education</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>No higher education</italic></td>
									<td align="center">818</td>
									<td align="center">51.9</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Higher education</italic></td>
									<td align="center">224</td>
									<td align="center">63.5</td>
									<td align="center">1.22</td>
									<td align="center">1.05-1.41</td>
									<td align="center">1.43</td>
									<td align="center">1.21-1.66</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Marital status</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>No partner</italic></td>
									<td align="center">503</td>
									<td align="center">56.9</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Partner</italic></td>
									<td align="center">539</td>
									<td align="center">51.5</td>
									<td align="center">0.91</td>
									<td align="center">0.80-1.02</td>
									<td align="center">0.97</td>
									<td align="center">0.85-1.10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Lifestyle</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Binge drinking</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Yes</italic></td>
									<td align="center">782</td>
									<td align="center">53.1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>No</italic></td>
									<td align="center">260</td>
									<td align="center">56.9</td>
									<td align="center">1.07</td>
									<td align="center">0.92-1.23</td>
									<td align="center">1.14</td>
									<td align="center">0.98-1.31</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Eating habits</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Recommended</italic></td>
									<td align="center">45</td>
									<td align="center">50.6</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Not recommended (negative)</italic></td>
									<td align="center">997</td>
									<td align="center">54.2</td>
									<td align="center">1.07</td>
									<td align="center">0.80-1.46</td>
									<td align="center">1.06</td>
									<td align="center">0.79-1.46</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Leisure time physical activity</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Sufficient</italic></td>
									<td align="center">269</td>
									<td align="center">50.9</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Insufficient</italic></td>
									<td align="center">773</td>
									<td align="center">55.2</td>
									<td align="center">1.09</td>
									<td align="center">0.94-1.24</td>
									<td align="center">1.04</td>
									<td align="center">0.90-1.20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Overall health conditions</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Pain/discomfort in the last 30 days</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>None</italic></td>
									<td align="center">408</td>
									<td align="center">39.1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>1 to 7 days</italic></td>
									<td align="center">575</td>
									<td align="center">71.3</td>
									<td align="center">1.83</td>
									<td align="center">1.60-2.07</td>
									<td align="center">1.76</td>
									<td align="center">1.53-2.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>8 or more days</italic></td>
									<td align="center">59</td>
									<td align="center">73.8</td>
									<td align="center">1.89</td>
									<td align="center">1.42-2.45</td>
									<td align="center">1.75</td>
									<td align="center">1.30-2.30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Self-assessed overall health</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Excellent/Good</italic></td>
									<td align="center">850</td>
									<td align="center">51.2</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Average/Poor</italic></td>
									<td align="center">192</td>
									<td align="center">71.1</td>
									<td align="center">1.39</td>
									<td align="center">1.18-1.62</td>
									<td align="center">1.11</td>
									<td align="center">0.93-1.30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sleep quality</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Always or almost always sleeps well</italic></td>
									<td align="center">607</td>
									<td align="center">48.1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Sometimes/Never/Rarely sleeps well</italic></td>
									<td align="center">435</td>
									<td align="center">65.0</td>
									<td align="center">1.35</td>
									<td align="center">1.19-1.52</td>
									<td align="center">1.17</td>
									<td align="center">1.01-1.31</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Stress</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Rarely/Sometimes stressed</italic></td>
									<td align="center">901</td>
									<td align="center">52.0</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Almost always/Always stressed</italic></td>
									<td align="center">141</td>
									<td align="center">71.9</td>
									<td align="center">1.38</td>
									<td align="center">1.15-1.64</td>
									<td align="center">1.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.94-1.38</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Relational aspects</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Quality of relationships</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Excellent/Good</italic></td>
									<td align="center">946</td>
									<td align="center">52.6</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Average/Poor</italic></td>
									<td align="center">96</td>
									<td align="center">72.7</td>
									<td align="center">1.38</td>
									<td align="center">1.11-1.69</td>
									<td align="center">1.20</td>
									<td align="center">0.95-1.49</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Feeling about life</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Positive (Very good/Good)</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1022</td>
									<td align="center">53.8</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Negative (Bad/Very Bad)</italic></td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">66.7</td>
									<td align="center">1.24</td>
									<td align="center">0.76-1.87</td>
									<td align="center">0.90</td>
									<td align="center">0.55-1.37</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Integration and adaptation in workplace</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Excellent/Good</italic></td>
									<td align="center">949</td>
									<td align="center">53.1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Average/Poor</italic></td>
									<td align="center">93</td>
									<td align="center">65.0</td>
									<td align="center">1.22</td>
									<td align="center">0.98-1.50</td>
									<td align="center">1.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.79-1.25</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>*Data loss n = 3.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p>Source: Technical Diagnostic Assessments (TDA) of Social Service of Industry/Regional Department of Bahia (Sesi/DR-BA).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Separate multivariate analysis for long-term presenteeism (score 5 - 9; n = 163) in relation to the reference group, negative presenteeism (score 0; n = 888), among industry workers participating in Health Promotion Programs in Bahia, in 2013 (n = 1,051)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="6"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2"><italic>Independent variables</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="6"><italic>High presenteeism</italic></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"><italic>n</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>Crude PR</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>95%CI</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>Adjusted PR</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>95%CI</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Sociodemographic traits</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sex</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Male</italic></td>
									<td align="center">97</td>
									<td align="center">13.4</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Female</italic></td>
									<td align="center">66</td>
									<td align="center">20.1</td>
									<td align="center">1.50</td>
									<td align="center">1.09-2.04</td>
									<td align="center">0.89</td>
									<td align="center">0.62-1.25</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Age group</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>31 or more</italic></td>
									<td align="center">42</td>
									<td align="center">8.1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>30 or less</italic></td>
									<td align="center">121</td>
									<td align="center">22.9</td>
									<td align="center">2.84</td>
									<td align="center">2.01-4.07</td>
									<td align="center">2.05</td>
									<td align="center">1.41-3.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Level of education</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>No higher education</italic></td>
									<td align="center">140</td>
									<td align="center">15.6</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Higher education</italic></td>
									<td align="center">23</td>
									<td align="center">15.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.97</td>
									<td align="center">0.60-1.47</td>
									<td align="center">1.50</td>
									<td align="center">0.91-2.36</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Marital status</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>No partner</italic></td>
									<td align="center">85</td>
									<td align="center">18.2</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Partner</italic></td>
									<td align="center">78</td>
									<td align="center">13.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.73</td>
									<td align="center">0.53-0.99</td>
									<td align="center">0.86</td>
									<td align="center">0.62-1.19</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Lifestyle</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Binge drinking</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>No</italic></td>
									<td align="center">124</td>
									<td align="center">15.2</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Yes</italic></td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">16.5</td>
									<td align="center">1.09</td>
									<td align="center">0.74-1.54</td>
									<td align="center">1.13</td>
									<td align="center">0.76-1.63</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Eating habits</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Recommended</italic></td>
									<td align="center">124</td>
									<td align="center">13.7</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Not recommended (negative)</italic></td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">15.6</td>
									<td align="center">1.14</td>
									<td align="center">0.57-2.67</td>
									<td align="center">0.83</td>
									<td align="center">0.40-2.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Leisure time physical activity</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Sufficient</italic></td>
									<td align="center">49</td>
									<td align="center">15.9</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Insufficient</italic></td>
									<td align="center">114</td>
									<td align="center">15.4</td>
									<td align="center">0.97</td>
									<td align="center">0.69-1.36</td>
									<td align="center">0.83</td>
									<td align="center">0.58-1.18</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Overall health conditions</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Pain/discomfort in the last 30 days</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>None</italic></td>
									<td align="center">27</td>
									<td align="center">4.1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>1 to 7 days</italic></td>
									<td align="center">84</td>
									<td align="center">26.7</td>
									<td align="center">6.55</td>
									<td align="center">4.30-10.28</td>
									<td align="center">5.24</td>
									<td align="center">3.38-8.34</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>8 or more days</italic></td>
									<td align="center">52</td>
									<td align="center">71.2</td>
									<td align="center">17.49</td>
									<td align="center">11.09-28.22</td>
									<td align="center">10.94</td>
									<td align="center">6.57-18.47</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Self-assessed overall health</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Excellent/Good</italic></td>
									<td align="center">99</td>
									<td align="center">10.9</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Average/Poor</italic></td>
									<td align="center">64</td>
									<td align="center">45.1</td>
									<td align="center">4.14</td>
									<td align="center">3.00-5.65</td>
									<td align="center">1.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.77-1.71</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sleep quality</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Always or almost always sleeps well</italic></td>
									<td align="center">66</td>
									<td align="center">9.2</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Sometimes/Never/Rarely sleeps well</italic></td>
									<td align="center">97</td>
									<td align="center">29.3</td>
									<td align="center">3.20</td>
									<td align="center">2.34-4.38</td>
									<td align="center">1.42</td>
									<td align="center">0.99-2.02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Stress</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Rarely/Sometimes stressed</italic></td>
									<td align="center">111</td>
									<td align="center">11.8</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Almost always/Always stressed</italic></td>
									<td align="center">52</td>
									<td align="center">48.6</td>
									<td align="center">4.13</td>
									<td align="center">2.95-5.71</td>
									<td align="center">1.80</td>
									<td align="center">1.20-2.65</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Relational aspects</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Quality of relationships</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Excellent/Good</italic></td>
									<td align="center">124</td>
									<td align="center">12.7</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Average/Poor</italic></td>
									<td align="center">(39)</td>
									<td align="center">52.0</td>
									<td align="center">4.09</td>
									<td align="center">2.82-5.80</td>
									<td align="center">1.42</td>
									<td align="center">0.90-2.19</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Feeling about life</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Positive (Good/Very good)</italic></td>
									<td align="center">140</td>
									<td align="center">13.8</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Negative (Bad/Very Bad)</italic></td>
									<td align="center">23</td>
									<td align="center">69.7</td>
									<td align="center">5.07</td>
									<td align="center">3.17-7.71</td>
									<td align="center">1.83</td>
									<td align="center">1.07-3.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Integration and adaptation in workplace</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Excellent/Good</italic></td>
									<td align="center">124</td>
									<td align="center">12.9</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Average/Poor</italic></td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">43.8</td>
									<td align="center">3.40</td>
									<td align="center">2.34-4.82</td>
									<td align="center">1.13</td>
									<td align="center">0.70-1.78</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>Source: Technical Diagnostic Assessments (TDA) of Social Service of Industry/Regional Department of Bahia (Sesi/DR-BA).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The variables associated with short-term presenteeism were: age group up to 30 years old, higher education and presence of pain and discomfort. For the long-term presenteeism outcome the associated variables were: age range, pain and discomfort, stress and negative feelings about life.</p>
				<p>None of the lifestyle characteristics remained associated with the outcome or presented weak estimates, nor did sex, marital status, self-assessed overall health and level of integration and adaptation in the workplace.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>This study showed a high prevalence of presenteeism among industry workers, especially short-term presenteeism. Younger workers and those with pain or discomfort were the most affected by presenteeism, whether short or long term. In addition, workers more exposed to stressful situations and who experience negative feelings about life showed higher prevalence of long-term presenteeism.</p>
				<p>High prevalence of presenteeism was compatible with studies that analyzed different populations, even when using different instruments<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, demonstrating that it is a common phenomenon<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Previous studies indicate high prevalence of presenteeism in occupations related to health care and education<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>, which involve caring for dependent people or vulnerable clients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> or meeting some human need<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. Although this is not the profile of industrial workers, such studies also relate high prevalence of presenteeism to occupations that combine risk factors, high workload, stress, low wages and greater absenteeism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Although some studies report a higher prevalence of presenteeism among older people, associated with greater vulnerability regarding job insecurity and greater difficulty in professional repositioning<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>, in this study there was a higher prevalence among younger people.</p>
				<p>Among industrial workers, age group was relevant for short- and long-term presenteeism, whose adjusted PR was 1.32 and 2.05, respectively, demonstrating that younger people have a higher prevalence of presenteeism, an association that increases in the longer-term outcome.</p>
				<p>Potential factors for this result relate to the employment relationship of young workers, potentially more temporary compared to older groups, leading to overcommitment to gain a footing in the labor market, that is, to ensure job security. Therefore, young people tend to report greater limitation for work in the last 30 days, although they do not stop working<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Overcommitment may also be a result of the “presenteeism culture” in organizations, in which absenteeism is avoided due to intense competitiveness and attendance is a criterion for career enhancement, which may pressure workers to avoid being absent despite their limitations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>. This culture also reflects the behavior of leaders and supervisors, which leaves workers in doubt about how to behave when they feel unable to perform their tasks. Moreover, sometimes the latter themselves do not stay away when ill, perpetuating this behavior and supposedly setting an example to their subordinates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>It is necessary to consider the possibility of the absence from work of older workers, since the frequency of presenteeism is a predictor of absenteeism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Greater presenteeism among workers with higher education levels was not expected for this population, a relevant fact to the short-term outcome, as shown by the PR of 1.43. Other studies did not show a clear relationship between education and presenteeism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In the case of Brazil, in some professions, education level does not mean higher positions and salaries, as seen in a study with prison officers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>, which is also likely in the case of industrial work. However, even if the better educated occupy leadership or supervision positions, aspects related to responsibility<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> and lack of replacement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>, for example, are related to attendance at work, also reflecting efforts to preserve jobs or positions.</p>
				<p>Prolonged pain (lasting 8 days or more) was strongly associated with perceived limitation in terms of discouragement, unwillingness and lack of concentration for work in the last 30 days. Although it was already expected that workers in pain would be more aware of limitations to work, it was possible to demonstrate a gradient of expanding association between duration of pain and long-term presenteeism, that is, the more days in pain, the greater the discouragement, lack of concentration and unwillingness to go to work, as measured in this study and as expected.</p>
				<p>The longer the duration of pain, the greater the perceived limitation for work. Those who experienced pain lasting up to one week in the last month had a prevalence of long-term presenteeism five times greater those who had no pain. This association is about eleven times greater for those who experienced more than 8 days of pain in the past 30 days. It is noteworthy that pain is among the most important reasons for inability at work, a consequence of the combination of physical factors, related or not to work, psychosocial and individual factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>It can be assumed that the workers evaluated showed a reduction in their work ability and may have compensated for this reduction by working overtime and/or making greater physical and cognitive effort, as suggested by Demerouti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>, which can lead to worsening of pain, emergence of comorbidities, especially those related to mental health, and disability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Presenteeism of people in pain deserves attention, since these disorders, more common in jobs with great physical overload, affect body structures, causing physical and psychological suffering. Working in pain can prolong the persistence of symptoms and or reduce the likelihood of recovery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In the exploratory model used in this study, poor sleep quality and stress were associated with short- and long-duration presenteeism, respectively. Compromised sleep quality resulted in 17% more short-term presenteeism and 42% more long-term presenteeism in the last month, when compared to those who reported sleeping well, although the confidence interval of this result was less precise.</p>
				<p>In a cross-sectional study to investigate the relationship between insomnia and work disability, Sivertsen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> demonstrated that although insomnia does not justify the granting of benefits, it was a robust predictor of long-term disability (OR = 1.75; 95%CI = 1.40-2.20), even adjusted for physical and psychic morbidities.</p>
				<p>The relationship between insomnia and work disability is mediated by somatic and psychological factors, and it is often addressed as a symptom of such morbidities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>. The results found in this study are in agreement with this relationship between sleep quality and presenteeism.</p>
				<p>Reports of stress resulted in 80% more long-term presenteeism compared to no stress. Stress emerges when personal resources are insufficient to meet the demands of the environment and the degree of stressors to which one is subjected. The answers to this imbalance can be emotional, physiological or behavioral, favoring the worsening of health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In general, industrial labor is characterized by high psychological demand and low worker control, traits associated with stress and presenteeism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> and which lead to deteriorated health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Like presenteeism among people in pain, presenteeism among people with prolonged stress deserves attention, as this state generates cumulative psychological suffering with consequences for physical and mental health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>The expressive association of negative feelings about life with long-term presenteeism (PR = 1.83) is striking. It is possible that such feelings are characteristic of a negative emotional state and may be linked to other mental disorders.</p>
				<p>Self-assessed overall health did not show a consistent association with the outcome, although a study conducted by Aronsson and Gustafsson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>, using a similar question, found a strong relationship between this variable and presenteeism (OR = 3.32; 95%CI = 2.71 -4.07). In this regard, further studies are desirable to investigate the role of possible confounders or effect modifiers not yet analyzed.</p>
				<p>There is no consensus in the literature regarding the relationship between presenteeism and the sociodemographic variables of sex and marital status<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. In the multivariate analysis of this research with industrial workers, neither showed any significant association with the outcome.</p>
				<p>There no consensus either on the impact of lifestyle traits on presenteeism. Some studies have shown that healthier people or people with fewer behavioral risk factors have better levels of productivity, better health and lower levels of presenteeism and absenteeism, although further research is desirable in this area<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref>. In the industrial population surveyed, these factors were not important to characterize the outcome.</p>
				<p>As this is a cross-sectional study, the results should consider the limitations of this type of design, including the possibility of reverse causality for the identified associations.</p>
				<p>The TDA questions used in this study were not tested in this format to measure presenteeism, although aspects of the tool validated for Brazil, SPS-640, were used as reference points. Many instruments available in the literature still show limitations regarding validity and there is no gold standard. However, the database questions used measure characteristics/outcomes that are compatible with those measured by a validated instrument<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>The use of secondary information, derived from TDA, did not allow the insertion and analysis of work-related variables, which may be more relevant to the outcome, as shown in the international literature on the topic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>. For this reason, there is no information on the total population and percentage of adherence to TDA in each industrial company participating in HPP.</p>
				<p>Considering the scarcity of national studies and the unavailability of data on industrial workers, the results presented, despite the limits of the study, may be important to characterize presenteeism in this population, also in addition to contributing to the discussion of its implications for health and guiding future studies.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>This study made it possible to conclude that being younger and having a higher education level, reporting pain or discomfort, having poor sleep quality, experiencing stress and negative feelings about life are factors associated with presenteeism, i.e., with the perception of impairment of the ability to work, whether in the short or long term.</p>
				<p>Presenteeism was measured through reports of unwillingness, indisposition and or discouragement and lack of concentration to perform work activities, including the cognitive (unwillingness and lack of concentration) and physical/emotional (indisposition or discouragement) dimensions, which reflect negative feelings in response to work situations.</p>
				<p>Workers who remain active in these conditions may have reduced ability to work and evolve to a specific health complaint. This relationship was demonstrated through the associations obtained between presenteeism and different health conditions measured in this population.</p>
				<p>In this sense, early identification and management of conditions related to presenteeism may contribute to reduce or avoid work leave and inability for work. In addition, it can help to identify various structural problems in the organization, responsible for the illness of workers, as well as assist in the deployment of favorable organizational policies.</p>
				<p>It is emphasized in this study that, in the face of a health problem, physical or psychological, specific or not, with or without a defined diagnosis, the decision between seeking treatment and fully recovering or continuing to work with the risk of aggravating the health condition depends mainly on the organizational culture and, most likely, on the social support and workplace safety available to workers.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<label>5</label>
					<p>This paper is based on the master’s thesis by Ana Clara Souza Pie titled <italic>Fatores associados ao presenteísmo em trabalhadores da indústria</italic>, defended at the Universidade Federal da Bahia in 2016.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="presented-at" id="fn7">
					<p>The authors declare that the paper was not presented at any scientific event.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article-->
</article>