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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rbso</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. bras. saúde ocup.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2317-6369</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0303-7657</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho - FUNDACENTRO</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00035</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/2317-6369000036718</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">02801</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Tema Livre/Comunicação Breve</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Exposição prolongada a animais de laboratório está associada ao aumento de casos de asma</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Prolonged exposure to laboratory animals is associated with increasing asthma cases</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6140-1981</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Simoneti</surname>
						<given-names>Christian S.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1928-1634</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nocera</surname>
						<given-names>Tiago S. B.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1902-6326</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vianna</surname>
						<given-names>Elcio O.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>	
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>a</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Clínica Médica</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><italic>Contato:</italic> Elcio O. Vianna <italic>E-mail:</italic><email>evianna@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn1">
					<p>Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn4">
					<label>Contribuições dos autores</label>
					<p> Os autores contribuíram igualmente para a coleta e análise de dados, redação e revisão do manuscrito e aprovação da versão final e assumem total responsabilidade pelo estudo e o conteúdo aqui publicado.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>08</day>
				<month>10</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">	
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>45</volume>
			<elocation-id>e21</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2018</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo:</title>
					<p> descrever o resultado do acompanhamento de trabalhadores sensibilizados a animais de laboratório que prolongaram sua exposição.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos: </title>
					<p>após um período de aproximadamente 7 anos, entramos em contato com todos os indivíduos com sensibilização alérgica ocupacional detectada em estudo anterior. Um questionário foi aplicado para situação ocupacional atual, relação entre alergia e a decisão de deixar o trabalho ou exposição e para asma, sibilância, rinite, sintomas cutâneos e dispneia noturna.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p> dos 74 indivíduos com sensibilização ocupacional, 45 responderam ao questionário na segunda avaliação e 37 ainda estavam expostos. Ao comparar os dados da primeira avaliação com os da avaliação atual, observou-se um aumento na frequência de asma. Na primeira avaliação, entre todos os sensibilizados (n = 74), 27,0% responderam sim a ambas as questões “<italic>Você tem ou já teve asma?”</italic> e <italic>“A asma foi diagnosticada por um médico</italic>?”. Na segunda avaliação, 7 anos depois, dos 37 sujeitos que ainda estavam expostos, 51,3% responderam sim a essas questões (OR: 2,80; IC95%: 1,23-6,38; p = 0,013). Não houve mudança na frequência de respostas positivas às outras perguntas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão:</title>
					<p> os dados demonstram aumento da frequência de asma entre trabalhadores com sensibilização ocupacional que prolongam a exposição a animais de laboratório.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p> to describe the follow-up evaluation of sensitized workers who prolonged their occupational exposure to laboratory animals.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods: </title>
					<p>after a follow-up period of approximately 7 years, we contacted all individuals with occupational allergic sensitization detected in a previous study. A questionnaire was employed to assess present occupational status, relationship between allergy and decision on quitting job or exposure, and to assess asthma, wheezing, rhinitis, skin symptoms, and nocturnal dyspnea.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>of the 74 individuals with occupational sensitization, 45 volunteers completed the questionnaire at the second evaluation and 37 were still exposed. By comparing the data from the first evaluation with data from the current evaluation, we observed an increase in asthma frequency. In the first evaluation, among all sensitized subjects (n=74), 27.0% answered yes to both questions “<italic>Do you have or have you ever had asthma?”</italic> and <italic>“Was the asthma diagnosed by a doctor?</italic>” In the second evaluation, 7 years later, among the 37 subjects who were still exposed, 51.3% answered yes to these questions (OR: 2.80; 95%CI: 1.23-6.38; p=0.013). There was no change in the frequency of positive responses to the other questions.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion: </title>
					<p>data demonstrate increasing frequency of asthma among workers with occupational sensitization who prolong exposure to laboratory animal.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>asthma</kwd>
				<kwd>diagnosis</kwd>
				<kwd>occupational allergies</kwd>
				<kwd>work</kwd>
				<kwd>occupational health</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>asma</kwd>
				<kwd>diagnóstico</kwd>
				<kwd>alergias ocupacionais</kwd>
				<kwd>trabalho</kwd>
				<kwd>saúde do trabalhador</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group award-type="contract">
					<funding-source>Fapesp</funding-source>
					<award-id>2010/50212-6</award-id>
				</award-group>
				<award-group award-type="contract">
					<funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
					<award-id>311851/2018-5</award-id>
				</award-group>
				<funding-statement>Este estudo foi financiado pelo Processo Fapesp 2010/50212-6. Tiago Nocera recebeu bolsa científica da PIBIC-USP, e Elcio Vianna recebeu bolsa de produtividade da CNPq 311851/2018-5 durante o desenvolvimento deste estudo.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="1"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="19"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introdução</title>
			<p>Trabalhadores expostos a animais de laboratório frequentemente desenvolvem sintomas alérgicos, condição conhecida como alergia a animais de laboratório (AAL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>, caracterizada por urticária, conjuntivite, rinite e asma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. A prevalência de AAL pode variar de 11 a 44%, sendo que essa grande variação na prevalência se deve aos diferentes critérios de definição da AAL, com definições baseadas em relatos de sintomas ou exames laboratoriais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. Em todo o caso, AAL é um problema considerável na saúde ocupacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>AAL é causada por uma reação de hipersensibilidade imunológica a antígenos de alto peso molecular que estão presentes na urina, pelos e saliva de animais de laboratório<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. Os principais antígenos eliminados por ratos capazes de gerar reações alérgicas são Rat n 1A e Rat n 1B, que são antígenos variantes de alfa-2-globulinas; o principal antígeno do camundongo é uma pré-albumina chamada Mus m1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>. Ambos Rat n1 e Mus m1 são produzidos no fígado, sob o controle de hormônios androgênicos. Rat n1 é liberado em grandes quantidades por ratos machos adultos. Da mesma forma, camundongos machos adultos liberam até 4 vezes mais o alérgeno Mus m1 do que camundongos fêmeas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>No ambiente de trabalho, o contato com antígenos eliminados por esses animais ocorre durante atividades rotineiras, como contato com fluidos corporais durante a limpeza das gaiolas, alimentação e transporte dos animais, coleta de tecidos, cirurgia, inoculação e sacrifícios. Além disso, esses antígenos podem ser encontrados suspensos no ar ou depositados em qualquer superfície<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>. Todas essas características tornam as salas de animais e laboratórios de pesquisa ambientes de trabalho que levam ao desenvolvimento de reações alérgicas a animais de laboratório<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>A sensibilização alérgica a animais de laboratório está associada a um risco crescente de sintomas cutâneos, dispneia noturna, rinite, sibilância, hiperresponsividade brônquica e asma, em comparação com a sensibilização alérgica a alérgenos comuns<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. A sensibilização ocupacional, como importante fator de risco para AAL, chama muita atenção, uma vez que a prevalência da sensibilização a animais de laboratório varia de 16 a 25%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Muitos dos indivíduos que se tornam sensibilizados aos animais de laboratório prolongam sua exposição aos animais devido à necessidade de manter o emprego ou de concluir suas atividades de pesquisa.</p>
			<p>Em uma avaliação anterior (2010-2012), descrevemos a prevalência da sensibilização a animais de laboratório. Para este artigo, reavaliamos indivíduos que foram considerados sensibilizados. O objetivo deste estudo de acompanhamento foi avaliar e relatar o risco de sintomas alérgicos associados à exposição prolongada. Também descrevemos como a sensibilização anterior a animais alérgicos afetou a decisão dos indivíduos de abandonar a exposição a animais de laboratório.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Métodos</title>
			<p>Este é um estudo prospectivo com avaliação de técnicos, estudantes e pesquisadores que atuam em laboratórios de animais. Para a primeira avaliação realizada de 2010 a 2012, foram inscritos 453 sujeitos. Cento e cinquenta e dois eram funcionários e 301 eram alunos de duas universidades brasileiras, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) em Ribeirão Preto e Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) em Campinas.</p>
			<p>Dentre esses 453 sujeitos, 74 voluntários (16,3%) foram sensibilizados a pelo menos um animal de laboratório<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. A sensibilização foi definida por teste cutâneo positivo para um ou mais dos seguintes alérgenos: rato, camundongo, coelho, hamster ou cobaia.</p>
			<p>Para esta análise todos os 74 indivíduos com sensibilização animal foram contatados por telefone, e-mail, rede social e por meio de busca no local de trabalho. Foi aplicado um questionário para avaliar a evolução, situação profissional atual, relação entre alergia e decisão de abandonar ou não aquele emprego ou exposição.</p>
			<p>Para avaliação dos sintomas, foi utilizado o questionário <italic>European Community Respiratory Health Survey</italic>, um questionário autoaplicável traduzido para o português, adaptado para o léxico brasileiro e validado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>. O estudo e o termo de consentimento foram revisados e aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da USP-RP (protocolo número 4674/2015). O Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) foi obtido de todos os indivíduos após a leitura e discussão do protocolo individualmente. Os voluntários possuíam boa formação cultural e eram capazes de compreender o TCLE sobre os riscos da exposição a animais de laboratório.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise estatística</title>
				<p>A análise univariada (teste Qui-quadrado) foi realizada para comparar a frequência dos resultados entre a primeira e a segunda avaliação.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>Dos 74 profissionais com sensibilização ocupacional, 45 voluntários responderam ao questionário, 37 deles ainda estavam expostos a animais de laboratório até a data deste estudo. Perdemos dados de acompanhamento de 29 indivíduos porque 10 se recusaram a responder nosso questionário, mesmo em seu formato reduzido que foi projetado para não aderentes, e 19 indivíduos não foram encontrados. O período médio de acompanhamento foi de 7 anos (5,0 - 7,5 anos). Na comparação dos dados das duas rodadas, observou-se aumento da frequência de asma, de 27,0% para 51,3% (OR: 2,80; IC95%: 1,23-6,38; p = 0,013), com 7 novos casos de asma. Não houve mudança na frequência de sibilância, rinite, sintomas cutâneos e dispneia noturna (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparação da frequência dos desfechos </title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col width="30%"/>
							<col width="30%"/>
							<col width="10%"/>
							<col span="2" width="10%"/>
							<col width="10%"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"><bold>
 <italic>Desfechos</italic>
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>2ª avaliação vs 1ª avaliação</italic>
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>OR</italic>
</bold></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>IC95%</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>p</italic>
</bold></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Asma </td>
								<td align="center">51,3% vs 27,0% </td>
								<td align="center">2,80 </td>
								<td align="center">1,23 </td>
								<td align="center">6,38 </td>
								<td align="center">0,013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Sibilância </td>
								<td align="center">40,5% vs 45,9% </td>
								<td align="center">0,74 </td>
								<td align="center">0,33 </td>
								<td align="center">1,68 </td>
								<td align="center">0,467 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Rinite </td>
								<td align="center">86,4% vs 90,5% </td>
								<td align="center">0,72 </td>
								<td align="center">0,19 </td>
								<td align="center">2,72 </td>
								<td align="center">0,623 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Dispneia noturna </td>
								<td align="center">37,8% vs 24,3% </td>
								<td align="center">1,86 </td>
								<td align="center">0,79 </td>
								<td align="center">4,36 </td>
								<td align="center">0,150 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Sintomas cutâneos </td>
								<td align="center">48,6% vs 51,3% </td>
								<td align="center">0,95 </td>
								<td align="center">0,42 </td>
								<td align="center">2,13 </td>
								<td align="center">0,896 </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>OR: razão de possibilidades; IC: intervalo de confiança; 1ª avaliação n = 74; 2ª avaliação n = 37.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Para verificar se os 45 sujeitos eram representativos de todo o grupo, foram feitas comparações em relação a características diferentes das variáveis de desfecho. Os resultados mostraram que sexo, idade, instituição (USP x Unicamp) e tipo de afiliação (pesquisadores, alunos ou técnicos) não foram diferentes na comparação do grupo de estudo atual com o grupo de estudo anterior. Uma comparação semelhante foi feita entre os 37 indivíduos que ainda estavam expostos e todo o grupo de 74 indivíduos, e nenhuma diferença foi detectada.</p>
			<p>Entre os 37 indivíduos com exposição prolongada, 3 relataram vontade de desistir da exposição a animais de laboratório devido às informações clínicas fornecidas durante a primeira análise. Em relação aos resultados das avaliações de responsividade brônquica realizadas durante a primeira avaliação, 16 dos 37 indivíduos com exposição prolongada testaram positivo. Não detectamos um resultado claro ou consistente associado a um teste positivo. Dentre os 3 indivíduos dispostos a desistir da exposição, um testou positivo para broncoprovocação, ou seja, hiperresponsividade brônquica.</p>
			<p>Entre os 8 indivíduos que abandonaram suas atividades relacionadas aos animais, dois apresentaram hiperresponsividade brônquica, mas relataram que os motivos para parar não foram associados a esses achados, sintomas ou outros resultados de testes. Todos os indivíduos tinham espirometria normal e, portanto, VEF<sub>1</sub> normal.</p>
			<p>Entre os 7 novos casos de asma, 6 indivíduos não apresentaram hiperresponsividade brônquica na primeira avaliação e desenvolveram asma ao longo do acompanhamento, e 2 casos com hiperresponsividade brônquica na primeira avaliação não foram considerados asmáticos naquele momento por não apresentarem sintomas.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussão</title>
			<p>A prevalência de asma neste estudo é muito alta. Entre os brasileiros adultos, a prevalência de diagnóstico médico de asma é de 7,0%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>. Em estudo publicado em 2017, no qual analisamos a prevalência de desfechos em indivíduos com sensibilização comum e sensibilização ocupacional, mostramos que a prevalência de asma entre indivíduos com sensibilização comum foi de 9,8%, e a prevalência de asma no grupo de sensibilização ocupacional foi de 27,0%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. Já na avaliação atual dos indivíduos com sensibilização ocupacional, a prevalência de diagnóstico médico de asma foi de 51,3%, 7 vezes mais do que a prevalência geral de asma em adultos.</p>
			<p>Estudos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> já haviam apresentado os efeitos deletérios da exposição continuada ao alérgeno ocupacional ao qual o indivíduo está sensibilizado. Palmberg et al. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> observaram que no 12º mês de exposição, indivíduos que se tornaram sensibilizados a animais de laboratório relataram mais sintomas nasais e oftalmológicos em comparação com indivíduos não sensibilizados. Além disso, esses autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> observaram que no 24º mês de exposição, indivíduos com sensibilização animal apresentavam menor VEF<sub>1</sub> em comparação com indivíduos não sensibilizados. Portengen et al. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> investigaram a relação entre sensibilização e alterações na função pulmonar em trabalhadores sensibilizados e não sensibilizados a animais de laboratório. De acordo com a análise de regressão múltipla, a sensibilização foi associada a quedas excessivas no VEF<sub>1</sub> de 83 ml/ano (p&lt;0,05), na CVF de 148 ml/ano (p&lt;0,01) e no FEF25-75% de 7 ml/s/ano (p=0,9) em trabalhadores que foram sensibilizados e continuamente expostos em comparação com trabalhadores continuamente expostos, mas não sensibilizados. Os autores não descreveram valores espirométricos ou reduções por grupo.</p>
			<p>Com relação à reatividade brônquica, Renstron et al. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> mostraram que ao final do período de acompanhamento (mediana de 18 meses), houve diferença de reatividade entre trabalhadores com sensibilização ocupacional, com dose média de metacolina sendo de 0,30 para uma queda de 20% do VEF<sub>1</sub>, enquanto no grupo não sensibilizado, a dose média de metacolina necessária para uma queda de 20% do VEF<sub>1</sub> foi de 1,97.</p>
			<p>Os dados publicados em estudos anteriores corroboram nossos achados neste estudo, mostrando que a exposição prolongada ao agente sensibilizante representa risco à saúde do trabalhador, ou seja, desenvolvimento de sintomas, alteração da função pulmonar e aumento da reatividade brônquica. Este estudo agrega dados sobre o aumento do número de asmáticos, embora um número limitado de indivíduos tenha participado da segunda avaliação. Curiosamente, vemos apenas um aumento nos casos de asma, que é o desfecho mais grave resultante da exposição a animais de laboratório. Esse fato nos leva a acreditar que a asma seja o percurso final das reações alérgicas causadas pela exposição a animais de laboratório.</p>
			<p>Uma questão que chama a atenção nesta análise é a aparente falta de importância dada pelos voluntários à sensibilização ocupacional. Na primeira fase (há 7 anos), cada resultado obtido por esses estudos era encaminhado aos voluntários individualmente, em relatório escrito, e enviado rapidamente. Além disso, um resumo dos resultados foi enviado sem a identificação dos indivíduos à diretoria de cada unidade. Este estudo serviu para aumentar a conscientização sobre os riscos de alergia em cada instituição. Os casos positivos para qualquer diagnóstico (rinite e/ou asma) e sensibilização foram encaminhados para atendimento ambulatorial no respectivo hospital universitário.</p>
			<p>Dos 8 voluntários que desistiram de se expor a animais de laboratório, nenhum o fez pela sensibilização ocupacional, e entre os 37 voluntários que continuaram expostos, apenas 3 pensaram em abandonar a exposição pela sensibilização ocupacional. Essa característica talvez se deva ao desconhecimento desses indivíduos sobre alergia a animais de laboratório. Isso pôde ser evidenciado na primeira avaliação do estudo antes do diagnóstico clínico, quando apenas 25,1% dos trabalhadores expostos a animais de laboratório relataram receber orientação verbal ou ter lido algo sobre os riscos da exposição de animais indutores de reações alérgicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>. Todos os indivíduos receberam os resultados da primeira avaliação, incluindo as informações sobre teste cutâneo positivo para alérgenos animais.</p>
			<p>Fornecer informações e treinamento para práticas seguras em relação à exposição a animais de laboratório é de extrema importância, conforme demonstrado por Larese et al. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> após um programa de prevenção em que alguns de seus elementos consistem em educação e treinamento, no estabelecimento de boas práticas de trabalho para redução da exposição a animais de laboratório, uso de equipamentos de proteção respiratória, teste cutâneo com alérgenos ocupacionais e avaliação médica. Após essas práticas, houve redução na prevalência de sensibilização a animais de laboratório, de 25,6% entre 2001 e 2004 para 8,2% entre 2013 e 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Por fim, os dados deste estudo demonstram os riscos da exposição prolongada a animais de laboratório. Acreditamos que esse grupo de trabalhadores deva ser submetido periodicamente a teste cutâneo com alérgenos ocupacionais. Em caso de sensibilização ocupacional, os trabalhadores devem ser alertados sobre o risco de permanecerem expostos aos animais. Além disso, acreditamos que programas de prevenção seriam muito úteis, pois poderiam destacar os riscos da exposição a animais de laboratório e reduzir a frequência da sensibilização.</p>
		</sec>
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							<surname>Sundblad</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lindberg</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kupczyk</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sahlander</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Larsson</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
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					<article-title>Long term effect and allergic sensitization in newly employed workers in laboratory animal facilities</article-title>
					<source>Respir Med</source>
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				<mixed-citation>18. Portengen L, Hollander A, Doekes G, Meer G, Heederik D. Lung function decline in laboratory animal workers: the role of sensitization and exposure. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60(11):870-5.</mixed-citation>
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							<surname>Portengen</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hollander</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
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							<surname>Doekes</surname>
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							<surname>Heederik</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
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					<article-title>Lung function decline in laboratory animal workers: the role of sensitization and exposure</article-title>
					<source>Occup Environ Med</source>
					<year>2003</year>
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				<mixed-citation>19. Renstrom A, Malmberg P, Larsson K, Larsson PH, Sundblad BM. Allergic sensitization is associated with increased bronchial responsiveness: a prospective study of allergy to laboratory animals. Eur Respir J. 1995;8(9):1514-9.</mixed-citation>
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							<surname>Malmberg</surname>
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							<surname>Larsson</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Larsson</surname>
							<given-names>PH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sundblad</surname>
							<given-names>BM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Allergic sensitization is associated with increased bronchial responsiveness: a prospective study of allergy to laboratory animals</article-title>
					<source>Eur Respir J</source>
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			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
				<p>Este estudo foi financiado pelo Processo Fapesp 2010/50212-6. Tiago Nocera recebeu bolsa científica da PIBIC-USP, e Elcio Vianna recebeu bolsa de produtividade da CNPq 311851/2018-5 durante o desenvolvimento deste estudo.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>3</label>
				<p>Os autores declaram que este estudo não foi apresentado em eventos científicos e que não foi baseado em dissertação ou tese.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Assorted Topics/Short Communication</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Prolonged exposure to laboratory animals is associated with increasing asthma cases</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6140-1981</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Simoneti</surname>
						<given-names>Christian S.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>a</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1928-1634</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nocera</surname>
						<given-names>Tiago S. B.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>a</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1902-6326</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vianna</surname>
						<given-names>Elcio O.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>a</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>a</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><italic>Contato:</italic> Elcio O. Vianna <italic>E-mail:</italic><email>evianna@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn5">
					<p>The authors declare no conflict of interests.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn8">
					<label>Authors’ contributions</label>
					<p> The authors contributed equally to the study design, data analyses and interpretation, and manuscript drafting. All authors critically reviewed the final version and take full responsibility for the study and this article.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p> to describe the follow-up evaluation of sensitized workers who prolonged their occupational exposure to laboratory animals.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods: </title>
					<p>after a follow-up period of approximately 7 years, we contacted all individuals with occupational allergic sensitization detected in a previous study. A questionnaire was employed to assess present occupational status, relationship between allergy and decision on quitting job or exposure, and to assess asthma, wheezing, rhinitis, skin symptoms, and nocturnal dyspnea.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>of the 74 individuals with occupational sensitization, 45 volunteers completed the questionnaire at the second evaluation and 37 were still exposed. By comparing the data from the first evaluation with data from the current evaluation, we observed an increase in asthma frequency. In the first evaluation, among all sensitized subjects (n=74), 27.0% answered yes to both questions “<italic>Do you have or have you ever had asthma?”</italic> and <italic>“Was the asthma diagnosed by a doctor?</italic>” In the second evaluation, 7 years later, among the 37 subjects who were still exposed, 51.3% answered yes to these questions (OR: 2.80; 95%CI: 1.23-6.38; p=0.013). There was no change in the frequency of positive responses to the other questions.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion: </title>
					<p>data demonstrate increasing frequency of asthma among workers with occupational sensitization who prolong exposure to laboratory animal.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>asthma</kwd>
				<kwd>diagnosis</kwd>
				<kwd>occupational allergies</kwd>
				<kwd>work</kwd>
				<kwd>occupational health</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Workers exposed to laboratory animals frequently develop allergic symptoms, a condition known as laboratory animal allergy (LAA) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>, characterized by urticaria, conjunctivitis, rhinitis and asthma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. Prevalence of LAA may range from 11 to 44%, wherein this large variation in prevalence is due to the different criteria for defining LAA, with definitions based on reports of symptoms or laboratory tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. In any case, LAA is a significant occupational health problem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>LAA is caused by an immunological hypersensitivity reaction to high-molecular-weight antigens that are present in laboratory animals’ urine, dander and saliva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. The major antigens eliminated by rats capable of generating allergic reactions are Rat n 1A and Rat n 1B, which are variant antigens of alpha 2 globulins; and, the major mouse antigen is a pre-albumin called Mus m1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>. Both Rat n1 and Mus m1 are produced in the liver, under control of androgenic hormones. Rat n1 is released in larger amounts by adult male rats. Similarly, adult male mice release up to 4 times more Mus m1 allergen than female mouse<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In the workplace, contact with antigens eliminated by these animals occurs during routine activities such as contact with body fluids during cleaning cages, animal feeding, and transportation, collecting tissues, surgery, inoculation and sacrifices. In addition, these antigens can be found suspended in the air or deposited on any surface<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>. All these characteristics make animal rooms and research laboratories work environments that lead to the development of allergic reactions to laboratory animals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Allergic sensitization to laboratory animals is associated with an increased risk of skin symptoms, nocturnal dyspnea, rhinitis, wheezing, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma, compared to allergic sensitization to common allergens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. Occupational sensitization, as an important risk factor for LAA, draws much attention, since the prevalence of sensitization to laboratory animals ranges from 16 to 25%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Many of the individuals who become sensitized to laboratory animals prolong their exposure to animals due to a need to maintain employment or to complete their research activities.</p>
				<p>In a previous evaluation (2010-2012), we described the prevalence of laboratory animal sensitization. For this article, we re-evaluated subjects who were found to be sensitized. The aim of this follow-up study was to assess and report the risk for allergic symptoms associated with prolonged exposure. We also aimed to describe how the previous allergic animal sensitization affected the subjects’ decision to quit laboratory animal exposure.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Methods</title>
				<p>This is a prospective study evaluating technicians, students and researchers working in animal laboratories. For the first evaluation carried out from 2010 to 2012, 453 subjects were enrolled. One hundred and fifty-two were employees and 301 students of two Brazilian universities, University of São Paulo (USP) in Ribeirão Preto and State University of Campinas (Unicamp) in Campinas.</p>
				<p>Among these 453 subjects, 74 volunteers (16.3%) were found to be sensitized to at least one laboratory animal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. Sensitization was defined by positive skin prick test to one or more of the following allergens: rat, mouse, rabbit, hamster, or guinea pig.</p>
				<p>For this analysis all 74 individuals with animal sensitization were contacted by phone, email, social network and by search in the workplace. A questionnaire was employed to assess evolution, present occupational status, relationship between allergy and decisions on quitting or not that job or exposure.</p>
				<p>To assess symptoms, we used questions from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey questionnaire, a self-applicable questionnaire translated into Portuguese, adapted to the Brazilian lexicon, and validated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>. The study and consent form were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, USP-RP (protocol number 4674/2015). An informed consent form was obtained from all subjects after reading and discussing the protocol individually. Volunteers had a good cultural background and were able to understand the informed consent form concerning the risks of occupational exposure to laboratory animals.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>Univariate analysis (Chi-squared test) was performed to compare frequency of outcomes between the first and second evaluations.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p>Of the 74 individuals with occupational sensitization, 45 volunteers completed the questionnaire, 37 of them were still exposed to laboratory animals up to the date of this study. We lost follow-up data of 29 subjects because 10 refused to answer our questionnaire, even in its reduced format, which was designed for non-compliers, and 19 were not found. The mean follow-up period was 7 years (5.0 - 7.5 years). When comparing the data from both rounds, an increase in asthma frequency was observed, from 27.0% to 51.3% (OR: 2.80; 95%CI: 1.23-6.38; p=0.013), with 7 new cases of asthma. There was no change in the frequency of wheezing, rhinitis, skin symptoms and nocturnal dyspnea (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Comparison of the frequency of outcomes</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"><bold>
 <italic>Outcomes</italic>
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>2</italic>
</bold> 
 <sup>
 <italic>nd</italic>
</sup> 
 <bold>
 <italic>versus 1</italic>
</bold> 
 <sup>
 <italic>st</italic>
</sup> 
 <bold>
 <italic>evaluation</italic>
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>OR</italic>
</bold></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>95%CI</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>p</italic>
</bold></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Asthma </td>
									<td align="center">51.3% vs 27.0% </td>
									<td align="center">2.80 </td>
									<td align="center">1.23 </td>
									<td align="center">6.38 </td>
									<td align="center">0.013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Wheezing </td>
									<td align="center">40.5% vs 45.9% </td>
									<td align="center">0.74 </td>
									<td align="center">0.33 </td>
									<td align="center">1.68 </td>
									<td align="center">0.467 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Rhinitis </td>
									<td align="center">86.4% vs 90.5% </td>
									<td align="center">0.72 </td>
									<td align="center">0.19 </td>
									<td align="center">2.72 </td>
									<td align="center">0.623 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Nocturnal dyspnea </td>
									<td align="center">37.8% vs 24.3% </td>
									<td align="center">1.86 </td>
									<td align="center">0.79 </td>
									<td align="center">4.36 </td>
									<td align="center">0.150 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Skin symptoms </td>
									<td align="center">48.6% vs 51.3% </td>
									<td align="center">0.95 </td>
									<td align="center">0.42 </td>
									<td align="center">2.13 </td>
									<td align="center">0.896 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; 1<sup>st</sup> evaluation n = 74; 2<sup>nd</sup> evaluation n = 37.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>To check if the 45 subjects were representative of the whole group, comparisons were carried out regarding characteristics that were different from the outcome variables. The results showed that sex, age, institution (USP x Unicamp) and type of affiliation (researchers, students, or technicians) were not different when comparing the current study group with the previous study group. A similar comparison was made between the 37 subjects who were still exposed and the whole group of 74 subjects, and no difference was detected.</p>
				<p>Among the 37 subjects with prolonged exposure, 3 reported willing to give up being exposed to laboratory animals because of the clinical information provided during the first analysis. Regarding the results of the bronchial responsiveness assessments performed during the first evaluation, 16 cases out of these 37 subjects with prolonged exposure had been positive. We have not detected a clear or consistent outcome associated with a positive test. Among those 3 subjects willing to stop being exposed, one had positive bronchial challenge test, i.e., bronchial hyperresponsiveness.</p>
				<p>Among those 8 subjects who quit their animal-related activities, two had bronchial hyperresponsiveness, but reported that reasons to quit were not associated to these findings, symptoms or other tests results. All subjects had normal spirometry, and therefore normal FEV1.</p>
				<p>Among the 7 new cases of asthma, 6 individuals did not present bronchial hyperresponsiveness during the first evaluation and developed asthma throughout the follow-up, and 2 cases with bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the first evaluation were not considered asthmatic at that time because they had no symptoms.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>The prevalence of asthma in this study is very high. Among adult Brazilians, the prevalence of medical diagnosis of asthma is 7.0%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>. In a study published in 2017, where we analyzed the prevalence of outcomes among individuals with common sensitization and occupational sensitization, we showed that prevalence of asthma among individuals with common sensitization was 9.8%, and the prevalence of asthma in the occupational sensitization group was 27.0%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. Now, in the current evaluation of the individuals with occupational sensitization, the prevalence of medical diagnosis of asthma was 51.3%, more than 7 times the general prevalence of asthma among adults.</p>
				<p>Previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> have already presented the deleterious effects of continued exposure to the occupational allergen to which the individual is sensitized. Palmberg et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> observed that in the 12th month of exposure, individuals who became sensitized to laboratory animals reported more nasal and ophthalmologic symptoms compared with non-sensitized individuals. In addition, those authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> observed in the 24th month of exposure that individuals with animal sensitization presented lower FEV1 compared to non-sensitized individuals. Portengen et al. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> investigated the relation between sensitization and changes in lung function in sensitized and non-sensitized laboratory animal workers. According to multiple regression analysis, sensitization was associated with excess declines in FEV<sub>1</sub> of 83 ml/year (p&lt;0.05), in FVC of 148 ml/year (p&lt;0.01), and in FEF25-75% of 7 ml/s/year (p=0.9) in laboratory animal workers who were sensitized and continually exposed compared to continually exposed, but non-sensitized workers. The authors did not describe spirometric values or reductions per group.</p>
				<p>With respect to bronchial reactivity, Renstron et al. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> showed that at the end of the follow-up period (median of 18 months), there was a difference in reactivity among workers with occupational sensitization, where the mean methacholine dose for a 20% drop in FEV<sub>1</sub> was 0.30, whereas in the non-sensitized group the mean methacholine dose required for a 20% drop in FEV<sub>1</sub> was 1.97.</p>
				<p>The data published in previous studies corroborate our findings of the present study, where prolonged exposure to the sensitizing agent poses a risk to workers’ health, i.e., development of symptoms, changes in lung function and increased bronchial reactivity. This study adds data on the increase in the number of asthmatics, even though a limited number of individuals participated in the second round. Interestingly, we only see an increase in cases of asthma, which is the most severe outcome resulting from exposure to laboratory animals. This fact leads us to believe that asthma is a final route of allergic reactions caused by exposure to laboratory animals.</p>
				<p>One issue that draws attention in the present analysis is the apparent lack of importance given by the volunteers to occupational sensitization. In the first phase (7 years ago), each result obtained by these studies was forwarded to the volunteers individually in a written report, and quickly sent. Moreover, a summary of the results was sent to the board of directors of every facility without subjects’ identification. This study served to raise awareness of allergy risks in each institution. Positive cases for any diagnosis (rhinitis and/or asthma) and sensitization were referred for outpatient care at the respective university hospital.</p>
				<p>Of the 8 volunteers who gave up being exposed to laboratory animals, none did it due to occupational sensitization, and among the 37 volunteers who continued being exposed, only 3 thought to leave the exposure due to occupational sensitization. This characteristic is perhaps due to the lack of knowledge of these individuals concerning allergies to laboratory animals. This could be evidenced in the first evaluation of the study before clinical diagnoses, when only 25.1% of workers exposed to laboratory animals reported receiving verbal guidance or having read anything about the risks of animal exposure inducing allergic reactions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>. All subjects received the results of the first evaluation, including the information on positive skin prick test to animal allergens.</p>
				<p>Providing information and training for safe practices regarding exposure to laboratory animals is of utmost importance, as shown by Larese et al. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> after a prevention program where some of its elements consisting in education and training, in establishing good working practices to reduce exposure to laboratory animals, use of respiratory protection equipment, SPT with occupational allergens and medical evaluation. After these practices there was a reduction in the prevalence of sensitization to laboratory animals, from 25.6% between 2001 and 2004 to 8.2% between 2013 and 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In conclusion, data from this study show the risks of prolonged exposure to laboratory animals. We believe that this group of workers should be submitted to SPT with occupational allergens periodically. In case of occupational sensitization, workers should be warned about the risk of remaining exposed to animals. In addition, we believe that prevention programs would be very useful as they could highlight the risks of exposure to laboratory animals and reduce the frequency of sensitization to laboratory animals.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
					<p>This study was funded by Fapesp Process 2010/50212-6. Tiago Nocera received scientific scholarship from PIBIC-USP, and Elcio Vianna received productivity scholarship from CNPq 311851/2018-5 during the development of this study.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<label>7</label>
					<p>The authors declare that this study was not presented at scientific events and that it was not based on dissertation or thesis.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article-->
</article>