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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rbso</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. bras. saúde ocup.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2317-6369</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0303-7657</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho - FUNDACENTRO</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00037</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/2317-6369000016420</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">01400</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Dossiê COVID-19 e Saúde do Trabalhador/Artigo</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Baixas na linha de frente: absenteísmo entre bombeiros durante o combate à pandemia da COVID-19</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Frontline losses: absenteeism among firefighters during the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8957-8025</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo de Paula</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2406-1812</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
						<given-names>Alina Gomide</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6008-2998</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Corrêa</surname>
						<given-names>Luciane Rugani Teles</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1826-7590</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Batista</surname>
						<given-names>Andréia Geraldo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>a</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Corpo de Bombeiros Militar de Minas Gerais (CBMMG), Assessoria de Assistência à Saúde (AAS). Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Corpo de Bombeiros Militar de Minas Gerais</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Assessoria de Assistência à Saúde</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>b</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas (FAFICH), Departamento de Psicologia. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Psicologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><italic>Contato:</italic> Eduardo de Paula Lima <italic>E-mail:</italic> <email>eduardo.lima@bombeiros.mg.gov.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<p>Os autores declaram que o trabalho não foi subsidiado e que não há conflitos de interesses.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn3">
					<p><bold>Contribuições de autoria</bold> Lima EP e Vasconcelos AG participaram de todas as etapas do estudo: levantamento, análise e interpretação dos dados; elaboração do manuscrito e sua revisão final. Corrêa LRT e Batista AG participaram da interpretação dos dados, da elaboração do manuscrito e de sua revisão crítica. Todos os autores aprovaram a versão final e assumem integral responsabilidade pelo trabalho e pelo conteúdo publicado.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">	
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>45</volume>
			<elocation-id>e27</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos:</title>
					<p> descrever o absenteísmo relacionado a casos suspeitos (com infecção respiratória aguda) e confirmados da COVID-19 e a outros diagnósticos entre bombeiros de Minas Gerais, Brasil.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p> foram analisados os registros oficiais sobre afastamento do trabalho por problemas de saúde (licença-saúde). A análise foi organizada em: 1) gráficos estratificados por grupo de diagnóstico; 2) análises descritivas da proporção de licenças-saúde e do percentual de dias de trabalho perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda; 3) comparação (qui-quadrado) da proporção de licenças-saúde e do percentual de dias de trabalho perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda e por outros diagnósticos entre 2019 e 2020.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p> a análise gráfica mostrou um padrão regular de licenças-saúde antes do início da pandemia, um pico de licenças-saúde por infecção respiratória aguda após o início da pandemia e um novo padrão de licenças-saúde após o período de pico. A proporção de licenças-saúde e o percentual de dias de trabalho perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda aumentaram, respectivamente, 312% e 580% em 2020. Em contraste, o percentual de dias de trabalho perdidos por outros diagnósticos diminuiu 16%.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão:</title>
					<p> a mudança no perfil de absenteísmo entre bombeiros reflete o vínculo formal de emprego, as políticas institucionais e a percepção de risco sobre a COVID-19.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives:</title>
					<p> to describe absenteeism related to suspected (acute respiratory infection cases) and confirmed cases of COVID-19 and other diagnoses among firefighters in Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p> we analyzed official records of sick leave due to health problems. The analysis was organized into: 1) graphs stratified by diagnostic group; 2) descriptive analyses of proportion of sick leave and percentage of working days lost due to acute respiratory infection; Chi-squared comparison of proportion of sick leave and percentage of working days lost due to acute respiratory infection, and other diagnoses, between 2019 and 2020.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p> the graphical analysis showed a regular sick leave pattern before the onset of the pandemic, a peak in sick leave due to acute respiratory infection after the onset of the pandemic, and a new sick leave pattern after the peak period. The proportion of sick leave and the percentage of working days lost due to acute respiratory infection increased by 312% and 580% in 2020, respectively. In contrast, the percentage of working days lost due to other diagnoses decreased by 16%.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion:</title>
					<p> the change in the absenteeism profile among firefighters reflects formal employment contract, institutional policies and risk perception about COVID-19.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>absenteeism</kwd>
				<kwd>firefighters</kwd>
				<kwd>Coronavirus infections</kwd>
				<kwd>occupational health</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>absenteísmo</kwd>
				<kwd>bombeiros</kwd>
				<kwd>infecções por coronavírus</kwd>
				<kwd>saúde do trabalhador</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="40"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introdução</title>
			<p>Em dezembro de 2019, foi identificado na cidade de Wuhan, capital da província de Hubei, na China, um surto de pneumonia de causa desconhecida. A doença foi atribuída a um novo tipo de coronavírus em seres humanos (SARS-CoV-2) e denominada COVID-19. O quadro de saúde citado pode ser grave, exigindo internação hospitalar e levando alguns pacientes a óbito. Estudos preliminares indicam que as taxas de mortalidade são mais altas entre pessoas com idade avançada e pacientes com doenças crônicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>. Não há opções eficazes de tratamento farmacológico atualmente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. Em consequência disso, desde o início da pandemia, medidas não farmacológicas têm sido recomendadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, com destaque para o distanciamento social<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>No entanto, muitos trabalhadores não podem adotar o distanciamento social durante uma pandemia. Alguns pela precariedade dos vínculos trabalhistas e pela ausência de proteção social, que não permitiriam a suspensão temporária de suas atividades sem comprometer sua subsistência<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Outros por trabalharem em serviços essenciais à população, como aqueles vinculados às cadeias de produção e distribuição de alimentos e medicamentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. Outros, ainda, por estarem na linha de frente do combate à COVID-19. Não apenas médicos e enfermeiros, nos hospitais, mas também profissionais de ambulâncias e bombeiros nas ruas, no atendimento pré-hospitalar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>É provável que os trabalhadores da linha de frente tenham maior risco de infecção e adoecimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>, resultando em absenteísmo. O afastamento do trabalho é uma medida de mitigação necessária não apenas para os casos graves da doença, que podem gerar incapacidade, mas para todos os casos suspeitos e confirmados. Esse cuidado é necessário diante da alta taxa de transmissão do vírus de pessoa a pessoa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>. De outra forma, esses trabalhadores contribuiriam para a disseminação da doença entre colegas de trabalho, aos pacientes ou à comunidade como um todo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>, com graves consequências econômicas e de saúde pública<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>As ações das instituições que estão na linha de frente de combate a pandemias influenciam o grau de adesão de seus trabalhadores às medidas de mitigação. No caso do surto de H1N1, em 2009, a eficácia da comunicação sobre as ações adotadas pelas instituições<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> e as políticas de afastamento por problemas de saúde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> se mostraram relevantes para explicar a propensão dos trabalhadores a se afastarem do trabalho em caso de sintomas típicos da doença<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. Ademais, há elementos individuais em jogo: entre trabalhadores da linha de frente, não é incomum que o senso de dever e o compromisso com os colegas interfiram na percepção de risco e na propensão ao absenteísmo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Em resposta à pandemia da COVID-19, o Corpo de Bombeiros Militar de Minas Gerais (CBMMG) publicou um plano de contingência, incluindo um protocolo de saúde para regular o atendimento médico e a obrigatoriedade de afastamento do trabalho daqueles bombeiros considerados casos suspeitos e confirmados da doença<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>. De forma complementar, a instituição adotou o teletrabalho para algumas funções<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> e cancelou treinamentos e cursos presenciais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>. Nos locais de trabalho, definiu o uso obrigatório de máscaras faciais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>. Estabeleceu ainda o uso de novos equipamentos de proteção individual para o atendimento de ocorrências e procedimentos para a higienização das viaturas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>. No conjunto, somadas à estabilidade no emprego e ao direito a licenças remuneradas, garantidos aos servidores públicos, é possível que tais medidas tenham aumentado a propensão dos bombeiros ao afastamento do trabalho em caso de adoecimento por COVID-19.</p>
			<p>O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o absenteísmo relacionado a casos suspeitos (com quadros de infecção respiratória aguda) e confirmados da COVID-19 e a outros diagnósticos entre bombeiros de Minas Gerais. De forma complementar, os registros de tais quadros nos cinco primeiros meses de 2020 foram comparados ao mesmo período de 2019. A hipótese que norteou esta investigação foi que houve um aumento de afastamentos por infecção respiratória aguda a partir de março de 2020, refletindo não só casos da COVID-19, mas também o vínculo empregatício, as políticas institucionais e a percepção de risco dos bombeiros diante do trabalho na linha de frente do combate à pandemia.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Método</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Contextualização</title>
				<p>O CBMMG é uma instituição estadual, ligada à Defesa Civil, à Defesa Social e à Segurança Pública, com um sistema de saúde próprio. Tal sistema é composto por unidades de saúde onde profissionais de diversas especialidades vinculados à instituição oferecem assistência aos bombeiros e seus dependentes (rede orgânica). De forma complementar, o sistema estabelece convênios com hospitais, clínicas, laboratórios e outros estabelecimentos particulares (rede conveniada) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Quando um atendimento é realizado na rede orgânica, o profissional de saúde responsável deve registrá-lo em uma plataforma digital denominada Sistema Integrado de Gestão em Saúde (SIGS). Em caso de atendimento por motivo de doença, o profissional de saúde registra o diagnóstico no SIGS e, se julgar que o bombeiro não apresenta condições para trabalhar, o afasta integralmente de suas funções por um período determinado de tempo (licença-saúde). Se a consulta que gerou a licença-saúde for realizada na rede conveniada, um médico da rede orgânica deve homologá-la e lançá-la no SIGS. De qualquer forma, o registro nesse sistema é obrigatório. Ao final do processo, todas as informações descritas são armazenadas em uma base de dados virtual.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Definição e construção das variáveis</title>
				<p>Em março de 2020, o CBMMG publicou um protocolo com o objetivo de orientar os profissionais de saúde da rede orgânica quanto a condutas diante da pandemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>. O documento definiu o que seriam quadros suspeitos e quadros confirmados da COVID-19. Passaram a ser considerados suspeitos casos de infecção respiratória aguda, ou seja, casos referentes aos códigos J00 a J22 da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. Pacientes com resultado positivo em exames laboratoriais da COVID-19 foram considerados casos confirmados (CID-10: U07.1). No presente estudo, licenças-saúde por casos suspeitos e por casos confirmados foram consideradas tipos de infecção respiratória aguda. As licenças-saúde pelos demais diagnósticos clínicos foram identificadas como causadas por outros problemas de saúde.</p>
				<p>Para a descrição do absenteísmo na instituição, foi utilizada a base de dados virtual (SIGS), disponível em arquivo de Excel<sup>®</sup>, que contou com as seguintes informações: nome e número de inscrição de todos os bombeiros ativos, função e unidade atual, tempo de serviço na instituição (em anos), ocorrência de licenças-saúde (sim ou não), data das licenças-saúde, diagnóstico atribuído às licenças-saúde de acordo com código descrito na CID-10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>, data de início e data de término das licenças-saúde.</p>
				<p>Quatro variáveis foram construídas. A primeira foi o número de dias potencialmente trabalhados. Foi calculada a partir do número total de dias em um determinado período multiplicado pelo número de bombeiros ativos na instituição. A segunda foi o número de dias perdidos por problemas de saúde, calculada pelo somatório dos dias de licença-saúde. A terceira foi o percentual de dias perdidos por problemas de saúde, calculada a partir do somatório dos dias de licença-saúde dividido pelo somatório dos dias potencialmente trabalhados. A quarta variável foi a proporção de licenças-saúde por infecção respiratória aguda. Esta última considerou os eventos de licença-saúde, ou seja, o número de vezes que os bombeiros foram afastados do trabalho por um profissional de saúde após um atendimento, independentemente do número de dias. As variáveis foram baseadas na recomendação de Heising e colaboradores para estudos sobre absenteísmo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise</title>
				<p>A primeira etapa de análise foi a construção de gráficos de barra para visualizar o perfil de dias de trabalho perdidos por problemas de saúde, dia a dia, entre 1º de janeiro e 31 de maio dos anos de 2019 e 2020. Os gráficos foram estratificados por infecção respiratória aguda e outros diagnósticos. Em seguida, foi realizada uma análise descritiva (de dados absolutos e relativos) para as variáveis em foco. As análises foram organizadas por mês para os cinco primeiros meses de 2019 e 2020. Por fim, foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado para comparar o percentual de dias de trabalho perdidos por grupo de diagnóstico e a proporção de licenças-saúde por infecção respiratória aguda entre 2019 e 2020. Foram consideradas significativas as comparações com p-valor ≤ 0,05.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Aspectos éticos</title>
				<p>Esta investigação, incluindo o acesso aos dados do SIGS, foi autorizada pela Assessoria de Assistência à Saúde e pelo Comando-Geral do CBMMG. O estudo faz parte de um projeto mais amplo sobre saúde de bombeiros aprovado no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) (CAAE: 15169813.1.0000.5149).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>O CBMMG conta atualmente com 5.627 trabalhadores no serviço ativo. Entre o dia 1º de janeiro e 31 de maio de 2020, 22,5% (n = 1.268) dos bombeiros foram afastados por pelo menos um dia em função de problemas de saúde (todos os diagnósticos). No mesmo período, 7,0% (n = 396) foram afastados por quadros compatíveis com infecção respiratória aguda. Entre eles, 20 (0,36%) receberam resultado positivo em teste laboratorial de COVID-19. O primeiro caso foi diagnosticado em 17 de março de 2020, e o último em 29 de maio de 2020.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Descrição gráfica das licenças por infecção respiratória aguda em 2019 e 2020</title>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> apresenta os dias de trabalho perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda e outros diagnósticos ao longo dos cinco primeiros meses de 2019. Os dados indicaram uma baixa ocorrência de afastamentos por infecção respiratória aguda e baixa oscilação diária no número de bombeiros afastados do trabalho por tal motivo.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Número de bombeiros licenciados por infecção respiratória aguda e por outros problemas de saúde entre os dias 1º de janeiro e 31 de maio de 2019, em Minas Gerais, Brasil (N = 5.764)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2317-6369-rbso-45-e27-gf1.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> apresenta o número de dias de trabalho perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda e outros diagnósticos entre 1º de janeiro e 31 de maio de 2020.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Número de bombeiros licenciados por infecção respiratória aguda e por outros problemas de saúde entre os dias 1º de janeiro e 31 de maio de 2020, em Minas Gerais, Brasil (N = 5.627)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2317-6369-rbso-45-e27-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A análise gráfica relativa a 2020 permitiu identificar três períodos distintos: 1) padrão regular de licenças-saúde antes do início da pandemia (de 1º de janeiro a 15 de março); 2) pico de licenças-saúde após o início da pandemia (de 16 de março a 9 de abril); e 3) um novo padrão de licenças-saúde após o período de pico (a partir de 10 de abril).</p>
				<p>O primeiro período pode ser caracterizado por um padrão regular de afastamentos antes do início da pandemia. Houve pouca oscilação nos dados brutos sobre dias perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda. Em média, cerca de 3 bombeiros foram afastados por dia durante esse período (0,05% do efetivo), e o dia com maior número de afastamentos foi 13 de março (10 bombeiros; 0,18% do efetivo). A causa em foco representou, em média, 3,61% do total de dias perdidos por problemas de saúde.</p>
				<p>O segundo período pode ser definido como um pico de afastamentos após o início da pandemia (de 15 de março a 9 de abril). O primeiro caso confirmado da COVID-19 em Minas Gerais ocorreu em 8 de março de 2020<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>. Uma semana depois, os dias de trabalho perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda aumentaram de forma abrupta no CBMMG. A tendência de aumento foi iniciada no dia 15 de março (17 trabalhadores; 0,30% do efetivo) e atingiu um pico nos dias 26 e 27 de março (97 bombeiros; 1,72% do efetivo). Em seguida, houve um decréscimo no número de bombeiros afastados, encerrando o período de pico em 9 de abril (20 bombeiros; 0,36% do efetivo). A média de bombeiros afastados durante o pico foi de 56 por dia (1,00% do efetivo), ou seja, 18,7 vezes mais do que o registrado no padrão regular observado antes da pandemia. Consequentemente, tais afastamentos passaram a representar 39,0% do total de licenças-saúde na instituição.</p>
				<p>Por fim, a partir do dia 10 de abril, foi possível identificar um novo padrão. O número médio de bombeiros afastados por dia foi 17 (0,30% do efetivo), indicando um aumento de cerca de 6 vezes em comparação com o período anterior à pandemia (de 1º de janeiro a 15 de março). Os afastamentos por infecção respiratória aguda passaram a representar, em média, 24,4% do total após o período de pico. Vale notar ainda que, no período iniciado em 10 de abril, a frequência de licenças-saúde não pareceu estável. Ao contrário, observou-se nova tendência de crescimento dos dias de trabalho perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Comparação do percentual de dias de trabalho perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda entre 2019 e 2020</title>
				<p>A comparação do percentual de dias de trabalho perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda entre 2019 e 2020 mostrou uma variação ao longo dos cinco primeiros meses. Em janeiro, não houve diferenças no total de dias perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda. Já em fevereiro, observou-se uma diferença significativa, com um percentual maior de dias de trabalho perdidos por essa infecção em 2020. Em março, tal diferença se acentuou e permaneceu estatisticamente significativa ao longo dos meses de abril e maio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Comparado a 2019, nota-se que o percentual de dias perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda aumentou 580% em 2020.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análise descritiva e comparação bivariada (qui-quadrado) do percentual de dias de trabalho perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda em 2019 e 2020 entre bombeiros de Minas Gerais, Brasil</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col width="12%"/>
								<col span="3" width="11%"/>
								<col span="3" width="11%"/>
								<col width="11%"/>
								<col width="11%"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" rowspan="3">Meses</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">2019*</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">2020**</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="3">X<sup>2</sup></th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Dias potencialmente trabalhados</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Dias perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda </th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Dias potencialmente trabalhados</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Dias perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">n</th>
									<th align="center">%</th>
									<th align="center">n</th>
									<th align="center">%</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Janeiro</td>
									<td align="center">178.684</td>
									<td align="center">57</td>
									<td align="center">0,03</td>
									<td align="center">174.437</td>
									<td align="center">74</td>
									<td align="center">0,04</td>
									<td align="center">2,63</td>
									<td align="center">0,104</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fevereiro</td>
									<td align="center">161.392</td>
									<td align="center">36</td>
									<td align="center">0,02</td>
									<td align="center">163.183</td>
									<td align="center">88</td>
									<td align="center">0,05</td>
									<td align="center">21,24</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Março</td>
									<td align="center">178.684</td>
									<td align="center">75</td>
									<td align="center">0,04</td>
									<td align="center">174.437</td>
									<td align="center">1150</td>
									<td align="center">0,66</td>
									<td align="center">972,91</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Abril</td>
									<td align="center">172.920</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0,06</td>
									<td align="center">168.810</td>
									<td align="center">600</td>
									<td align="center">0,36</td>
									<td align="center">370,08</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Maio</td>
									<td align="center">178.684</td>
									<td align="center">150</td>
									<td align="center">0,08</td>
									<td align="center">174.437</td>
									<td align="center">603</td>
									<td align="center">0,35</td>
									<td align="center">284,17</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>* População em 2019 = 5.764 bombeiros.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>** População em 2020 = 5.627 bombeiros.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Comparação de licenças-saúde por infecção respiratória aguda entre 2019 e 2020</title>
				<p>Não houve diferenças entre os dois anos considerando a proporção de licenças-saúde por infecção respiratória aguda no mês de janeiro. A partir de fevereiro, a proporção de licenças em relação ao total foi maior em 2020, com diferenças significativas (p ≤ 0,05) nos meses de fevereiro, março, abril e maio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). A proporção de licenças-saúde por infecção respiratória aguda aumentou 312% em 2020.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análise descritiva e comparação bivariada (qui-quadrado) de licenças por infecção respiratória aguda em 2019 e 2020 entre bombeiros de Minas Gerais, Brasil</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col width="12%"/>
								<col span="3" width="11%"/>
								<col span="3" width="11%"/>
								<col width="11%"/>
								<col width="11%"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" rowspan="3">Meses</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">2019*</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">2020**</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="3">X<sup>2</sup></th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Licenças (total)</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Licenças por infecção respiratória aguda</th>
									<th align="center">Licenças (total)</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Licenças por infecção respiratória aguda</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">n</th>
									<th align="center">%</th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">n</th>
									<th align="center">%</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Janeiro</td>
									<td align="center">386</td>
									<td align="center">26</td>
									<td align="center">6,74</td>
									<td align="center">363</td>
									<td align="center">29</td>
									<td align="center">7,99</td>
									<td align="center">0,43</td>
									<td align="center">0,511</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fevereiro</td>
									<td align="center">371</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">5,39</td>
									<td align="center">393</td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">9,92</td>
									<td align="center">5,50</td>
									<td align="center">0,019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Março</td>
									<td align="center">421</td>
									<td align="center">43</td>
									<td align="center">10,21</td>
									<td align="center">546</td>
									<td align="center">215</td>
									<td align="center">39,38</td>
									<td align="center">103,35</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Abril</td>
									<td align="center">580</td>
									<td align="center">53</td>
									<td align="center">9,14</td>
									<td align="center">316</td>
									<td align="center">118</td>
									<td align="center">37,34</td>
									<td align="center">105,37</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Maio</td>
									<td align="center">640</td>
									<td align="center">70</td>
									<td align="center">10,94</td>
									<td align="center">329</td>
									<td align="center">137</td>
									<td align="center">41,64</td>
									<td align="center">121,94</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>* População em 2019 = 5.764 bombeiros.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>** População em 2020 = 5.627 bombeiros.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Comparação do percentual de dias de trabalho perdidos por outros problemas de saúde entre 2019 e 2020</title>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> sugere que o percentual de dias de trabalho perdidos por outros problemas de saúde diminuiu após o início da pandemia. A comparação entre 2020 e 2019 mostrou que em janeiro não houve diferença entre os dois anos considerados. Nos meses de fevereiro e março, notou-se um percentual maior de dias de trabalho perdidos por outros problemas de saúde em 2020 quando comparado a 2019 (p &lt; 0,05). Nos meses de abril e maio, entretanto, houve uma inversão: observou-se um menor percentual de dias perdidos por outros problemas de saúde em 2020, sendo as diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Destacou-se o mês de maio, quando o percentual de dias de trabalho perdidos por demais problemas de saúde foi 2,4 vezes menor em 2020 do que no mesmo mês em 2019 (0,84% vs. 2,00%, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). No conjunto, o percentual de dias perdidos por outros diagnósticos diminuiu 16% em 2020.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análise descritiva e comparação bivariada (qui-quadrado) do percentual de dias de trabalho perdidos por outros diagnósticos em 2019 e 2020 entre bombeiros de Minas Gerais, Brasil</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col width="12%"/>
								<col span="3" width="11%"/>
								<col span="3" width="11%"/>
								<col width="11%"/>
								<col width="11%"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" rowspan="3">Meses</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">2019*</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">2020**</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="3">X<sup>2</sup></th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Dias potencialmente trabalhados</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Dias perdidos por outros diagnósticos</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Dias potencialmente trabalhados</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Dias perdidos por outros diagnósticos</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">n</th>
									<th align="center">%</th>
									<th align="center">n</th>
									<th align="center">%</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Janeiro</td>
									<td align="center">178.684</td>
									<td align="center">2.511</td>
									<td align="center">1,41</td>
									<td align="center">174.437</td>
									<td align="center">2.523</td>
									<td align="center">1,45</td>
									<td align="center">1,03</td>
									<td align="center">0,310</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fevereiro</td>
									<td align="center">161.392</td>
									<td align="center">2.040</td>
									<td align="center">1,26</td>
									<td align="center">163.183</td>
									<td align="center">2.767</td>
									<td align="center">1,70</td>
									<td align="center">100,58</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Março</td>
									<td align="center">178.684</td>
									<td align="center">2.536</td>
									<td align="center">1,42</td>
									<td align="center">174.437</td>
									<td align="center">2.743</td>
									<td align="center">1,57</td>
									<td align="center">13,65</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Abril</td>
									<td align="center">172.920</td>
									<td align="center">3.188</td>
									<td align="center">1,84</td>
									<td align="center">168.810</td>
									<td align="center">1.953</td>
									<td align="center">1,16</td>
									<td align="center">263,81</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Maio</td>
									<td align="center">178.684</td>
									<td align="center">3.569</td>
									<td align="center">2,00</td>
									<td align="center">174.437</td>
									<td align="center">1.472</td>
									<td align="center">0,84</td>
									<td align="center">811,29</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>* População em 2019 = 5.764 bombeiros</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>** População em 2020 = 5.627 bombeiros</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussão</title>
			<p>Os resultados obtidos corroboraram a hipótese de que o absenteísmo por infecção respiratória aguda entre bombeiros cresceu desde o início da pandemia. Uma análise gráfica permitiu identificar padrões temporais distintos desde a confirmação do primeiro caso da COVID-19 em Minas Gerais. A comparação bivariada entre 2019 e 2020 mostrou um percentual maior de dias de trabalho perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda em 2020. Em contraste, o percentual de dias perdidos por outros diagnósticos diminuiu. É possível que a mudança no perfil de absenteísmo reflita o adoecimento dos bombeiros, mas também o vínculo formal de emprego, as políticas institucionais e a percepção de risco em relação à pandemia.</p>
			<p>Foram identificados pelo menos três padrões temporais de licenças-saúde entre janeiro e maio de 2020. Suas características traduziram a transição da normalidade para um cotidiano marcado pela necessidade de distanciamento social e cuidados com a saúde. Apesar de o início da pandemia ter acarretado um aumento abrupto de licenças-saúde por infecção respiratória aguda, apenas 7 casos da COVID-19 haviam sido registrados até 10 de abril de 2020, indicando que quase nenhum dos afastamentos suspeitos havia sido confirmado até aquele momento. Pergunta-se: se não foram licenças-saúde por confirmação da COVID-19, o que explicaria o aumento abrupto do número de dias de trabalho perdidos por infecção respiratória aguda?</p>
			<p>Antes, cabe uma ressalva: é reconhecida a subnotificação de casos da COVID-19 no estado de Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>. Portanto, não é possível descartar a possibilidade de que as licenças-saúde por infecção respiratória aguda entre os bombeiros reflitam casos da COVID-19 que não foram diagnosticados, seja porque não foram testados, seja porque os testes falharam em identificar a doença. Essa possibilidade é reforçada pelo relato de médicos da instituição sobre a escassez de testes para o diagnóstico, em especial no início da pandemia. Diante desse cenário, é difícil estimar o número real de casos. Contudo, ainda que seja reconhecida a subnotificação e que muitos bombeiros tenham se afastado sem saber se de fato haviam sido infectados, o aumento do número de trabalhadores que procuraram um médico e foram afastados do trabalho por apresentarem sintomas de infecção respiratória aguda é perceptível. Este é o foco da discussão.</p>
			<p>Uma primeira hipótese aventada é que o aumento do número de bombeiros afastados diariamente por infecção respiratória aguda seria apenas um reflexo da mudança nas rotinas de atendimento médico. O protocolo publicado pelo CBMMG recomendou que todos os bombeiros que se enquadrassem na definição de casos suspeitos da COVID-19 fossem afastados do trabalho por 7 dias e reavaliados no 7º dia, com possibilidade de novo período de afastamento; recomendou ainda que os casos confirmados fossem afastados por no mínimo 14 dias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>. Tais medidas dilataram os limites que eram adotados na instituição antes do início da pandemia, quando a recomendação sobre tempo mínimo de licença-saúde por infecções respiratórias agudas variava entre 3 (por exemplo, em casos de gripe ou laringite) e 10 dias (por exemplo, em caso de pneumonia), a depender da gravidade da doença<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>. Essa hipótese pôde ser descartada após a comparação entre licenças-saúde nos anos de 2019 e 2020: o número de afastamentos do trabalho por infecções respiratórias agudas cresceu em termos absolutos e percentuais, com diferenças significativas entre os dois anos. Portanto, os bombeiros passaram de fato a procurar serviços médicos com mais frequência ao apresentarem sintomas de infecção respiratória aguda.</p>
			<p>Descartada a primeira hipótese, foi possível elencar uma segunda: diante da ameaça direta à saúde no ambiente de trabalho, os bombeiros talvez tenham aumentado a própria percepção de risco e, consequentemente, mudado sua propensão à busca de assistência médica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. Pessoas que em períodos anteriores não considerariam a possibilidade de procurar atendimento ao sentirem febre, dor de garganta ou tosse passaram a adotar tal conduta. Os médicos, por sua vez, seguindo o protocolo, passaram a afastar do trabalho todos aqueles que relatassem sintomas respiratórios agudos no intuito de evitar o contágio dentro das unidades. Essa hipótese está calcada ainda no vínculo formal de trabalho dos bombeiros, uma vez que é reconhecido o papel da segurança no emprego sobre a propensão ao absenteísmo por problemas de saúde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Mas como explicar um crescimento abrupto seguido de queda entre 15 de março e 9 de abril? Os casos da doença na população vêm crescendo constantemente a cada dia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> e, portanto, não parece razoável pensar em sua diminuição entre os bombeiros. Sobre esse ponto, vale notar que, logo após o primeiro caso da doença no Brasil, as informações disponibilizadas pelos órgãos governamentais foram pouco claras ou até mesmo contraditórias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>. A falta de uma diretriz única durante uma pandemia tende a gerar comportamentos erráticos e torna instável a adesão da população a medidas de mitigação<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>. A publicação de um protocolo de atendimento médico pelo CBMMG foi de encontro a esse cenário, contribuindo para padronizar condutas individuais e coletivas e informar e orientar os trabalhadores. De forma complementar, a publicação de novas diretrizes que reorganizaram os locais de trabalho pode também ter contribuído para estabilizar a percepção de risco dos bombeiros.</p>
			<p>A percepção de risco das pessoas sobre a própria saúde é construída a partir de emoções e cognições. O medo tem um papel central e funciona como catalizador para a adoção de determinados comportamentos. Ao sentirem medo diante do crescimento de casos da COVID-19 no país, uma ameaça à própria saúde (e à saúde de pessoas próximas), é esperado que as pessoas tendam a se esforçar para aplacar aquele sentimento desagradável<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>. Entretanto, seus comportamentos dependerão das avaliações que fazem sobre o contexto. Os indivíduos avaliam a gravidade da ameaça que têm diante de si, a probabilidade daquela ameaça atingi-los em particular (ou seja, sua vulnerabilidade) e, por fim, a eficácia de determinados comportamentos para diminuir a ameaça à qual estão expostos. Esse encadeamento de emoções e cognições ajuda a explicar comportamentos erráticos, pois o medo tende a gerar respostas inadequadas quando as notícias sobre uma ameaça não vêm acompanhadas de orientações: as pessoas podem negar a pandemia, evitar falar ou pensar sobre o cenário atual, se fixar em pensamentos mágicos (crença em tratamentos milagrosos, por exemplo) ou responder de forma exacerbada ou pouco embasada em evidências científicas ou recomendações médicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Em suma, uma explicação plausível para o pico de licenças por infecção respiratória aguda poderia ser assim resumida: diante das incertezas geradas pela falta de informação e orientação voltadas à população geral, houve um aumento abrupto da percepção de risco entre bombeiros acerca da doença e da sua clara exposição ocupacional a ela; e, em seguida, houve uma diminuição e estabilização de tal percepção em decorrência de orientações conduzidas por médicos e do posicionamento da instituição em relação à pandemia. A explicação é congruente, por exemplo, com os resultados obtidos em estudo feito em Hong Kong que mostra o alto grau de confiança da população nos profissionais de saúde no que tange às condutas que devem ser adotadas no atual contexto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>A análise sugeriu ainda que, não obstante a diminuição dos afastamentos registrada após o dia 10 de abril, a percepção de risco continua mais alta do que era antes do início da pandemia. É possível supor que essa percepção permanecerá aumentada durante algum tempo, uma vez que ainda não foi identificado um tratamento farmacológico eficaz para a COVID-19<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> e as perspectivas de uma vacina são remotas. É provável que os bombeiros permaneçam atentos à ocorrência de sintomas típicos da doença, seja porque temem pela própria saúde, seja porque temem pela saúde de colegas, vítimas socorridas e familiares. Portanto, espera-se que um número mais alto de bombeiros afastados do trabalho por infecção respiratória aguda faça parte do novo padrão de licenças-saúde.</p>
			<p>Outro dado relevante a ser destacado foi a diminuição das licenças-saúde por outros diagnósticos a partir de abril de 2020. Há aqui mais de uma hipótese para explicar o fenômeno. A primeira é que os bombeiros estariam procurando serviços de saúde menos frequentemente quando acometidos por sintomas de menor gravidade e sem relação direta com a COVID-19. Por exemplo, torções, pequenos cortes ou queimaduras, distensões musculares, entre outros, estariam sendo tratados em casa, sem consulta médica. Na mesma direção, houve restrições e cancelamentos de procedimentos eletivos nos serviços de saúde, diminuindo a realização de cirurgias, exames e consultas periódicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref>. No conjunto, a mudança no padrão comportamental em relação à busca por assistência médica e as restrições impostas explicariam parte da diminuição das licenças por outros diagnósticos. A segunda hipótese, complementar à primeira, é que os bombeiros estariam permanecendo mais tempo em casa, restringindo atividades não relacionadas ao trabalho, como a prática de atividades físicas e programas de lazer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>. Em consequência disso, estariam menos expostos a riscos de lesões por trauma e acidentes no período de folga.</p>
			<p>Os resultados suscitam recomendações no manejo da pandemia para as instituições às quais pertencem os trabalhadores brasileiros que atuam na linha de frente do combate à COVID-19. Pelas semelhanças que guardam com os bombeiros, médicos, enfermeiros e profissionais de ambulância podem se beneficiar de medidas análogas às descritas neste artigo. Em primeiro lugar, recomenda-se aos gestores das instituições a disponibilização de produtos e materiais de desinfecção e equipamentos de proteção individual compatíveis com o tipo de risco inerente a cada atividade realizada, com atenção especial aos profissionais que atuam no atendimento hospitalar e pré-hospitalar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref>. Sugere-se ainda a elaboração de procedimentos padronizados para higienização individual e dos ambientes (materiais, equipamentos, salas, viaturas) e a reorganização de espaços comuns, como alojamentos, seções administrativas, refeitórios e cantinas. A adoção de novas rotinas (como teletrabalho, reuniões on-line, esquemas de plantão com equipe reduzida nas unidades administrativas) e a restrição de outras atividades (pela suspensão de aulas e cursos presenciais, por exemplo) são necessárias e recomenda-se que sejam somadas à obrigatoriedade do uso de máscaras faciais, do distanciamento e de medidas de higienização das mãos durante todo o turno de trabalho. A posição das instituições diante da pandemia deve ser clara, sendo comunicada aos seus integrantes de forma eficaz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>, e deve contar com a participação direta de profissionais de saúde - médicos, em especial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>. Quanto às políticas de absenteísmo, é necessário favorecer a propensão ao pronto afastamento de casos suspeitos e confirmados da doença. Em outras palavras, é preciso educar, orientar e reafirmar que não haverá sanções de qualquer tipo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Um aspecto que não deve ser minimizado nas intervenções é a educação em saúde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. Trabalhar doente deve ser desencorajado, mesmo que a pessoa se sinta bem o suficiente para continuar ativa. É sabido que profissionais que atuam na linha de frente tendem a minimizar riscos para si mesmos em prol do bem-estar da população atendida e do apoio aos colegas. Entretanto, durante uma pandemia, tal atitude pode ser descrita como um “senso de dever distorcido” <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. É importante a criação de programas institucionais que atuem no sentido de ressignificar valores caros aos bombeiros e outros profissionais da linha de frente, como força, vigor e abnegação<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref>, contrapondo-os ao dever de não contribuir para a disseminação da doença<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>. Tais ações devem, por exemplo, considerar que esses trabalhadores têm contato direto com indivíduos vulneráveis (idosos, pacientes com doenças crônicas), que precisam evitar ao máximo a interação com pessoas infectadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Por fim, é importante que as instituições estejam atentas às mudanças de hábitos dos trabalhadores durante a pandemia. A diminuição de atividades físicas em função do distanciamento social e das restrições impostas pelos municípios (com o fechamento de academias de ginástica, parques e clubes) pode ter um impacto negativo sobre a saúde e o desempenho no trabalho de profissionais que precisam de bom condicionamento físico para a execução de suas tarefas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref>. Ofertar espaços abertos nos locais de trabalho e programas de treinamento adaptados à realidade atual pode trazer benefícios. De forma similar, os serviços de saúde que atendem trabalhadores da linha de frente podem oferecer modalidades alternativas às consultas convencionais. Diante das restrições de procedimentos eletivos e da queda na busca por atendimentos, consultas virtuais ou por telefone devem ser incentivadas, em especial para aqueles com doenças crônicas. Deve-se ainda incluir consultas psicológicas e psiquiátricas nesse rol de atendimentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>, uma vez que sintomas de ansiedade e depressão tendem a aflorar durante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> e se manter após períodos de pandemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Este estudo foi baseado em registros oficiais de absenteísmo e abrangeu toda a população de trabalhadores ativos de uma instituição pública. Os registros de casos suspeitos e confirmados da COVID-19 foram padronizados por meio de um protocolo e lançados em um sistema informatizado. Não obstante suas vantagens, é necessário ressaltar também suas limitações. A primeira é que, apesar da publicação do protocolo, não foram conduzidas oficinas de treinamento para os médicos da instituição de forma a garantir registros uniformes. Portanto, é possível que tenha havido variação nos critérios adotados por cada profissional. Uma segunda limitação é a ausência de dados de autorrelato que permitam testar as hipóteses aventadas. É recomendável a condução de um inquérito de saúde complementar que aborde construtos específicos, como percepção de risco, frequência de atividades físicas e atividades de lazer, e busca por serviços de saúde. Nesse sentido, pretende-se dar continuidade à presente investigação integrando-a ao escopo do estudo longitudinal do qual ela faz parte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref>.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusão</title>
			<p>Para concluir, é necessário sublinhar que a variação no padrão de licenças-saúde provavelmente reflete o vínculo formal de emprego e as políticas institucionais favoráveis ao absenteísmo por infecção respiratória aguda. O aumento da percepção de risco é positivo e necessário durante uma pandemia para a qual medidas não farmacológicas parecem ser as únicas eficazes para conter seu avanço. Consequentemente, é importante que as instituições reforcem tais atitudes e comportamentos por meio de campanhas informativas e intervenções nos ambientes e na organização do trabalho.</p>
		</sec>
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		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Dossier COVID-19 and Worker’s Health/Article</subject>
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						<given-names>Andréia Geraldo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>a</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>a</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Corpo de Bombeiros Militar de Minas Gerais (CBMMG), Assessoria de Assistência à Saúde. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>b</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Psicologia. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><italic>Corresponding author:</italic> Eduardo de Paula Lima <italic>Email address:</italic> eduardo.<email>lima@bombeiros.mg.gov.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn5">
					<p>The authors declare that the work received no funding and that there is no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn6">
					<p><bold>Authors’ contributions</bold> Lima EP and Vasconcelos AG contributed to all stages of the study: data survey, analysis and interpretation, drafting of the manuscript and final review. Corrêa LRT and Batista AG contributed to data interpretation, drafting of the manuscript and critical review. All authors approved the final version and take full responsibility for the study and published content.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives:</title>
					<p> to describe absenteeism related to suspected (acute respiratory infection cases) and confirmed cases of COVID-19 and other diagnoses among firefighters in Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p> we analyzed official records of sick leave due to health problems. The analysis was organized into: 1) graphs stratified by diagnostic group; 2) descriptive analyses of proportion of sick leave and percentage of working days lost due to acute respiratory infection; Chi-squared comparison of proportion of sick leave and percentage of working days lost due to acute respiratory infection, and other diagnoses, between 2019 and 2020.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p> the graphical analysis showed a regular sick leave pattern before the onset of the pandemic, a peak in sick leave due to acute respiratory infection after the onset of the pandemic, and a new sick leave pattern after the peak period. The proportion of sick leave and the percentage of working days lost due to acute respiratory infection increased by 312% and 580% in 2020, respectively. In contrast, the percentage of working days lost due to other diagnoses decreased by 16%.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion:</title>
					<p> the change in the absenteeism profile among firefighters reflects formal employment contract, institutional policies and risk perception about COVID-19.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>absenteeism</kwd>
				<kwd>firefighters</kwd>
				<kwd>Coronavirus infections</kwd>
				<kwd>occupational health</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>In December 2019, an outbreak of unknown cause pneumonia was identified in the city of Wuhan, capital of Hubei province, China. The disease was attributed to a new type of coronavirus in humans (SARS-CoV-2) and called COVID-19. This health condition can be serious, requiring hospitalization and leading to death in some cases. Preliminary studies indicate that mortality rates are higher among older adults and patients with chronic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> There are currently no effective options of drug therapy. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> As a result, since the beginning of the pandemic, non-pharmacological measures have been recommended by the World Health Organization, especially social distancing. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>However, social distancing measures are not feasible for many workers during a pandemic. In some cases, precarious employment and lack of social security do not allow the temporary suspension of workers’ activities without compromising their livelihood. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> In others, it is because workers provide essential services to the population, such as those linked to the production and distribution chains of food and medication. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> There are not only doctors and nurses in hospitals, but also ambulance and fire brigade staff in the streets, in pre-hospital care. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>Frontline workers are at a higher risk of infection and illness<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> that result in absenteeism in workplace environments. Staying away from work is a necessary mitigation strategy for serious cases, which can lead to disability, and for all workers with suspected and confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Such precaution is due to the high rate of transmission of the virus from person to person. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Otherwise, infected workers could transmit the disease to their co-workers, the patients, or the community members, <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> and contribute to potentially severe economic and public health consequences. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>On the frontline against pandemics, the organizational policies influence the adherence of their workers to mitigation strategies. In the case of the H1N1 outbreak in 2009, the effectiveness of institutional communication about the measures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> and the policies to sign staff off work due to health problems<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> were critical in explaining the propensity of symptomatic workers to stay away from work. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Furthermore, there are individual elements at play in risk perception and propensity to absenteeism: a sense of duty and commitment to colleagues are frequently experienced by frontline workers. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Minas Gerais Fire Department (CBMMG) published a contingency plan, which includes a health protocol to regulate medical care and mandatory sick leave of suspected and confirmed cases of the disease among firefighters. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Complementarily, the institution adopted the remote work for some functions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> and canceled on-site training and courses. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Compulsory wearing of face masks was established in the workplace. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Also, new personal protective equipment to answer calls and procedures to sanitize vehicles were established. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Altogether, added to job stability and the right to paid leave, guaranteed to public servants, it is possible that such measures increased the propensity of firefighters to stay away from work in case of illness due to COVID-19.</p>
				<p>The aim of this study was to describe absenteeism related to suspected (with acute respiratory infection) and confirmed cases of COVID-19 and other diagnoses among firefighters in Minas Gerais. Also, the sick leave records from the first five months of 2020 were compared to the same period in 2019. The investigation hypothesis was that there was an increase in sick leave due to acute respiratory infection from March 2020, related not only to COVID-19 cases, but also to the formal employment contract, institutional policies, and occupational risk perception on the frontline against the pandemic.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Method</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p>CBMMG is a state institution linked to Civil Defense, Social Defense and Public Security, with its own healthcare system. This system consists of healthcare centers where professionals from different specialties linked to the institution offer healthcare services to firefighters and their family members (organic network). Besides, the system has service provision agreements with hospitals, clinics, laboratories and, other private establishments (associate network). <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>
					</p>
					<p>Firefighters seen by an organic healthcare professional have their data recorded in a digital platform called Integrated Health Management System (SIGS). In the case of illness, the healthcare professional reports the diagnosis in SIGS and, if he believes the firefighter is unable to work, signs him off work entirely for a given period (sick leave). If the sick leave is generated by an associate healthcare professional, a doctor of the organic network must approve and record it in SIGS. Either way, entering it in the system is always mandatory. At the end of the process, all the firefighters’ health information is stored in a virtual database.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Definition and construction of variables</title>
					<p>In March 2020, CBMMG published a guidance protocol for healthcare professionals of the organic network regarding procedures during the pandemic. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> The document provided definitions of suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19. Cases of acute respiratory infection were considered as suspected, i.e., cases related to codes J00 to J22 of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Patients who tested positive for COVID-19 were considered confirmed cases (ICD-10: U07.1). In the present study, sick leave due to suspected and confirmed cases was linked to types of acute respiratory infection. Sick leave due to other clinical diagnoses was identified as caused by other health problems.</p>
					<p>Description of absenteeism in the institution was based on the virtual database records (SIGS), available in Excel® file, containing the following information: name and registration number of all active firefighters, position and current unit, length of service at the institution (in years), previous sick leave (yes or no), date of sick leave, diagnosis attributed to sick leave according to the code described in ICD-10, <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> sick leave start and end dates.</p>
					<p>Four variables were constructed. The first was the number of potentially worked days. This was calculated from the total number of days in a given period multiplied by the number of active firefighters in the institution. The second was the number of working days lost due to health problems, calculated by the sum of sick leave days.</p>
					<p>The third was the percentage of working days lost due to health problems, calculated from the sum of sick leave days divided by the sum of potentially worked days. The fourth variable was the proportion of sick leave due to acute respiratory infection. The latter considered sick leave events, i.e., the number of times that firefighters were signed off work by a healthcare professional after an appointment, regardless of the number of days. The variables were based on the recommendation of Heising and collaborators for studies on absenteeism. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Analysis</title>
					<p>The first stage of analysis was the construction of bar graphs to view the profile of working days lost due to health problems, day by day, between January 1 and May 31 in the years 2019 and 2020. We organized the data into two strata: acute respiratory infection and other diagnoses. Then, we carried out a descriptive analysis (of absolute and relative data) for these variables. The analyses were organized by month for the first five months of 2019 and 2020. Finally, we used the chi-square test to compare the percentage of lost working days by diagnosis group and the proportion of sick leave due to acute respiratory infection between 2019 and 2020. Comparisons with p-value ≤ 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ethical aspects</title>
					<p>This investigation, including access to SIGS data, was authorized by the CBMMG Healthcare Advisory Office and General Command. The study is part of a larger project on firefighters’ health approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) (CAAE: 15169813.1.0000.5149).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p>CBMMG currently has 5,627 staff members in active service. Between January 1 and May 31, 2020, 22.5% (n = 1,268) firefighters were signed off work for at least one day due to health problems (all diagnoses). In the same period, 7.0% (n = 396) were signed off work due to conditions compatible with acute respiratory infection. Among them, 20 (0.36%) tested positive for COVID-19. The first case was diagnosed on March 17, 2020, and the last one on May 29, 2020.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Graphic description of sick leave due to acute respiratory infection in 2019 and 2020</title>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref> presents working days lost due to acute respiratory infection and other diagnoses during the first five months of 2019. The data indicated a low occurrence of absences due to acute respiratory infection and low daily variation in the number of firefighters signed off work for this reason.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f3">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Number of firefighters on sick leave due to acute respiratory infection and other health problems between January 1 and May 31, 2019, in Minas Gerais, Brazil (N = 5,764)</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2317-6369-rbso-45-e27-gf3.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref> shows the number of working days lost due to acute respiratory infection and other diagnoses between January 1 and May 31, 2020.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f4">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Number of firefighters on sick leave due to acute respiratory infection and other health problems between January 1 and May 31, 2020, in Minas Gerais, Brazil (N = 5,627)</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2317-6369-rbso-45-e27-gf4.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The graphic analysis shows three distinct periods along 2020: 1) a regular sick leave pattern before the pandemic beginning (from January 1 to March 15); 2) a sick leave peak period after the pandemic manifestation (from March 16 to April 9); and 3) a new sick leave pattern after the pandemic peak (from April 10).</p>
					<p>The first period is characterized by a regular sick leave pattern before the pandemic onset. A small variation could be observed in the raw data on working days lost due to acute respiratory infection. On average, three firefighters were signed off work per day during this period (0.05% of staff), and the day with the greatest number of suspensions was March 13 (10 firefighters; 0.18% of staff). The diagnosis accounted for, on average, 3.61% of total working days lost due to health problems.</p>
					<p>The second period can be defined as sick leave peak period after the pandemic manifestation (from March 15 to April 9). The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Minas Gerais was reported on March 8, 2020. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> One week later, the number of working days lost due to acute respiratory infection increased sharply at CBMMG. The upward trend started on March 15 (17 staff; 0.30% of the workforce) and peaked on March 26 and 27 (97 firefighters; 1.72% of staff). Then the number of signed off firefighters decreased on April 9 (20 firefighters; 0.36% of staff). The average number of firefighters signed off work during the peak period was 56 per day (1.00% of staff), i.e., 18.7 times higher than in the pre-pandemic pattern. Consequently, such suspensions accounted for 39.0% of total sick leave in the institution.</p>
					<p>Finally, a new pattern was identified from April 10. The average number of firefighters signed off work per day was 17 (0.30% of staff), indicating an increase of about six times compared to the pre-pandemic period (January 1 to March 15). Absences due to acute respiratory infection accounted for, on average, 24.4% of the total after the peak period. In the period beginning on April 10, the sick leave numbers were not stable. On the contrary, a new growth trend was observed in working days lost due to acute respiratory infection.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Percentage comparison of working days lost due to acute respiratory infection between 2019 and 2020</title>
					<p>The 2019 percentage of working days lost due to acute respiratory infection was compared to 2020. Differences were observed over the first five months. In January, no differences were found in total days lost due to acute respiratory infection between 2019 and 2020. In February, a significantly higher percentage of working days lost due to this infection was observed in 2020. In March, the difference between 2019 and 2020 increased and remained statistically significant throughout April and May. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). Compared to 2019, the percentage of working days lost due to acute respiratory infection increased by 580% in 2020.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Descriptive analysis and bivariate comparison (chi-square) of the percentage of working days lost due to acute respiratory infection in 2019 and 2020 among firefighters in Minas Gerais, Brazil</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col span="3"/>
									<col span="3"/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" rowspan="3">Month</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="3">2019*</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="3">2020** </th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="3">X<sup>2</sup></th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" rowspan="2">Potentially worked days</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">Days lost due to acute respiratory infection</th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="2">Potentially worked days</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">Days lost due to acute respiratory infection</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">n</th>
										<th align="center">%</th>
										<th align="center">n</th>
										<th align="center">%</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">January</td>
										<td align="center">178,684</td>
										<td align="center">57</td>
										<td align="center">0.03</td>
										<td align="center">174,437</td>
										<td align="center">74</td>
										<td align="center">0.04</td>
										<td align="center">2.63</td>
										<td align="center">0.104</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">February</td>
										<td align="center">161,392</td>
										<td align="center">36</td>
										<td align="center">0.02</td>
										<td align="center">163,183</td>
										<td align="center">88</td>
										<td align="center">0.05</td>
										<td align="center">21.24</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">March</td>
										<td align="center">178,684</td>
										<td align="center">75</td>
										<td align="center">0.04</td>
										<td align="center">174,437</td>
										<td align="center">1150</td>
										<td align="center">0.66</td>
										<td align="center">972.91</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">April</td>
										<td align="center">172,920</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">0.06</td>
										<td align="center">168,810</td>
										<td align="center">600</td>
										<td align="center">0.36</td>
										<td align="center">370.08</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">May</td>
										<td align="center">178,684</td>
										<td align="center">150</td>
										<td align="center">0.08</td>
										<td align="center">174,437</td>
										<td align="center">603</td>
										<td align="center">0.35</td>
										<td align="center">284.17</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN7">
									<p>* Population in 2019 = 5,764 firefighters.</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN8">
									<p>** Population in 2020 = 5,627 firefighters.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Comparison of sick leave due to acute respiratory infection between 2019 and 2020</title>
					<p>There were no differences between both years regarding the proportion of sick leave due to acute respiratory infection in January. From February, a significant difference in the proportion of sick leave was higher in 2020, with significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in February, March, April, and May (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). The proportion of sick leave due to acute respiratory infection increased by 312% in 2020.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Descriptive analysis and bivariate comparison (chi-square) of sick leave due to acute respiratory infection in 2019 and 2020 among firefighters in Minas Gerais, Brazil</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col span="3"/>
									<col span="3"/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" rowspan="3">Month</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="3">2019* </th>
										<th align="center" colspan="3">2020**</th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="3">X<sup>2</sup></th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" rowspan="2">Sick leave (total)</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">Sick leave due to acute respiratory infection (total)</th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="2">Sick leave</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">Sick leave due to acute respiratory infection </th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">n</th>
										<th align="center">%</th>
										<th align="center">n</th>
										<th align="center">%</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">January</td>
										<td align="center">386</td>
										<td align="center">26</td>
										<td align="center">6.74</td>
										<td align="center">363</td>
										<td align="center">29</td>
										<td align="center">7.99</td>
										<td align="center">0.43</td>
										<td align="center">0.511</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">February</td>
										<td align="center">371</td>
										<td align="center">20</td>
										<td align="center">5.39</td>
										<td align="center">393</td>
										<td align="center">39</td>
										<td align="center">9.92</td>
										<td align="center">5.50</td>
										<td align="center">0.019</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">March</td>
										<td align="center">421</td>
										<td align="center">43</td>
										<td align="center">10.21</td>
										<td align="center">546</td>
										<td align="center">215</td>
										<td align="center">39.38</td>
										<td align="center">103.35</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">April</td>
										<td align="center">580</td>
										<td align="center">53</td>
										<td align="center">9.14</td>
										<td align="center">316</td>
										<td align="center">118</td>
										<td align="center">37.34</td>
										<td align="center">105.37</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">May</td>
										<td align="center">640</td>
										<td align="center">70</td>
										<td align="center">10.94</td>
										<td align="center">329</td>
										<td align="center">137</td>
										<td align="center">41.64</td>
										<td align="center">121.94</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN9">
									<p>* Population in 2019 = 5,764 firefighters.</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN10">
									<p>** Population in 2020 = 5,627 firefighters.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Percentage comparison of working days lost due to other health problems between 2019 and 2020</title>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref> suggests that the percentage of working days lost due to other health problems decreased after the pandemic onset. No difference was found between 2020 and 2019 in January. In February and March, there was a greater percentage of working days lost due to other health problems when 2020 is compared to 2019 (p &lt; 0.05). </p>
					<p>In April and May, however, there was an inversion: a significantly lower percentage of working days lost due to other health problems was observed in 2020. Especially in May the percentage of working days lost due to other health problems was 2.4 times lower in 2020 than the same month in 2019 (0.84% vs. 2.00%, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). Altogether, the percentage of working days lost due to other diagnoses decreased by 16% in 2020.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Descriptive analysis and bivariate comparison (chi-square) of the percentage of working days lost due to other diagnoses in 2019 and 2020 among firefighters in Minas Gerais, Brazil</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
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									<col/>
									<col span="3"/>
									<col span="3"/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
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								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" rowspan="3">Month</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="3">2019*</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="3">2020**</th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="3">X<sup>2</sup></th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" rowspan="2">Potentially worked days</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">Days lost due to other diagnoses</th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="2">Potentially worked days</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">Days lost due to other diagnoses</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">n</th>
										<th align="center">%</th>
										<th align="center">n</th>
										<th align="center">%</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">January</td>
										<td align="center">178,684</td>
										<td align="center">2,511</td>
										<td align="center">1.41</td>
										<td align="center">174,437</td>
										<td align="center">2,523</td>
										<td align="center">1.45</td>
										<td align="center">1.03</td>
										<td align="center">0.310</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">February</td>
										<td align="center">161,392</td>
										<td align="center">2,040</td>
										<td align="center">1.26</td>
										<td align="center">163,183</td>
										<td align="center">2,767</td>
										<td align="center">1.70</td>
										<td align="center">100.58</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">March</td>
										<td align="center">178,684</td>
										<td align="center">2,536</td>
										<td align="center">1.42</td>
										<td align="center">174,437</td>
										<td align="center">2,743</td>
										<td align="center">1.57</td>
										<td align="center">13.65</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">April</td>
										<td align="center">172,920</td>
										<td align="center">3,188</td>
										<td align="center">1.84</td>
										<td align="center">168,810</td>
										<td align="center">1,953</td>
										<td align="center">1.16</td>
										<td align="center">263.81</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">May</td>
										<td align="center">178,684</td>
										<td align="center">3,569</td>
										<td align="center">2.00</td>
										<td align="center">174,437</td>
										<td align="center">1,472</td>
										<td align="center">0.84</td>
										<td align="center">811.29</td>
										<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN11">
									<p>* Population in 2019 = 5,764 firefighters</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN12">
									<p>** Population in 2020 = 5,627 firefighters</p>
								</fn>
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						</table-wrap>
					</p>
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			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>The results corroborated the hypothesis that among firefighters absenteeism due to acute respiratory infection has grown since the pandemic onset. A graphic analysis indicated a distinct time-related pattern since the confirmation of the first COVID-19 case in Minas Gerais. The bivariate comparison between 2019 and 2020 showed a higher percentage of working days lost due to acute respiratory infection in 2020. In contrast, the percentage of working days lost due to other diagnoses decreased. The change in the absenteeism profile possiblly reflects the firefighters’ illness, but also their formal employment contract, the institucional policies and the risk perception concerning the pandemic.</p>
				<p>At least three time-related sick leave patterns were identified between January and May 2020. Their characteristics translated the transition from normality to daily life marked by the need for social distancing and healthcare precautions. The pandemic onset led to an abrupt increase in sick leave numbers due to acute respiratory infection. However, only 7 COVID-19 cases had been recorded until April 10<sup>th</sup>, which indicates that few suspected cases received the diagnosis of the infectious. The question is: if the firefighters were not on sick leave due to COVID-19 diagnosis, what might explain the abrupt increase in the number of working days lost due to acute respiratory infection?</p>
				<p>A caveat is in order here: there is acknowledged underreporting of COVID-19 cases in the state of Minas Gerais.<sup>23</sup> Therefore, one cannot rule out the possibility that sick leave due to acute respiratory infection among firefighters reflects cases of undiagnosed COVID-19, either because they were not tested or because the tests failed to identify the disease. This possibility is reinforced by the lack of diagnostic tests reported by the institution doctors, especially in the beginning of the pandemic. In such a setting, it is difficult to estimate the actual number of cases. However, even though underreporting is recognized and many firefighters stayed away from work without knowing if they had been infected. It is noticeable the increase in the number of workers who looked for a doctor and were signed off work due to symptoms of acute respiratory infection. This is the focus of the discussion.</p>
				<p>A first hypothesis was that the increase in the daily number of firefighters signed off work due to acute respiratory infection merely reflects the change in medical care practices. The protocol published by CBMMG recommended that all firefighters who fit the definition of COVID-19 suspected cases must be signed off work for 7 days and reassessed on the 7th day, with the possibility of extending the leave; it also recommended that confirmed cases be signed off for at least 14 days. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Such measures extended the terms adopted by the institution before the pandemic starting, when the recommendation for minimum sick leave due to acute respiratory infections varied from 3 (for example, in cases of flu or laryngitis) to 10 days (for example, in case of pneumonia), depending on the severity of the disease. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> This hypothesis was discarded after comparison between sick leave in 2019 and 2020: sick leave due to acute respiratory infections grew in absolute numbers and percentages, with significant differences between the two years. Therefore, firefighters did indeed seek medical care more frequently when showing symptoms of acute respiratory infection.</p>
				<p>The first hypothesis was rejected. A second one was that firefighters might have seeked more often for medical care due to their increased self perceived risk regarding the threat they were confronted with in their workplace. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> People who previously would not consider the possibility of seeing a doctor due to fever, sore throat, or coughing changed their behavior. Doctors, in turn, following the new protocol to avoid contagion among workers in their Fire Units, signed off work everyone who reported acute respiratory symptoms. This hypothesis was also supported by the firefighters’ formal employment contract. The influence of job security on higher absenteeism rates due to health problems is widely recognized. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>But what could explain the growth of sick leave days due to acute respiratory infection followed by a steep decrease in the number of working days lost between March 15 and April 9? Cases of the disease among the population have been growing steadily every day, <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> and, therefore, it seems unreasonable to consider they have decreased among firefighters. It is worth noting that, after the first case of the disease in Brazil, government agencies were unclear, or even contradictory about COVID-19. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> The lack of centralized guidance during a pandemic tends to generate erratic behavior and undermine the population’s adherence to mitigation measures. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> The issuance of a medical care protocol by CBMMG helped redress this scenario, contributing to standardize individual and collective behavior, inform and, guide workers. Besides, the issuance of new guidelines reorganizing the workplace may also have contributed to stabilizing the firefighters’ risk preception.</p>
				<p>Self-perception of health risk is based on feelings and cognitions. Fear plays a key role and acts as a catalyst for the adoption of certain behaviors. In fearing the growth of COVID-19 cases in the country, a threat to their own health (and to the health of those close to them), people naturally strive to appease that unpleasant feeling. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> However, their behavior will depend on their assessment of the situation. Individuals assess the severity of the threat facing them, the likelihood of that threat affecting them in particular (that is, their vulnerability), and, finally, the effectiveness of certain behaviors to mitigate the threat to which they are to exposed. This chain of feelings and cognitions helps to explain erratic behavior, as fear tends to generate inappropriate response when news of a threat are not accompanied by guidance: people may deny the pandemic, avoid talking or thinking about the current situation, focus on magical thoughts (belief in miraculous treatments, for example) or respond in a manner that is exaggerated or unsupported by scientific evidence or medical recommendation. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>In short, a plausible explanation for the peak of sick leave due to acute respiratory infection could be summarized as follows. In view of the uncertainty caused by the lack of information and guidance for the general population, there was a sudden increase in the firefighters’ self-perceived risk of the disease and their evident occupational exposure to it. The medical guidance and the institutional attitude about the pandemic resulted in a decrease and stabilization of such perception. This explanation is compatible, for example, with the results obtained in a study carried out in Hong Kong showing the high degree of confidence of the population in healthcare professionals regarding behaviors to be adopted in the current situation. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>Further analysis suggested that, despite the decrease in sick leave recorded after April 10, risk perception remains higher than before the pandemic beginning. One may assume that this perception will remain high for some time, since no effective drug therapy for COVID-19 has been identified so far and the prospects for a vaccine are remote. Firefighters are likely to remain alert to the occurrence of typical symptoms of the disease because they fear either for their health or for the health of their co-workers, people rescued, and relatives. Therefore, a higher number of firefighters absent from work due to acute respiratory infection is expected to be part of the new sick leave pattern.</p>
				<p>The decrease in sick leave due to other diagnoses since April 2020 could be explained by more than one hypothesis. The first one is that the firefighters are less frequently seeking for healthcare services when affected by less severe symptoms not directly related to COVID-19. For example, sprains, minor cuts or burns, pulled muscles, among others, are being treated at home, without medical advice. At the same time, elective procedures in healthcare services have been restricted or canceled, reducing the number of regular surgeries, exams and appointments.<sup>32</sup> Altogether, the change in the behavioral pattern related to seeking medical care and the imposed restrictions would explain part of the decrease in sick leave due to other diagnoses. The second hypothesis, which complements the first, is that the firefighters are spending more time at home, restricting activities unrelated to work, such as exercising, and leisure. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> As a result, they are less exposed to risk of injury from trauma and accidents during their time off.</p>
				<p>The results suggest recommendations for pandemic management in Brazilian institutions with workers on the frontline against COVID-19. Due to the similarities with firefighters, doctors, nurses and ambulance staff can benefit from measures similar to those described in this article. First of all, it is recommended that the managers of such institutions provide disinfection products, materials, and personal protection equipment compatible with the type of risk inherent to each activity, with special attention to professionals providing hospital and pre-hospital care. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> Standardized procedures for individual and environmental sanitization (materials, equipment, rooms, vehicles) and reorganization of common spaces, such as living quarters, administrative sectors, cafeterias, and snack bars, are also suggested. The adoption of new routines (such as teleworking, online meetings, shifts with reduced staff in administrative units) and restriction of other activities (suspension of face-to-face classes and courses, for example) are necessary and recommended alongside the mandatory wearing of face masks, distancing measures and hand hygiene during all day work. The institutions must adopt a distinct attitude in facing the pandemic, effectively communicate it to their employees and have the direct participation of healthcare professionals, especially doctors. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> As for absenteeism policies, suspected and confirmed cases must be promptly signed off work. In other words, they must instruct and guide staff and reassure them that no penalties will be imposed. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>One aspect that should not be overlooked is health education. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Coming into work when ill should be discouraged, even if the employee feels well enough to work normally. Professionals on the frontline are known for minimizing their own risks in favor of the well-being of the population and their co-workers support. However, during a pandemic, such an attitude can be described as a “misplaced sense of duty.” <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Institutional programs should be developed to resignify values considered important by firefighters and other frontline professionals, such as strength, vigor, and selflessness, <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> contrasting them with the duty of not contributing to spread the disease. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Such initiatives should, for example, consider that these workers are in direct contact with vulnerable individuals (older adults, patients with chronic diseases), who need to avoid interaction with infected people as much as possible. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>Finally, institutions must be aware of changes in workers’ habits during the pandemic. The decrease in physical activities due to social distancing and restrictions imposed by local governments (with the closure of gyms, parks, and clubs) may negatively impact on the health and work performance of professionals who need to be physically fit to undertake their jobs. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> Providing open spaces in the workplace and training programs adapted to the current reality may be beneficial. Similarly, alternative health services for frontline workers can be offered such as online or telephone appointments should be encouraged, especially for those with chronic diseases. This should include psychological and psychiatric care, <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> since symptoms related to anxiety and depression tend to emerge during<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> and persist after periods of pandemic. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref>
				</p>
				<p>This study was based on official absenteeism records and included the entire population of active workers of a public institution. The records of suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 were standardized through a protocol and entered into a computerized system. Despite its advantages, it is also necessary to highlight its limitations. The first was that despite the publication of the protocol, no training workshops were offered to the institution’s physicians to ensure uniform records. Therefore, the criteria adopted by each professional could be heterogeneous. A second limitation is the absence of self-reporting data that would make it possible to test the hypotheses. A complementary health survey is recommended addressing specific constructs such as risk perception, frequency of exercising, leisure activities, and search for healthcare services. The intention was to provide a following investigation integrated into the scope of the longitudinal study of which it is part. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref>
				</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusion</title>
				<p>To conclude, it is noteworthy to stress that the variation in the sick leave pattern probably reflects formal employment conditions and institutional policies favorable to absenteeism due to acute respiratory infection. The increase in risk perception is positive and necessary during a pandemic in which non-pharmacological measures seem to be the only effective way to contain its progress. Consequently, institutions should reinforce such attitudes and behaviors through information campaigns and interventions in work environments and organization.</p>
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					<label>4</label>
					<p>The authors inform that the work was not presented at any scientific event and was not based on a dissertation or thesis.</p>
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