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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rbso</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. bras. saúde ocup.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2317-6369</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0303-7657</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho - FUNDACENTRO</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00041</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/2317-6369000002019</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">02407</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Tema livre/Artigo</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Dor na coluna torácica e fatores associados em fumicultores</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Thoracic spine pain and associated factors among tobacco farmers</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1809-328X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Maitê Peres de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6355-8576</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fiori</surname>
						<given-names>Nadia Spada</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8941-3850</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Meucci</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo Dalke</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8135-5860</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Faria</surname>
						<given-names>Neice Muller Xavier</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6070-6214</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fassa</surname>
						<given-names>Anaclaudia Gastal</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>a</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pelotas</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Pelotas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Pelotas</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>b</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pelotas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Social</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Pelotas</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>c</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública. Rio Grande, RS, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio Grande</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>d</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Bento Gonçalves, Vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador. Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Bento Gonçalves</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Bento Gonçalves</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>e</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pelotas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Social</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Pelotas</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><italic>Contato</italic>: Maitê Peres de Carvalho <italic>E-mail</italic>: <email>maite.carvalho@ufpel.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<p>Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold> Os autores contribuíram igualmente nas diversas fases de investigação e redação do artigo, que incluíram concepção, coleta e análise de dados, redação e revisão do manuscrito e aprovação do texto final publicado, assumindo total responsabilidade pelo estudo e pelo conteúdo publicado.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">	
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>45</volume>
			<elocation-id>e33</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introdução:</title>
					<p> dor na coluna torácica diz respeito a traumas cumulativos envolvendo má postura, movimentos repetitivos e longos períodos na mesma posição.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo:</title>
					<p> avaliar a prevalência de dor na coluna torácica e fatores associados em fumicultores no sul do Brasil.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p> estudo transversal cuja associação entre o desfecho e os fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais, atividades laborais, cargas de trabalho e comorbidades foram examinadas pelo teste de Wald para heterogeneidade e tendência linear. A análise multivariável foi realizada utilizando modelo hierárquico e regressão de Poisson com variância robusta.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p> o estudo envolveu 2.469 indivíduos de ambos os sexos. A prevalência de dor na coluna torácica foi de 21,2%. Limpar equipamento para aplicação de agrotóxico, número de episódios de Doença da Folha Verde, sintomas respiratórios e transtornos psiquiátricos menores foram positivamente associados ao desfecho em ambos os sexos. Tabagismo e intoxicação por agrotóxicos foram associados ao desfecho entre as mulheres, enquanto escolaridade e passar varas com folhas de tabaco foram associados aos homens.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusões:</title>
					<p> reestruturação ergonômica, redução das cargas de trabalho, trocas de posição durante o turno de trabalho e mecanização do processo de trabalho são estratégias importantes para reduzir a exposição à nicotina, agrotóxicos e carga de trabalho ergonômica.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction:</title>
					<p> thoracic spine pain concerns cumulative trauma involving poor posture, repetitive motion, and long periods of time in the same position.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p> to assess the prevalence of thoracic spine pain and associated factors in tobacco tobacco farmers in southern Brazil.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p> cross-sectional study whose association between the outcome and the sociodemographic and behavioural factors, work activities, workloads and comorbidities were examined using the Wald heterogeneity and linear trend tests. Multivariate analysis was performed using a hierarchical model and Poisson regression with robust variance.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p> the study comprised 2,469 individuals of both genders. Prevalence of thoracic spine pain was 21.2%. Cleaning equipments used to apply pesticides, number of episodes of green tobacco sickness, respiratory symptoms and minor psychiatric disorders were positively associated with the outcome in both genders. Smoking and pesticide poisoning were associated factors with the outcome in women, whilst schooling and lifting sticks with tobacco leaves for curing were associated with men.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p> ergonomic restructuring, reduction of workload, position switches during work shift and mechanization of work process are important strategies to reduce exposure to nicotine, pesticides, and ergonomic workload.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>occupational health</kwd>
				<kwd>spine</kwd>
				<kwd>tobacco</kwd>
				<kwd>cumulative trauma disorders</kwd>
				<kwd>farmers</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>saúde do trabalhador</kwd>
				<kwd>coluna vertebral</kwd>
				<kwd>fumo</kwd>
				<kwd>transtornos traumáticos cumulativos</kwd>
				<kwd>agricultores</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group award-type="contract">
					<funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq</funding-source>
					<award-id>483214/2009-4,2009</award-id>
				</award-group>
				<award-group award-type="contract">
					<funding-source>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS</funding-source>
					<award-id>09/0057.5, 2009</award-id>
				</award-group>
				<funding-statement>Financiamento: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq - Process 483214/2009-4,2009). Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS - Process 09/0057.5, 2009).</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="39"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introdução</title>
			<p>O Brasil se destaca como o maior exportador mundial de tabaco e o segundo maior produtor de fumo. A região Sul é responsável por 98% da produção do país e emprega mais de 150 mil famílias na fumicultura, enquanto o estado do Rio Grande do Sul é responsável por 49% da produção. Em 2016, o setor arrecadou cerca de R$ 30 bilhões em relação à renda e tributação e gerou mais de 650 mil empregos diretos na agricultura, mostrando a importância econômica dessa atividade para o país<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>A dor nas costas relacionada ao trabalho aumentou nas últimas décadas, com muitos estudos focando na dor lombar devido à sua alta prevalência e efeitos limitantes no trabalho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. Estudos demográficos na Suécia encontraram prevalência de dor na coluna torácica de 10,2% e 15,0%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Outro estudo realizado com trabalhadores brasileiros avaliou a associação entre dor em diferentes locais do corpo e fatores relacionados à dor musculoesquelética<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>, sugerindo que apresentar dor em um local do corpo está associado a dor em outro. Entre os que relataram dor torácica, por exemplo, 50% também relataram dor lombar simultânea. Estar altamente exposto ao trabalho manual e à má postura no local de trabalho aumentou em 1,5 vezes a prevalência de dor em mais de um local do corpo. Embora os dados epidemiológicos sobre dor na coluna torácica sejam escassos, este estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> incentiva a avaliação da dor na coluna torácica a partir de dados concretos sobre as dores lombares em trabalhadores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>O trabalho agrícola requer práticas diárias intensas com suscetibilidade às condições climáticas e exposição a diversos fatores associados como carregar cargas pesadas, movimentos corporais repetidos ou contínuos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> e movimentos repetitivos dos membros superiores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>. Todos esses fatores se apresentam no trabalho cotidiano da fumicultura - trabalho basicamente manual envolvendo a agricultura familiar com clara divisão sexual das tarefas. Ao longo de mais de um século de fumicultura no Brasil, muitas tecnologias foram aprimoradas e implementadas, mas mesmo assim os fumicultores ainda têm cargas de trabalho intensas, como usar pulverizadores de mochila para aplicação de agrotóxicos, colher o baixeiro (folhas inferiores) e passar varas com folhas de tabaco, muitas vezes agravadas por longos dias de trabalho, especialmente durante a colheita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Considerando esta realidade e a relevância da fumicultura no Brasil, este estudo visa identificar a prevalência de dores na coluna torácica e seus fatores associados em fumicultores no sul do Brasil.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Métodos</title>
			<p>Este é um estudo transversal com amostra aleatória de fumicultores do município de São Lourenço do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, durante a safra de 2011 (janeiro a março). O Projeto sobre a Fumicultura estudou 2.469 trabalhadores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> com mais de 18 anos. Para estudar a prevalência de dor na coluna torácica e fatores associados no último ano, a amostra foi estratificada por sexo e o estudo teve poder estatístico de 80% para estimar riscos superiores a 1,7 para as variáveis investigadas, usando um nível de confiança de 95%.</p>
			<p>A amostra foi selecionada a partir de 3.851 notas fiscais fornecidas pela Secretaria Municipal da Fazenda, referentes à venda de tabaco e emitidas em 2009. Estimou-se cerca de três trabalhadores por propriedade agrícola e obteve-se uma amostra aleatória simples de 1.100 notas fiscais. Fumicultores que trabalhavam pelo menos quinze horas por semana eram elegíveis. Se os indivíduos selecionados não trabalhavam mais na fumicultura quando a entrevista foi realizada, foram substituídos pelo vizinho fumicultor mais próximo. Trabalhadores residentes na área urbana ou que não mais residiam no município em estudo, bem como os casos em que a nota fiscal fora emitida por um indivíduo que não trabalhava com fumicultura ou em cuja propriedade ninguém trabalhava com cultivo de tabaco eram inelegíveis.</p>
			<p>Com relação à coleta de dados, utilizou-se dois instrumentos pré-codificados em formato eletrônico com PDA <italic>(personal digital assistant)</italic>. Um instrumento avaliou aspectos da propriedade rural e foi respondido pelo administrador agrícola; o outro se concentrou em aspectos individuais, coletando dados sobre questões sociodemográficas e comportamentais, atividades de trabalho, cargas de trabalho, doença da folha verde do tabaco (DFV), intoxicação por agrotóxicos, sintomas respiratórios, transtornos psiquiátricos menores e dor na coluna vertebral. Fumantes eram os trabalhadores que fumavam um ou mais cigarros por dia durante o último mês, enquanto os ex-fumantes eram aqueles que relataram ter parado de fumar há mais de um mês.</p>
			<p>A presença de dor na coluna torácica foi avaliada pelo Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>, validado no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>, e já utilizado em outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>. Para avaliar o desfecho, cada participante foi perguntado sobre a presença de dor nas costas nos 12 meses anteriores à entrevista. Se os trabalhadores relatavam dor, lhes era apresentado um desenho do corpo humano em ortostase com as regiões da coluna vertebral (cervical, torácica e lombar) destacadas em cores diferentes. Se apontassem para a região torácica, eram considerados com dor na coluna torácica.</p>
			<p>A doença da folha verde no ano anterior foi definida como a ocorrência de tontura ou dor de cabeça e náuseas ou vômito dois dias após a colheita do tabaco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>. Os transtornos psiquiátricos menores foram medidos de acordo com o questionário autoaplicável (SRQ-20), um teste de triagem voltado principalmente para ansiedade e sintomas depressivos, usando escores ≥ 8 para mulheres e ≥ 6 para homens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>A análise dos dados foi realizada usando o Stata 12.0<sup>®</sup>. A frequência das variáveis foi verificada por meio da análise da tendência central e das medidas de proporções. Em seguida realizou-se uma análise bivariada, testando a associação entre o desfecho e as variáveis independentes pelo Teste de Wald para Heterogeneidade e Tendência Linear. A análise multivariável foi realizada utilizando-se a Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta e seleção para trás para estimar as razões de prevalência (RP) e os intervalos de confiança (IC95%). O nível de significância adotado para a seleção das variáveis foi de 20% para controlar fatores de confusão. A análise multivariada seguiu um modelo hierárquico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> composto por quatro níveis: 1 - condições socioeconômicas, demográficas e comportamentais; 2 - atividades de trabalho e cargas de trabalho; 3 - comorbidades; 4 - saúde mental. Foram examinadas interações entre sexo, escolaridade e dor na coluna torácica, sendo o sexo um fator de modificação do efeito. Como as tarefas desempenhadas diferem para homens e mulheres, a análise foi estratificada por sexo. Para a qualidade de ajuste do modelo utilizou-se as estatísticas Cp de Mallows, R<sup>2</sup> ajustado, Critério de Informação bayesiano, Critério de Informação de Akaike e Critério de Informação de Akaike Corrigido.</p>
			<p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (Parecer nº 11/2010) e todos os participantes do estudo assinaram um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>A amostra foi composta por 2.469 trabalhadores de ambos os sexos de 912 propriedades agrícolas. As perdas e recusas representaram 5,9%. Quanto à população estudada, 59% eram do sexo masculino e metade tinha entre 18 e 39 anos; 7,2% dos homens e 4,8% das mulheres tinham mais de 60 anos e 44% de ambos os sexos tinham até 4 anos de estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Descrição da amostra estratificada de 2.469 fumicultores, segundo o sexo. São Lourenço do Sul, RS, Brasil, 2011</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col span="2" width="30%"/>
							<col span="2" width="15%"/>
							<col span="2" width="15%"/>
							<col width="10%"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><bold>
							 <italic>Variável</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
								 <italic>Mulheres</italic>
</bold></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>Homens</italic>
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>p*</italic> 
</bold></th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>n</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>% (IC95%)</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>n</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>% (IC95%)</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>1º nível - Condições Socioeconômicas, Demográficas e Comportamentais</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Idade</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">18-39 anos</td>
								<td align="center">522</td>
								<td align="center">51,9 (48,8-55,0)</td>
								<td align="center">746</td>
								<td align="center">51,0 (48,4-53,5)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,045</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">40-59 anos</td>
								<td align="center">435</td>
								<td align="center">43,3 (40,2-46,3)</td>
								<td align="center">612</td>
								<td align="center">41,8 (39,3-44,3)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">60 anos ou mais </td>
								<td align="center">48</td>
								<td align="center">4,8 (3,4-6,1) </td>
								<td align="center">106</td>
								<td align="center">7,2 (5,9-8,6) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Escolaridade</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">0-4 anos</td>
								<td align="center">442</td>
								<td align="center">44,0 (41,0-47,0)</td>
								<td align="center">644</td>
								<td align="center">44,0 (41,4-46,5)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,016 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">5-8 anos</td>
								<td align="center">473</td>
								<td align="center">47,0 (44,0-50,1)</td>
								<td align="center">732</td>
								<td align="center">50,0 (47,4-52,6)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">9 anos ou mais </td>
								<td align="center">90</td>
								<td align="center">9,0 (7,2-10,7) </td>
								<td align="center">88 </td>
								<td align="center">6,0 (4,8-7,2) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Tempo trabalhando com tabaco</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Até 9 anos</td>
								<td align="center">311</td>
								<td align="center">31,0 (28,1-33,9)</td>
								<td align="center">457</td>
								<td align="center">31,2 (28,9-33,6)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,136</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">10-19 anos</td>
								<td align="center">347</td>
								<td align="center">34,6 (31,6-37,5)</td>
								<td align="center">455</td>
								<td align="center">31,1 (28,7-33,5)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">20 anos ou mais </td>
								<td align="center">345</td>
								<td align="center">34,4 (31,4-37,3)</td>
								<td align="center">551</td>
								<td align="center">37,7 (35,2-40,1)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Quantidade de tabaco produzido (Kg)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">1-5.000Kg</td>
								<td align="center">359</td>
								<td align="center">36,0 (33,0-38,9)</td>
								<td align="center">487</td>
								<td align="center">33,5 (31,0-36,0)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,242 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">5.001-10.000Kg</td>
								<td align="center">438</td>
								<td align="center">44,0 (41,0-47,0)</td>
								<td align="center">638</td>
								<td align="center">43,8 (41,3-46,4)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">10.001-36.000Kg </td>
								<td align="center">201</td>
								<td align="center">20,0 (17,6-22,6)</td>
								<td align="center">330</td>
								<td align="center">22,7 (20,5-24,8)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Fuma</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">929</td>
								<td align="center">92,4 (91,0-94,1)</td>
								<td align="center">730</td>
								<td align="center">49,9 (47,3-52,4)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Ex-fumante</td>
								<td align="center">44</td>
								<td align="center">4,4 (3,1-5,6)</td>
								<td align="center">278</td>
								<td align="center">19,0 (17,0-21,0)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Fumante</td>
								<td align="center">32</td>
								<td align="center">3,2 (2,1-4,3)</td>
								<td align="center">456</td>
								<td align="center">31,1 (28,8-33,5)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>2º nível - Atividades de trabalho e Carga de trabalho</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Passar varas com folhas de tabaco </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">270</td>
								<td align="center">26,9 (24,1-30,0)</td>
								<td align="center">943</td>
								<td align="center">64,5 (62,0-67,0)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim</td>
								<td align="center">735</td>
								<td align="center">73,1 (70,4-75,9)</td>
								<td align="center">520</td>
								<td align="center">35,5 (33,1-38,0)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Amarrar manocas de fumo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não / às vezes</td>
								<td align="center">135</td>
								<td align="center">13,4 (11,3-15,5)</td>
								<td align="center">210</td>
								<td align="center">14,4 (12,5-16,1)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">0,517</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Frequentemente / sempre </td>
								<td align="center">870</td>
								<td align="center">86,6 (84,4-88,7)</td>
								<td align="center">1,253</td>
								<td align="center">85,6 (83,8-87,4)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Limpar equipamentos para aplicação de agrotóxicos</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">764</td>
								<td align="center">76,3 (73,7-79,0)</td>
								<td align="center">356</td>
								<td align="center">24,3 (22,1-26,5)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim</td>
								<td align="center">237</td>
								<td align="center">23,7 (21,0-26,3)</td>
								<td align="center">1,108</td>
								<td align="center">75,7 (73,5-77,9) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Horas de trabalho durante a colheita</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">13-18 horas/dia</td>
								<td align="center">252</td>
								<td align="center">25,1 (22,4-27,8)</td>
								<td align="center">530</td>
								<td align="center">36,3 (33,8-38,8)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">9-12 horas/dia</td>
								<td align="center">556</td>
								<td align="center">55,5 (52,3-58,5)</td>
								<td align="center">805</td>
								<td align="center">55,2 (52,6-57,7)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Até 8 horas/dia </td>
								<td align="center">195</td>
								<td align="center">19,4 (17,0-21,9)</td>
								<td align="center">124</td>
								<td align="center">8,5 (7,1-9,9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Trabalhar em ritmo intenso ou acelerado</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Até 3 meses de ritmo pesado</td>
								<td align="center">434</td>
								<td align="center">43,3 (40,2-46,4)</td>
								<td align="center">600</td>
								<td align="center">41,1 (38,6-43,7)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,284</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">4-7 meses de ritmo pesado</td>
								<td align="center">469</td>
								<td align="center">46,8 (43,7-49,9)</td>
								<td align="center">687</td>
								<td align="center">47,2 (44,5-49,7)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">8 meses ou mais</td>
								<td align="center">99</td>
								<td align="center">9,9 (8,0-11,7) </td>
								<td align="center">171 </td>
								<td align="center">11,7 (10,1-13,4)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Trabalhar curvado</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">78</td>
								<td align="center">7,8 (6,1-9,4)</td>
								<td align="center">94</td>
								<td align="center">6,4 (5,2-7,7)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">0,194</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim</td>
								<td align="center">925</td>
								<td align="center">92,2 (90,6-93,9) </td>
								<td align="center">1,370</td>
								<td align="center">93,6 (92,3-94,8)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Trabalhar longos períodos sentado no chão</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não </td>
								<td align="center">486</td>
								<td align="center">48,4 (45,3-51,5)</td>
								<td align="center">770</td>
								<td align="center">52,6 (50,0-55,1)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">0,041 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim</td>
								<td align="center">518</td>
								<td align="center">51,6 (48,5-54,7)</td>
								<td align="center">694</td>
								<td align="center">47,4 (44,8-50,0)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>3º nível - Comorbidades</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Intoxicação por agrotóxicos (vida)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">953</td>
								<td align="center">94,9 (93,5-96,3)</td>
								<td align="center">1,326</td>
								<td align="center">90,6 (89,1-92,1)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim</td>
								<td align="center">51</td>
								<td align="center">5,1 (3,7-6,4) </td>
								<td align="center">138</td>
								<td align="center">9,4 (7,9-10,9) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Episódios de doença da folha verde do tabaco (ano anterior)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Nunca</td>
								<td align="center">846</td>
								<td align="center">85,1 (82,8-87,2)</td>
								<td align="center">1,324</td>
								<td align="center">91,2 (89,7-92,6)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Até 3 vezes</td>
								<td align="center">73</td>
								<td align="center">7,3 (5,7-8,9)</td>
								<td align="center">88</td>
								<td align="center">6,1 (4,8-7,3)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">4 vezes ou mais </td>
								<td align="center">76</td>
								<td align="center">7,6 (6,0-9,3) </td>
								<td align="center">40</td>
								<td align="center">2,7 (1,9-3,6) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Chiado com dispneia (ano anterior)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">960</td>
								<td align="center">95,6 (94,3-96,9)</td>
								<td align="center">1,412</td>
								<td align="center">96,5 (95,5-97,4)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">0,297</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim </td>
								<td align="center">44</td>
								<td align="center">4,4 (3,1-5,6) </td>
								<td align="center">52 </td>
								<td align="center">3,5 (2,6-4,5) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>4º nível - Saúde mental</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Transtornos Psiquiátricos Menores**</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">837</td>
								<td align="center">85,7 (83,5-87,9)</td>
								<td align="center">1,274</td>
								<td align="center">89,6 (88,0-91,2)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">0,004</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim </td>
								<td align="center">140</td>
								<td align="center">14,3 (12,1-16,5)</td>
								<td align="center">148</td>
								<td align="center">10,4 (8,8-12,0)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>Desfecho</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="7">Dor na coluna torácica</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">792</td>
								<td align="center">78,9 (76,3-81,4)</td>
								<td align="center">1,151</td>
								<td align="center">78,7 (76,6-80,8)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">0,900</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim</td>
								<td align="center">212</td>
								<td align="center">21,1 (18,6-23,6)</td>
								<td align="center">312</td>
								<td align="center">21,3 (19,2-23,4)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>IC95% = Intervalo de Confiança de 95%</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>*Teste qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade </p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>**Faltam 70 observações</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Metade dos homens e 7,6% das mulheres eram fumantes ou ex-fumantes. Cerca de 73% das mulheres passavam varas com folhas de tabaco, enquanto a poda de árvores (62,3%) e limpeza de equipamentos para aplicação de agrotóxicos (75,7%) foram atividades predominantemente realizadas por homens. Mais da metade da amostra trabalhou entre 9 e 12 horas por dia durante a safra e 52% das mulheres trabalharam por longos períodos sentadas no chão. Cinco por cento das mulheres relataram intoxicação por agrotóxicos em algum momento e 7,6% das mulheres e 2,7% dos homens tiveram quatro ou mais episódios de DFV no ano anterior. Aproximadamente 4% de ambos os sexos relataram chiado no peito com dispneia no ano anterior, enquanto 14,3% das mulheres e 10,4% dos homens apresentaram transtornos psiquiátricos menores. A prevalência de dor na coluna torácica no ano anterior entre fumicultores foi de 21,2%, sem diferença entre os sexos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>Houve interação significativa entre sexo, escolaridade e dor na coluna torácica, sendo o sexo um modificador de efeito para essa associação.</p>
			<p>Para as mulheres, na análise ajustada, ser fumante ou ex-fumante aumentou o risco de dor na coluna torácica em 70% (IC95% 1,22-2,39), limpar equipamentos para aplicação de agrotóxicos aumentou o risco em 40% (IC95% 1,09-1,81), ter apresentado intoxicação por agrotóxico em algum momento de suas vidas aumentou o risco em 82% (IC95% 1,32-2,50). O número de episódios de DFV mostrou associação linear positiva com dor na coluna torácica. Chiado no peito com dispneia no ano anterior aumentou o risco do desfecho em 61% (IC95% 1,05-2,45), enquanto transtornos psiquiátricos menores aumentaram o risco em 71% (IC95% 1,31-2,22%). Trabalhar de 9 a 12 horas por dia durante a colheita e trabalhar sentado por longos períodos no chão foram associados à redução do risco de dor na coluna torácica, com razão de prevalência de 0,62 (IC95% 0,48-0,81) e 0,75 (IC95% 0,59-0,95), respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Dor na coluna torácica no ano anterior: prevalência e fatores associados entre as mulheres fumicultoras. São Lourenço do Sul, RS, Brasil, 2011 (n=1.005)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col span="2" width="15%"/>
							<col width="10%"/>
							<col width="10%"/>
							<col span="3" width="10%"/>
							<col span="2" width="10%"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><bold>
							 <italic>Variável</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2"><bold>
								 <italic>%</italic>
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3"><bold>
 <italic>Bruta</italic>
</bold></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>Ajustada</italic>
</bold></th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>RP</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>IC95%</italic>
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>p</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>RP</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>IC95%</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>p</italic> 
</bold></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>1º nível - Condições Socioeconômicas, Demográficas e Comportamentais</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Fumar</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,002* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,002* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">20,0</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center"> -</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Fumante / Ex-fumante </td>
								<td align="center">34,2</td>
								<td align="center">1,71</td>
								<td align="center">1,22 - 2,39</td>
								<td align="center">1,71</td>
								<td align="center">1,22 - 2,39</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>2º nível - Atividades de trabalho e Carga de trabalho</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Amarrar manocas de fumo</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,101* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,140* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não / às vezes</td>
								<td align="center">15,6</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Frequentemente / sempre </td>
								<td align="center">22,0</td>
								<td align="center">1,41</td>
								<td align="center">0,93 - 2,13</td>
								<td align="center">1,37</td>
								<td align="center">0,90 - 2,09</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Limpar equipamentos para aplicação de agrotóxicos</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,006* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,009* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">19,2</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim </td>
								<td align="center">27,4</td>
								<td align="center">1,42</td>
								<td align="center">1,11 - 1,83</td>
								<td align="center">1,40</td>
								<td align="center">1,09 - 1,81</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Horas de trabalho durante a colheita</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0,001* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">0,002* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">13 - 18 horas/dia</td>
								<td align="center">29,4</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">9 - 12 horas/dia</td>
								<td align="center">17,4</td>
								<td align="center">0,59</td>
								<td align="center">0,46 - 0,77</td>
								<td align="center">0,62</td>
								<td align="center">0,48 - 0,81</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Até 8 horas/dia </td>
								<td align="center">20,1</td>
								<td align="center">0,68</td>
								<td align="center">0,49 - 0,96</td>
								<td align="center">0,76</td>
								<td align="center">0,54 - 1,08</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Trabalhar em ritmo intenso ou acelerado</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">0,035**</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">0,139** </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Até 3 meses de ritmo pesado</td>
								<td align="center">18,9</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">4-7 meses de ritmo pesado</td>
								<td align="center">21,5</td>
								<td align="center">1,14</td>
								<td align="center">0,88 - 1,47</td>
								<td align="center">1,10</td>
								<td align="center">0,84 - 1,43</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">8 meses ou mais </td>
								<td align="center">29,3</td>
								<td align="center">1,55</td>
								<td align="center">1,07 - 2,22</td>
								<td align="center">1,35</td>
								<td align="center">0,94 - 1,94</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Trabalhar longos períodos sentado no chão</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,039* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,019* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">23,9</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim</td>
								<td align="center">18,5</td>
								<td align="center">0,78</td>
								<td align="center">0,61 - 0,99</td>
								<td align="center">0,75</td>
								<td align="center">0,59 - 0,95</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>3º nível - Comorbidades</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Intoxicação por agrotóxicos (vida)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">19,9</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim </td>
								<td align="center">43,1</td>
								<td align="center">2,16</td>
								<td align="center">1,54 - 3,04</td>
								<td align="center">1,82</td>
								<td align="center">1,32 - 2,50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Episódios de doença da folha verde do tabaco (ano anterior)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">0,001** </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">0,024** </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Nunca</td>
								<td align="center">19,7</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Até 3 vezes</td>
								<td align="center">23,3</td>
								<td align="center">1,18</td>
								<td align="center">0,76 - 1,83</td>
								<td align="center">1,16</td>
								<td align="center">0,75 - 1,78</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">4 vezes ou mais </td>
								<td align="center">35,5</td>
								<td align="center">1,80</td>
								<td align="center">1,29 - 2,51</td>
								<td align="center">1,42</td>
								<td align="center">1,05 - 1,92</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Chiado com dispneia (ano anterior)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,021* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,028* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">20,5</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim </td>
								<td align="center">34,1</td>
								<td align="center">1,66</td>
								<td align="center">1,08 - 2,55</td>
								<td align="center">1,61</td>
								<td align="center">1,05 - 2,45</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>4º nível - Saúde mental</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Transtornos Psiquiátricos Menores</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001*</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">18,2</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim </td>
								<td align="center">38,6</td>
								<td align="center">2,12</td>
								<td align="center">1,65 - 2,74</td>
								<td align="center">1,71</td>
								<td align="center">1,31 - 2,22</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>RP = razão de prevalência</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>IC95% = Intervalo de Confiança de 95%</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p>*Teste de Wald para heterogeneidade</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN7">
							<p>**Teste de Wald para tendência linear </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Para os homens, na análise ajustada, a associação entre o tempo de trabalho e a dor na coluna torácica apresentou heterogeneidade entre categorias, mas sem tendência linear. Passar varas com folhas de tabaco aumentou o risco em 52% (IC95% 1,25-1,84) e limpar equipamentos para aplicação de agrotóxicos aumentaram o risco de dor na coluna torácica em 61% (IC95% 1,22-2,13). Ter apresentado chiado no peito com dispneia no ano anterior revelou uma razão de prevalência de 1,73 (IC95% 1,17-2,54), enquanto ter apresentado transtornos psiquiátricos menores aumentou o risco em 52% (IC95% 1,15-2,00). Trabalhar de 9 a 12 horas por dia durante a colheita foi associado à redução do risco (RP 0,75 - IC95% 0,61-0,93). A escolaridade e o número de episódios de DFV no ano anterior mostraram associação linear positiva com o desfecho (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Dor na coluna torácica no ano anterior: prevalência e fatores associados entre os homens fumicultores. São Lourenço do Sul, RS, Brasil, 2011 (n=1.464)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col span="2" width="15%"/>
							<col width="10%"/>
							<col span="3" width="10%"/>
							<col span="3" width="10%"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><bold>
							 <italic>Variável</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2"><bold>
								 <italic>%</italic>
</bold></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3"><bold>
 <italic>Bruta</italic>
</bold></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3"><bold>
 <italic>Ajustada</italic>
</bold></th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>RP</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>IC95%</italic>
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>p</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>RP</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>IC95%</italic> 
</bold></th>
								<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>p</italic> 
</bold></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>1º nível - Condições Socioeconômicas, Demográficas e Comportamentais</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Escolaridade</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0,001** </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0,001** </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">0-4 anos</td>
								<td align="center">16,6</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">- </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">5-8 anos</td>
								<td align="center">24,7</td>
								<td align="center">1,48</td>
								<td align="center">1,20 - 1,84</td>
								<td align="center">1,56</td>
								<td align="center">1,26 - 1,93</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">9 anos ou mais </td>
								<td align="center">27,3</td>
								<td align="center">1,64</td>
								<td align="center">1,12 - 2,40</td>
								<td align="center">1,76</td>
								<td align="center">1,18 - 2,62</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Tempo trabalhando com tabaco</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">0,149* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">0,044* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Até 9 anos</td>
								<td align="center">23,2</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">10-19 anos</td>
								<td align="center">18,2</td>
								<td align="center">0,78</td>
								<td align="center">0,61 - 1,01</td>
								<td align="center">0,82</td>
								<td align="center">0,64 - 1,06</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">20 anos ou mais </td>
								<td align="center">22,3</td>
								<td align="center">0,96</td>
								<td align="center">0,76 - 1,21</td>
								<td align="center">1,13</td>
								<td align="center">0,89 - 1,43</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>2º nível - Atividades de trabalho e Carga de trabalho</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Podar árvores</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,008* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,115* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não / às vezes</td>
								<td align="center">17,6</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Frequentemente / sempre </td>
								<td align="center">23,6 </td>
								<td align="center">1,34</td>
								<td align="center">1,08 - 1,66</td>
								<td align="center">1,19</td>
								<td align="center">0,96 - 1,48</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Passar varas com folhas de tabaco</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">18,6</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim </td>
								<td align="center">26,4</td>
								<td align="center">1,42</td>
								<td align="center">1,17 - 1,73</td>
								<td align="center">1,52</td>
								<td align="center">1,25 - 1,84</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Limpar equipamentos para aplicação de agrotóxicos</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,001* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">14,4</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim</td>
								<td align="center">23,6</td>
								<td align="center">1,64</td>
								<td align="center">1,24 - 2,16</td>
								<td align="center">1,61</td>
								<td align="center">1,22 - 2,13</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Horas de trabalho durante a colheita</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">0,042* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">0,011* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">13 - 18 horas/dia</td>
								<td align="center">24,5</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">9 - 12 horas/dia</td>
								<td align="center">18,9</td>
								<td align="center">0,77</td>
								<td align="center">0,63 - 0,95</td>
								<td align="center">0,75</td>
								<td align="center">0,61 - 0,93</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Até 8 horas/dia </td>
								<td align="center">23,4</td>
								<td align="center">0,95</td>
								<td align="center">0,67 - 1,35</td>
								<td align="center">1,08</td>
								<td align="center">0,76 - 1,53</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Trabalhar curvado</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,049*</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,184* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não </td>
								<td align="center">12,8</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim</td>
								<td align="center">21,9</td>
								<td align="center">1,72</td>
								<td align="center">1,00 - 2,94</td>
								<td align="center">1,44</td>
								<td align="center">0,84 - 2,45</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>3º nível - Comorbidades</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Episódios de doença da folha verde do tabaco (ano anterior)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0,001* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">0,013** </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Nunca</td>
								<td align="center">20,1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Até 3 vezes</td>
								<td align="center">35,2</td>
								<td align="center">1,75</td>
								<td align="center">1,29 - 2,37</td>
								<td align="center">1,42</td>
								<td align="center">1,06 - 1,91</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">4 vezes ou mais </td>
								<td align="center">30,0</td>
								<td align="center">1,49</td>
								<td align="center">0,92 - 2,42</td>
								<td align="center">1,47</td>
								<td align="center">0,90 - 2,39</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Chiado com dispneia (ano anterior)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,005* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">20,5</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim </td>
								<td align="center">44,2</td>
								<td align="center">2,16</td>
								<td align="center">1,56 - 2,98</td>
								<td align="center">1,73</td>
								<td align="center">1,17 - 2,54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>4º nível - Saúde mental</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="5">Transtornos Psiquiátricos Menores</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001* </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">0,003* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Não</td>
								<td align="center">19,3</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Sim </td>
								<td align="center">37,2</td>
								<td align="center">1,92</td>
								<td align="center">1,52 - 2,44</td>
								<td align="center">1,52</td>
								<td align="center">1,15 - 2,00</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN8">
							<p>RP = razão de prevalência</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN9">
							<p>IC95% = Intervalo de Confiança de 95%</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN10">
							<p>*Teste de Wald para heterogeneidade</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN11">
							<p>**Teste de Wald para tendência linear </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussão</title>
			<p>Este estudo apresenta uma alta prevalência de dor na coluna torácica no ano anterior, nesta população. Limpeza de equipamentos para aplicação de agrotóxicos, número de episódios de DFV, chiado com dispneia e transtornos psiquiátricos menores foram positivamente associados ao desfecho em ambos os sexos. Fumar e ter apresentado intoxicação por agrotóxicos durante a vida foram fatores associados nas mulheres; escolaridade e passar varas com folhas de tabaco foram positivamente associados à dor na coluna torácica nos homens.</p>
			<p>A prevalência de dor na coluna torácica no ano anterior foi semelhante à encontrada entre os trabalhadores rurais na Grécia (21%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, embora tenha sido quase o dobro do encontrado na população geral da Suécia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. Em nosso estudo, a avaliação da dor em outras partes do corpo indica que a prevalência de dor na coluna torácica é maior do que a prevalência de dor lombar crônica (8,4%), mas inferior à prevalência de dor lombar aguda (30,8%) e dor lombar no último mês (36,0%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. A comparabilidade dos dados de prevalência foi comprometida porque muitos estudos agrupam segmentos distintos da coluna vertebral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. Ademais, estudos sobre dor na coluna torácica em trabalhadores rurais são escassos. Dores musculoesqueléticas na coluna torácica podem causar restrição total ao trabalho dos fumicultores, ou restrições parciais que levam à evasão de certas tarefas, tendo impacto significativo na qualidade de vida e na situação financeira familiar. No entanto, não encontramos estudos sobre restrições ao trabalho decorrentes de dor na coluna torácica.</p>
			<p>A idade não foi associada ao desfecho entre mulheres ou homens, sugerindo que fatores intrínsecos a este trabalho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> são mais importantes para determinar dor na coluna torácica do que processos degenerativos inerentes à idade. Fatores ocupacionais associados à dor na coluna torácica são distintos entre os sexos e podem estar relacionados à divisão sexual do trabalho na fumicultura. Como o cultivo do fumo ocorre em um contexto de agricultura familiar, os jovens adultos, que na zona rural são precisamente aqueles com maior escolaridade, tendem a realizar trabalhos mais extenuantes envolvendo maior intensidade e maior risco, o que pode explicar a associação positiva entre a escolaridade e a dor na coluna torácica nos homens.</p>
			<p>A associação entre limpar equipamentos para aplicação de agrotóxicos e dor musculoesquelética na coluna torácica em ambos os sexos pode estar relacionada a períodos prolongados em pé, curvando-se sobre o tanque de lavagem e pode ser agravada quando a altura do tanque é inadequada, bem como o peso do equipamento a ser manipulado durante a lavagem. Outra atividade associada ao risco de dor na coluna torácica em homens é passar varas com folhas de tabaco. Alguns trabalhadores são designados para trabalhar em andaimes, onde ficam em pé em vigas de madeira, enquanto outros permanecem no chão passando, uma a uma, as varas com folhas de tabaco verdes atadas, para serem penduradas em celeiros convencionais para cura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>. Essa tarefa requer agilidade, equilíbrio e força, bem como movimento constante da coluna vertebral, tanto para o trabalhador no alto das vigas, que se inclina para pegar as varas, quanto para aqueles no chão, que esticam suas colunas levantando-as. A literatura sugere que a maioria das queixas de dor musculoesquelética estão relacionadas às atividades de trabalho realizadas com má postura, com sobrecarga, ou mesmo uma combinação desses fatores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>O aumento linear da dor na coluna torácica de acordo com o número de episódios de DFV no ano anterior, em ambos os sexos, pode resultar da absorção de altos níveis de nicotina pela pele e inalação de poeira orgânica, especialmente poeira da folha de tabaco à qual esses trabalhadores estão expostos, principalmente durante a colheita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. Análises anteriores também encontraram associação entre DFV e dor lombar crônica nesta população de fumicultores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. Os efeitos químicos da nicotina no corpo humano podem afetar o sistema musculoesquelético, uma vez que a nicotina afeta o sistema circulatório e prejudica a nutrição dos discos intervertebrais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>A intoxicação por agrotóxicos no ano anterior foi um importante fator associado à dor na coluna torácica entre as mulheres. Estudos mostram que a intoxicação por agrotóxicos pode estar associada a transtornos musculoesqueléticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>, pois a velocidade de condução nervosa relacionada à percepção da dor pode ser alterada pelos efeitos neurotóxicos dos agrotóxicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>. Além disso, os neonicotinóides são absorvidos pela mesma rota que a nicotina e podem ter toxicidade semelhante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>A associação positiva entre chiado no peito com dispneia e dor na coluna torácica é consistente com estudos que demostram a relação entre disfunções respiratórias e dores musculoesqueléticas. Há evidências de que certos sintomas respiratórios afetam a região adjacente aos pulmões, causando dor nos músculos torácicos devido ao esforço necessário para respirar ou remover secreções<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Transtornos psiquiátricos menores podem causar tensão muscular prolongada resultando em dor musculoesquelética, pois alteram estímulos nociceptivos, intensificando a percepção da dor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref>. Pode, no entanto, haver causalidade reversa, uma vez que problemas musculoesqueléticos causam desconforto e restringem a capacidade de trabalho, o que pode afetar negativamente a saúde mental<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>No setor agropecuário, uma jornada de trabalho média de oito horas e meia foi um fator associado aos transtornos musculoesqueléticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref>. Em nosso estudo, trabalhar entre 9 e 12 horas por dia e trabalhar longos períodos sentado no chão foram fatores protetores para dor na coluna torácica comparados à categoria de referência. Essas associações podem refletir um viés do trabalhador sadio, já que para realizar um trabalho agrícola por longos períodos ou permanecer sentada no chão por muitas horas, uma pessoa precisa apresentar saúde excelente.</p>
			<p>Este estudo aprofunda o conhecimento sobre a dor na coluna torácica em fumicultores e discute as associações entre o resultado e a exposição ergonômica e química, especialmente à nicotina e aos agrotóxicos. Nossos resultados indicam que, mesmo entre os trabalhadores rurais, a prevalência de dor na coluna torácica é alta. Embora essa comunidade seja muito fechada, como os entrevistadores viviam na mesma região, obteve-se uma alta taxa de resposta. Os resultados podem ser aplicáveis a outras culturas agrícolas com características similares à fumicultura.</p>
			<p>Estudos futuros devem fornecer uma compreensão mais aprofundada da associação entre exposição química e desfechos musculoesqueléticos, aumentando a caracterização de tipos de produtos químicos, formas de exposição, uso de equipamentos de proteção e avaliando os biomarcadores de tal exposição. Considerando a alta prevalência de dor na coluna torácica e que a fumicultura é uma atividade familiar, o grau de limitação do trabalho devido à dor na coluna torácica também precisa ser avaliado.</p>
			<p>Os profissionais da saúde, especialmente aqueles que trabalham em áreas rurais, devem estar cientes dos riscos ocupacionais aos quais fumicultores estão expostos para proporcionar uma adequada educação em saúde . Eles precisam ter ciência de que, além de fatores ergonômicos relacionados à dor na coluna torácica, fatores químicos também podem desempenhar um papel importante no desfecho. Os fumicultores precisam desenvolver hábitos mais saudáveis. Do ponto de vista ergonômico, é importante implementar pausas regulares durante o dia, alongando e ajustando a postura para minimizar o impacto do trabalho na saúde. Quanto à exposição química, é importante reduzir o uso de agrotóxicos, reestruturar ergonomicamente as atividades de trabalho, particularmente a amarração de manocas de fumo, ou mecanizar processos de trabalho para evitar exposição a agrotóxicos e nicotina. Essas ações devem melhorar a qualidade de vida e a saúde dos fumicultores.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Blake</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McNamara</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Meredith</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Phelan</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cunningham</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Musculoskeletal disorders among irish farmers</article-title>
					<source>Occup Med</source>
					<year>2010</year>
					<volume>60</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>598</fpage>
					<lpage>603</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/occmed/kqq146</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="presented-at" id="fn1">
				<p>Os autores informam que o resumo deste artigo foi apresentado no 12º Congresso Brasileiro de Saúde Coletiva, em 2018. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
				<p>Financiamento: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq - Process 483214/2009-4,2009). Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS - Process 09/0057.5, 2009).</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Assorted topics/Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Thoracic spine pain and associated factors among tobacco farmers</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1809-328X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Maitê Peres de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>a</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6355-8576</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fiori</surname>
						<given-names>Nadia Spada</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8941-3850</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Meucci</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo Dalke</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>c</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8135-5860</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Faria</surname>
						<given-names>Neice Muller Xavier</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>d</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6070-6214</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fassa</surname>
						<given-names>Anaclaudia Gastal</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>e</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>a</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>b</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>c</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública. Rio Grande, RS, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>d</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Bento Gonçalves, Vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador. Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10">
				<label>e</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><italic>Contact</italic>: Maitê Peres de Carvalho <italic>E-mail</italic>: <email>maite.carvalho@ufpel.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn7">
					<p>The authors declare no conflict of interests.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn8">
					<p><bold>Authors contribution</bold> The authors contributed equally to the research and paper writing, which included the design, data collection and analysis, manuscript writing and revision, and approval of the final published version, taking full responsibility for the study and the published article content.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction:</title>
					<p> thoracic spine pain concerns cumulative trauma involving poor posture, repetitive motion, and long periods of time in the same position.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p> to assess the prevalence of thoracic spine pain and associated factors in tobacco tobacco farmers in southern Brazil.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p> cross-sectional study whose association between the outcome and the sociodemographic and behavioural factors, work activities, workloads and comorbidities were examined using the Wald heterogeneity and linear trend tests. Multivariate analysis was performed using a hierarchical model and Poisson regression with robust variance.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p> the study comprised 2,469 individuals of both genders. Prevalence of thoracic spine pain was 21.2%. Cleaning equipments used to apply pesticides, number of episodes of green tobacco sickness, respiratory symptoms and minor psychiatric disorders were positively associated with the outcome in both genders. Smoking and pesticide poisoning were associated factors with the outcome in women, whilst schooling and lifting sticks with tobacco leaves for curing were associated with men.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions:</title>
					<p> ergonomic restructuring, reduction of workload, position switches during work shift and mechanization of work process are important strategies to reduce exposure to nicotine, pesticides, and ergonomic workload.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>occupational health</kwd>
				<kwd>spine</kwd>
				<kwd>tobacco</kwd>
				<kwd>cumulative trauma disorders</kwd>
				<kwd>farmers</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Brazil stands out as the world’s biggest tobacco exporter and second largest tobacco producer. Its southern region accounts for 98% of the country’s production and employs more than 150,000 families in tobacco growing, whilst the state of Rio Grande do Sul alone accounts for 49% of the production. In 2016 the sector invoiced around R$ 30 billion regarding income and taxation and generated more than 650,000 direct farming jobs, thus showing the economic importance of this activity for Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Work-related back pain has increased in recent decades, with many studies focusing on low back pain due to its high prevalence and limiting effects on work<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. Population-based studies in Sweden found thoracic spine pain prevalence of 10.2% and 15.0%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Another study conducted with Brazilian workers evaluated the association between pain in different body sites and related factors to musculoskeletal pain<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>, suggesting that having pain in one body site is associated with pain in another. Among those who reported upper back pain, for example, 50% also reported concurrent low back pain. In addition, being highly exposed to manual material handling and poor posture in the workplace increased the prevalence of pain in more than one body site by 1.5 times. Although epidemiological data on thoracic spine pain in rural populations are scarce, this study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> encourages to assess thoracic spine pain from concrete literature data about low back pain in workers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Agricultural work involves intense daily practices with susceptibility to climatic conditions and exposure to associated factors such as carrying heavy loads, continuous or repeated bending of the body<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> and repetitive upper limbs movement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>. All these factors feature in everyday tobacco farming work, as it is basically manual work involving family labor with a clear gender-based division of tasks. Over more than a century of tobacco farming in Brazil many technologies have been enhanced and implemented but even so tobacco farmers still have intense workloads, such as using backpack sprayers for applying pesticide, picking lower leaves and lifting sticks with tobacco leaves for curing, often aggravated by long working days especially in the harvest time<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Considering this reality and the relevance of tobacco farming in Brazil, this study aims at identifying the prevalence of thoracic spine pain and its associated factors among tobacco farmers in southern Brazil.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Methods</title>
				<p>This is a cross-sectional study with a random sample of tobacco farmers in the municipality of São Lourenço do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during the 2011 harvest (January to March). The Tobacco Farming Project studied 2,469 workers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> aged over 18 years. To study the prevalence of thoracic spine pain and associated factors in the previous year, the sample was stratified by gender and the study had statistical power of 80% for estimating risks greater than 1.7 for the variables investigated, using a 95% confidence level.</p>
				<p>The sample was selected from 3,851 invoices provided by the municipality’s Finance Department, referring to tobacco sales and issued in 2009. There were about three workers per farm property and a simple random sample of 1,100 invoices was obtained. Tobacco farmers who worked at least fifteen hours a week were eligible. If selected individuals no longer worked in tobacco farming when the interview took place, they were replaced by the nearest neighbouring tobacco farmers. Workers living in the urban area or no longer living in the municipality being studied, as well as cases in which the invoice had been issued by an individual who did not work with tobacco farming or on whose property no one worked with tobacco growing were ineligible.</p>
				<p>Regarding data collection, we used two pre-coded instruments in electronic format with a PDA (personal digital assistant). One instrument assessed aspects of the farm property and was answered by the farm manager. The other focused on individual aspects collecting data on sociodemographic and behavioural issues, work activities, workloads, green tobacco sickness (GTS), pesticide poisoning, respiratory symptoms, minor psychiatric disorders, and spinal column pain. Smokers were workers who smoked one or more cigarettes a day during the last month, while former smokers were those who reported having stopped smoking more than a month ago.</p>
				<p>The presence of thoracic spine pain was evaluated by the Nordic Questionnaire for Musculoskeletal Symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>, validated in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>, and already used in other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>. To assess the outcome, each participant was asked about the presence of back pain in the 12 months prior to the interview. If workers reported pain, the interviewer showed them a drawing of the human body in a standing position with the regions of the spinal column (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) highlighted in different colours. If they pointed to the thoracic region, they were considered to have thoracic spine pain.</p>
				<p>Green tobacco sickness in the previous year was defined as the occurrence of dizziness or headache and nausea or vomiting within two days after tobacco harvesting<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>. Minor psychiatric disorders were measured according to the self-reported questionnaire (SRQ-20), a screening test primarily for anxiety and depressive symptoms, using scores ≥ 8 for women and ≥ 6 for men<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Data analysis was performed using Stata 12.0<sup>®</sup>. The frequency of the variables was verified by examining central tendency and proportions measures. Bivariate analysis was then performed, testing the association between the outcome and the independent variables using the Wald Test for Heterogeneity and Linear Trend. Multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson Regression with robust variance and backward selection to estimate the prevalence ratios (PR) and the confidence intervals (95%CI). The significance level adopted for variables selection was 20% to control confounding factors. The multivariate analysis followed a hierarchical model<sup>17</sup> comprising four levels: 1 - socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioural conditions; 2 - work activities and workloads; 3 - comorbidities; 4 - mental health. Interactions between gender, schooling and thoracic spine pain were examined, with gender being an effect modification factor. As the tasks performed are different for men and women, the analysis was stratified by gender. For adjustment quality of the model we used the statistics Mallow’s Cp, Adjusted R<sup>2</sup>, Bayesian Information Criterion, Akaike Information Criterion and Corrected Akaike Information Criterion.</p>
				<p>The study was approved by the Federal University of Pelotas Research Ethics Committee (Opinion No 11/2010) and all study participants signed an Informed Consent form.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p>The sample comprised 2,469 workers of both genders from 912 farm properties. Losses and refusals accounted for 5.9%. Regarding the population studied, 59% was male and half of them were between 18 and 39 years old; 7.2% of males and 4.8% of females were over 60 years old and 44% of both genders had up to 4 years of schooling (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Description of a stratified sample of 2,469 tobacco farmers by gender. São Lourenço do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2011</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><bold>
								 <italic>Variable</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
									 <italic>Females</italic>
</bold></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2"><bold>
 <italic>Males</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>p*</italic> 
</bold></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>n</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>% (95%CI)</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>n</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>% (95%CI)</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>1st level - Socioeconomic, Demographic and Behavioral Conditions</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Age</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.045 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">18-39 years</td>
									<td align="center">522</td>
									<td align="center">51.9 (48.8-55.0)</td>
									<td align="center">746</td>
									<td align="center">51.0 (48.4-53.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">40-59 years</td>
									<td align="center">435</td>
									<td align="center">43.3 (40.2-46.3)</td>
									<td align="center">612</td>
									<td align="center">41.8 (39.3-44.3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">60 years or more </td>
									<td align="center">48</td>
									<td align="center">4.8 (3.4-6.1) </td>
									<td align="center">106 </td>
									<td align="center">7.2 (5.9-8.6) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Schooling</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.016 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">0-4 years</td>
									<td align="center">442</td>
									<td align="center">44.0 (41.0-47.0)</td>
									<td align="center">644</td>
									<td align="center">44.0 (41.4-46.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">5-8 years</td>
									<td align="center">473</td>
									<td align="center">47.0 (44.0-50.1)</td>
									<td align="center">732</td>
									<td align="center">50.0 (47.4-52.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">9 years or more </td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">9.0 (7.2-10.7)</td>
									<td align="center">88</td>
									<td align="center">6.0 (4.8-7.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Time Working with Tobacco</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.136 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Up to 9 years</td>
									<td align="center">311</td>
									<td align="center">31.0 (28.1-33.9)</td>
									<td align="center">457</td>
									<td align="center">31.2 (28.9-33.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">10-19 years</td>
									<td align="center">347</td>
									<td align="center">34.6 (31.6-37.5)</td>
									<td align="center">455</td>
									<td align="center">31.1 (28.7-33.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">20 years or more </td>
									<td align="center">345</td>
									<td align="center">34.4 (31.4-37.3)</td>
									<td align="center">551</td>
									<td align="center">37.7 (35.2-40.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Amount of tobacco produced (Kg)</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.242 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">1-5,000Kg</td>
									<td align="center">359</td>
									<td align="center">36.0 (33.0-38.9)</td>
									<td align="center">487</td>
									<td align="center">33.5 (31.0-36.0)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">5,001-10,000Kg</td>
									<td align="center">438</td>
									<td align="center">44.0 (41.0-47.0)</td>
									<td align="center">638</td>
									<td align="center">43.8 (41.3-46.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">10,001-36.000Kg </td>
									<td align="center">201</td>
									<td align="center">20.0 (17.6-22.6)</td>
									<td align="center">330</td>
									<td align="center">22.7 (20.5-24.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Smoking</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">929</td>
									<td align="center">92.4 (91.0-94.1)</td>
									<td align="center">730</td>
									<td align="center">49.9 (47.3-52.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Former smoker</td>
									<td align="center">44</td>
									<td align="center">4.4 (3.1-5.6)</td>
									<td align="center">278</td>
									<td align="center">19.0 (17.0-21.0)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Smoker</td>
									<td align="center">32</td>
									<td align="center">3.2 (2.1-4.3)</td>
									<td align="center">456</td>
									<td align="center">31.1 (28.8-33.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>2nd level - Work Activities and Workload</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Lifting sticks with tobacco leaves for curing</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">270</td>
									<td align="center">26.9 (24.1-30.0)</td>
									<td align="center">943</td>
									<td align="center">64.5 (62.0-67.0)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes </td>
									<td align="center">735</td>
									<td align="center">73.1 (70.4-75.9)</td>
									<td align="center">520</td>
									<td align="center">35.5 (33.1-38.0) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Tying hands of tobacco</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.517 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No / sometimes</td>
									<td align="center">135</td>
									<td align="center">13.4 (11.3-15.5)</td>
									<td align="center">210</td>
									<td align="center">14.4 (12.5-16.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Frequently / always </td>
									<td align="center">870</td>
									<td align="center">86.6 (84.4-88.7)</td>
									<td align="center">1.253</td>
									<td align="center">85.6 (83.8-87.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Cleaning equipment used to apply pesticides</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">764</td>
									<td align="center">76.3 (73.7-79.0)</td>
									<td align="center">356</td>
									<td align="center">24.3 (22.1-26.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes </td>
									<td align="center">237</td>
									<td align="center">23.7 (21.0-26.3) </td>
									<td align="center">1.108</td>
									<td align="center">75.7 (73.5-77.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Working hours during harvest</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">13-18 hours/day</td>
									<td align="center">252</td>
									<td align="center">25.1 (22.4-27.8)</td>
									<td align="center">530</td>
									<td align="center">36.3 (33.8-38.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">9-12 hours/day</td>
									<td align="center">556</td>
									<td align="center">55.5 (52.3-58.5)</td>
									<td align="center">805</td>
									<td align="center">55.2 (52.6-57.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Up to 8 hours/day </td>
									<td align="center">195</td>
									<td align="center">19.4 (17.0-21.9) </td>
									<td align="center">124</td>
									<td align="center">8.5 (7.1-9.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Working at an intense or accelerated pace</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.284 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Up to 3 months heavy pace</td>
									<td align="center">434</td>
									<td align="center">43.3 (40.2-46.4)</td>
									<td align="center">600</td>
									<td align="center">41.1 (38.6-43.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">4-7 months heavy pace</td>
									<td align="center">469</td>
									<td align="center">46.8 (43.7-49.9)</td>
									<td align="center">687</td>
									<td align="center">47.2 (44.5-49.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">8 months or more </td>
									<td align="center">99</td>
									<td align="center">9.9 (8.0-11.7)</td>
									<td align="center">171</td>
									<td align="center">11.7 (10.1-13.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Working in a bending position</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.194 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">78</td>
									<td align="center">7.8 (6.1-9.4)</td>
									<td align="center">94</td>
									<td align="center">6.4 (5.2-7.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes</td>
									<td align="center">925</td>
									<td align="center">92.2 (90.6-93.9)</td>
									<td align="center">1.370 </td>
									<td align="center">93.6 (92.3-94.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Prolonged work while sitting</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.041 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No </td>
									<td align="center">486</td>
									<td align="center">48.4 (45.3-51.5)</td>
									<td align="center">770</td>
									<td align="center">52.6 (50.0-55.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes</td>
									<td align="center">518</td>
									<td align="center">51.6 (48.5-54.7)</td>
									<td align="center">694</td>
									<td align="center">47.4 (44.8-50.0)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="7"><bold>3rd level - Comorbidities</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Pesticide poisoning (life)</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">953</td>
									<td align="center">94.9 (93.5-96.3)</td>
									<td align="center">1.326</td>
									<td align="center">90.6 (89.1-92.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes </td>
									<td align="center">51</td>
									<td align="center">5.1 (3.7-6.4) </td>
									<td align="center">138 </td>
									<td align="center">9.4 (7.9-10.9) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Green tobacco sickness episodes (previous year)</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Never</td>
									<td align="center">846</td>
									<td align="center">85.1 (82.8-87.2)</td>
									<td align="center">1.324</td>
									<td align="center">91.2 (89.7-92.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Up to 3 times</td>
									<td align="center">73</td>
									<td align="center">7.3 (5.7-8.9)</td>
									<td align="center">88</td>
									<td align="center">6.1 (4.8-7.3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">4 times or more </td>
									<td align="center">76</td>
									<td align="center">7.6 (6.0-9.3) </td>
									<td align="center">40 </td>
									<td align="center">2.7 (1.9-3.6) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Wheezing with dyspnea (previous year)</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.297</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">960</td>
									<td align="center">95.6 (94.3-96.9)</td>
									<td align="center">1.412</td>
									<td align="center">96.5 (95.5-97.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes </td>
									<td align="center">44</td>
									<td align="center">4.4 (3.1-5.6) </td>
									<td align="center">52 </td>
									<td align="center">3.5 (2.6-4.5) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6"><bold>4th level - Mental Health</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Minor Psychiatric Disorders**</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.004 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">837</td>
									<td align="center">85.7 (83.5-87.9)</td>
									<td align="center">1.274</td>
									<td align="center">89.6 (88.0-91.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes </td>
									<td align="center">140</td>
									<td align="center">14.3 (12.1-16.5)</td>
									<td align="center">148 </td>
									<td align="center">10.4 (8.8-12.0) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6"><bold>Outcome</bold></td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.900 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Thoracic spine N pain</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">792</td>
									<td align="center">78.9 (76.3-81.4)</td>
									<td align="center">1.151</td>
									<td align="center">78.7 (76.6-80.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes</td>
									<td align="center">212</td>
									<td align="center">21.1 (18.6-23.6) </td>
									<td align="center">312</td>
									<td align="center">21.3 (19.2-23.4)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN12">
								<p>95%CI = 95% Confidence Interval</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN13">
								<p>*Chi-square test for heterogeneity </p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN14">
								<p>** 70 observations missing</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Half of the males and 7.6% of females were smokers or former smokers. Around 73% of females lifted sticks with tobacco leaves, whereas lopping trees (62.3%) and cleaning equipment used to apply pesticides (75.7%) were activities predominantly carried out by males. More than half of the sample worked between 9 and 12 hours a day during harvest season and 52% of females worked for long periods of time sitting on the ground. Five percent of females reported pesticide poisoning at some point and 7.6% of females and 2.7% of males had had four or more episodes of GTS in the previous year. Approximately 4% of both genders reported wheezing with dyspnea in the previous year, while 14.3% of females and 10.4% of males had minor psychiatric disorders. Prevalence of thoracic spine pain in the previous year among tobacco farmers was 21.2%, with no difference according to gender (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>We found significant interaction between gender, schooling, and thoracic spine pain, with gender being a modifier effect for this association.</p>
				<p>For women, in the adjusted analysis, being smokers or former smokers increased the risk of thoracic spine pain in 70% (95%CI 1.22-2.39), cleaning equipment used to apply pesticides increased the risk in 40% (95%CI 1.09-1.81), having had pesticide poisoning at some point in their lives increased the risk in 82% (95%CI 1.32-2.50). The number of GTS episodes showed positive linear association with thoracic spine pain. Wheezing with dyspnea in the previous year increased the risk of outcome in 61% (95%CI 1.05-2.45), while minor psychiatric disorders increased the risk in 71% (95%CI 1.31-2.22%). Working for 9 to 12 hours a day during harvest and prolonged work while sitting on the ground were associated with reduced risk of thoracic spine pain, with prevalence ratios of 0.62 (95%CI 0.48-0.81) and 0.75 (95%CI 0.59-0.95), respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Thoracic spine pain in the previous year: prevalence and associated factors among female tobacco farmers. São Lourenço do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2011 (n=1,005)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><bold>
								 <italic>Variable</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2"><bold>
									 <italic>%</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3"><bold>
 <italic>Crude</italic>
</bold></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3"><bold>
 <italic>Adjusted</italic>
</bold></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>PR</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>95%CI</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>p</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>PR</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>95%CI</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>p</italic> 
</bold></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>1st level - Socioeconomic, Demographic and Behavioral Conditions</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Smoking</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.002* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.002* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">20.0</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Smoker / Former smoker </td>
									<td align="center">34.2 </td>
									<td align="center">1.71</td>
									<td align="center">1.22 - 2.39</td>
									<td align="center">1.71</td>
									<td align="center">1.22 - 2.39</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>2nd level - Work Activities and Workload</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Tying hands of tobacco</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.101* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.140* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No / sometimes</td>
									<td align="center">15.6</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Frequently / always </td>
									<td align="center">22.0</td>
									<td align="center">1.41</td>
									<td align="center">0.93 - 2.13</td>
									<td align="center">1.37</td>
									<td align="center">0.90 - 2.09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Cleaning equipment used to apply pesticides</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.006* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.009* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">19.2</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes </td>
									<td align="center">27.4</td>
									<td align="center">1.42</td>
									<td align="center">1.11 - 1.83</td>
									<td align="center">1.40</td>
									<td align="center">1.09 - 1.81</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Working hours during harvest</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.002* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">13 - 18 hours/day</td>
									<td align="center">29.4</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">9 - 12 hours/day</td>
									<td align="center">17.4</td>
									<td align="center">0.59</td>
									<td align="center">0.46 - 0.77</td>
									<td align="center">0.62</td>
									<td align="center">0.48 - 0.81</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Up to 8 hours/day </td>
									<td align="center">20.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.68</td>
									<td align="center">0.49 - 0.96</td>
									<td align="center">0.76</td>
									<td align="center">0.54 - 1.08</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Working at an intense or accelerated pace</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.035**</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.139** </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Up to 3 months heavy pace</td>
									<td align="center">18.9</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">4-7 months heavy pace</td>
									<td align="center">21.5</td>
									<td align="center">1.14</td>
									<td align="center">0.88 - 1.47</td>
									<td align="center">1.10</td>
									<td align="center">0.84 - 1.43</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">8 months or more </td>
									<td align="center">29.3</td>
									<td align="center">1.55</td>
									<td align="center">1.07 - 2.22</td>
									<td align="center">1.35</td>
									<td align="center">0.94 - 1.94</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Prolonged work while sitting</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.039* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.019* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">23.9</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes </td>
									<td align="center">18.5</td>
									<td align="center">0.78</td>
									<td align="center">0.61 - 0.99</td>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">0.59 - 0.95</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>3rd level - Comorbidities</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Pesticide poisoning (life)</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">19.9</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes </td>
									<td align="center">43.1</td>
									<td align="center">2.16</td>
									<td align="center">1.54 - 3.04</td>
									<td align="center">1.82</td>
									<td align="center">1.32 - 2.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Green tobacco sickness episodes (previous year)</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.001** </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.024** </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Never</td>
									<td align="center">19.7</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Up to 3 times</td>
									<td align="center">23.3</td>
									<td align="center">1.18</td>
									<td align="center">0.76 - 1.83</td>
									<td align="center">1.16</td>
									<td align="center">0.75 - 1.78</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">4 times or more </td>
									<td align="center">35.5</td>
									<td align="center">1.80</td>
									<td align="center">1.29 - 2.51</td>
									<td align="center">1.42</td>
									<td align="center">1.05 - 1.92</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Wheezing with dyspnea (previous year)</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.021* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.028* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">20.5</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes </td>
									<td align="center">34.1</td>
									<td align="center">1.66</td>
									<td align="center">1.08 - 2.55</td>
									<td align="center">1.61</td>
									<td align="center">1.05 - 2.45</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>4th level - Mental Healh</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Minor Psychiatric Disorders</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001*</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">18.2</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes </td>
									<td align="center">38.6 </td>
									<td align="center">2.12</td>
									<td align="center">1.65 - 2.74</td>
									<td align="center">1.71</td>
									<td align="center">1.31 - 2.22</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN15">
								<p>PR = prevalence rate</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN16">
								<p>95%CI = 95% Confidence Interval</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN17">
								<p>*Wald test for heterogeneity</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN18">
								<p>**Wald test for linear trend </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>For men, in the adjusted analysis, the association between time working and thoracic spine pain presented heterogeneity between categories but no linear trend. Lifting sticks with tobacco leaves for curing increased the risk in 52% (95%CI 1.25-1.84) and cleaning equipment used to apply pesticides increased the risk of thoracic spine pain in 61% (95%CI 1.22-2.13). Having had wheezing with dyspnea in the previous year showed a prevalence ratio of 1.73 (95%CI 1.17-2.54), while having minor psychiatric disorders increased the risk in 52% (95%CI 1.15-2.00). Working for 9 to 12 hours a day during harvest was associated with reduced risk (PR 0.75 - 95%CI 0.61-0.93). Schooling and number of GTS episodes in the previous year showed positive linear association with the outcome (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Thoracic spine pain in the previous year: prevalence and associated factors among male tobacco farmers. São Lourenço do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2011 (n=1,464).</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><bold>
								 <italic>Variable</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2"><bold>
									 <italic>%</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3"><bold>
 <italic>Crude</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3"><bold>
 <italic>Adjusted</italic> 
</bold></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>PR</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>95%CI</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>p</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>PR</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>95%CI</italic> 
</bold></th>
									<th align="center"><bold>
 <italic>p</italic> 
</bold></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>1st level - Socioeconomic, Demographic and Behavioral Conditions</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Schooling </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001** </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001** </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">0-4 years</td>
									<td align="center">16.6</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">5-8 years</td>
									<td align="center">24.7</td>
									<td align="center">1.48</td>
									<td align="center">1.20 - 1.84</td>
									<td align="center">1.56</td>
									<td align="center">1.26 - 1.93</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">9 years or more </td>
									<td align="center">27.3</td>
									<td align="center">1.64</td>
									<td align="center">1.12 - 2.40</td>
									<td align="center">1.76</td>
									<td align="center">1.18 - 2.62</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Time working with tobacco</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.149* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.044* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Up to 9 years</td>
									<td align="center">23.2</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">10-19 years</td>
									<td align="center">18.2</td>
									<td align="center">0.78</td>
									<td align="center">0.61 - 1.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.82</td>
									<td align="center">0.64 - 1.06</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">20 years or more </td>
									<td align="center">22.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.96</td>
									<td align="center">0.76 - 1.21</td>
									<td align="center">1.13</td>
									<td align="center">0.89 - 1.43</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>2nd level - Work Activities and Workload</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Lopping trees</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.008* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.115* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No / sometimes</td>
									<td align="center">17.6</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Frequently / always </td>
									<td align="center">23.6</td>
									<td align="center">1.34</td>
									<td align="center">1.08 - 1.66</td>
									<td align="center">1.19</td>
									<td align="center">0.96 - 1.48</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Lifting sticks with tobacco leaves for curing</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">18.6</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes </td>
									<td align="center">26.4</td>
									<td align="center">1.42</td>
									<td align="center">1.17 - 1.73</td>
									<td align="center">1.52</td>
									<td align="center">1.25 - 1.84</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Cleaning equipment used to apply pesticides</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.001* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">14.4</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes </td>
									<td align="center">23.6</td>
									<td align="center">1.64</td>
									<td align="center">1.24 - 2.16</td>
									<td align="center">1.61</td>
									<td align="center">1.22 - 2.13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Working hours during harvest</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.042* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.011* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">13 - 18 hours/day</td>
									<td align="center">24.5</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">9 - 12 hours/day</td>
									<td align="center">18.9</td>
									<td align="center">0.77</td>
									<td align="center">0.63 - 0.95</td>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">0.61 - 0.93</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Up to 8 hours/day </td>
									<td align="center">23.4</td>
									<td align="center">0.95</td>
									<td align="center">0.67 - 1.35</td>
									<td align="center">1.08</td>
									<td align="center">0.76 - 1.53</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Working in a bending position</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.049*</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.184* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No </td>
									<td align="center">12.8</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes</td>
									<td align="center">21.9</td>
									<td align="center">1.72</td>
									<td align="center">1.00 - 2.94</td>
									<td align="center">1.44</td>
									<td align="center">0.84 - 2.45</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="9"><bold>3rd level - Comorbidities</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Green tobacco sickness episodes (previous year)</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.013** </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Never</td>
									<td align="center">20.1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Up to 3 times</td>
									<td align="center">35.2</td>
									<td align="center">1.75</td>
									<td align="center">1.29 - 2.37</td>
									<td align="center">1.42</td>
									<td align="center">1.06 - 1.91</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">4 times or more </td>
									<td align="center">30.0</td>
									<td align="center">1.49</td>
									<td align="center">0.92 - 2.42</td>
									<td align="center">1.47</td>
									<td align="center">0.90 - 2.39 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Wheezing with dyspnea (previous year)</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.005* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">20.5</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes</td>
									<td align="center">44.2</td>
									<td align="center">2.16</td>
									<td align="center">1.56 - 2.98</td>
									<td align="center">1.73</td>
									<td align="center">1.17 - 2.54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5"><bold>4th level - Mental Health</bold></td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">0.003* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="5">Minor Psychiatric Disorders</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">No</td>
									<td align="center">19.3</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Yes</td>
									<td align="center">37.2</td>
									<td align="center">1.92</td>
									<td align="center">1.52 - 2.44</td>
									<td align="center">1.52</td>
									<td align="center">1.15 - 2.00</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN19">
								<p>PR = prevalence rate</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN20">
								<p>95%CI = 95% Confidence Interval</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN21">
								<p>*Wald test of heterogeneity</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN22">
								<p>**Wald test of linear trend</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>This study shows a high prevalence of thoracic spine pain in the previous year, in this population. Cleaning equipment used to apply pesticides, number of GTS episodes, wheezing with dyspnea and minor psychiatric disorders were positively associated with the outcome for both genders. Smoking and having had pesticide poisoning during their lifetime were associated factors among females; schooling and lifting sticks with tobacco leaves for curing were positively associated with thoracic spine pain among males.</p>
				<p>The prevalence of thoracic spine pain in the last year was similar to that found among rural workers in Greece (21%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, although it was almost double that found among the general population in Sweden<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. Assessment of pain in other parts of the body in our study indicates that prevalence of thoracic spine pain is greater than prevalence of chronic low back pain (8.4%), but lower than the prevalence of acute low back pain (30.8%) and low back pain in the last month (36.0%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. Comparability of prevalence data is compromised because many studies group together distinct segments of the spine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. Moreover, studies on thoracic spine pain among rural workers are scarce. Musculoskeletal pain in the thoracic spine can either cause total limitation for the work of tobacco growers, or partial limitations leading to the avoidance of certain tasks, having significant impact on quality of life and family financial situation. Nonetheless, we found no studies about work limitations arising from thoracic spine pain.</p>
				<p>Age was not associated with the outcome among women or men, suggesting that factors intrinsic to this work<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> are more important in determining thoracic spine pain than age inherent degenerative processes. Occupational factors associated with thoracic spine pain are distinct between genders and may be related to the gender-based division of work in tobacco growing. As tobacco growing takes place in a context of family farming, young adults, who in the rural area are precisely those with a higher level of schooling, tend to do more strenuous jobs involving greater intensity and greater risk, which might explain the positive association between schooling and thoracic spine pain in males.</p>
				<p>The association between cleaning equipment used to apply pesticides and musculoskeletal pain in the thoracic spine in both genders may be related to prolonged periods spent in a standing position, bending over a wash tank and may be aggravated when the height of the tank is inappropriate, as well as the weight of the equipment to be held during washing. Another activity associated with risk of thoracic spine pain in males is lifting sticks with tobacco leaves for curing. Some workers are sent to work on scaffolding, where they stand on wooden beams, whilst others remain on the ground handling one by one sticks with fastened green tobacco leaves, to be hung in conventional barns for curing<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>. This task requires agility, balance and strength, as well as constant movement of the spine, both for the worker high up on the beams, who leans down to take the sticks, and for those on the ground, who stretch their spines lifting the sticks upwards. The literature suggests that most complaints of musculoskeletal pain relate to work activities performed with poor posture, with overburdening, or even a combination of these factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>The linear increase in thoracic spine pain according to the number of GTS episodes in the previous year, in both genders, may be related to high levels of nicotine being absorbed through the skin and inhaling organic dust, especially tobacco leaf dust to which these workers are exposed, mainly during harvest season<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. Previous analyses also showed association between GTS and chronic low back pain in this population of tobacco farmers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. The chemical effects of nicotine on the human body might affect the musculoskeletal system, given that nicotine affects the circulatory system and impairs the nutrition of the intervertebral discs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Pesticide poisoning in the previous year was an important associated factor for thoracic spine pain among females. Studies show that pesticide poisoning may be associated with musculoskeletal disorders<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>, as nerve conduction velocity related to pain perception may be altered due to the neurotoxic effects of pesticides<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>. Moreover, neonicotinoid pesticides are absorbed through the same route as nicotine and may have similar toxicity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>The positive association between wheezing with dyspnea and thoracic spine pain is consistent with studies showing relationship between respiratory dysfunctions and musculoskeletal pain. There is evidence that certain respiratory symptoms affect the region adjacent to the lungs, causing pain in the thoracic muscles due to the effort needed to breathe or loosen secretion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Minor psychiatric disorders can cause prolonged muscular tension resulting in musculoskeletal pain, as they alter nociceptive stimuli and thus intensify pain perception<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref>. There may however be reverse causality since musculoskeletal problems cause discomfort and restrict the ability to work, which can negatively affect mental health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In the farming and livestock sector, an average working day of eight and a half hours was an associated factor for musculoskeletal disorders<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref>. In our study, working between 9 and 12 hours a day and prolonged work while sitting on the ground were a protective factor for thoracic spine pain compared with the reference category. These associations may reflect the healthy worker effect, since to be able to do farm work for long periods or to remain sitting on the ground for many hours, the person needs to be in very good health.</p>
				<p>This study furthers knowledge about thoracic spine pain in tobacco farmers and discusses the associations between the outcome and ergonomic and chemical exposure, especially to nicotine and pesticides. Our findings indicate that, even among workers labouring in the fields, the prevalence of thoracic spine pain is high. Although this community is very closed, because the interviewers lived in the same region, we obtained a high response rate. The results may be applicable to other agricultural crop growing with similar characteristics to tobacco growing.</p>
				<p>Future studies should provide a more in-depth understanding of the association between chemical exposure and musculoskeletal outcomes, enhancing the characterization of types of chemicals, forms of exposure, use of protective equipment and assessing biomarkers of such exposure. Considering the high prevalence of thoracic spine pain and that tobacco growing is a family activity, the degree of work limitation due to thoracic spine pain also needs to be assessed.</p>
				<p>Health professionals, especially those working in rural areas, should be aware of the occupational risks to which tobacco farmers are exposed to provide appropriate health education. They should know that aside ergonomic factors related to thoracic spine pain, chemical factors might also play an important role in the outcome. Tobacco farmers need to develop healthier habits. From an ergonomic point of view, it is important to implement regular breaks during the day, stretching and adjusting postural aspects, to minimize the impact of work on health. Regarding chemical exposure, it is important to reduce pesticide use, to ergonomically restructure job activities, particularly tying hands of tobacco, or mechanize work processes to avoid exposure to pesticides and nicotine. These actions shall improve the tobacco farmers’ quality of life and health.</p>
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					<p>The authors inform that the abstract of this study was presented at the 12º Congresso Brasileiro de Saúde Coletiva, 2018. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.</p>
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					<p>Funding: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq - Process 483214/2009-4,2009). Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS - Process 09/0057.5, 2009).</p>
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