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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rbso</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. bras. saúde ocup.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2317-6369</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0303-7657</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho - FUNDACENTRO</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00030</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/2317-6369000010019</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Tema Livre/Artigo</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Saúde do trabalhador no Equador: uma comparação com inquéritos sobre condições de trabalho na América Latina</article-title>
			<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
				<trans-title>Occupational health in Ecuador: a comparison with Latin-American surveys on working conditions</trans-title>
			</trans-title-group>
			<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">	
				<trans-title>La salud ocupacional en Ecuador: una comparación con las encuestas sobre condiciones de trabajo en América Latina</trans-title>
			</trans-title-group>
		</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5133-181X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva-Peñaherrera</surname>
						<given-names>Michael</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3796-4706</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Merino-Salazar</surname>
						<given-names>Pamela</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0747-2660</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Benavides</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3453-0408</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>López-Ruiz</surname>
						<given-names>María</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1015-1753</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gómez-García</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Ramón</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>a</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Internacional SEK. Quito, Equador.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Internacional SEK</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Internacional SEK</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Quito</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="EC">Equador</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>b</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Centro de Pesquisas em Saúde Ocupacional. Barcelona, Espanha.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat Pompeu Fabra</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universitat Pompeu Fabra</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisas em Saúde Ocupacional</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Barcelona</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">Espanha</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>c</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Madri, Espanha.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Madri</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">Espanha</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>d</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa Hospital del Mar Medical (IMIM). Barcelona, Espanha.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Pesquisa Hospital del Mar Medical</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Pesquisa Hospital del Mar Medical</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Barcelona</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">Espanha</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>e</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales. Salamanca, Espanha.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salamanca</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">Espanha</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>f</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Espiritu Santo. Samborondon, Equador.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Espiritu Santo</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Espiritu Santo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Samborondon</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="EC">Equador</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><italic>Contato</italic>: Michael Silva-Peñaherrera <italic>E-mail</italic>: <email>michael.silvap@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<p>Os autores declaram não haver conflitos de interesses.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn4">
					<label>Contribuição dos autores</label>
					<p> Silva-Peñaherrera M e G Benavides F contribuíram com a concepção do estudo, a análise e a interpretação dos dados e a redação do manuscrito. Merino-Salazar P, López-Ruiz M e Gómez-García AR fizeram contribuições substanciais para a concepção do estudo, a interpretação dos resultados e a revisão do manuscrito. Todos os autores revisaram criticamente a versão final do artigo e assumem integral responsabilidade por seu conteúdo.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">	
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>45</volume>
			<elocation-id>e20</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introdução:</title>
					<p> o Equador realizou recentemente seu primeiro inquérito sobre condições de trabalho.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo:</title>
					<p> descrever as condições de trabalho e emprego e o estado de saúde dos trabalhadores equatorianos em uma amostra que permita comparação com inquéritos latino-americanos anteriores.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p> uma amostra de 1.713 trabalhadores foi selecionada do primeiro inquérito sobre condições de trabalho no Equador. Prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados e comparados com inquéritos anteriores na Colômbia, Argentina, Chile, América Central e Uruguai.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p> homens foram frequentemente mais expostos a trabalho em condições perigosas, sendo as mais relatadas trabalho com ruído (81% dos homens e 69% das mulheres) e com movimentos repetitivos (56% dos homens e 48% das mulheres). Cerca de 31% dos homens e 19% das mulheres trabalhavam mais de 40 horas por semana. Quase 11% das mulheres e dos homens relataram uma autopercepção de saúde ruim. A prevalência de agravos ocupacionais foi a mais alta da região: 15% para homens e 8,4% para mulheres.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão:</title>
					<p> este é um primeiro levantamento das condições de trabalho e emprego e do estado de saúde de trabalhadores no Equador. Harmonizar e aperfeiçoar os Inquéritos sobre Condições de Trabalho na América Latina deve ser uma meta prioritária para melhorar a vigilância em saúde do trabalhador na região.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
			<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction:</title>
					<p> Ecuador has recently implemented its First Working Conditions Survey.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p> to describe working and employment conditions and workers’ health status in Ecuador in a sample that allows comparison with previous Latin American surveys.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p> a sample of 1,713 workers was drawn from the First Working Conditions Survey in Ecuador. Prevalence and a 95% confidence Interval (95%CI) were calculated and compared with previous Latin American surveys in Colombia, Argentina, Chile, Central America, and Uruguay.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p> men were more often exposed to hazardous working conditions, with noise (81% of men and 69% of women), and repetitive movements (56% and 48%, respectively) being the most frequently reported. About 31% of men and 19% of women worked more than 40 hours per week. Almost 11% of both women and men reported poor self-perceived health status. The prevalence of occupational injury was the highest in the region: 15% for men and 8.4% for women.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p> this is a first approach to the working and employment conditions and workers’ health status in Ecuador. To harmonize and improve Working Conditions Surveys in Latin America should be a priority goal for enhancing regional occupational health surveillance.</p>
				</sec>
		</trans-abstract>
		<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
			<title>Resumen</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introducción:</title>
					<p> Ecuador ha realizado recientemente su primera encuesta sobre las condiciones de trabajo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo:</title>
					<p> describir las condiciones de trabajo y empleo y el estado de salud de los trabajadores en Ecuador en una muestra que permita la comparación con encuestas anteriores en América Latina.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p> se seleccionó una muestra de 1.713 trabajadores de la Primera Encuesta de Condiciones de Trabajo en el Ecuador. Se calculó la prevalencia y el intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) y se comparó con las encuestas anteriores realizadas en América Latina <italic>-</italic> Colombia, Argentina, Chile, América Central y Uruguay.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p> hombres se exponen con mayor frecuencia a condiciones de trabajo peligrosas, siendo las más frecuentes el ruido (81% de los hombres y 69% de las mujeres) y los movimientos repetitivos (56% y 48%, respectivamente). Alrededor del 31% de los hombres y el 19% de las mujeres trabajan más de 40 horas por semana. Casi el 11% de las mujeres y de los hombres reportaron mala salud autopercibida. La prevalencia de lesiones ocupacionales fue la más alta de la región: el 15% para los hombres y el 8,4% para las mujeres.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones:</title>
					<p> este es un primer acercamiento a las condiciones de trabajo y empleo y al estado de salud de los trabajadores en el Ecuador. Armonizar y mejorar las Encuestas de Condiciones de Trabajo en América Latina debería ser un objetivo prioritario para mejorar la vigilancia de la salud ocupacional en esta región.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>saúde do trabalhador</kwd>
				<kwd>sistema de informação em saúde</kwd>
				<kwd>condições de trabalho</kwd>
				<kwd>estado de saúde</kwd>
				<kwd>Equador</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>occupational health</kwd>
				<kwd>health information system</kwd>
				<kwd>working conditions</kwd>
				<kwd>health status</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecuador</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>salud laboral</kwd>
				<kwd>sistemas de información en salud</kwd>
				<kwd>condiciones de trabajo</kwd>
				<kwd>estado de salud</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecuador</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="27"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introdução</title>
			<p>Emprego e condições de trabalho são fortes determinantes da saúde dos trabalhadores e de suas famílias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>. Há crescentes evidências científicas mostrando que más condições de trabalho e emprego, como insegurança no trabalho e emprego precário, criam efeitos nocivos à saúde, absenteísmo e agravos ocupacionais, e produzem iniquidades em saúde na população<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>A concorrência global e a crescente necessidade de contenção de custos de produção têm pressionado para a “flexibilidade no trabalho”, afetando a segurança e a saúde dos trabalhadores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Além disso, como a globalização permite a terceirização, esse custo de saúde geralmente é transferido para países de renda baixa e média, onde a falta de políticas e de controle expõe os trabalhadores a más condições de trabalho e emprego. Com efeito, os países de renda alta têm cinco vezes menos acidentes de trabalho fatais e não fatais do que a média mundial e seis vezes menos do que a média da América Latina e do Caribe<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Em países de renda baixa e média, a escassez de informações confiáveis sobre condições de trabalho e saúde é uma das principais barreiras para o estabelecimento de políticas públicas adequadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>. Vários programas internacionais de saúde e desenvolvimento reconheceram como meta prioritária a melhoria dos sistemas de informação em saúde ocupacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Nesse sentido, os inquéritos sobre condições de trabalho (ICT) se consolidaram como uma ferramenta confiável para monitorar as condições de trabalho, emprego e saúde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. Na última década, vários países latino-americanos realizaram seu primeiro ICT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. O objetivo dessas pesquisas é subsidiar suas políticas nacionais. Esses esforços também permitiram as primeiras comparações entre países da região, oferecendo melhores evidências para elaboradores de políticas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>O Equador realizou recentemente seu primeiro ICT (em espanhol I <italic>Encuesta sobre Condiciones de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo</italic> / I-ECSST), fornecendo um primeiro olhar sobre as condições de trabalho e de saúde pela perspectiva dos trabalhadores. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as condições de trabalho e de emprego e o estado de saúde de trabalhadores em ocupações não agrícolas, cadastrados no sistema de seguridade social nas cidades de Quito e Guayaquil, em uma amostra que permite comparação com pesquisas latino-americanas anteriores (Colômbia, Argentina, Chile, América Central e Uruguai).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Métodos</title>
			<p>Os dados utilizados foram obtidos da I-ECSST do Equador, realizada na capital equatoriana, Quito, e em Guayaquil, a cidade mais populosa do país, entre abril de 2016 e janeiro de 2017.</p>
			<p>A I-ECSST foi uma pesquisa transversal baseada em uma amostra de trabalhadores assalariados com 18 ou mais anos de idade, cadastrados no sistema de previdência social, de todos os setores de atividade econômica e residentes em Quito ou Guayaquil. Foi selecionada uma amostra representativa de 1.790 trabalhadores (741 de Quito e 1.049 de Guayaquil) por meio de um procedimento de amostragem aleatória em múltiplos estágios, estratificado por bairro e com base no censo populacional e domiciliar do Equador de 2010. O questionário presencial foi aplicado na casa dos trabalhadores, com apenas um trabalhador sendo entrevistado por domicílio. Os detalhes da pesquisa estão publicados no relatório oficial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Para comparar os resultados da I-ECSST com ICT anteriores da Colômbia (2007) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>, Argentina (2009) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>, Chile (2009-2010) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, América Central (2011) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> e Uruguai (2012) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>, conforme realizado em estudo anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>, selecionamos uma amostra de trabalhadores cadastrados no sistema de seguridade social, com idade entre 18 e 64 anos e em ocupações não agrícolas. A amostra final foi composta por 1.713 trabalhadores de Quito e Guayaquil (848 mulheres e 865 homens).</p>
			<p>As variáveis que permitiram a comparação entre a I-ECSST e outros ICT latino-americanos foram: gênero, idade (nas faixas de 18-34 anos, 35-49 anos e 50-64 anos), escolaridade (categorizada em fundamental, secundária e universitária), setor econômico (categorizado em indústria, construção e serviços) e categorias ocupacionais (categorizadas em gerentes, profissionais, técnicos, pessoal administrativo, pessoal de serviços e vendas, operários qualificados e operários não qualificados).</p>
			<p>Com relação às condições de trabalho, selecionamos as seguintes variáveis de estudo: ruído, vibrações, manuseio e inalação de substâncias químicas perigosas, agentes biológicos, movimentação movimentação manual de carga e movimentos repetitivos. Seguindo os mesmos critérios do estudo anterior, as respostas foram dicotomizadas em “exposto” e “não exposto”, nas quais qualquer resposta diferente de “nunca” significa “exposto”. Para condições de emprego foi possível selecionar apenas a variável carga horária semanal (&lt; 30 horas, 30-40 horas, &gt; 40 horas).</p>
			<p>Em relação a condições de saúde, duas variáveis foram selecionadas. A autopercepção do estado de saúde foi obtida solicitando aos entrevistados que descrevessem sua saúde geral como “excelente”, “muito boa”, “boa”, “regular”, “ruim” ou “péssima”. Os resultados foram agregados em duas categorias, onde as respostas “regular”, “ruim” ou “péssima” indicavam autopercepção de saúde ruim. Os agravos ocupacionais foram avaliadas perguntando se os entrevistados haviam sofrido ou não um acidente de trabalho nos 12 meses anteriores.</p>
			<p>Para cada país, foram calculadas a prevalência e um intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) da exposição a más condições de emprego e de trabalho e para problemas relacionados à saúde . Todas as análises foram estratificadas por gênero e realizadas com o <italic>software</italic> estatístico SPSS23.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>A maioria dos trabalhadores não agrícolas com cobertura de seguridade social e residentes em Quito ou Guayaquil (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>) era jovem, com 11% das mulheres e 13% dos homens acima de 50 anos de idade, e a grande maioria possuía instrução secundária e universitária. Tanto homens quanto mulheres trabalhavam em sua maioria no setor de serviços (89% e 82%, respectivamente) em ocupações relacionadas a prestação de serviços e de vendas e ao apoio administrativo (67% e 57%, respectivamente).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características sociodemográficas de trabalhadores assalariados não agrícolas, segundo o gênero, em Quito e Guayaquil, Equador, 2016-2017 (n=1.713)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col span="2" width="40%"/>
							<col span="2" width="15%"/>
							<col span="2" width="15%"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><italic>Variável</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Mulheres n=848</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Homens n=865</italic></th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>(IC95%)</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>(IC95%)</italic></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="6">Idade </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">18-34 anos</td>
								<td align="center">52,5</td>
								<td align="center">(49,1-55,8)</td>
								<td align="center">45,1</td>
								<td align="center">(41,8 -48,4)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">35-49 anos</td>
								<td align="center">36,9</td>
								<td align="center">(33,7-40,2)</td>
								<td align="center">42,2</td>
								<td align="center">(38,9-45,5)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">50-64 anos</td>
								<td align="center">10,6</td>
								<td align="center">(8,5-12,7)</td>
								<td align="center">12,7</td>
								<td align="center">(10,5-14,9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="6">Escolaridade* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Fundamental</td>
								<td align="center">5,8</td>
								<td align="center">(4,2-7,3)</td>
								<td align="center">6,7</td>
								<td align="center">(5,0-8,4)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Secundária</td>
								<td align="center">36,8</td>
								<td align="center">(33,5-40,2)</td>
								<td align="center">46,0</td>
								<td align="center">(42,7-49,3)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Universitária</td>
								<td align="center">56,8</td>
								<td align="center">(53,5-60,2)</td>
								<td align="center">45,9</td>
								<td align="center">(42,6-49,2)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="6">Atividade econômica </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Indústria</td>
								<td align="center">7,9</td>
								<td align="center">(6,1-9,7)</td>
								<td align="center">9,0</td>
								<td align="center">(7,1-10,9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Construção</td>
								<td align="center">3,1</td>
								<td align="center">(1,9-4,2)</td>
								<td align="center">9,4</td>
								<td align="center">(7,4-11,3)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Serviços</td>
								<td align="center">89,0</td>
								<td align="center">(86,9-91,1)</td>
								<td align="center">81,6</td>
								<td align="center">(79,0-84,2)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="6">Categorias ocupacionais </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Gerentes</td>
								<td align="center">4,4</td>
								<td align="center">(3,0-5,7)</td>
								<td align="center">6,0</td>
								<td align="center">(4,4-7,6)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Profissionais</td>
								<td align="center">7,3</td>
								<td align="center">(5,6-9,1)</td>
								<td align="center">4,6</td>
								<td align="center">(3,2-6)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Técnicos</td>
								<td align="center">7,7</td>
								<td align="center">(5,9-9,5)</td>
								<td align="center">11,2</td>
								<td align="center">(9,1-13,3)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Pessoal administrativo</td>
								<td align="center">25,1</td>
								<td align="center">(22,2-28,0)</td>
								<td align="center">12,6</td>
								<td align="center">(10,4-14,8)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Trabalhadores de serviços e de vendas</td>
								<td align="center">42.3</td>
								<td align="center">(39-45.7)</td>
								<td align="center">42.3</td>
								<td align="center">(39,0-45.6)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Trabalhador manual qualificado</td>
								<td align="center">4.9</td>
								<td align="center">(3.5-6.4)</td>
								<td align="center">13.6</td>
								<td align="center">(11.4-15.9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Trabalhador manual não qualificado</td>
								<td align="center">8.3</td>
								<td align="center">(6.4-10.1)</td>
								<td align="center">9.6</td>
								<td align="center">(7.6-11.6)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>*dados não disponíveis: mulheres n=5; homens n=12</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Em relação a condições de emprego, no Equador, 19,3% (IC95%: 16,7% - 22,0%) das mulheres e 31,4% (IC95%: 28,3% - 34,6%) dos homens trabalhavam mais de 40 horas por semana, os menores percentuais da região (por exemplo, comparado com o Chile: 63,5% das mulheres e 83,6% dos homens). Considerando as condições de trabalho, a exposição a ruído foi o risco mais prevalente entre os trabalhadores equatorianos: 81,2% (IC95%: 78,5% - 83,8%) dos homens e 69,0% (IC95%: 65,9% -72,1%) das mulheres, seguido de movimentos repetitivos: 56,1% (IC95%: 52,8% -59,4%) e 48,1% (IC95%: 44,8% - 51,5%), respectivamente. Em todos os países, a frequência de exposição a risco foi maior entre os homens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Além disso, tal exposição foi maior comparando os resultados de Equador com a de outros países da região; por exemplo, na América Central, a exposição a ruído foi de 54,1% para mulheres e 62,0% para homens; a substâncias químicas no ar foi de 30,8% e 39,4%, respectivamente, e a agentes biológicos foi de 9,9% e 9,4%, respectivamente.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Condições de emprego e trabalho e estado de saúde, segundo o gênero, de trabalhadores não agrícolas, com idade entre 18 e 64 anos, no Equador, Colômbia, Argentina, Chile, América Central e Uruguai</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col span="2" width="14%"/>
							<col span="2" width="6%"/>
							<col span="2" width="6%"/>
							<col span="2" width="6%"/>
							<col span="2" width="6%"/>
							<col span="2" width="6%"/>
							<col span="2" width="6%"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"> 
 </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Equador</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Colômbia</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Argentina</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Chile</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>América Central</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Uruguai</italic></th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Variável</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>(IC95%)</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>(IC95%)</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>(IC95%)</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>(IC95%)</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>(IC95%)</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>(IC95%)</italic></th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Mulheres</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=848</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=366</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=2646</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=1540</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n= 1034</italic></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=358</italic></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2">Condições de emprego </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2">Carga horária semanal </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">&lt; 30h </td>
								<td align="center">5,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(3,9-6,9) </td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">21,8 </td>
								<td align="center">(16,6-27,1) </td>
								<td align="center">5,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(3,2-7,2) </td>
								<td align="center">12,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(9,9-14,9) </td>
								<td align="center">17,5 </td>
								<td align="center">(12,6-22,5) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">30-40h </td>
								<td align="center">75,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(72,3-78,1) </td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">29,0 </td>
								<td align="center">(24,3-33,6) </td>
								<td align="center">31,3 </td>
								<td align="center">(26,8-35,8) </td>
								<td align="center">27,1 </td>
								<td align="center">(24,0-30,3) </td>
								<td align="center">41,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(35,1-47,6) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">&gt; 40h </td>
								<td align="center">19,3 </td>
								<td align="center">(16,7-22,0) </td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">49,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(44,1-54,4) </td>
								<td align="center">63,5 </td>
								<td align="center">(58,8-68,2) </td>
								<td align="center">60,5 </td>
								<td align="center">(57-63,9) </td>
								<td align="center">41,1 </td>
								<td align="center">(34,8-47,4) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2">Condições de trabalho </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Ruído<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">69,0 </td>
								<td align="center">(65,9-72,1) </td>
								<td align="center">23,3 </td>
								<td align="center">(19,0-27,6) </td>
								<td align="center">14,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(11,8-18) </td>
								<td align="center">22,5 </td>
								<td align="center">(18,8-26,3) </td>
								<td align="center">54,1 </td>
								<td align="center">(50,7-57,6) </td>
								<td align="center">22,3 </td>
								<td align="center">(17,3-27,4) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Vibrações<sup>$</sup></td>
								<td align="center">12,0 </td>
								<td align="center">(9,8-14,2) </td>
								<td align="center">6,8 </td>
								<td align="center">(4,3-9,4) </td>
								<td align="center">5,5 </td>
								<td align="center">(3,6-7,4) </td>
								<td align="center">11,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(8,2-14,3) </td>
								<td align="center">25,1 </td>
								<td align="center">(22,2-28,1) </td>
								<td align="center">7,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(4,9-10,9) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Manuseio de substâncias químicas nocivas<sup>$</sup></td>
								<td align="center">19,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(16,6-21,9) </td>
								<td align="center">8,8 </td>
								<td align="center">(5,9-11,7) </td>
								<td align="center">11,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(6,7-17,1) </td>
								<td align="center">9,6 </td>
								<td align="center">(7,1-12,2) </td>
								<td align="center">16,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(14,4-19,5) </td>
								<td align="center">6,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(3,7-9,1) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Inalação de substâncias químicas nocivas <sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">38,8 </td>
								<td align="center">(35,5-42,1) </td>
								<td align="center">19,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(15,2-23,3) </td>
								<td align="center">2,6 </td>
								<td align="center">(1,6-3,6) </td>
								<td align="center">7,3 </td>
								<td align="center">(4,8-9,7) </td>
								<td align="center">30,8 </td>
								<td align="center">(27,7-34,0) </td>
								<td align="center">14,0 </td>
								<td align="center">(9,7-18,2) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Agentes biológicos<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">30,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(27,1-33,3) </td>
								<td align="center">8,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(5,4-11) </td>
								<td align="center">9,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(6,5-12,3) </td>
								<td align="center">17,7 </td>
								<td align="center">(14,0-21,4) </td>
								<td align="center">9,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(7,8-11,9) </td>
								<td align="center">12,3 </td>
								<td align="center">(8,3-16,2) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Movimentação manual de carga<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">36,7 </td>
								<td align="center">(33,4-39,9) </td>
								<td align="center">13,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(9,9-16,9) </td>
								<td align="center">24,1 </td>
								<td align="center">(19,9-28,3) </td>
								<td align="center">24,0 </td>
								<td align="center">(20,1-27,9) </td>
								<td align="center">13,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(11,5-16,2) </td>
								<td align="center">27,8 </td>
								<td align="center">(22,3-33,4) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Movimentos repetitivos<sup>$</sup></td>
								<td align="center">48,1 </td>
								<td align="center">(44,8-51,5) </td>
								<td align="center">84,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(80,7-88,1) </td>
								<td align="center">50,8 </td>
								<td align="center">(45,6-56) </td>
								<td align="center">54,7 </td>
								<td align="center">(49,9-59,5) </td>
								<td align="center">73,7 </td>
								<td align="center">(70,7-76,7) </td>
								<td align="center">51,3 </td>
								<td align="center">(45,0-57,8) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2">Estado de saúde </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Autopercepção de saúde ruim<sup>+</sup></td>
								<td align="center">10,8 </td>
								<td align="center">(8,8-12,9) </td>
								<td align="center">5,5 </td>
								<td align="center">(3,1-7,8) </td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">33,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(28,4-38,3) </td>
								<td align="center">24,3 </td>
								<td align="center">(21,3-27,2) </td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Lesões ocupacionais<sup>++</sup></td>
								<td align="center">8,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(6,5-10,2) </td>
								<td align="center">3,8 </td>
								<td align="center">(1,9-5,8) </td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">7,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(4,6-10,2) </td>
								<td align="center">4,5 </td>
								<td align="center">(3,1-6,0) </td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>Homens</italic>
</bold></td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=865</italic></td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n=455</italic>
</bold></td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n=4402</italic>
</bold></td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n=2310</italic>
</bold></td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n= 1632</italic>
</bold></td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n=498</italic>
</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2">Condições de emprego </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2">Carga horária semanal </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">&lt; 30h </td>
								<td align="center">2,5 </td>
								<td align="center">(1,5-3,6) </td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">5,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(3,4-7,5) </td>
								<td align="center">0,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(0,2-1,5) </td>
								<td align="center">5,6 </td>
								<td align="center">(4,0-7,2) </td>
								<td align="center">7,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(4,6-11,1) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">30-40h </td>
								<td align="center">66,0 </td>
								<td align="center">(62,8-69,2) </td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">18,3 </td>
								<td align="center">(15,6-21) </td>
								<td align="center">15,5 </td>
								<td align="center">(12,8-18,2) </td>
								<td align="center">21,0 </td>
								<td align="center">(18,6-23,5) </td>
								<td align="center">34,1 </td>
								<td align="center">(28,4-39,8) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">&gt; 40h </td>
								<td align="center">31,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(28,3-34,6) </td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">76,3 </td>
								<td align="center">(73,1-79,4) </td>
								<td align="center">83,6 </td>
								<td align="center">(80,9-86,4) </td>
								<td align="center">73,3 </td>
								<td align="center">(70,6-76,0) </td>
								<td align="center">58,1 </td>
								<td align="center">(52,1-64,0) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2">Condições de trabalho </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Ruído<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">81,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(78,5-83,8) </td>
								<td align="center">45,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(40,6-49,7) </td>
								<td align="center">22,5 </td>
								<td align="center">(19,7-25,2) </td>
								<td align="center">45,6 </td>
								<td align="center">(41,1-50,1) </td>
								<td align="center">62,0 </td>
								<td align="center">(59,2-64,7) </td>
								<td align="center">30,7 </td>
								<td align="center">(25,6-35,8) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Vibrações<sup>$</sup></td>
								<td align="center">35,8 </td>
								<td align="center">(32,6-39,0) </td>
								<td align="center">30,8 </td>
								<td align="center">(26,6-35,1) </td>
								<td align="center">17,8 </td>
								<td align="center">(15,4-20,2) </td>
								<td align="center">42,1 </td>
								<td align="center">(37,6-46,5) </td>
								<td align="center">37,6 </td>
								<td align="center">(34,79-40,4) </td>
								<td align="center">30,0 </td>
								<td align="center">(24,8-35,2) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Manuseio de substâncias químicas nocivas<sup>$</sup></td>
								<td align="center">22,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(19,4-25,0) </td>
								<td align="center">22,1 </td>
								<td align="center">(18,3-25,9) </td>
								<td align="center">12,5 </td>
								<td align="center">(10,7-14,4) </td>
								<td align="center">19,1 </td>
								<td align="center">(15,9-22,4) </td>
								<td align="center">18,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(16,2-20,6) </td>
								<td align="center">18,3 </td>
								<td align="center">(13,9-22,8) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Inalação de substâncias químicas nocivas<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">57,5 </td>
								<td align="center">(54,2-60,8) </td>
								<td align="center">50,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(46,3-55,5) </td>
								<td align="center">11,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(9,9-13,8) </td>
								<td align="center">32,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(28,9-36,9) </td>
								<td align="center">39,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(36,6-42,2) </td>
								<td align="center">31,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(26,1-36,8) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Agentes biológicos<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">31,7 </td>
								<td align="center">(28,6-34,8) </td>
								<td align="center">8,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(5,6-10,7) </td>
								<td align="center">6,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(4,7-7,6) </td>
								<td align="center">9,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(7,1-11,3) </td>
								<td align="center">9,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(7,7-11,2) </td>
								<td align="center">15,1 </td>
								<td align="center">(10,7-19,5) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Movimentação manual de carga<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">58,6 </td>
								<td align="center">(55,3-61,9) </td>
								<td align="center">34,4 </td>
								<td align="center">(30,0-38,7) </td>
								<td align="center">44,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(41,2-48,5) </td>
								<td align="center">39,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(35,7-44,1) </td>
								<td align="center">36,6 </td>
								<td align="center">(33,9-39,3) </td>
								<td align="center">45,5 </td>
								<td align="center">(39,5-51,5) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Movimentos repetitivos<sup>$</sup></td>
								<td align="center">56,1 </td>
								<td align="center">(52,8-59,4) </td>
								<td align="center">76,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(73,0-80,8) </td>
								<td align="center">62,8 </td>
								<td align="center">(59,1-66,5) </td>
								<td align="center">60,0 </td>
								<td align="center">(55,4-64,7) </td>
								<td align="center">77,3 </td>
								<td align="center">(74,9-79,9) </td>
								<td align="center">58,6 </td>
								<td align="center">(52,6-64,6) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2">Estado de saúde </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Autopercepção de saúde ruim <sup>+</sup></td>
								<td align="center">10,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(8,8-12,9) </td>
								<td align="center">4,2 </td>
								<td align="center">(2,3-6,0) </td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">16,6 </td>
								<td align="center">(13,4-19,7) </td>
								<td align="center">19,1 </td>
								<td align="center">(16,9-21,4) </td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Lesões ocupacionais <sup>++</sup></td>
								<td align="center">15,0 </td>
								<td align="center">(12,6-17,4) </td>
								<td align="center">9,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(7,1-12,6) </td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">6,5 </td>
								<td align="center">(4,7-8,3) </td>
								<td align="center">4,9 </td>
								<td align="center">(3,7-6,1) </td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>*: “sempre”, “frequentemente”, “ocasionalmente” ou “raramente”; <sup>$</sup>: “sim”; <sup>+</sup>: “regular”, “ruim” e “péssimo”; <sup>++</sup>: nos últimos 12 meses.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Quanto a problemas de saúde, os homens equatorianos tiveram mais propensão a sofrer lesões ocupacionais do que as mulheres: 15% (IC95%: 12,6%-17,4%) contra. 8,4% (IC95%: 6,5%-10,2%), e, conforme relatado em outros países, apresentaram a maior prevalência na região, seguido por Colômbia (9,9% dos homens e 3,8% das mulheres), Chile (6,5% dos homens e 7,4% das mulheres) e América Central (4,9% dos homens e 4,5% das mulheres). Por fim, quase 11% de mulheres e homens no Equador relataram autopercepção de saúde ruim, uma prevalência abaixo do Chile e da América Central.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussão</title>
			<p>Este estudo lança um primeiro olhar sobre as condições de trabalho e a saúde de trabalhadores formais em duas das cidades mais populosas do Equador, fornecendo uma primeira perspectiva comparativa em relação a resultados anteriores de ICT em países da América Latina.</p>
			<p>Nossa amostra apresentou uma distribuição semelhante à da região, com uma pequena diferença devida à maior proporção de trabalhadores no setor de serviços: 81,6% dos homens no Equador contra 78,1% dos homens na América Central<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>. Uma possível razão para isso seria o fato de o ICT equatoriano ter sido implementado nas duas maiores cidades comerciais e administrativas do país.</p>
			<p>O Equador tem a menor porcentagem de homens e mulheres trabalhando mais de 40 horas por semana na região. A média da carga horária semanal da população formalmente empregada no Equador foi 43,1 para homens e 41,3 para mulheres, semelhante à média de 42 horas encontrada para a América Latina, relatada em 2013, com base em pesquisas domiciliares nacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>, embora a população formalmente empregada tenha relatado uma média mais baixa em outros ICT na região. Esse resultado pode estar relacionado às leis de muitos países da região que permitem cargas horárias semanais além do máximo recomendado pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Em relação a condições de trabalho, constatamos alguns casos de exposição maior em comparação a outros países da região. Essa alta prevalência no Equador pode ter sido superestimada dado o critério usado para agregar as respostas, pelo qual uma escala Likert de cinco pontos foi dicotomizada e qualquer resposta diferente de “nunca” significava “exposto”. No entanto, também foi superior à Colômbia, onde foi utilizada uma escala Likert de cinco pontos semelhante. São necessárias mais pesquisas para explicar essas diferenças.</p>
			<p>Ao contrário do Chile e da América Central, não encontramos diferenças segundo o gênero em relação à autopercepção de saúde ruim. Esse resultado pode estar relacionado à sensibilidade dessa medida ao ambiente cultural. Por exemplo, em um estudo longitudinal europeu não foram encontradas diferenças substanciais em autopercepção de saúde segundo o gênero<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>. Seja como for, o índice equatoriano ficou acima da Colômbia e abaixo do Chile e da América Central.</p>
			<p>O Equador apresentou a maior prevalência de agravos ocupacionais na região. Esses resultados foram muito superiores aos relatados pelo sistema de seguridade social do Equador<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>, que mal chegam a 0,62%. Tal discrepância nos alertou para a possibilidade de uma significativa subnotificação nos números oficiais do país. É um problema comum a muitos países<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Há algumas limitações deste estudo que devem ser consideradas. Primeiro, a amostra incluiu apenas trabalhadores cadastrados no sistema de seguridade social, em ocupações não agrícolas e residentes em Quito ou Guayaquil. Isso pode ter causado um viés de seleção, pois embora essas duas cidades tenham o maior contingente de trabalhadores com seguridade social (62%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>, o emprego informal não foi considerado. De acordo com o relatório sobre o mercado de trabalho equatoriano de 2017, o emprego informal responde por 46% da população economicamente ativa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>. É um problema comum no mercado de trabalho da região, variando de 83,1% na Bolívia a 40,5% no Chile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. Na verdade, a comparação anterior entre os ICT da América Latina também excluiu o emprego informal. A segunda limitação reside nas diferenças entre os questionários (referentes aos itens incluídos e às categorias de resposta) utilizadas para os ICT latino-americanos que limitaram o número de variáveis que pudemos comparar. Por exemplo, excluímos os resultados psicossociais em nosso estudo porque as categorias de perguntas e respostas tinham comparabilidade limitada.</p>
			<p>Apesar dessas limitações, essas são as melhores informações disponíveis no Equador até o momento, e são um primeiro passo para diagnosticar as condições de saúde e trabalho no país. Este estudo também apresenta uma comparação preliminar entre a saúde ocupacional no Equador e em outros países da América Latina, fornece informações básicas para a vigilância de saúde e de condições de trabalho no país e aprimora as informações de vigilância epidemiológica da região. Além disso, reforça a necessidade de se harmonizar e melhorar os ICT na América Latina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>, bem como a vigilância de saúde ocupacional global<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>. Neste estudo também se reconhece a necessidade de se estabelecer políticas públicas adequadas de saúde do trabalhador.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimentos</title>
			<p>Os autores agradecem a Amy Murphy pela revisão do texto original em inglês.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>Referências</title>
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					<source>Int J Heal Serv</source>
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					<volume>40</volume>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
				<p>Este estudo contou com apoio da Universidade Internacional SEK do Equador e da Universidad de Especialidades Espiritu Santo, da cidade de Guayaquil, Equador.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="presented-at" id="fn3">
				<p>Os autores informam que este trabalho não foi baseado em dissertação ou tese e que foi apresentado no XXXVI Encontro Científico da Sociedade Espanhola de Epidemiologia e no XIII Congresso da Associação Portuguesa de Epidemiologia, em 2018, Lisboa, Portugal.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Assorted Topics/Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Occupational health in Ecuador: a comparison with Latin-American surveys on working conditions</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5133-181X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva-Peñaherrera</surname>
						<given-names>Michael</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3796-4706</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Merino-Salazar</surname>
						<given-names>Pamela</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0747-2660</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Benavides</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>b</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>c</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>d</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3453-0408</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>López-Ruiz</surname>
						<given-names>María</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>b</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>c</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>d</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>e</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1015-1753</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gómez-García</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Ramón</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>f</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>a</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Internacional SEK. Quito, Ecuador.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>b</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Center for Research in Occupational Health. Barcelona, Spain.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>c</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Madrid, Spain.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10">
				<label>d</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM). Barcelona, Spain.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff11">
				<label>e</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales. Salamanca, Spain.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff12">
				<label>f</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Espiritu Santo, Samborondon, Ecuador.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><italic>Contact:</italic> Michael Silva-Peñaherrera <italic>E-mail:</italic><email>michael.silvap@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn6">
					<p>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn8">
					<label>Authors’ contributions</label>
					<p> Silva-Peñaherrera M and G Benavides F contributed to the study design, data analyses and interpretation, and manuscript drafting. Merino-Salazar P, López-Ruiz M and Gómez-García AR made substantial contributions to the study design, results interpretation and manuscript review. All authors critically reviewed the final version of the article and take full responsibility for its content.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction:</title>
					<p> Ecuador has recently implemented its First Working Conditions Survey.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p> to describe working and employment conditions and workers’ health status in Ecuador in a sample that allows comparison with previous Latin American surveys.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p> a sample of 1,713 workers was drawn from the First Working Conditions Survey in Ecuador. Prevalence and a 95% confidence Interval (95%CI) were calculated and compared with previous Latin American surveys in Colombia, Argentina, Chile, Central America, and Uruguay.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p> men were more often exposed to hazardous working conditions, with noise (81% of men and 69% of women), and repetitive movements (56% and 48%, respectively) being the most frequently reported. About 31% of men and 19% of women worked more than 40 hours per week. Almost 11% of both women and men reported poor self-perceived health status. The prevalence of occupational injury was the highest in the region: 15% for men and 8.4% for women.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p> this is a first approach to the working and employment conditions and workers’ health status in Ecuador. To harmonize and improve Working Conditions Surveys in Latin America should be a priority goal for enhancing regional occupational health surveillance.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>occupational health</kwd>
				<kwd>health information system</kwd>
				<kwd>working conditions</kwd>
				<kwd>health status</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecuador</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Employment and working conditions are heavy health determinants for workers and their families<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>. Growing scientific evidence shows that poor working and employment conditions, such as job insecurity and precarious employment, create adverse health effects, sickness absence, occupational injuries and produces health inequities among the population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Global competition and the increased need for cost-containment have put pressure on “labor flexibility,” affecting workers’ safety and health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Additionally, as globalization allows outsourcing, this health cost is generally transferred to low- and middle-income countries, where the lack of policies and control exposes workers to poor working and employment conditions. In fact, high-income countries have five times fewer fatal and non-fatal occupational accidents than the world’s average and six times fewer the Latin American and the Caribbean average<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In low- and middle-income countries, the scarcity of reliable information on working and health conditions is one of the major barriers to establish appropriate public policies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>. Several international health and development programs have recognized the improvement of occupational health information systems as a priority goal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In this regard, working conditions surveys (WCS) have been consolidated as a reliable tool to monitor working, employment, and health conditions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. Over the last decade, several Latin-American countries have carried out their first WCS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. The purpose of these surveys is to subsidize their national policies. These efforts have also allowed the first cross-country comparisons in the region, offering better evidence for policy-makers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Recently, Ecuador has implemented its first WCS, providing a first glance at working and health conditions from the worker’s perspective. The objective of this study is to describe working and employment conditions and the health status of non-agricultural employees covered by the social security system in Quito and Guayaquil, in a sample that allows comparison with previous Latin-American surveys (Colombia, Argentina, Chile, Central America, and Uruguay).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Methods</title>
				<p>The data used was obtained from the First WCS in Ecuador (I-ECSST, by its Spanish acronym), carried out in Quito, the capital city, and in Guayaquil, the most populated city in the country, between April 2016 and January 2017.</p>
				<p>I-ECSST is a cross-sectional survey based on a sample of paid workers aged 18 or older, registered in the social security system, from all economic activity sectors and living in Quito or Guayaquil. In total, a representative sample of 1,790 was selected (741 from Quito and 1,049 from Guayaquil) through a multistage random sampling procedure stratified by neighborhood and based on the 2010 Ecuadorian Population and Housing Census. The face-to-face questionnaire was filled in at the workers’ home; only one worker per household was interviewed. Details of the survey are available on the official report<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In order to compare the results of I-ECSST with previous WCS from Colombia (2007) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>, Argentina (2009) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>, Chile (2009-2010) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, Central America (2011) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, and Uruguay (2012) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>, as it was done in a previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>, we selected a subsample of employees who were registered in the social security system, aged between 18-64 years, and engaged in non-agricultural activities. The final sample was composed of 1,713 workers from Quito and Guayaquil (848 women and 865 men).</p>
				<p>The variables that allowed comparison between I-ECSST and other Latin American WCS were: gender, age (grouped into 18-34 years, 35-49 years, 50-64 years), educational level (categorized into primary, secondary, university), economic sector (categorized into industry, construction, service) and occupational categories (categorized into managers, professionals, technicians, clerical support workers, services and sales workers, skilled manual and unskilled manual workers).</p>
				<p>Regarding working conditions, we selected: noise, vibrations, handling, and breathing of hazardous chemicals, biological agents, manual handling, and repetitive movements. Following the same criteria of the previous study, responses were dichotomized into “exposed” and “non-exposed,” in which any different response to “never” means “exposed.” For employment conditions, it was only possible to select weekly working hours (&lt; 30 hours, 30-40 hours, &gt; 40 hours).</p>
				<p>Regarding health outcomes, two variables were selected. Self-perceived health status was obtained by asking the respondents to describe their general health as “excellent,” “very good,” “good,” “fair,” “poor” or “very poor.” The responses were merged into two categories, where the answers “fair,” “poor” or “very poor” indicated poor self-perceived health. Occupational injuries were assessed by asking the respondents whether they had or not suffered a work accident in the previous 12 months.</p>
				<p>The prevalence of exposure, and a 95% confidence interval (95%CI), to poor employment and working conditions, and health-related problems were calculated for each country. All analyses were stratified by gender and carried out with the statistical software package SPSS23.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p>Most non-agricultural employees covered by social security and living in Quito or Guayaquil (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>) were young, being 11% of women and 13% of men over 50 years of age, and the overwhelming majority had secondary and university education. Both women and men were engaged mainly in the service sector (89% and 82%, respectively), and their occupations were related to services and sales, and clerical support (67% and 57%, respectively).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Socio-demographic characteristics of non-agricultural employees, by gender, in Quito and Guayaquil, Ecuador, 2016-1017 (n=1,713)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><italic>Variable</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Women n=848</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Men n=865</italic></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(95%CI)</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(95%CI)</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Age</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">18-34 years</td>
									<td align="center">52.5</td>
									<td align="center">(49.1-55.8) </td>
									<td align="center">45.1</td>
									<td align="center">(41.8 -48.4) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">35-49 years</td>
									<td align="center">36.9</td>
									<td align="center">(33.7-40.2) </td>
									<td align="center">42.2</td>
									<td align="center">(38.9-45.5) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">50-64 years</td>
									<td align="center">10.6</td>
									<td align="center">(8.5-12.7) </td>
									<td align="center">12.7</td>
									<td align="center">(10.5-14.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Educational level*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Primary</td>
									<td align="center">5.8</td>
									<td align="center">(4.2-7.3) </td>
									<td align="center">6.7</td>
									<td align="center">(5.0-8.4) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Secondary</td>
									<td align="center">36.8</td>
									<td align="center">(33.5-40.2) </td>
									<td align="center">46.0</td>
									<td align="center">(42.7-49.3) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">University</td>
									<td align="center">56.8</td>
									<td align="center">(53.5-60.2) </td>
									<td align="center">45.9</td>
									<td align="center">(42.6-49.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Economic activity </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Industry</td>
									<td align="center">7.9</td>
									<td align="center">(6.1-9.7) </td>
									<td align="center">9.0</td>
									<td align="center">(7.1-10.9) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Construction</td>
									<td align="center">3.1</td>
									<td align="center">(1.9-4.2) </td>
									<td align="center">9.4</td>
									<td align="center">(7.4-11.3) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Services</td>
									<td align="center">89.0</td>
									<td align="center">(86.9-91.1) </td>
									<td align="center">81.6</td>
									<td align="center">(79.0-84.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Occupational categories </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Managers</td>
									<td align="center">4.4</td>
									<td align="center">(3.0-5.7) </td>
									<td align="center">6.0</td>
									<td align="center">(4.4-7.6) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Professionals</td>
									<td align="center">7.3</td>
									<td align="center">(5.6-9.1) </td>
									<td align="center">4.6</td>
									<td align="center">(3.2-6) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Technicians </td>
									<td align="center">7.7</td>
									<td align="center">(5.9-9.5) </td>
									<td align="center">11.2</td>
									<td align="center">(9.1-13.3) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Clerical support workers</td>
									<td align="center">25.1</td>
									<td align="center">(22.2-28.0) </td>
									<td align="center">12.6</td>
									<td align="center">(10.4-14.8) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Services and sales workers</td>
									<td align="center">42.3</td>
									<td align="center">(39.0-45.7) </td>
									<td align="center">42.3</td>
									<td align="center">(39.0-45.6) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Skilled manual worker</td>
									<td align="center">4.9</td>
									<td align="center">(3.5-6.4) </td>
									<td align="center">13.6</td>
									<td align="center">(11.4-15.9) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Unskilled manual worker</td>
									<td align="center">8.3</td>
									<td align="center">(6.4-10.1) </td>
									<td align="center">9.6</td>
									<td align="center">(7.6-11.6) </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>*missing data: women n=5; men n=12</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding employment conditions, in Ecuador 19.3% (16.7%-22%) of women and 31.4% (28.3%-34.6%) of men worked more than 40 hours per week, and this was the lowest percentage of the region (for example, when compared with Chile: 63.5% of women and 83.6% of men). In relation to working conditions, being exposed to noise was the most prevalent hazard among Ecuadorian workers: 81.2% (78.5%-83.8%) of men and 69% (65.9%-72.1%) of women, followed by repetitive movements: 56.1% (52.8%-59.4%) and 48.1% (44.8%-51.5%), respectively. In all countries, the frequency of exposure was higher among men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). Furthermore, those exposures were higher when comparing the results obtained in Ecuador with the results from other countries in the region; for example, in Central America, the exposure to noise was 54.1% for women and 62.0% for men; to chemical substances in the air was 30.8% and 39.4%, respectively, and to biological agents was 9.9% and 9.4%, respectively.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Employment and working conditions and health status of non-agricultural employees aged 18-64 years, by gender, in Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, Chile, Central America, and Uruguay</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"> 
 </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Ecuador</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Colombia</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Argentina</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Chile</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Central America</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Uruguay</italic></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Variable</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(95%CI)</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(95%CI)</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(95%CI)</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(95%CI)</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(95%CI)</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(95%CI)</italic></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Women</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=848</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=366</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=2646</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=1540</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n= 1034</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=358</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Employment conditions </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Weekly working hours </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">&lt; 30h </td>
									<td align="center">5.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(3.9-6.9) </td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">21.8 </td>
									<td align="center">(16.6-27.1) </td>
									<td align="center">5.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(3.2-7.2) </td>
									<td align="center">12.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(9.9-14.9) </td>
									<td align="center">17.5 </td>
									<td align="center">(12.6-22.5) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">30-40h </td>
									<td align="center">75.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(72.3-78.1) </td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">29.0 </td>
									<td align="center">(24.3-33.6) </td>
									<td align="center">31.3 </td>
									<td align="center">(26.8-35.8) </td>
									<td align="center">27.1 </td>
									<td align="center">(24.0-30.3) </td>
									<td align="center">41.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(35.1-47.6) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">&gt; 40h </td>
									<td align="center">19.3 </td>
									<td align="center">(16.7-22.0) </td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">49.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(44.1-54.4) </td>
									<td align="center">63.5 </td>
									<td align="center">(58.8-68.2) </td>
									<td align="center">60.5 </td>
									<td align="center">(57-63.9) </td>
									<td align="center">41.1 </td>
									<td align="center">(34.8-47.4) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Working conditions </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Noise<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">69.0 </td>
									<td align="center">(65.9-72.1) </td>
									<td align="center">23.3 </td>
									<td align="center">(19.0-27.6) </td>
									<td align="center">14.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(11.8-18) </td>
									<td align="center">22.5 </td>
									<td align="center">(18.8-26.3) </td>
									<td align="center">54.1 </td>
									<td align="center">(50.7-57.6) </td>
									<td align="center">22.3 </td>
									<td align="center">(17.3-27.4) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Vibrations<sup>$</sup></td>
									<td align="center">12.0 </td>
									<td align="center">(9.8-14.2) </td>
									<td align="center">6.8 </td>
									<td align="center">(4.3-9.4) </td>
									<td align="center">5.5 </td>
									<td align="center">(3.6-7.4) </td>
									<td align="center">11.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(8.2-14.3) </td>
									<td align="center">25.1 </td>
									<td align="center">(22.2-28.1) </td>
									<td align="center">7.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(4.9-10.9) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Handling of hazardous chemicals<sup>$</sup></td>
									<td align="center">19.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(16.6-21.9) </td>
									<td align="center">8.8 </td>
									<td align="center">(5.9-11.7) </td>
									<td align="center">11.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(6.7-17.1) </td>
									<td align="center">9.6 </td>
									<td align="center">(7.1-12.2) </td>
									<td align="center">16.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(14.4-19.5) </td>
									<td align="center">6.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(3.7-9.1) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Breathing chemical substances<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">38.8 </td>
									<td align="center">(35.5-42.1) </td>
									<td align="center">19.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(15.2-23.3) </td>
									<td align="center">2.6 </td>
									<td align="center">(1.6-3.6) </td>
									<td align="center">7.3 </td>
									<td align="center">(4.8-9.7) </td>
									<td align="center">30.8 </td>
									<td align="center">(27.7-34.0) </td>
									<td align="center">14.0 </td>
									<td align="center">(9.7-18.2) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Biological agents<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">30.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(27.1-33.3) </td>
									<td align="center">8.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(5.4-11) </td>
									<td align="center">9.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(6.5-12.3) </td>
									<td align="center">17.7 </td>
									<td align="center">(14-21.4) </td>
									<td align="center">9.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(7.8-11.9) </td>
									<td align="center">12.3 </td>
									<td align="center">(8.3-16.2) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Manual handling<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">36.7 </td>
									<td align="center">(33.4-39.9) </td>
									<td align="center">13.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(9.9-16.9) </td>
									<td align="center">24.1 </td>
									<td align="center">(19.9-28.3) </td>
									<td align="center">24.0 </td>
									<td align="center">(20.1-27.9) </td>
									<td align="center">13.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(11.5-16.2) </td>
									<td align="center">27.8 </td>
									<td align="center">(22.3-33.4) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Repetitive movements<sup>$</sup></td>
									<td align="center">48.1 </td>
									<td align="center">(44.8-51.5) </td>
									<td align="center">84.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(80.7-88.1) </td>
									<td align="center">50.8 </td>
									<td align="center">(45.6-56) </td>
									<td align="center">54.7 </td>
									<td align="center">(49.9-59.5) </td>
									<td align="center">73.7 </td>
									<td align="center">(70.7-76.7) </td>
									<td align="center">51.3 </td>
									<td align="center">(45.0-57.8) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Health problems </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Poor self-perceived health<sup>+</sup></td>
									<td align="center">10.8 </td>
									<td align="center">(8.8-12.9) </td>
									<td align="center">5.5 </td>
									<td align="center">(3.1-7.8) </td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">33.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(28.4-38.3) </td>
									<td align="center">24.3 </td>
									<td align="center">(21.3-27.2) </td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Occupational injuries<sup>++</sup></td>
									<td align="center">8.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(6.5-10.2) </td>
									<td align="center">3.8 </td>
									<td align="center">(1.9-5.8) </td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">7.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(4.6-10.2) </td>
									<td align="center">4.5 </td>
									<td align="center">(3.1-6.0) </td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>Men</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=865</italic></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n=455</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n=4402</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n=2310</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n=1632</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n=498</italic>
</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Employment conditions </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Weekly working hours </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">&lt; 30h </td>
									<td align="center">2.5 </td>
									<td align="center">(1.5-3.6) </td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">5.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(3.4-7.5) </td>
									<td align="center">0.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(0.2-1.5) </td>
									<td align="center">5.6 </td>
									<td align="center">(4.0-7.2) </td>
									<td align="center">7.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(4.6-11.1) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">30-40h </td>
									<td align="center">66.0 </td>
									<td align="center">(62.8-69.2) </td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">18.3 </td>
									<td align="center">(15.6-21) </td>
									<td align="center">15.5 </td>
									<td align="center">(12.8-18.2) </td>
									<td align="center">21.0 </td>
									<td align="center">(18.6-23.5) </td>
									<td align="center">34.1 </td>
									<td align="center">(28.4-39.8) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">&gt; 40h </td>
									<td align="center">31.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(28.3-34.6) </td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">76.3 </td>
									<td align="center">(73.1-79.4) </td>
									<td align="center">83.6 </td>
									<td align="center">(80.9-86.4) </td>
									<td align="center">73.3 </td>
									<td align="center">(70.6-76.0) </td>
									<td align="center">58.1 </td>
									<td align="center">(52.1-64.0) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Working conditions </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Noise<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">81.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(78.5-83.8) </td>
									<td align="center">45.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(40.6-49.7) </td>
									<td align="center">22.5 </td>
									<td align="center">(19.7-25.2) </td>
									<td align="center">45.6 </td>
									<td align="center">(41.1-50.1) </td>
									<td align="center">62.0 </td>
									<td align="center">(59.2-64.7) </td>
									<td align="center">30.7 </td>
									<td align="center">(25.6-35.8) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Vibrations<sup>$</sup></td>
									<td align="center">35.8 </td>
									<td align="center">(32.6-39.0) </td>
									<td align="center">30.8 </td>
									<td align="center">(26.6-35.1) </td>
									<td align="center">17.8 </td>
									<td align="center">(15.4-20.2) </td>
									<td align="center">42.1 </td>
									<td align="center">(37.6-46.5) </td>
									<td align="center">37.6 </td>
									<td align="center">(34.79-40.4) </td>
									<td align="center">30.0 </td>
									<td align="center">(24.8-35.2) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Handling of hazardous chemicals<sup>$</sup></td>
									<td align="center">22.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(19.4-25.0) </td>
									<td align="center">22.1 </td>
									<td align="center">(18.3-25.9) </td>
									<td align="center">12.5 </td>
									<td align="center">(10.7-14.4) </td>
									<td align="center">19.1 </td>
									<td align="center">(15.9-22.4) </td>
									<td align="center">18.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(16.2-20.6) </td>
									<td align="center">18.3 </td>
									<td align="center">(13.9-22.8) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Breathing chemical substances <sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">57.5 </td>
									<td align="center">(54.2-60.8) </td>
									<td align="center">50.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(46.3-55.5) </td>
									<td align="center">11.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(9.9-13.8) </td>
									<td align="center">32.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(28.9-36.9) </td>
									<td align="center">39.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(36.6-42.2) </td>
									<td align="center">31.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(26.1-36.8) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Biological agents<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">31.7 </td>
									<td align="center">(28.6-34.8) </td>
									<td align="center">8.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(5.6-10.7) </td>
									<td align="center">6.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(4.7-7.6) </td>
									<td align="center">9.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(7.1-11.3) </td>
									<td align="center">9.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(7.7-11.2) </td>
									<td align="center">15.1 </td>
									<td align="center">(10.7-19.5) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Manual handling<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">58.6 </td>
									<td align="center">(55.3-61.9) </td>
									<td align="center">34.4 </td>
									<td align="center">(30.0-38.7) </td>
									<td align="center">44.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(41.2-48.5) </td>
									<td align="center">39.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(35.7-44.1) </td>
									<td align="center">36.6 </td>
									<td align="center">(33.9-39.3) </td>
									<td align="center">45.5 </td>
									<td align="center">(39.5-51.5) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Repetitive movements<sup>$</sup></td>
									<td align="center">56.1 </td>
									<td align="center">(52.8-59.4) </td>
									<td align="center">76.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(73.0-80.8) </td>
									<td align="center">62.8 </td>
									<td align="center">(59.1-66.5) </td>
									<td align="center">60,0 </td>
									<td align="center">(55.4-64.7) </td>
									<td align="center">77.3 </td>
									<td align="center">(74.9-79.9) </td>
									<td align="center">58.6 </td>
									<td align="center">(52.6-64.6) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Health status </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Poor self-perceived health<sup>+</sup></td>
									<td align="center">10.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(8.8-12.9) </td>
									<td align="center">4.2 </td>
									<td align="center">(2.3-6.0) </td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">16.6 </td>
									<td align="center">(13.4-19.7) </td>
									<td align="center">19.1 </td>
									<td align="center">(16.9-21.4) </td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Occupational injuries<sup>++</sup></td>
									<td align="center">15.0 </td>
									<td align="center">(12.6-17.4) </td>
									<td align="center">9.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(7.1-12.6) </td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">6.5 </td>
									<td align="center">(4.7-8.3) </td>
									<td align="center">4.9 </td>
									<td align="center">(3.7-6.1) </td>
									<td align="center">- </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>*: “always,” “very often,” “sometimes” or “rarely”; <sup>$</sup>: “yes”; <sup>+</sup>: “fair,” “poor” and “very poor”; <sup>++</sup>: during the previous 12 months.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>As for health problems, men from Ecuador were more prone to occupational injuries than women: 15% (12.6%-17.4%) <italic>vs</italic>. 8.4% (6.5%-10.2%), as it was reported in other countries, and they showed the highest prevalence in the region followed by Colombia (9.9% of men and 3.8% of women), Chile (6.5% of men and 7.4% of women) and Central America (4.9% of men and 4.5% of women). Finally, almost 11% of both women and men reported poor self-perceived health in Ecuador, a prevalence that was below Chile and Central America.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>This study is a first look at the formal workers’ working conditions and health in two of Ecuador’s most populated cities. It offers a first comparative perspective considering WCS previous results in Latin American countries.</p>
				<p>Our sample shows a similar distribution to that observed in the region, with a small difference due to a greater proportion of workers engaged in the service sector: 81.6% of men from Ecuador versus 78.1% of men from Central America<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>. This difference could be explained because the Ecuadorian WCS was implemented in the two biggest commercial and administrative cities in the country.</p>
				<p>In the region, Ecuador has the lowest percentage of men and women working more than 40 hours per week. The average working hours per week for the Ecuadorian formally employed population was 43.1 for men and 41.3 for women. Similar to the average 42 hours reported in 2013, in Latin America, based on national household surveys<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>, although the formally employed population reported a lower average in others WCS of the region. This finding may be related to the laws in many countries of the region that allow longer weekly maximum hours than the recommended by the International Labor Organization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Regarding working conditions, we found that some exposures were higher in Ecuador than the ones observed in the other countries of the region. This high prevalence in Ecuador could have been overestimated given the criteria adopted to group the responses, where a five-point Likert scale was dichotomized and any response that was different to “never” meant “exposed.” However, it was also higher than Colombia, where a similar five-point Likert scale was used. Further research is needed to explain these differences.</p>
				<p>Unlike Chile and Central America, we did not find gender differences related to poor self-perceived health. This could be related to the sensitivity of this measure to the cultural environment. For instance, in a European longitudinal study, substantial differences were not found in the self-perceived health by gender<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>. Anyway, the Ecuadorian percentage was above Colombia and below Chile and Central America.</p>
				<p>Ecuador showed the highest prevalence of occupational injury in the region. These results were much higher than those reported by the Ecuadorian social security system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>, which barely reaches 0.62%. This discrepant result alerted us of a probable high sub-register in the official figures in the country. It is a problem in many countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>We should consider some limitations of this study. Firstly, the sample included only workers registered in the social security system, engaged in non-agricultural activities and living in Quito or Guayaquil. This may have introduced a selection bias because, although these two cities include the largest working population covered by social security (62%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>, informal employment was not considered. According to the Ecuadorian 2017 labor report, informal employment represents 46% of the working population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>. It is a general problem in the region labor market, ranging from 83.1% in Bolivia to 40.5% in Chile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. In fact, the previous comparison among Latin-America WCS also excluded informal employment. Secondly, differences among the questionnaires (concerning the items included and the response categories) used by Latin-American WCS limited the number of variables that we could compare. For example, we excluded psychosocial results in our study because question-wording and response categories have limited comparability.</p>
				<p>Despite these limitations, this is the best information available in Ecuador so far, and it is a first step to diagnose health and working conditions in the country. This study also presents a preliminary comparison between occupational health in Ecuador and in other Latin-American countries. It provides basic information for the surveillance of health and working conditions in the country and enhances the regional epidemiological surveillance. Furthermore, it reinforces the need to harmonize and improve WCS in Latin America<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>, as well as the global occupational health surveillance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>. This study also recognizes the need to establish appropriate occupational health public policies.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
				<p>The authors thank Amy Murphy for proofreading the article.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
					<p>This study was partially supported by the SEK International University of Ecuador and by the Universidad de Especialidades Espiritu Santo in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="presented-at" id="fn7">
					<p>The authors inform that the article was not based on a dissertation or thesis and that it was presented at the XXXVI Scientific Meeting of the Spanish Epidemiology Society and at the XIII Congress of the Portuguese Epidemiology Association, 2018, Lisbon, Portugal.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s2" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Tema Libre/Artículo</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>La salud ocupacional en Ecuador: una comparación con las encuestas sobre condiciones de trabajo en América Latina</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5133-181X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva-Peñaherrera</surname>
						<given-names>Michael</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3796-4706</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Merino-Salazar</surname>
						<given-names>Pamela</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0747-2660</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Benavides</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>b</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>c</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>d</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3453-0408</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>López-Ruiz</surname>
						<given-names>María</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>b</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>c</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>d</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>e</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1015-1753</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gómez-García</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Ramón</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>f</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff13">
				<label>a</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Internacional SEK. Quito, Ecuador.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff14">
				<label>b</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Center for Research in Occupational Health. Barcelona, Spain.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff15">
				<label>c</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). Madrid, Spain.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff16">
				<label>d</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM). Barcelona, Spain.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff17">
				<label>e</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales. Salamanca, Spain.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff18">
				<label>f</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Espiritu Santo. Samborondon, Ecuador.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c3"><italic>Contacto</italic>: Michael Silva-Peñaherrera <italic>E-mail</italic>: <email>michael.silvap@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn10">
					<p>Los autores declaran que no hay conflitos de intereses.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn12">
					<label>Contribuciones de los autores</label>
					<p> Silva-Peñaherrera M y G Benavides F contribuyeron en el diseño del estudio, el análisis y la interpretación de los datos y en la redacción de los manuscritos. Merino-Salazar P, López-Ruiz M y Gómez-García AR contribuyeron sustancialmente en el diseño del estudio, en la interpretación de los resultados y en la revisión de los manuscritos. Todos los autores revisaron críticamente la versión final del artículo y se responsabilizan plenamente de su contenido.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introducción:</title>
					<p> Ecuador ha realizado recientemente su primera encuesta sobre las condiciones de trabajo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo:</title>
					<p> describir las condiciones de trabajo y empleo y el estado de salud de los trabajadores en Ecuador en una muestra que permita la comparación con encuestas anteriores en América Latina.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p> se seleccionó una muestra de 1.713 trabajadores de la Primera Encuesta de Condiciones de Trabajo en el Ecuador. Se calculó la prevalencia y el intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) y se comparó con las encuestas anteriores realizadas en América Latina <italic>-</italic> Colombia, Argentina, Chile, América Central y Uruguay.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p> hombres se exponen con mayor frecuencia a condiciones de trabajo peligrosas, siendo las más frecuentes el ruido (81% de los hombres y 69% de las mujeres) y los movimientos repetitivos (56% y 48%, respectivamente). Alrededor del 31% de los hombres y el 19% de las mujeres trabajan más de 40 horas por semana. Casi el 11% de las mujeres y de los hombres reportaron mala salud autopercibida. La prevalencia de lesiones ocupacionales fue la más alta de la región: el 15% para los hombres y el 8,4% para las mujeres.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones:</title>
					<p> este es un primer acercamiento a las condiciones de trabajo y empleo y al estado de salud de los trabajadores en el Ecuador. Armonizar y mejorar las Encuestas de Condiciones de Trabajo en América Latina debería ser un objetivo prioritario para mejorar la vigilancia de la salud ocupacional en esta región.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>salud laboral</kwd>
				<kwd>sistemas de información en salud</kwd>
				<kwd>condiciones de trabajo</kwd>
				<kwd>estado de salud</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecuador</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introducción</title>
				<p>El empleo y las condiciones de trabajo son determinantes de la salud de los trabajadores y sus familias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>. Cada vez hay más pruebas científicas que demuestran que las malas condiciones de trabajo y empleo, como la precariedad y la inseguridad del empleo, crean efectos adversos para la salud, bajas laborales por enfermedad y lesiones laborales, y producen desigualdades en materia de salud entre la población<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>La competencia mundial y la necesidad creciente de reducir costos de producción han presionado sobre la “flexibilidad laboral”, afectando la seguridad y la salud de los trabajadores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Además, como la globalización permite la tercerización, este costo sanitario se transfiere generalmente a los países de ingresos bajos y medios, donde la falta de políticas y control expone a los trabajadores a condiciones de trabajo y empleo deficientes. De hecho, los países de ingresos altos tienen cinco veces menos accidentes laborales mortales y no mortales que el promedio mundial y seis veces menos que el promedio de América Latina y el Caribe<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>En los países de ingresos bajos y medianos, la escasez de información fiable sobre las condiciones de trabajo y de salud es uno de los principales obstáculos para establecer políticas públicas adecuadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>. Varios programas internacionales de salud y desarrollo han reconocido como objetivo prioritario el mejoramiento de los sistemas de información sobre la salud en el trabajo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>En este sentido, las encuestas sobre condiciones de seguridad y salud en el trabajo (ECSST) se han consolidado como un instrumento fiable para vigilar las condiciones de trabajo, empleo y salud<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. En la última década, varios países de América Latina han llevado a cabo sus primeras ECSST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. El propósito de estas encuestas es informar sus políticas nacionales. Esos esfuerzos también han permitido realizar las primeras comparaciones entre países de la región, lo que ofrece mejores pruebas para los formuladores de políticas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Recientemente, Ecuador ha puesto en marcha su primera Encuesta sobre Condiciones de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (I-ECSST), proporcionando una primera mirada a las condiciones de trabajo y de salud desde la perspectiva del trabajador. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las condiciones de trabajo y empleo y el estado de salud de los empleados no agrícolas cubiertos por el sistema de seguridad social en Quito y Guayaquil, en una muestra que permite la comparación con encuestas anteriores en América Latina (Colombia, Argentina, Chile, América Central y Uruguay).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>Los datos utilizados se obtuvieron de la I-ECSST en Ecuador, realizada en Quito, la capital, y en Guayaquil, la ciudad más poblada del país, entre abril de 2016 y enero de 2017.</p>
				<p>La I-ECSST es una encuesta transversal que se basa en una muestra de trabajadores asalariados de 18 años o más, inscritos en el sistema de seguridad social, de todos los sectores de la actividad económica y residentes en Quito o Guayaquil. En total, se seleccionó una muestra representativa de 1.790 (741 de Quito y 1.049 de Guayaquil) mediante un procedimiento de muestreo aleatorio multietapa estratificado por barrios y basado en el Censo de Población y Vivienda de Ecuador de 2010. El cuestionario presencial se aplicó en el domicilio de los trabajadores; solo se entrevistó a un trabajador por hogar. Los detalles de la encuesta se publican en el informe oficial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>A fin de comparar los resultados de la I-ECSST con las ECSST anteriores de Colombia (2007) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>, Argentina (2009) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>, Chile (2009-2010) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, América Central (2011) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> y Uruguay (2012) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>, como se hizo en un estudio anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>, se seleccionó una submuestra de empleados inscritos en el sistema de seguridad social, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 64 años, que realizaban actividades no agrícolas. La muestra final se compuso de 1.713 trabajadores de Quito y Guayaquil (848 mujeres y 865 hombres).</p>
				<p>Las variables que permitieron la comparación entre la I-ECSST y otras ECSST latinoamericanas fueron: género, edad (agrupadas en 18-34 años, 35-49 años, 50-64 años), nivel educativo (categorizado en primario, secundario, universidad), sector económico (categorizado en industria, construcción, servicios) y categorías ocupacionales (categorizadas en gerentes, profesionales, técnicos, personal de apoyo administrativo, trabajadores de servicios y ventas, trabajadores manuales calificados y no calificados).</p>
				<p>En cuanto a las condiciones de trabajo, seleccionamos: ruido, vibraciones, manejo y respiración de sustancias químicas peligrosas, agentes biológicos, manejo manual de carga y movimientos repetitivos. Siguiendo los mismos criterios del estudio anterior, las respuestas se dicotomizaron en “expuesto” y “no expuesto”, en las que cualquier respuesta diferente a “nunca” significa “expuesto”. En cuanto a las condiciones de empleo, solo fue posible seleccionar la variable horas de trabajo semanales (&lt; 30 horas, 30-40 horas, &gt; 40 horas).</p>
				<p>En cuanto al estado de salud, se seleccionaron dos variables. Salud autopercibida, que se obtuvo pidiendo a los encuestados que describieran su salud general como “excelente”, “muy buena”, “buena”, “regular”, “mala” o “muy mala”. Las respuestas se agruparon en dos categorías, en las que las respuestas “regular”, “mala” o “muy mala” indicaban una mala autopercepción de la salud. Las lesiones laborales se evaluaron preguntando a los encuestados si habían sufrido o no un accidente de trabajo en los 12 meses anteriores.</p>
				<p>Se calcularon para cada país la prevalencia y su intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) de la exposición a malas condiciones de empleo y de trabajo y los problemas relacionados con la salud. Todos los análisis se estratificaron por género y se llevaron a cabo con el programa informático estadístico SPSS23.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>La mayoría de los empleados no agrícolas, que están cubiertos por la seguridad social y viven en Quito o Guayaquil (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabla 1</xref>) son jóvenes, el 11% de las mujeres y el 13% de los hombres son mayores de 50 años y la gran mayoría tiene niveles de educación secundaria y universitaria. Tanto las mujeres como los hombres se dedicaban principalmente al sector de los servicios (89% y 82%, respectivamente), y sus ocupaciones estaban relacionadas con los servicios y ventas y con el apoyo administrativo (67% y 57%, respectivamente).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Características sociodemográficas de empleados no agrícolas, por género, en Quito y Guayaquil, Ecuador, 2016-2017 (n=1.713)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><italic>Variable</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Mujeres n=848</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Hombres n=865</italic></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(IC95%)</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(IC95%)</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Edad </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">18-34 años</td>
									<td align="center">52,5</td>
									<td align="center">(49,1-55,8)</td>
									<td align="center">45,1</td>
									<td align="center">(41,8 -48,4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">35-49 años</td>
									<td align="center">36,9</td>
									<td align="center">(33,7-40,2)</td>
									<td align="center">42,2</td>
									<td align="center">(38,9-45,5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">50-64 años</td>
									<td align="center">10,6</td>
									<td align="center">(8,5-12,7)</td>
									<td align="center">12,7</td>
									<td align="center">(10,5-14,9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Nivel educativo* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Primario</td>
									<td align="center">5,8</td>
									<td align="center">(4,2-7,3)</td>
									<td align="center">6,7</td>
									<td align="center">(5,0-8,4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Secundario</td>
									<td align="center">36,8</td>
									<td align="center">(33,5-40,2)</td>
									<td align="center">46,0</td>
									<td align="center">(42,7-49,3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Universidad</td>
									<td align="center">56,8</td>
									<td align="center">(53,5-60,2)</td>
									<td align="center">45,9</td>
									<td align="center">(42,6-49,2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Sector económico</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Industria</td>
									<td align="center">7,9</td>
									<td align="center">(6,1-9,7)</td>
									<td align="center">9,0</td>
									<td align="center">(7,1-10,9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Construcción</td>
									<td align="center">3,1</td>
									<td align="center">(1,9-4,2)</td>
									<td align="center">9,4</td>
									<td align="center">(7,4-11,3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Servicios</td>
									<td align="center">89,0</td>
									<td align="center">(86,9-91,1)</td>
									<td align="center">81,6</td>
									<td align="center">(79,0-84,2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Categorías ocupacionales </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Gerentes</td>
									<td align="center">4,4</td>
									<td align="center">(3,0-5,7)</td>
									<td align="center">6,0</td>
									<td align="center">(4,4-7,6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Profesionales</td>
									<td align="center">7,3</td>
									<td align="center">(5,6-9,1)</td>
									<td align="center">4,6</td>
									<td align="center">(3,2-6,0)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Técnicos </td>
									<td align="center">7,7</td>
									<td align="center">(5,9-9,5)</td>
									<td align="center">11,2</td>
									<td align="center">(9,1-13,3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Personal de apoyo administrativo</td>
									<td align="center">25,1</td>
									<td align="center">(22,2-28,0)</td>
									<td align="center">12,6</td>
									<td align="center">(10,4-14,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Trabajadores de servicios y ventas</td>
									<td align="center">42,3</td>
									<td align="center">(39,0-45,7)</td>
									<td align="center">42,3</td>
									<td align="center">(39,0-45,6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Trabajador manual cualificado</td>
									<td align="center">4,9</td>
									<td align="center">(3,5-6,4)</td>
									<td align="center">13,6</td>
									<td align="center">(11,4-15,9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Trabajador manual no cualificado</td>
									<td align="center">8,3</td>
									<td align="center">(6,4-10,1)</td>
									<td align="center">9,6</td>
									<td align="center">(7,6-11,6)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>*información no disponible: mujeres n=5; hombres n=12</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>En cuanto a las condiciones de empleo, en Ecuador el 19,3% (IC95%: 16,7%-22,0%) de las mujeres y el 31,4% (IC95%: 28,3%-34,6%) de los hombres trabajaban más de 40 horas semanales, siendo este el porcentaje más bajo de la región (por ejemplo, en comparación con Chile: el 63,5% de las mujeres y el 83,6% de los hombres). En relación con las condiciones de trabajo, la exposición a ruido fue el peligro más frecuente entre los trabajadores ecuatorianos: el 81,2% (IC95%: 78,5%-83,8%) de los hombres y el 69,0% (IC95%: 65,9%-72,1%) de las mujeres, seguido de los movimientos repetitivos: el 56,1% (IC95%: 52,8%-59,4%) y el 48,1% (IC95%: 44,8%-51,5%), respectivamente. En todos los países, la frecuencia de exposición fue mayor entre los hombres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabla 2</xref>). Además, esas exposiciones fueron mayores al comparar los resultados encontrados en Ecuador con los de los demás países de la región; por ejemplo, en América Central, la exposición al ruido fue del 54,1% para las mujeres y del 62,0% para los hombres; a las sustancias químicas en el aire fue del 30,8% y del 39,4%, respectivamente, y a los agentes biológicos fue del 9,9% y del 9,4%, respectivamente.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Condiciones de empleo, de trabajo y estado de salud, por género, de los trabajadores no agrícolas, de 18 a 64 años de edad, en Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, Chile, América Central y Uruguay </title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"> 
 </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Ecuador</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Colombia</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Argentina</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Chile</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>América Central</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Uruguay</italic></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Variable</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(95%CI)</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(95%CI)</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(95%CI)</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(95%CI)</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(95%CI)</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>%</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>(95%CI)</italic></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>Mujeres</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=848</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=366</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=2646</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=1540</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n= 1034</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>n=358</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Condiciones de empleo </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Horas de trabajo semanales </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">&lt; 30h</td>
									<td align="center">5,4</td>
									<td align="center">(3,9-6,9)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">21,8</td>
									<td align="center">(16,6-27,1)</td>
									<td align="center">5,2</td>
									<td align="center">(3,2-7,2)</td>
									<td align="center">12,4</td>
									<td align="center">(9,9-14,9)</td>
									<td align="center">17,5</td>
									<td align="center">(12,6-22,5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">30-40h</td>
									<td align="center">75,2</td>
									<td align="center">(72,3-78,1)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">29,0</td>
									<td align="center">(24,3-33,6)</td>
									<td align="center">31,3</td>
									<td align="center">(26,8-35,8)</td>
									<td align="center">27,1</td>
									<td align="center">(24,0-30,3)</td>
									<td align="center">41,4</td>
									<td align="center">(35,1-47,6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">&gt; 40h</td>
									<td align="center">19,3</td>
									<td align="center">(16,7-22,0)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">49,2</td>
									<td align="center">(44,1-54,4)</td>
									<td align="center">63,5</td>
									<td align="center">(58,8-68,2)</td>
									<td align="center">60,5</td>
									<td align="center">(57-63,9)</td>
									<td align="center">41,1</td>
									<td align="center">(34,8-47,4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Condiciones de trabajo </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Ruido<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">69,0</td>
									<td align="center">(65,9-72,1)</td>
									<td align="center">23,3</td>
									<td align="center">(19,0-27,6)</td>
									<td align="center">14,9</td>
									<td align="center">(11,8-18)</td>
									<td align="center">22,5</td>
									<td align="center">(18,8-26,3)</td>
									<td align="center">54,1</td>
									<td align="center">(50,7-57,6)</td>
									<td align="center">22,3</td>
									<td align="center">(17,3-27,4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Vibraciones<sup>$</sup></td>
									<td align="center">12,0</td>
									<td align="center">(9,8-14,2)</td>
									<td align="center">6,8</td>
									<td align="center">(4,3-9,4)</td>
									<td align="center">5,5</td>
									<td align="center">(3,6-7,4)</td>
									<td align="center">11,2</td>
									<td align="center">(8,2-14,3)</td>
									<td align="center">25,1</td>
									<td align="center">(22,2-28,1)</td>
									<td align="center">7,9</td>
									<td align="center">(4,9-10,9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Manipulación de productos químicos peligrosos<sup>$</sup></td>
									<td align="center">19,2</td>
									<td align="center">(16,6-21,9)</td>
									<td align="center">8,8</td>
									<td align="center">(5,9-11,7)</td>
									<td align="center">11,9</td>
									<td align="center">(6,7-17,1)</td>
									<td align="center">9,6</td>
									<td align="center">(7,1-12,2)</td>
									<td align="center">16,9</td>
									<td align="center">(14,4-19,5)</td>
									<td align="center">6,4</td>
									<td align="center">(3,7-9,1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Respirar sustancias químicas<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">38,8</td>
									<td align="center">(35,5-42,1)</td>
									<td align="center">19,2</td>
									<td align="center">(15,2-23,3)</td>
									<td align="center">2,6</td>
									<td align="center">(1,6-3,6)</td>
									<td align="center">7,3</td>
									<td align="center">(4,8-9,7)</td>
									<td align="center">30,8</td>
									<td align="center">(27,7-34,0)</td>
									<td align="center">14,0</td>
									<td align="center">(9,7-18,2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Agentes biológicos<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">30,2</td>
									<td align="center">(27,1-33,3)</td>
									<td align="center">8,2</td>
									<td align="center">(5,4-11)</td>
									<td align="center">9,4</td>
									<td align="center">(6,5-12,3)</td>
									<td align="center">17,7</td>
									<td align="center">(14,0-21,4)</td>
									<td align="center">9,9</td>
									<td align="center">(7,8-11,9)</td>
									<td align="center">12,3</td>
									<td align="center">(8,3-16,2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Manejo manual de carga<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">36,7</td>
									<td align="center">(33,4-39,9)</td>
									<td align="center">13,4</td>
									<td align="center">(9,9-16,9)</td>
									<td align="center">24,1</td>
									<td align="center">(19,9-28,3)</td>
									<td align="center">24,0</td>
									<td align="center">(20,1-27,9)</td>
									<td align="center">13,9</td>
									<td align="center">(11,5-16,2)</td>
									<td align="center">27,8</td>
									<td align="center">(22,3-33,4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Movimientos repetitivos<sup>$</sup></td>
									<td align="center">48,1</td>
									<td align="center">(44,8-51,5)</td>
									<td align="center">84,4</td>
									<td align="center">(80,7-88,1)</td>
									<td align="center">50,8</td>
									<td align="center">(45,6-56)</td>
									<td align="center">54,7</td>
									<td align="center">(49,9-59,5)</td>
									<td align="center">73,7</td>
									<td align="center">(70,7-76,7)</td>
									<td align="center">51,3</td>
									<td align="center">(45,0-57,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Estado de salud </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Mala salud autopercibida<sup>+</sup></td>
									<td align="center">10,8</td>
									<td align="center">(8,8-12,9)</td>
									<td align="center">5,5</td>
									<td align="center">(3,1-7,8)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">33,4</td>
									<td align="center">(28,4-38,3)</td>
									<td align="center">24,3</td>
									<td align="center">(21,3-27,2)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Lesiones ocupacionales<sup>++</sup></td>
									<td align="center">8,4</td>
									<td align="center">(6,5-10,2)</td>
									<td align="center">3,8</td>
									<td align="center">(1,9-5,8)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">7,4</td>
									<td align="center">(4,6-10,2)</td>
									<td align="center">4,5</td>
									<td align="center">(3,1-6,0)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>Hombres</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n=865</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n=455</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n=4402</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n=2310</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n= 1632</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>n=498</italic>
</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Condiciones de empleo </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Horas de trabajo semanales </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">&lt; 30h</td>
									<td align="center">2,5</td>
									<td align="center">(1,5-3,6)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">5,4</td>
									<td align="center">(3,4-7,5)</td>
									<td align="center">0,9</td>
									<td align="center">(0,2-1,5)</td>
									<td align="center">5,6</td>
									<td align="center">(4,0-7,2)</td>
									<td align="center">7,9</td>
									<td align="center">(4,6-11,1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">30-40h</td>
									<td align="center">66,0</td>
									<td align="center">(62,8-69,2)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">18,3</td>
									<td align="center">(15,6-21)</td>
									<td align="center">15,5</td>
									<td align="center">(12,8-18,2)</td>
									<td align="center">21</td>
									<td align="center">(18,6-23,5)</td>
									<td align="center">34,1</td>
									<td align="center">(28,4-39,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">&gt; 40h</td>
									<td align="center">31,4</td>
									<td align="center">(28,3-34,6)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">76,3</td>
									<td align="center">(73,1-79,4)</td>
									<td align="center">83,6</td>
									<td align="center">(80,9-86,4)</td>
									<td align="center">73,3</td>
									<td align="center">(70,6-76,0)</td>
									<td align="center">58,1</td>
									<td align="center">(52,1-64,0)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Condiciones de trabajo </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Ruido<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">81,2</td>
									<td align="center">(78,5-83,8)</td>
									<td align="center">45,2</td>
									<td align="center">(40,6-49,7)</td>
									<td align="center">22,5</td>
									<td align="center">(19,7-25,2)</td>
									<td align="center">45,6</td>
									<td align="center">(41,1-50,1)</td>
									<td align="center">62,0</td>
									<td align="center">(59,2-64,7)</td>
									<td align="center">30,7</td>
									<td align="center">(25,6-35,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Vibraciones<sup>$</sup></td>
									<td align="center">35,8</td>
									<td align="center">(32,6-39,0)</td>
									<td align="center">30,8</td>
									<td align="center">(26,6-35,1)</td>
									<td align="center">17,8</td>
									<td align="center">(15,4-20,2)</td>
									<td align="center">42,1</td>
									<td align="center">(37,6-46,5)</td>
									<td align="center">37,6</td>
									<td align="center">(34,79-40,4)</td>
									<td align="center">30,0</td>
									<td align="center">(24,8-35,2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Manipulación de productos químicos peligrosos<sup>$</sup></td>
									<td align="center">22,2</td>
									<td align="center">(19,4-25,0)</td>
									<td align="center">22,1</td>
									<td align="center">(18,3-25,9)</td>
									<td align="center">12,5</td>
									<td align="center">(10,7-14,4)</td>
									<td align="center">19,1</td>
									<td align="center">(15,9-22,4)</td>
									<td align="center">18,4</td>
									<td align="center">(16,2-20,6)</td>
									<td align="center">18,3</td>
									<td align="center">(13,9-22,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Respirar sustancias químicas<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">57,5</td>
									<td align="center">(54,2-60,8)</td>
									<td align="center">50,9</td>
									<td align="center">(46,3-55,5)</td>
									<td align="center">11,9</td>
									<td align="center">(9,9-13,8)</td>
									<td align="center">32,9</td>
									<td align="center">(28,9-36,9)</td>
									<td align="center">39,4</td>
									<td align="center">(36,6-42,2)</td>
									<td align="center">31,4</td>
									<td align="center">(26,1-36,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Agentes biológicos<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">31,7</td>
									<td align="center">(28,6-34,8)</td>
									<td align="center">8,2</td>
									<td align="center">(5,6-10,7)</td>
									<td align="center">6,2</td>
									<td align="center">(4,7-7,6)</td>
									<td align="center">9,2</td>
									<td align="center">(7,1-11,3)</td>
									<td align="center">9,4</td>
									<td align="center">(7,7-11,2)</td>
									<td align="center">15,1</td>
									<td align="center">(10,7-19,5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Manejo manual de carga<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">58,6</td>
									<td align="center">(55,3-61,9)</td>
									<td align="center">34,4</td>
									<td align="center">(30,0-38,7)</td>
									<td align="center">44,9</td>
									<td align="center">(41,2-48,5)</td>
									<td align="center">39,9</td>
									<td align="center">(35,7-44,1)</td>
									<td align="center">36,6</td>
									<td align="center">(33,9-39,3)</td>
									<td align="center">45,5</td>
									<td align="center">(39,5-51,5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Movimientos repetitivos<sup>$</sup></td>
									<td align="center">56,1</td>
									<td align="center">(52,8-59,4)</td>
									<td align="center">76,9</td>
									<td align="center">(73,0-80,8)</td>
									<td align="center">62,8</td>
									<td align="center">(59,1-66,5)</td>
									<td align="center">60,0</td>
									<td align="center">(55,4-64,7)</td>
									<td align="center">77,3</td>
									<td align="center">(74,9-79,9)</td>
									<td align="center">58,6</td>
									<td align="center">(52,6-64,6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Estado de salud </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Mala salud autopercibida<sup>+</sup></td>
									<td align="center">10,9</td>
									<td align="center">(8,8-12,9)</td>
									<td align="center">4,2</td>
									<td align="center">(2,3-6,0)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">16,6</td>
									<td align="center">(13,4-19,7)</td>
									<td align="center">19,1</td>
									<td align="center">(16,9-21,4)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Lesiones ocupacionales<sup>++</sup></td>
									<td align="center">15,0</td>
									<td align="center">(12,6-17,4)</td>
									<td align="center">9,9</td>
									<td align="center">(7,1-12,6)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">6,5</td>
									<td align="center">(4,7-8,3)</td>
									<td align="center">4,9</td>
									<td align="center">(3,7-6,1)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>*: “siempre,” “muy frecuentemente,” “a veces” o “raramente”; <sup>$</sup>: “sí”; <sup>+</sup>: “regular,” “mala” y “muy mala”; <sup>++</sup>: durante los 12 meses anteriores.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>En cuanto a los problemas de salud, los hombres del Ecuador fueron más propensos a sufrir lesiones laborales que las mujeres: el 15% (IC95%: 12,6%-17,4%) frente al 8,4% (IC95%: 6,5%-10,2%) respectivamente, como se informó en otros países; y mostraron la mayor prevalencia de la región, seguidos de Colombia (el 9,9% de los hombres y el 3,8% de las mujeres), Chile (el 6,5% de los hombres y el 7,4% de las mujeres) y América Central (el 4,9% de los hombres y el 4,5% de las mujeres). Por último, casi el 11% de las mujeres y de los hombres del Ecuador declararon tener una mala salud autopercibida, una prevalencia que estaba por debajo de la del Chile y de la América Central. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discusión</title>
				<p>Este estudio es una primera mirada a las condiciones de trabajo y salud de los trabajadores formales en dos de las ciudades más pobladas de Ecuador. Ofrece una primera comparativa con los resultados anteriores de la ECSST en los países de América Latina.</p>
				<p>Nuestra muestra presenta una distribución similar a la de la región, con una pequeña diferencia debida a la mayor proporción de trabajadores que se dedican al sector servicios: el 81,6% de hombres ecuatorianos frente al 78,1% de hombres de la América Central<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>; lo que podría explicarse porque la ECSST ecuatoriana se implementó en las dos ciudades comerciales y administrativas más grandes del país.</p>
				<p>Ecuador tiene el porcentaje más bajo de hombres y mujeres que trabajaron más de 40 horas semanales en la región. El promedio de horas de trabajo por semana en la población empleada formalmente del Ecuador fue de 43,1 horas para los hombres y 41,3 horas para las mujeres, que es similar a las 42 horas promedio registradas en América Latina, notificado en 2013, en base a encuestas nacionales de hogares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>, aunque la población empleada formalmente notificó un promedio más bajo en otras ECSST de la región. Este hallazgo podría estar relacionado con las leyes de muchos países de la región que permiten un máximo de horas semanales más largas que las recomendadas por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>En cuanto a las condiciones de trabajo, encontramos que algunas exposiciones fueron más altas que las que se presentaban en los demás países de la región. Esta alta prevalencia en Ecuador podría haber sido sobreestimada dados los criterios utilizados para agrupar las respuestas, donde se dicotomizó una escala de Likert de cinco puntos y cualquier respuesta diferente de “nunca” significaba “expuesto”. Sin embargo, también fue más alta que la de Colombia, donde se utilizó una escala Likert de cinco puntos similar. Se necesitan más investigaciones para explicar estas diferencias.</p>
				<p>A diferencia de Chile y América Central, no encontramos divergencias de género relacionadas con la mala salud autopercibida. Este hallazgo podría estar relacionado con la sensibilidad de esta medición al entorno cultural. Por ejemplo, en un estudio longitudinal europeo, no se encontraron diferencias sustanciales en la salud autopercibida por el género<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>. De todos modos, el porcentaje ecuatoriano estaba por encima de Colombia y por debajo de Chile y América Central.</p>
				<p>Ecuador mostró la mayor prevalencia de lesiones laborales de la región. Estos resultados fueron muy superiores a los reportados por el sistema de seguridad social ecuatoriano, que apenas alcanza el 0,62%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>. Este discrepante resultado nos alerta de un probable alto subregistro en las cifras oficiales del país. Que es un problema en muchos países<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Debemos considerar algunas limitaciones de este estudio. En primer lugar, la muestra solo incluyó a los trabajadores registrados en el sistema de seguridad social, que se dedican a actividades que no son del sector agrícola y que viven en Quito o Guayaquil. Esto puede introducir un sesgo de selección porque, aunque estas dos ciudades incluyen la mayor parte de población trabajadora cubierta por la seguridad social (62%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>, no se consideró el empleo informal. Según el informe laboral ecuatoriano de 2017, el empleo informal representa el 46% de la población económicamente activa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>. Es un problema general en el mercado laboral de la región, que oscila entre el 83,1% en Bolivia y el 40,5% en Chile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. De hecho, la comparación anterior entre las ECSST de América Latina también excluía el empleo informal. En segundo lugar, las diferencias entre los cuestionarios (en cuanto a los ítems incluidos y las categorías de respuesta) utilizados por la ECSST latinoamericana limitaron el número de variables que podemos comparar. Por ejemplo, excluimos los resultados psicosociales en nuestro estudio porque las categorías de preguntas y respuestas tienen una comparabilidad limitada.</p>
				<p>A pesar de estas limitaciones, esta es la mejor información disponible que el Ecuador puede ofrecer hasta el momento, y es un primer paso para diagnosticar las condiciones de salud y de trabajo en el país. Este estudio también presenta una comparación preliminar entre la salud ocupacional en Ecuador y en otros países de América Latina. Proporciona información básica para la vigilancia de la salud y las condiciones de trabajo en el país y mejora la información de vigilancia epidemiológica de la región. Además, refuerza la necesidad de conciliar y mejorar la ECSST en América Latina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>, así como la vigilancia mundial de la salud ocupacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>. En este estudio también se reconoce la necesidad de establecer políticas públicas adecuadas de salud ocupacional.</p>
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				<title>Agradecimientos</title>
				<p>Los autores agradecen a Amy Murphy por la corrección del texto original en inglés.</p>
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					<p>Este estudio fue parcialmente apoyado por la Universidad Internacional SEK de Ecuador y por la Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo de la ciudad de Guayaquil, Ecuador.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="presented-at" id="fn11">
					<p>Los autores informan que el artículo no se basó en una disertación o tesis y que fue presentado en la XXXVI Reunión Científica de la Sociedad Española de Epidemiología y en el XIII Congreso de la Asociación Portuguesa de Epidemiología, en 2018, Lisboa, Portugal.</p>
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