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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rap</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista de Administração Pública</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Adm. Pública</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7612</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1982-3134</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Fundação Getulio Vargas</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00009</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7612158681</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Fórum: Perspectivas Práticas</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>A repercussão da corrupção brasileira na mídia: uma análise comparada das revistas Der Spiegel, L‘Obs, The Economist, Time e Veja</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>La incidencia de la corrupción de Brasil en los medios de comunicación: un análisis comparativo de las revistas Der Spiegel, L’Obs, The Economist, Time y Veja</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>The impact of Brazilian corruption in the media: a comparative analysis of magazines Der Spiegel, L’Obs, The Economist, Time and Veja</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gehrke</surname>
						<given-names>Germano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Borba</surname>
						<given-names>José Alonso</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Denize Demarche Minatti</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Blumenau / Centro de Ciências Sociais e Aplicadas, Blumenau / SC - Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Regional de Blumenau</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Blumenau</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Blumenau</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>germanogehrke@terra.com.br</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina / Departamento de Ciências Contábeis, Florianópolis / SC - Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Florianópolis</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>j.alonso@ufsc.br</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina / Departamento de Ciências Contábeis, Florianópolis / SC - Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Florianópolis</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>denize.minatti@ufsc.br</email>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Germano Gehrke - É mestre em administração e professor do Centro de Ciências Sociais e Aplicadas da Furb. E-mail: germanogehrke@terra.com.br.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>José Alonso Borba - É doutor em contabilidade e controladoria e professor associado III do Departamento de Ciências Contábeis da UFSC. E-mail: j.alonso@ufsc.br.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
					<p>Denize Demarche Minatti Ferreira - É doutora em engenharia e gestão do conhecimento e professora do Departamento de Ciências Contábeis da UFSC. E-mail: denize.minatti@ufsc.br.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Jan-Feb</season>
				<year>2017</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>51</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>157</fpage>
			<lpage>167</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2016</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2016</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O presente artigo investiga notícias sobre corrupção ocorridas no Brasil e veiculadas em revistas semanais de ampla circulação nas quatro maiores economias ocidentais; <italic>Der Spiegel</italic> (Alemanha), <italic>L‘Obs</italic> (França), <italic>The Economist</italic> (Reino Unido) e <italic>Time</italic> (Estados Unidos da América). Também compara aquelas com as publicadas em revista brasileira (<italic>Veja</italic>). Por meio de análise de correlação avaliou-se o comportamento das notícias publicadas nessas revistas de 2003 a 2014. O artigo ainda quantificou as formas de corrupção praticada no Brasil. Entre os principais resultados, pode-se inferir que a análise das notícias sobre corrupção publicadas na revista <italic>Veja</italic> está correlacionada com as veiculadas nas revistas estrangeiras analisadas. Outrossim, houve um aumento gradativo das notícias sobre o Brasil nas revistas da amostra.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Este artículo investiga las noticias sobre la corrupción se produjo en Brasil y se emitió en revistas semanales amplia circulación en las cuatro principales economías occidentales; <italic>Der Spiegel</italic> (Alemania), <italic>Le Nouvel Observateur</italic> (Francia), <italic>The Economist</italic> (Reino Unido) y <italic>Time</italic> (Estados Unidos). También los compara con los publicados en la revista brasileña (<italic>Veja</italic>). A través del análisis de correlación evaluado el comportamiento de las noticias publicadas en estas revistas desde 2003 hasta 2014. El artículo también cuantifica la forma de corrupción practicados en Brasil. Entre los principales resultados, se puede inferir que el análisis de las noticias sobre la corrupción publicado en la revista <italic>Veja</italic> se replican de manera correspondiente en revistas extranjeras analizadas. Además se observó en el período un aumento en noticias sobre Brasil en las revistas de la muestra.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>This article investigates news about corruption occurring in Brazil and published in widely circulated weekly magazines in the four major western economies; <italic>Der Spiegel</italic> (Germany), <italic>Le Nouvel Observateur</italic> (France), <italic>The Economist</italic> (United Kingdom) and <italic>Time</italic> (United States of America). Subsequently comparing them with the Brazilian magazine (Veja). Through correlation analysis the behavior of the news published in these magazines from 2003 to 2014 was evaluated. The article also quantified the form of corruption practiced in Brazil. Among the main results, it is possible to say that the analysis of news about corruption published in Veja magazine is corrrelated with those published by the foreign magazines analyzed. Also, there was a gradual increase of the news about Brazil in the magazines of the sample.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>corrupção</kwd>
				<kwd>imagem</kwd>
				<kwd>Brasil</kwd>
				<kwd>revistas de notícias</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave</title>
				<kwd>corrupción</kwd>
				<kwd>imagen</kwd>
				<kwd>Brasil</kwd>
				<kwd>revistas</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>corruption</kwd>
				<kwd>image</kwd>
				<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
				<kwd>news magazines</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="31"/>
				<page-count count="11"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>1. Introdução</title>
			<p>A combinação dos eventos Copa do Mundo e Olimpíadas disputados de forma sequencial num mesmo país seria suficiente para exposição ampla por parte da mídia sobre o local ser sede dos dois eventos. O Brasil, entretanto, vem atraindo atenção no exterior por outras razões. Ao longo das duas últimas décadas, a consolidação do sistema democrático brasileiro, o desempenho da economia, suas posições diplomáticas e a corrupção nos setores público e privado têm sido tópicos relevantes e recorrentes.</p>
			<p>Poucos países em um período de menos de seis anos foram tema de quatro reportagens de capa da revista britânica <italic>The Economist</italic>. Em novembro de 2009, o Brasil foi contemplado com um artigo especial de 14 páginas que tratava da maior história de sucesso da América Latina, com o título: “<italic>A</italic> 
 <italic>14 Page Special Report on Latin America’s Big Success Story</italic>”. Passados quase quatro anos, a mesma revista destina sua capa a outro artigo: “<italic>Has Brazil blown it</italic>?”. Em outubro de 2014, o Brasil volta a estampar a capa da edição destinada às Américas, desta vez com a manchete: “<italic>Why Brazil needs change</italic>”, indicando sua preferência por um dos candidatos à presidência no segundo turno da eleição. Em fevereiro de 2015, uma nova edição destinada às Américas contempla novamente o país, referindo-se à combinação de estagnação econômica, inflação, corrupção e aumento das tarifas públicas como responsável pelo “atoleiro” do Brasil (<italic>Brazil’s quagmire</italic>).</p>
			<p>É no ambiente das organizações que os atos corruptos ocorrem frequentemente, com implicação direta na administração das empresas. Por sua natureza criminosa, atos de corrupção são omitidos por seus perpetradores e usualmente negados quando investigados ou descobertos; logo, é razoável estimar que apenas uma fração dessas práticas vem à tona. Consequentemente, em função da inexistência de um banco de dados amplo e representativo dos atos de corrupção, a apuração do volume dos prejuízos que causam é comprometida. Assim, algumas ferramentas de pesquisa buscam uma alternativa a essa limitação de disponibilidade de dados por meio de consultas que indicam a existência de corrupção em determinados países a partir da opinião expressa por executivos e especialistas. Segundo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cavusgil e colaboradores (2010</xref>), o Índice de Percepções de Corrupção (2013) produzido pela Transparência Internacional mostra o nível de corrupção mundial de executivos envolvidos em negócios internacionais.</p>
			<p>A imagem de um país exerce influência que ultrapassa decisões sobre investimentos ou do comércio internacional. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Roth e Diamantopoulos (2009</xref>) afirmam que uma imagem favorável do país produtor de determinado bem ou serviço tem impacto considerável na avaliação dos consumidores e, portanto, influencia as decisões de compras dos mesmos.</p>
			<p>Desse modo, percebe-se que a imagem de um país é relevante para o desempenho de sua economia, principalmente nas operações internacionais de comércio e investimento, e que a corrupção representa uma variável importante na construção dessa imagem e, assim, passa a ser importante identificar como o Brasil é percebido no exterior. Diante do exposto, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar os tipos de corrupção recorrentes no Brasil e a exposição de notícias relacionadas com a mesma, divulgadas nas revistas de notícias: <italic>Der Spiegel</italic> (Alemanha), <italic>L‘Obs</italic> (França), <italic>The Economist</italic> (Reino Unido) e <italic>Time</italic> (Estados Unidos da América) e as compara com as publicadas na revista brasileira <italic>Veja</italic>.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>2. Revisão bibliográfica</title>
			<p>Há uma impossibilidade de conceituar corrupção de forma consensual, uma vez que o ato de corrupção e suas formas são interpretados de maneira distinta de acordo com a perspectiva pela qual são analisados. A Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) desenvolveu uma série de procedimentos na luta contra a corrupção. Em dezembro de 2005, entrou em vigor a United Nations Convention Against Corruption (Uncac), primeiro instrumento de combate à corrupção de caráter jurídico vinculativo e que convida países participantes à criação de estruturas legais e políticas em conformidade com padrões globalmente aceitos, ou seja, um regime internacional para combater a corrupção de forma mais eficiente.</p>
			<p>A ONU aponta sete ações principais caracterizadas como corruptoras: suborno, desfalque/roubo/fraude, extorsão, abuso da função, favorecimento/nepotismo, exploração de conflito de interesses e contribuições políticas impróprias. As definições concentram-se em exemplos vinculados ao setor público, mas não exclui o privado, uma vez que a obra apresenta a mais utilizada definição de corrupção (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">UNODC, 2004</xref>:23) como “o mau uso de uma posição pública ou privada de forma direta ou indireta para o ganho pessoal”.</p>
			<p>Na literatura econômica tampouco há consenso sobre a definição de corrupção e distintas interpretações são formuladas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kaufmann (1997</xref>:114) apresenta corrupção como o “abuso da função pública para benefício próprio”. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Kaufmann (2011)</xref> postula ainda que a corrupção é uma característica que pode ser alocada a qualquer agente público nela envolvido, tanto no papel de corruptor como de corrompido. Ainda segundo o autor há uma ênfase exagerada na exposição e discurso sobre o papel do setor público e seus agentes nos processos de corrupção, a participação do setor privado na definição de corrupção é tão central quanto a do setor público.</p>
			<p>Do mesmo modo que os setores público e privado, o setor informal (<italic>shadow economy</italic>) está relacionado com a corrupção, no sentido de serem positivamente correlacionados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Johnson et al., 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Hindriks et al., 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Dreher et al., 2009</xref>), também quando indicadores de percepção de corrupção são utilizados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dreher e Schneider, 2010</xref>), e no Brasil o setor informal é considerado grande (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bologna, 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Em relação à corrupção e seus efeitos com políticas macroeconômicas, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Wei (2000)</xref> e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Campos e colaboradores (1999</xref>) trataram do efeito da corrupção no volume de investimento externo direto recebido por um país. O nível de corrupção no país de destino tem função significativa no volume de investimentos recebidos do exterior, ou seja, a corrupção pode ser considerada uma das principais causas que prejudicam o desenvolvimento, particularmente em países de baixa renda, afirma <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bologna (2015</xref>), e ainda os investidores pertencentes à OCDE são adversos à corrupção.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Javorcik e Wei (2009</xref>) aprofundam a análise da corrupção em investimentos estrangeiros em mercados emergentes e concluíram que a corrupção não apenas reduz os investimentos externos diretos, mas altera a estrutura de tais investimentos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Campos e colaboradores (1999</xref>) acrescentam que a corrupção nos países do leste asiático é mais bem organizada e apesar disso tais países têm crescido mais do que os emergentes; dessa forma, cria-se um paradoxo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Jong e Bogmans (2011)</xref> questionam como a corrupção desencoraja o comércio internacional comparando seus efeitos no cenário global. De forma geral, a corrupção emperra o comércio global, enquanto, simultaneamente, o pagamento de propinas a oficiais alfandegários incrementa ou facilita as importações, efeito este mais robusto em países com o sistema alfandegário ineficiente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Thede e Gustafson (2012</xref>) identificaram canais pelos quais a corrupção afeta o comércio e procuraram construir ferramentas de combate à corrupção.</p>
			<p>O papel positivo desempenhado pela mídia no controle ou exposição de casos de corrupção e fraude também foi pesquisado. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Miller (2006</xref>) investigou o papel de monitoramento da imprensa sobre fraude contábil e estudou a cobertura jornalística em empresas envolvidas nesses atos, e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Camaj (2012</xref>) tratou do papel da mídia no combate à corrupção e seus efeitos na <italic>accountability</italic> governamental. Entretanto, diferentemente dos países europeus, essa alternativa é pouco encorajada para a solução de longo prazo da corrupção em países em desenvolvimento com baixos níveis de educação. Como opções, o foco deveria ser na redução do Estado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Stone et al., 1996</xref>) e do setor informal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bologna, 2015</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>3. Metodologia</title>
			<p>Os instrumentos de comunicação pesquisados foram edições impressas de revistas semanais publicadas nas quatro maiores economias ocidentais: Estados Unidos da América, Alemanha, Reino Unido e França, que se deu por meio de consulta aos websites de cada revista e/ou portal. No Brasil, o acesso às notícias foi realizado em pesquisa ao acervo digital da revista <italic>Veja</italic>.</p>
			<p>A definição dos títulos das revistas a serem analisadas baseou-se em dois critérios, um excludente, que inclui apenas as revistas de notícias sobre política e economia, e outro, classificatório, onde foram identificadas as revistas com a maior circulação nos países estudados.</p>
			<p>Ainda em relação aos procedimentos metodológicos, cabe informar que o <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Instituto Verificador de Circulação</xref> (IVC) tem como uma das atividades principais a verificação técnica e a auditoria de informações utilizadas para a comercialização de espaço publicitário e aponta a revista <italic>Veja</italic> como a de maior circulação no país. A Pew Research Center publica um relatório sobre o estado da mídia de notícias, <italic>The state of the news media</italic>, uma análise sobre distintas variáveis em publicações em língua inglesa. A revista <italic>Time</italic> lidera o <italic>ranking</italic> das revistas produzidas nos Estados Unidos da América e a revista britânica <italic>The Economist</italic> é a líder das publicações não estadunidenses. Na Alemanha, no <italic>ranking</italic> TOP 100 <italic>Zeitschriften</italic>, publicado em 2015, a revista <italic>Der Spiegel</italic> ocupa a primeira posição. Na França, o relatório <italic>Observatoire de la presse</italic>, emitido em 2015, aponta a revista <italic>L’Obs</italic> (até 2014 chamada de <italic>Le Nouvel Observateur</italic>) como a revista de notícias de maior circulação no país.</p>
			<p>A coleta de artigos incluiu todas as edições impressas das revistas no período entre 1<sup>o</sup> de janeiro de 2003 e 31 de dezembro de 2014. Considerou-se o ano de 2003 marco no aumento da importância do Brasil na economia mundial a partir da popularização do conceito “Bric”.</p>
			<p>Como critério de busca de artigos nas revistas estrangeiras foi utilizada a palavra Brasil em cada um dos três idiomas, em qualquer local do artigo, ou seja, não limitado ao título e subtítulo, e foram considerados todos os artigos em que o Brasil apareça no título ou subtítulo.</p>
			<p>Para os artigos nos quais a referência ao Brasil conste apenas no texto, a filtragem para a inclusão ou não dos mesmos na base de dados foi feita por análise de conteúdo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bardin, 2009</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>4. Resultados</title>
			<p>Os artigos das publicações estrangeiras e as capas foram classificados de acordo com o assunto tratado. A exposição de temas na mídia local foi analisada tomando-se como referência os assuntos de capa da revista <italic>Veja</italic>.</p>
			<p>A cobertura de corrupção como tema principal das edições da <italic>Veja</italic> ocupa a primeira posição em relevância, com participação de 15,6% (97 edições), junto com o tema saúde (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Assuntos abordados na capa da revista Veja</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="tab1.png"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores (2015).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>A análise dos 757 artigos sobre o Brasil das quatro publicações internacionais indica o tema corrupção ocupando a quinta posição. Os 55 artigos publicados sobre corrupção no país representam 7,3% do total. Seguidos por economia (146 artigos, 19,3%), política (139 artigos, 18,4%), comportamento e sociedade (85 artigos, 11,2%) e internacional (67 artigos, 8,9%), que apresentaram maior destaque nas publicações estrangeiras (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>). Comparando-se esse resultado com o da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>, a participação do tema corrupção como reportagem principal da revista <italic>Veja</italic> em 15,6% das edições supera a exposição do mesmo tema nas revistas estrangeiras (7,3%).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Artigos sobre o Brasil abordados nas revistas internacionais</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="tab2.png"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores (2015).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Em relação à cobertura sobre o Brasil nas publicações estrangeiras, verificou-se que o Brasil é tema de 757 artigos publicados nas quatro revistas estrangeiras, indicando uma frequência superior a um artigo por semana.</p>
			<p>No mesmo período foram produzidos 55 artigos, 7,3% do total sobre corrupção no país. Para exemplo destacam-se os dois resultados mais relevantes: a <italic>The Economist</italic> com 515 artigos sobre o Brasil (68% do total), dos quais 42 sobre corrupção (76%), e a <italic>Der Spiegel</italic> que apresenta 159 publicações (21% do total) e 9 sobre corrupção (16%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">gráfico 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por outro lado, juntas, <italic>Time</italic> e <italic>L’Obs</italic> representam 11% da cobertura sobre temas referentes ao Brasil, menos de 8% dos artigos sobre corrupção.</p>
			<p>O idioma inglês e o consequente apelo a um público não residente no Reino Unido (e que não domina o alemão ou francês) poderiam justificar a dedicação maior da revista a temas internacionais. Entretanto, a <italic>Time</italic> tem participação mínima nos resultados, ainda que compartilhe o mesmo idioma da <italic>The Economist</italic>.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Gráfico 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Artigos sobre o Brasil e sobre corrupção</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0034-7612-rap-51-01-00157-gf1.jpg"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores (2015).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Verificou-se uma crescente participação do Brasil nas principais revistas ocidentais. Dessa forma, a correlação entre o tempo e as notícias veiculadas pelas revistas é positiva e forte (0,75), ou seja, à medida que o tempo passa, aumenta o número de artigos publicados sobre o Brasil nas revistas estrangeiras avaliadas.</p>
			<p>Quanto às notícias sobre corrupção, não foi possível identificar correlação suficientemente sólida do volume de artigos publicados ao longo do tempo que permitisse a identificação de comportamento crescente. O “Mensalão” pode ser responsável por esse resultado, já que concentrou sua exposição em dois momentos, a revelação do fato (2005) e a condenação e prisão dos envolvidos (2012 e 2013).</p>
			<p>As reportagens de capa da revista <italic>Veja</italic> indicaram participação expressiva do tema. Das 623 publicações em 12 anos, 97 trazem capas de casos de corrupção ou consequências do ato. Durante o período, 15,5% das capas trazem corrupção e suas consequências como tema, participação superior à encontrada nas publicações estrangeiras (7,3%).</p>
			<p>A correlação das variáveis tempo × tema de capa sobre corrupção da revista <italic>Veja</italic> com r = 0,324 indica que não há correlação significativa entre tempo e quantidade de capas que tratam de corrupção. Ou seja, uma eventual afirmação de que o número de capas da revista <italic>Veja</italic> publicada ano a ano e que tratam de corrupção tenha aumentado ao longo dos últimos 12 anos não pode ser sustentada estatisticamente.</p>
			<p>Também foram avaliadas as formas de corrupção praticadas no Brasil com base nos temas de capa da revista <italic>Veja.</italic> Ao longo dos 12 anos compreendidos nesta análise, as 97 capas que trataram de corrupção apresentaram formas classificadas pela UNODC como fraude/desfalque/roubo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Tipos de corrupção e artigos da revista Veja</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="tab3.png"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores (2015).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>A revista <italic>Veja</italic> escolheu o tema corrupção e suas consequências como capa em 97 edições ao longo dos 12 anos da análise. No mesmo período, 55 artigos que tratam de corrupção no Brasil foram divulgados nas principais revistas de notícias das quatro maiores economias ocidentais. Destaca-se o número de eventos registrados em 2005, primeiro ano de divulgação de notícias sobre o “Mensalão”. O coeficiente r = 0,537 indica uma relação próxima entre as duas variáveis, com grau de certeza superior a 95% na hipótese de serem correlacionadas positivamente.</p>
			<p>Os dois principais eventos de corrupção no Brasil ao longo do período, “Mensalão” e “Petrolão”, foram considerados nesta pesquisa como crimes de fraude/desfalque/roubo ao patrimônio de organizações públicas. Ainda que o objeto das duas operações tenha sido predominantemente voltado para o financiamento ilícito de partido político e, portanto, relacionado com contribuições políticas impróprias, o delito tem no crime de fraude/desfalque/roubo sua ação inicial, geradora de um objetivo posterior.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>5. Conclusão</title>
				<p>Ao longo do período compreendido entre 2003 e 2014, o Brasil passou a ocupar maior importância no cenário internacional por conta de seu crescimento e sua inclusão entre os Brics. Além disso, os eventos Copa do Mundo e Olimpíadas também foram importantes para essa exposição. Por outro lado, o país também tem atraído atenção por questões que têm afetado sua reputação, especialmente os casos de corrupção.</p>
				<p>Neste estudo observou-se que os casos de corrupção representam 7,3% da quantidade dos artigos sobre o Brasil publicados nas revistas internacionais pesquisadas. Quando a análise foi desenvolvida na mídia impressa brasileira, representada pela quantificação de artigos de capa da revista <italic>Veja</italic>, os casos de corrupção e suas consequências ocuparam 15,6% das reportagens principais em cada edição do semanário.</p>
				<p>Quantificou-se também a divulgação de notícias sobre o Brasil no exterior. A análise da exposição de artigos sobre o Brasil nas revistas de maior circulação das quatro grandes economias ocidentais, <italic>Time</italic> nos Estados Unidos da América, <italic>Der Spiegel</italic> na Alemanha, <italic>The Economist</italic> no Reino Unido e <italic>L’Obs</italic> na França, aponta um índice de correlação que permite afirmar com grau de segurança superior a 99% que os artigos publicados sobre o Brasil vêm crescendo ao longo do período avaliado.</p>
				<p>Ao replicar-se a análise para a exposição de artigos sobre corrupção, não foi possível identificar um índice de correlação que permita afirmar que as notícias sobre corrupção aumentaram ao longo do tempo. A frequência de artigos publicados no exterior bem como a frequência de reportagens de capa da revista <italic>Veja</italic> apresentadas ao longo dos 12 anos analisados não permite uma conclusão definitiva sobre uma eventual tendência de exposição dessas notícias. Observou-se, entretanto, uma concentração de notícias sobre corrupção em dois períodos, primeiro no ano de 2005 e posteriormente no quadriênio de 2011, 2012, 2013 e 2014. Essa concentração de notícias, possivelmente vinculadas ao caso “Mensalão”, aponta para o ano de descoberta do caso (2005) e posterior desdobramento, julgamento (2011), condenação (2012) e prisão dos condenados (2013), bem como para a exposição do caso “Petrolão” em 2014.</p>
				<p>A análise mostrou que há correlação entre as duas distribuições, ou seja, a quantidade de notícias sobre corrupção divulgadas no exterior reflete a exposição dada pela mídia impressa no Brasil.</p>
				<p>Finalmente, a corrupção brasileira e este estudo de certa forma demonstram que a corrupção que se consegue efetivamente relatar é possivelmente muito inferior àquela que acontece; como a clássica figura do <italic>iceberg</italic>, o que se enxerga é apenas uma pequena parte do todo.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
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	<!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>FORUM: PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVES</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>The impact of Brazilian corruption on the media: a comparative analysis of the magazines Der Spiegel, L’Obs, The Economist, Time and Veja</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gehrke</surname>
						<given-names>Germano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Borba</surname>
						<given-names>José Alonso</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Denize Demarche Minatti</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Blumenau / Centro de Ciências Sociais e Aplicadas, Blumenau / SC — Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina / Departamento de Ciências Contábeis, Florianópolis / SC — Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
					<p>Germano Gehrke - MSc in Administration and is a Professor at the Center for Social and Applied Sciences at FURB. E-mail: germanogehrke@terra.com.br.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p>José Alonso Borba - PhD in Accounting and Controllership and is an Associate Professor at the Department of Accounting Sciences at UFSC. E-mail: j.alonso@ufsc.br.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p>Denize Demarche Minatti Ferreira - PhD in Engineering and the Management of Knowledge and is a Professor at the Department of Accounting Sciences at UFSC. E-mail: denize.minatti@ufsc.br.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>This article investigates news about corruption occurring in Brazil and published in widely circulated weekly magazines in the four major western economies; <italic>Der Spiegel</italic> (Germany), <italic>Le Nouvel Observateur</italic> (France), <italic>The Economist</italic> (United Kingdom) and <italic>Time</italic> (United States of America). Subsequently comparing them with the Brazilian magazine (Veja). Through correlation analysis the behavior of the news published in these magazines from 2003 to 2014 was evaluated. The article also quantified the form of corruption practiced in Brazil. Among the main results, it is possible to say that the analysis of news about corruption published in Veja magazine is corrrelated with those published by the foreign magazines analyzed. Also, there was a gradual increase of the news about Brazil in the magazines of the sample.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>corruption</kwd>
				<kwd>image</kwd>
				<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
				<kwd>news magazines.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>1. Introduction</title>
				<p> The combination of the World Cup and the Olympic Games sequentially hosted by the same country over a short period of time would be enough to increase its exposure by the media. Brazil, however, has been attracting attention from international media for other reasons. Over the past two decades, the consolidation of Brazilian democracy, the country’s economic performance, its diplomatic positions, and the corruption of its public and private sectors have been relevant and recurring subjects of interest.</p>
				<p>Few countries have been at the cover of <italic>The Economist</italic> four times over a period of less than six years. In November 2009, Brazil was the subject of an in-depth article entitled “A 14 Page Special Report on Latin America’s Big Success Story.” Four years later, Brazil stamped the Latin American edition of the same magazine with another article, “Has Brazil blown it?” In October 2014, Brazil was once again on the cover of the Latin American edition, this time with the headline “Why Brazil needs change,” indicating a clear preference for one of the candidates in the presidential election. Finally, in February 2015, the Latin American edition featured another article which identified the country’s economic stagnation, inflation, corruption and the high cost of public services as being responsible for “Brazil’s Quagmire<italic>.</italic>”</p>
				<p>It is within organizational environments that acts of corruption frequently occur, directly influencing senior business management. Given their criminal nature, acts of corruption are omitted by their perpetrators and are usually denied when under investigation or revealed; thus, it is reasonable to estimate that only a small portion of these cases actually come to light. Due to the lack of a broad, representative database of corrupt acts, the measurement of the magnitude of the damage caused is also compromised. Thus, as an alternative to overcome this lack of data, research tools collect the opinions of executives and specialists in relation to the level of corruption in various countries. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cavusgil and colleagues (2010</xref>), the Corruption Perceptions Index (2013) produced by Transparency International shows the worldwide level of corruption according to international business executives.</p>
				<p>A country’s image has an influence that goes beyond investments or international commerce. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Roth and Diamantopoulos (2009</xref>) state that the favorable image of the country that produces a given product or service has a considerable impact on consumers, and therefore influences their buying decisions.</p>
				<p>In this way, we can see that the image of a country is relevant to its economic success, mainly in international operations of commerce and investment, and that corruption represents an important variable in the construction of this image. Thus, it is important to identify how Brazil is perceived abroad. In light of this, this study seeks to identify the types of recurring corruption in Brazil and the reporting of news related to this subject, as published in the magazines <italic>Der Spiegel</italic> (Germany), <italic>L‘Obs</italic> (France), <italic>The Economist</italic> (United Kingdom) and <italic>Time</italic> (United States), and compares it to the coverage published by the Brazilian magazine <italic>Veja</italic>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2. Review of the literature</title>
				<p>It is impossible to consensually define corruption, because acts and forms of corruption are interpreted in distinct ways in accordance with the perspectives from which it is analyzed. The United Nations (UN) has developed a series of procedures to fight against corruption. In December 2005, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (Uncac) entered into effect. It is the first global legally binding international anti-corruption instrument, which invites participating countries to create legal and political structures that comply with globally accepted standards. In other words, it is an international anti-corruption regime.</p>
				<p>The UN points to seven main acts characterized as corruption: bribery, fraud/embezzlement/theft, extortion, abuse of power, favoritism/nepotism, exploitation of conflicts of interest and inappropriate political contributions. The definitions of are centered in examples related to the public sector, but do not exclude the private sector, once that it often adopts the definition of corruption as “the direct or indirect improper use of a public or private position for personal gain.” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">UNODC, 2004</xref>:23)</p>
				<p>In the economics literature there is little consensus in terms of a definition for corruption, along with various distinct interpretations. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kaufmann (1997</xref>:114) presents corruption as the “abuse of public office for private gain”, suggesting that corruption is a characteristic that can be applied to any public agent involved in it, either as the perpetrator or the victim (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Kaufmann, 2011</xref>). In addition, the author argues that the emphasis on the exposure and discussion of the role of the public sector and public agents in corrupt processes is exaggerated, since the private sector has also a key role in defining corruption.</p>
				<p>Similar to the public and private sectors, the shadow economy — which is large in Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bologna, 2015</xref>) — is also related to corruption, since they are positively correlated (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Johnson et al., 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Hindriks et al., 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Dreher et al., 2009</xref>). This is also true when we consider perceptions of corruption (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dreher and Schneider, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>In terms of the effects of corruption on macroeconomic policy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Wei (2000)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Campos and colleagues (1999</xref>) deal with the effect of corruption on the volume of foreign direct investment. The level of corruption in any given country has a significant effect on the volume of investment it receives from abroad, or in other words, corruption can be considered one of the main factors that inhibits development, particularly in countries with low incomes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bologna, 2015</xref>). Importantly, investors from OECD countries are averse to corruption. </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Javorcik and Wei (2009</xref>) take a more in-depth look at foreign investment in emerging markets and conclude that corruption does not only reduce foreign direct investment, but it changes the structure of these investments. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Campos and colleagues (1999</xref>) add that corruption in East Asian countries is better organized and, despite that, these countries have grown more than emerging countries, thus creating a paradox. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Jong and Bogmans (2011)</xref> look at the way in which corruption discourages international commerce, comparing its effects worldwide. While corruption in general hinders global commerce, at the same time the bribes to customs agencies increase or facilitate imports, a phenomenon which is more extreme in countries with inefficient customs agencies. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Thede and Gustafson (2012</xref>) identified channels through which corruption affects commerce and sought to create anti-corruption tools.</p>
				<p>The positive role played by the media in controlling and revealing corruption and fraud has also been previously studied. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Miller (2006</xref>) investigated the role of the press in monitoring accounting fraud and the media attention on companies involved in these acts. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Camaj (2012</xref>) explored the role of the media in the fight against corruption and its effects on government accountability. However, unlike European countries, this alternative is less encouraged as a long-term solution to corruption in developing nations with low levels of education. As possible options, the focus could be on the reduction of the State (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Stone et al., 1996</xref>) and the shadow economy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bologna, 2015</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>3. Methodology</title>
				<p>The communication instruments studied were the printed editions of weekly publications of the four major Western economies, namely the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom and France, through each magazine’s website and/or portal. In Brazil, our study of news coverage was made through researching the digital archive of <italic>Veja</italic> magazine.</p>
				<p>The magazines included in this study followed two inclusion criteria: i) magazines that deal with politics and economics (mandatory), and ii) magazines with the most expressive circulation in their respective country (classificatory).</p>
				<p>In relation to methodological procedures, it should be mentioned that one of the main activities of the Circulation Verification Institute (<italic>Instituto Verificador de Circulação</italic> — IVC) is the technical verification and auditing of information used in the commercialization of advertising space, which lists <italic>Veja</italic> as the magazine with the largest circulation in Brazil. The Pew Research Center publishes a report entitled <italic>The State of the News Media</italic>, an analysis of distinct variables having to do with English language publications. The magazine <italic>Time</italic> leads the ranking of US publications and the British publication <italic>The Economist</italic> is the leader of non-American publications. In Germany, in the Top 100 ranking <italic>Zeitschriften</italic>, published in 2015, the magazine <italic>Der Spiegel</italic> (<italic>The Mirror)</italic> occupies the first position. In France, the report <italic>Observatoire de la Presse et des Médias</italic> (<italic>The Press and Media Observatory</italic>), published in 2015, lists the magazine <italic>L’Obs</italic> (which up until 2014 was entitled <italic>Le Nouvel Observateur</italic> (<italic>The New Observer</italic>) as the news magazine with the largest circulation in the country.</p>
				<p>The articles studied come from all the printed editions of these magazines from January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2014. We considered the year 2003 as important to Brazil’s position on the world stage due to the popularization of the term “Bric.”</p>
				<p>Our study of foreign magazines was based on searching for the word ‘Brazil’ in each of these three languages in any part of the articles, or in other words, it was not just limited to the title and subtitle, and all the articles in which Brazil appeared in the title or subtitle were included. For the articles in which the references to Brazil appeared just in the text, the decision to include or not include them was based on content analysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bardin, 2009</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>4. Results</title>
				<p>The foreign publication cover stories and articles were classified according to the subject that they dealt with. The subjects in local media coverage were analyzed using <italic>Veja</italic> cover stories as a reference.</p>
				<p>Corruption was the most often portrayed cover story in the editions of <italic>Veja</italic> in terms of relevance, representing 15.6% of the 97 editions, together with articles on health (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Subject of Veja cover stories</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0034-7612-rap-51-01-00157-gt4.svg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Source: Elaborated by the author (2015).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>An analysis of the 757 articles about Brazil in these four international publications indicates that the subject of corruption was the fifth most cited. The 55 articles published on corruption in Brazil represented 7.3% of the total. The most cited subjects in the foreign publications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 2</xref>) were economy (146 articles, 19.3%), politics (139 articles, 18.4%), society and behavior (85 articles, 11.2%) and international events (67 articles, 8.9%). Comparing these results with those of <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>, the percentage of cover stories on corruption in <italic>Veja</italic> (15.6%) surpassed the percentage of articles on the same subject observed in these foreign publications (7.3%).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Subjects related to Brazil covered in foreign magazines</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0034-7612-rap-51-01-00157-gt5.svg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>Source: Elaborated by the author (2015).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In terms of the coverage of Brazil in foreign publications, we found that Brazil was the subject of 757 articles published in these four foreign magazines, which is a frequency of over one article a week. During the same period, 55 articles (7.3%) were written about corruption in Brazil. The two magazines that stood out were <italic>The Economist</italic> with 515 articles on Brazil (68% of the foreign magazine total), of which 42 were about corruption (76% of the foreign magazine total), and <italic>Der Spiegel</italic> with 159 articles (21% of the total), being 9 about corruption (16% of the total) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Graphic 1</xref>). The magazines <italic>Time</italic> and <italic>L’Obs</italic> represented 11% of the coverage of articles about Brazil and less than 8% of the articles were about corruption.</p>
				<p>The English language and its consequent appeal to those who do not reside in the United Kingdom (and do not speak German or French) could justify the greater dedication of this magazine to international subjects. However, <italic>Time</italic> had the smallest participation in these results, even though it is published in the same language as <italic>The Economist</italic>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Graphic 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Articles about Brazil and corruption</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0034-7612-rap-51-01-00157-gf2.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Source: Elaborated by the authors (2015).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>We can observe a growing coverage of Brazil in the main Western magazines. In this manner, the correlation between time and the number of articles about Brazil published in these magazines is strong (0.75), or in other words, there was a significant increase on the number of articles about Brazil in the foreign magazines over time.</p>
				<p>In terms of news about corruption, it was not possible to identify a significant correlation of the number of articles published over the years to indicate a growing trend. The “Mensalão” Scandal (involving large monthly payments) may be responsible for this result, given that it was the subject of articles in two particular time periods, its initial revelations (2005) and the prison sentences for those involved (2012 and 2013).</p>
				<p>Cover articles in <italic>Veja</italic> indicate intense coverage of this subject. Of the 623 articles published over 12 years, 97 were cover stories about corruption or its consequences. During this period, 15.5% were cover stories on corruption and its consequences, which was a larger percentage than the number of articles in foreign magazines (7.3%).</p>
				<p>The correlation between time and cover stories about corruption variables for <italic>Veja</italic> not significant (r = 0.324). In other words, the statement that the frequency of cover stories in <italic>Veja</italic> has been increasing over the last 12 years cannot be supported statistically.</p>
				<p>The forms of corruption practiced in Brazil were also evaluated in terms of the cover stories in <italic>Veja</italic> magazine<italic>.</italic> Over the 12 years studied, the 97 cover stories have been organized according to the UNODC classifications, such as fraud/embezzlement/theft (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Types of corruption and Veja articles</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0034-7612-rap-51-01-00157-gt6.svg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>Source: Elaborated by the authors (2015).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The magazine <italic>Veja</italic> selected the subject of corruption for 97 of its cover stories over this 12 year period. During the same period, 55 articles dealing with corruption in Brazil appeared in the main news magazines in the four largest Western economies. The year 2005 stands out in this regard, due to the initial revelations of the “Mensalão” Scandal. The correlation coefficient (r = 0.537) indicates that there is a close relationship between these two variables, with more than 95% degree of certainty that they are positively correlated.</p>
				<p>The two main corruption events during this period, the “Mensalão” Scandal and the Petrobras Scandal, were considered as crimes of fraud/embezzlement/theft in government organizations for the purposes of this study. Even though the objective of these operations was mainly related to the illicit financing of political parties and therefore related to improper financial contributions, these crimes may be classified initially as fraud/embezzlement/theft, which was committed to further the subsequent goals.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>5. Conclusion</title>
				<p>During the period studied from 2003 to 2014, Brazil assumed a position of greater importance on the international scene because of its growth and its membership as one of the BRICs. In addition, the World Cup and the Olympic Games also increased its worldwide exposure. On the other hand, the country has attracted attention due to issues that have affected its reputation, especially cases of corruption.</p>
				<p>The present study showed that cases of corruption were the subject of 7.3% of the articles about Brazil published by the international magazines examined. In terms of the Brazilian press, represented by cover stories of <italic>Veja</italic> magazine, corruption and its consequences have been the subject of 15.6% of its main articles.</p>
				<p>We have also quantified the coverage of news related to Brazil internationally. Our results from the analysis of articles about Brazil in the largest circulation magazines of the four largest Western economies — <italic>Time</italic> in the United States, <italic>Der Spiegel</italic> in Germany, <italic>The Economist</italic> in the United Kingdom and <italic>L’Obs</italic> in France — provide evidence that the number of articles about Brazil has been increasing over time, considering the period studied. </p>
				<p>Regarding articles about corruption, our results did not show the same trend, given the frequency of these articles published abroad as well as the frequency of <italic>Veja</italic> cover stories over the 12 year period studied. Although a high number of articles on corruption can be observed, they are concentrated in two specific periods: the first being in 2005 and the second being from 2011 to 2014. This pattern might be related to the “Mensalão” Scandal, with initial revelations in 2005 and, subsequently, guilty verdicts (2011), sentencing (2012) prison terms of various figures involved (2013), as well as the Petrobras Scandal, with initial revelations in 2014. In addition, our analysis showed that the number of articles about corruption published abroad reflects the coverage and exposure of this subject by the Brazilian press.</p>
				<p>Finally, as Brazilian corruption, our study demonstrates to some extent that the degree of corruption that has been revealed so far is probably much smaller than its real extent and, like the classic iceberg metaphor, what is visible is only a small fraction of what lurks beneath the surface.</p>
			</sec>
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					<label>7</label>
					<p>{Translated version} Note: All quotes in English translated by this article’s translator.</p>
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