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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rap</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista de Administração Pública</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Adm. Pública</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7612</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1982-3134</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Fundação Getulio Vargas</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7612160487</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00004</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Os fatores determinantes da participação na produção coletiva de ideias para solução de problemas públicos</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>Los factores determinantes de la participación en la producción colectiva de ideas para solución de problemas públicos</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Determinant factors of participation in the co-production of ideas to solve public problems</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Teresa Cristina Monteiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bermejo</surname>
						<given-names>Paulo Henrique de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Lavras / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Lavras/ MG- Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Lavras</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Lavras</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Lavras</named-content>
        			<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>teresacristina.ufla@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade de Brasília/ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Brasília/ DF- Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
        			<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>paulo@dcc.ufla.br</email>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Teresa Cristina Monteiro Martins - Doutoranda em administração pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração da Universidade Federal de Lavras (MG), Brasil. E-mail: teresacristina.ufla@gmail.com.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
					<p>Paulo Henrique de Souza Bermejo - Doutor em engenharia e gestão do conhecimento pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) e pós-doutorado em inovação pela Bentley University em Massachusetts (EUA). E-mail: paulo@dcc.ufla.br.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>May-Jun</season>
				<year>2018</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>52</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<fpage>417</fpage>
			<lpage>434</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2016</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2018</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Quais os fatores determinantes da participação dos cidadãos na produção coletiva de ideias para solução de problemas públicos? Para responder essa questão, 510 cidadãos, inscritos na plataforma de produção coletiva de ideias Prêmio Ideia, responderam a um questionário apontando o quanto os construtos extraídos da literatura como determinantes da participação em plataformas online seriam decisivos para seu interesse em participar. A análise de equações estruturais aponta que o retorno dado pela instituição pública aos cidadãos e a comodidade determinam o interesse em participar, mas que esse interesse não implica, necessariamente, a participação efetiva. Conclui-se que a aplicação das ideias geradas e o <italic>feedback</italic> aos participantes são determinantes para a participação social e sugerem-se pesquisas que abordem também as motivações das instituições proponentes em propor tais iniciativas.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>¿Cuáles son los factores determinantes de la participación de los ciudadanos in la producción colectiva de ideas para la solución de problemas públicos? Para responder a la pregunta, 510 ciudadanos, inscritos en la plataforma de producción colectiva de ideas Premio Ideia, respondiendo a un cuestionario apuntando cuánto son constructos extraídos de la literatura como determinantes de la participación en plataformas en línea, serían decisivas para su interés en participar. El análisis de ecuaciones estructurales apunta que el retorno de una institución pública a los ciudadanos y una comodidad son factores que determinan el interés en participar, pero que ese interés no implica necesariamente en la participación efectiva. Se concluye que la aplicación de las ideas generadas y el <italic>feedback</italic> a los participantes son determinantes para la participación social y se sugieren investigaciones que aborden también las motivaciones de las empresas proponentes en proponer tales iniciativas.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>What are the determinant factors of citizens’ participation in the collective production of ideas to solve public problems? In order to answer this question, 510 citizens, enrolled in <italic>Prêmio Ideia</italic>, a platform of collective production of ideas, responded to a questionnaire pointing out determinant factors identified in literature about participation in online platforms that are decisive for their own interest in participating. The structural equation analysis highlights that the feedback given by a public institution to citizens and convenience are determinant factors for participation. This interest in participation, however, does not necessarily imply effective participation. It is concluded that the application of the ideas created through the platform and the feedback to the participants are determinants for social participation and the study suggests further research approaching the motivation of companies that propose such initiatives.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>motivação</kwd>
				<kwd>participação social</kwd>
				<kwd>engajamento público</kwd>
				<kwd>desafio de ideias</kwd>
				<kwd><italic>crowdsourcing</italic>.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>motivación</kwd>
				<kwd>participación ciudadana</kwd>
				<kwd>participación social</kwd>
				<kwd>desafío de ideas</kwd>
				<kwd><italic>crowdsourcing</italic>.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>motivation</kwd>
				<kwd>social participation</kwd>
				<kwd>public engagement</kwd>
				<kwd>challenge of ideas</kwd>
				<kwd>crowdsourcing.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="3"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="41"/>
				<page-count count="18"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec>
			<title>1. Introdução</title>
			<p>A produção coletiva de ideias vem sendo utilizada por instituições públicas, que lançam desafios de produção coletiva de ideias online para grandes e diversificados grupos, na perspectiva de encontrar melhores soluções para problemas públicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Linders, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Parvanta et al<italic>.</italic>, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Seltzer e Mahmoudi, 2013</xref>). Esses desafios de ideias visam a aumentar a interação entre o poder público e a sociedade civil, colaborando com o aumento da participação social.</p>
			<p>Alguns autores estudaram a motivação para participar dos desafios de ideias em empresas privadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Casaló et al<italic>.</italic>, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zhao e Zhu, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kosonen et al<italic>.</italic>, 2014</xref>). Pesquisas recentes apresentam estudos semelhantes no contexto da administração pública, mas com o enfoque nas iniciativas de governo aberto em geral, abordando o tema de maneira mais genérica e ampla, e testando hipóteses em amostras compostas por cidadãos escolhidos por conveniência, os quais não se sabe se já participaram ou não de alguma iniciativa de governo aberto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Abu-Shanab, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Thapa et al<italic>.</italic>, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wijnhoven et al., 2015</xref>). A amostragem por conveniência apresenta como limitação o fato de não ser possível rastrear se os entrevistados que dizem estar dispostos a participar de iniciativas de governo aberto realmente o fazem. A principal lacuna apresentada pelas pesquisas citadas é a dificuldade em saber se a disposição em participar realmente reflete o real interesse em fazê-lo.</p>
			<p>Visando a colaborar com o preenchimento dessa lacuna, neste artigo, discute-se a seguinte questão: quais os fatores determinantes da participação dos cidadãos na produção coletiva de ideias para solução de problemas públicos? O objetivo foi analisar a motivação extrínseca, intrínseca e a comodidade como possíveis fatores que impactam o interesse em participar da produção coletiva de ideias para o setor público e a relação desses construtos, e com a participação efetiva dos cidadãos. Para o teste desses fatores foram coletados 510 questionários respondidos por usuários inscritos na plataforma de produção coletiva de ideias denominada Prêmio Ideia. Também foram coletados dados de acesso e número de colaborações dos participantes da pesquisa. A partir da modelagem de equações estruturais concluiu-se que a interação com agentes públicos e a valorização das ideias pela instituição pública proponente das iniciativas de produção coletiva são os fatores que mais impactam o interesse da amostra questionada em propor ideias para solução de problemas públicos. Entre os que participaram efetivamente do desafio de ideias, a comodidade também foi fator determinante do interesse em participar. Os resultados mostraram que, para impulsionar a participação social no setor público, é importante investir em <italic>feedback</italic> aos cidadãos e na implementação e valorização de suas ideias.</p>
			<p>Assim, este artigo responde à limitação das pesquisas citadas confirmando que o interesse em participar explica parcialmente a real participação dos cidadãos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Abu-Shanab, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Thapa et al<italic>.</italic>, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wijnhoven et al., 2015</xref>). E com base nos resultados é possível concluir que, mais importante que a criação de novos ambientes virtuais de participação social, é importante a interação entre os agentes públicos e os cidadãos que colaboram com ideias. E que é preciso absorver e aplicar o conhecimento local obtido nesses ambientes e retorná-lo em forma de ações e políticas públicas, para que a comunidade seja motivada a participar pela percepção de que suas ideias são úteis e trazem resultados efetivos. Sugere-se também a busca de novos fatores motivacionais que impliquem a maior colaboração dos cidadãos.</p>
			<p>O artigo está organizado da seguinte forma: conceitos que fundamentam o uso das ferramentas de produção coletiva de ideias no setor público são apresentados na seção 2; os construtos determinantes da participação e as hipóteses a serem testadas, na seção 3; os procedimentos metodológicos, na seção 4; os resultados, na 5; suas discussões e a conclusão, na seção 6.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>2. Participação social e produção coletiva de ideias</title>
			<p>O protagonismo exclusivo do Estado tem sido questionado nos últimos anos com a criação de novos arranjos institucionais destinados à consolidação de valores democráticos, da transparência e das possibilidades de controle social na atuação do Estado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Paes e Keinert, 2016</xref>). A partir das mudanças desencadeadas pela globalização e pelo avanço das tecnologias da informação iniciadas por volta dos anos 1980, surgiram novas demandas da sociedade civil que reivindicava por direitos de cidadania, democracia e distinção entre o que é estatal e o que é público. Essas demandas desencadearam uma mudança na configuração do conceito de público, que passa de algo compreendido como inerente ao Estado para algo que é compartilhado pela sociedade civil e que deve ser transformado por ela (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Keinert, 2000</xref>). É nesse contexto que surgiram novas instituições voltadas para atender à demanda por participação social, o que valida o conceito de público. Assim, a participação social é a forma de intervenção na vida pública que ocorre com uma motivação social concreta e se exerce de forma direta, por meio da institucionalização das relações entre o Estado e a sociedade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Medeiros e Borges, 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>Essa institucionalização da interação entre governo e cidadãos foi estimulada nos últimos anos pela criação de novas instâncias participativas que permitem captar as demandas sociais e discutir com a sociedade os rumos do país, como: conselhos, Orçamento Participativo, audiências públicas, fóruns e conferências (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Paes e Keinert, 2016</xref>). Instituições que estimulam a participação social como complemento à democracia participativa, que permite a intervenção pelos cidadãos no curso de uma atividade pública e a expressão de interesses sociais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Medeiros e Borges, 2007</xref>). Aproveitando-se do desenvolvimento das tecnologias, também surgiram novos formatos de participação social como os portais da transparência, em que são divulgados dados para o aumento do controle dos atos da administração pública (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bertot et al<italic>.</italic>, 2012</xref>); o uso das redes sociais para a mobilização de cidadãos em movimentos sociais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cajaiba-Santana, 2014</xref>); o cadastro de assinaturas a favor ou contra ações governamentais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Castañeda de Araujo, 2014</xref>); e as plataformas de produção coletiva de ideias para o setor público (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Martins et al<italic>.</italic>, 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Um exemplo clássico do uso da produção coletiva de ideias no setor público é o da plataforma de envio de ideias “callenge.gov”, criada pelo governo americano do presidente Obama, para propor desafios aos cidadãos sobre como solucionar problemas públicos de competência de várias agências governamentais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Linders, 2012</xref>). No Brasil, a plataforma de envio de ideias Prêmio Ideia pode ser destacada por seu uso por instituições públicas para a captação do conhecimento local para a resolução de problemas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Souza et al<italic>.</italic>, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Santos, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Martins e Souza Bermejo, 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Nessa plataforma, a instituição promotora do desafio de ideias lança uma questão online que considera de interesse público e pede participações dos cidadãos para resolver a questão. Em troca pela participação, oferece um prêmio, geralmente em dinheiro, para a ideia que for considerada a melhor pelos demais participantes e pela instituição proponente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Santos (2015</xref>) detalha o caso de uso da plataforma Prêmio Ideia pela Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais e apresenta as ideias que foram enviadas por cidadãos e que se tornaram visíveis e foram aplicadas pela instituição, como o uso de veículos aéreos não tripulados (<italic>drones</italic>) para monitoramento e implantação de redes de segurança (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Santos, 2015</xref>). Assim, a instituição pública se abre para receber ideias na comunidade e a participação social envolve uma conduta ativa dos cidadãos nas decisões e ações públicas, na vida da comunidade e nos assuntos de interesse de suas comunidades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Medeiros e Borges, 2007</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>3. Fatores determinantes da participação social na produção coletiva de ideias para solução de problemas públicos</title>
			<p>O estímulo à participação social envolve diversos fatores característicos da instituição pública; porém, é evidente que a motivação e a ação das pessoas determinam esse comportamento participativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Medeiros e Borges, 2007</xref>). Para estimular determinado comportamento, é necessário considerar o valor funcional percebido pelo indivíduo como resultado esperado desse comportamento, ou seja, sua motivação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Coglianese, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Glanz et al<italic>.</italic>, 2008</xref>). Outro fator que pode determinar um comportamento são os recursos de que o indivíduo dispõe para realizar determinada ação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wu e Chen, 2005</xref>).</p>
			<p>Na literatura, a motivação para a participação em plataformas online é associada ao modelo de aceitação de tecnologia (TAM) e à teoria de usos e gratificações UeG. O modelo TAM foi desenvolvido em 1989 com o objetivo de explicar as causas determinantes da aceitação de tecnologias em geral e é utilizado para explicar o comportamento de usuários em relação ao uso de tecnologias em diversas áreas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Pires e Costa Filho, 2008</xref>). No campo do setor público, o TAM foi utilizado para explicar os fatores determinantes do sucesso das aplicações online para prestação de serviços ou disponibilização de dados públicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Casaló et al<italic>.</italic>, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lin et al<italic>.</italic>, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Ozkan e Kanat, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Shyu e Huang, 2011</xref>). No modelo TAM, destacam-se dois construtos relacionados com a aceitação dos cidadãos em participar em empreendimentos colaborativos: a facilidade do uso da plataforma e a utilidade ou vantagem percebida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Pires e Costa Filho, 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>O construto utilidade refere-se à probabilidade de o usuário de determinada tecnologia acreditar que as vantagens que ele irá obter fazendo determinada atividade por meio daquela tecnologia são superiores em comparação com a prática tradicional, ou seja, com o exercício da atividade sem o uso da tecnologia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Pires e Costa Filho, 2008</xref>). O construto facilidade de uso refere-se ao alcance das expectativas em relação à usabilidade. Ambos os construtos do TAM foram condensados no construto “comodidade” proposto nesta pesquisa.</p>
			<p>Além do modelo TAM, a teoria UeG é associada aos fatores determinantes da participação por meio da internet. Ela visa identificar as razões pelas quais as pessoas dirigem sua atenção aos produtos de mídia e que tipo de retribuição esperam em troca (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Macedo, 2009</xref>). Essa teoria foi utilizada em pesquisas sobre a motivação para participação em mídias sociais em geral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barcelos e Esteves, 2011</xref>); sobre o uso de redes sociais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Oliveira e Ferreira, 2014</xref>); sobre a participação na produção coletiva de ideias no setor privado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kosonen et al<italic>.</italic>, 2014</xref>) e no contexto do terceiro setor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Macedo, 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>De acordo com essa teoria, os autores condicionam a participação a gratificações oriundas de um fator externo, gerado pela percepção de sua importância para outros indivíduos, a oportunidade de obter um ganho, ou ser reconhecido profissionalmente; ou gratificações naturais, relacionadas com sua essência e com a necessidade de sentir-se parte do meio em que vive, de sentir prazer e de aprender algo novo. A esses dois tipos de gratificações os autores denominam motivação intrínseca e extrínseca, respectivamente.</p>
			<p>Motivação é aquilo que afeta a natureza do comportamento de um indivíduo, o leva a comportar-se de determinada maneira. A motivação intrínseca é aquela que impulsiona comportamentos que satisfaçam as necessidades humanas básicas, como o desejo por aprendizagem e o aumento do empoderamento como consequência do maior conhecimento sobre um problema público (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Campbell e Murray, 2004</xref>); o desejo por influenciar nas políticas públicas e gerar benefícios sociais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wijnhoven et al<italic>.</italic>, 2015</xref>); e o prazer em desenvolver determinada atividade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brabham e Daren, 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>Quanto à motivação extrínseca, é aquela que leva o indivíduo a agir visando a alcançar um resultado decorrente de fontes externas, ou seja, quando recompensas são oferecidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Campbell e Murray, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kosonen et al<italic>.</italic>, 2014</xref>). A motivação extrínseca está relacionada com três construtos: o primeiro é a reputação recebida pelos pares, que neste artigo é apresentado como o fortalecimento do <italic>status</italic> e da reputação entre seus pares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brabham e Daren, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abu El-Ella, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wijnhoven et al., 2015</xref>). O segundo é o relacionamento com a instituição proponente, representado neste artigo pela percepção do interesse da instituição proponente em dialogar com a sociedade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Linders, 2012</xref>). E o terceiro é o reconhecimento material pela instituição proponente, representado pelo prêmio que o participante disputa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Pol e Ville, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brabham e Daren, 2010</xref>) e o possível reconhecimento profissional que ele possa obter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kosonen et al<italic>.</italic>, 2014</xref>). Com base nesses construtos extraídos do modelo TAM e da teoria UeG, foram formuladas as seguintes hipóteses:</p>
			<p>
				<list list-type="simple">
					<list-item>
						<p><italic>H1a: A motivação extrínseca relacionada com os benefícios pecuniários aos participantes impacta positivamente o interesse do indivíduo em participar.</italic></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><italic>H1b: A motivação extrínseca relacionada com o reconhecimento pela instituição pública impacta positivamente o interesse do indivíduo em participar.</italic></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><italic>H2: A motivação extrínseca relacionada com a melhoria de sua reputação perante os demais membros da comunidade impacta positivamente o interesse do indivíduo em participar.</italic></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><italic>H3: A motivação intrínseca relacionada com os benefícios de aprendizagem impacta positivamente o interesse do indivíduo em participar.</italic></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><italic>H4: A motivação intrínseca relacionada com o prazer do indivíduo em participar impacta positivamente o interesse do indivíduo em participar.</italic></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><italic>H5: A motivação intrínseca relacionada com os benefícios sociais impacta positivamente o interesse do indivíduo em participar.</italic></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><italic>H6: A comodidade impacta positivamente o interesse do indivíduo em participar.</italic></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>3.1 Interesse em participar e real participação</italic></title>
				<p>Teoricamente, o interesse do indivíduo deve estar diretamente correlacionado com seu comportamento, entretanto, o fato de um indivíduo afirmar sobre seu desejo de participar da produção coletiva de ideias não significa que ele necessariamente irá participar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wijnhoven et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para verificar como a motivação e a conveniência relacionam-se com o interesse em participar e com a real participação dos indivíduos, dois construtos foram propostos: “interesse em participar” mede, de acordo com as respostas dos indivíduos, o quanto eles estão dispostos a compartilhar seus conhecimentos e colaborar enviando ideias para solucionar problemas públicos; e o construto “real participação” mede o número de interações de cada respondente do questionário na plataforma Prêmio Ideia, especificamente nos desafios propostos pela PMMG. A partir da criação desses construtos também é possível testar a hipótese 7:</p>
				<p><italic>H7: O interesse de participar demonstrado pelos entrevistados reflete sua real participação no envio de ideias para solução de problemas públicos.</italic></p>
				<p>Essas hipóteses, extraídas com base na literatura, relacionam os construtos “motivação intrínseca”, “motivação extrínseca” e “comodidade” ao “interesse em participar”, e depois relaciona esse último construto com a “participação efetiva”. Também com base na literatura, cada construto é medido por meio de perguntas, cujas respostas coletadas representam os indicadores determinantes do construto. No <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch1">quadro1</xref> apresentam-se as siglas que representam os indicadores de cada construto juntamente com o respectivo item do questionário.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="ch1">
						<label>Quadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Descrição dos construtos e indicadores do modelo</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1982-3134-rap-52-03-417-gch1.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>4. Metodologia</title>
			<p>Os procedimentos utilizados para a realização desta pesquisa podem ser divididos em cinco etapas.</p>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>a. Revisão de literatura e identificação de construtos que representem os fatores determinantes da participação dos cidadãos na produção coletiva de ideias</italic></title>
				<p>Foi realizada uma pesquisa na literatura sobre a motivação para participar da produção coletiva de ideias, e as teorias que se destacaram em tentar explicar essa motivação foram: teoria de usos e gratificações (U&amp;G) e o modelo de aceitação de tecnologia (TAM).</p>
				<p>O Modelo TAM se destacou entre as pesquisas que propõem modelos sobre a intenção de uso de plataformas de participação social online, porém os autores apresentam como limitações do uso do modelo TAM sua simplicidade e o fato de que somente a aceitação da tecnologia não garante a participação, mas também os fatores motivacionais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Casaló et al<italic>.</italic>, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lin et al<italic>.</italic>, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Ozkan e Kanat, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Shyu e Huang, 2011</xref>). Por suas limitações, optou-se por considerar as variáveis do TAM somente como parte das variáveis testadas e optou-se por se utilizar também a U&amp;G. Essa teoria foi utilizada em pesquisas sobre a motivação para participação em mídias sociais em geral e já foi aplicada a pesquisas no âmbito do setor público e do setor privado, conforme apresentado anteriormente. Suas variáveis relacionam a intenção de participar a motivações intrínsecas ao indivíduo e a motivações externas a ele.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>b. Criação e validação do questionário</italic></title>
				<p>O questionário foi elaborado com base nos construtos e variáveis retirados do modelo TAM e da teoria U&amp;G. A definição dos construtos e do questionário seguiu os direcionamentos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Devellis (2011)</xref>e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Haire colaboradores (2007</xref>). Foram identificados e delimitados os construtos e indicadores, conforme o que se deseja medir, e formuladas as perguntas em frases curtas, sem termos de negação e baseados nas pesquisas citadas.</p>
				<p>Foi escolhida a escala de Likert de 5 pontos, com base no estudo realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Vieira e Dalmoro (2008</xref>), no qual os autores testam escalas de diversas amplitudes em pesquisa semelhante à realizada neste trabalho e concluem que a escala de 5 pontos é mais eficaz, confiável e precisa para demonstrar a opinião do entrevistado do que escalas menores e mais eficiente do ponto de vista de tempo de resposta do que escalas maiores. Assim, os respondentes atribuíram um valor de 1 a 5 para cada item do questionário, apresentado no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch1">quadro 1</xref>, e a escala foi de 1 (discordo totalmente com a afirmação) a 5 (concordo totalmente com a afirmação).</p>
				<p>A validação do questionário ocorreu entre setembro e outubro de 2014, em três fases: (1) aplicação do questionário presencialmente a quatro pessoas com o perfil da população a ser estudada, visando a refinar as questões e deixá-las mais claras aos respondentes; (2) envio do questionário a uma amostra de 20 pessoas para um pré-teste dos dados e refinamento das questões; (3) envio do questionário a uma amostra de 30 pessoas para pré-teste das afirmativas reformuladas.</p>
				<p>Na etapa 2, as variáveis propostas foram testadas quanto a seu desvio-padrão para verificar se eram questões relevantes ou não para a pesquisa. Questões que apresentavam muitas respostas neutras (Likert 3) ou com desvio-padrão muito baixo ou muito alto foram reformuladas pelo fato de que esse fenômeno poderia ser um indício de não compreensão da questão ou de que a questão era óbvia e não relevante para a pesquisa. Algumas questões foram reformuladas para garantir maior clareza e efetividade. O teste da etapa 3 foi aplicado, o questionário foi aprovado e os dados coletados na validação foram descartados. O questionário final utilizado na pesquisa foi composto pelas proposições apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>como indicadores de mensuração dos construtos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>c. Escolha da amostra pesquisada</italic></title>
				<p>A população-alvo escolhida foi a de 3.452 usuários que fizeram cadastro no aplicativo de produção coletiva de ideias Prêmio Ideia nos meses de outubro e novembro de 2014, especificamente para responder ou acessar os desafios de ideias propostos pela Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais, cujo objetivo foi gerar ideias sobre como diminuir os crimes contra o patrimônio; como aumentar a interação entre policiais e sociedade civil; como diminuir a incidência de acidentes de trânsito, entre outros problemas públicos.</p>
				<p>A plataforma Prêmio Ideia foi criada no ano de 2013 por estudantes da Universidade Federal de Lavras e foi utilizada por algumas instituições públicas para propor os chamados “desafios de ideias” visando a buscar soluções para problemas públicos por meio da discussão da sociedade civil. Um desafio de ideias ocorre da seguinte maneira: uma instituição pública define o problema público a ser discutido e sintetiza esse problema em uma questão objetiva, por exemplo, “Como diminuir os crimes contra o patrimônio?”. A instituição define o público-alvo do desafio e o divulga a esse público por meio das redes sociais, oferecendo um prêmio para o participante que mais contribuir com o envio de ideias e cujas ideias obtiverem maior aprovação dos demais participantes.</p>
				<p>A plataforma foi escolhida pela disponibilidade dos dados sobre os acessos e tipos de contribuição de cada usuário respondente na plataforma. Além de que, na literatura, há relatos de que as ideias enviadas por membros da população respondente desta pesquisa resultaram em inovações nas ações e projetos dessa instituição pública, sendo um caso de sucesso do uso de plataformas de envio de ideias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Santos, 2015</xref>). Obteve-se retorno de 510 questionários, por meio dos quais foi analisado o perfil da amostra participante, de acordo com a tabela 1.</p>
				<p>Conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>, a maior parte da amostra respondente do questionário possui entre 18 e 26 anos de idade e alto grau de escolaridade, o que é compatível com a característica da população-alvo dos desafios de ideias em que a amostra foi coletada. Isso porque a Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais direcionou seus desafios de ideias para o público de universidades, o que demandou uma divulgação mais intensa entre usuários escolarizados, visando a receber ideias mais consistentes e com maior potencial de aplicabilidade.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Caracterização da amostra dos respondentes do questionário</title>
						</caption>
						<alternatives>
							<graphic xlink:href="tabla1-gt1.jpg"/>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Sexo</th>
									<th align="center">Freq.</th>
									<th align="center">%</th>
									<th align="center">Idade</th>
									<th align="center">Freq.</th>
									<th align="center">%</th>
									<th align="center">Escolaridade</th>
									<th align="center">Freq.</th>
									<th align="center">%</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Feminino</td>
									<td align="center">233</td>
									<td align="center">45,7%</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;18</td>
									<td align="center">37</td>
									<td align="center">7,3%</td>
									<td align="center">Pós-grad. Concluída</td>
									<td align="center">178</td>
									<td align="center">34,9%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Masculino</td>
									<td align="center">277</td>
									<td align="center">54,3%</td>
									<td align="center">18 - 25</td>
									<td align="center">177</td>
									<td align="center">34,6%</td>
									<td align="center">Pós-grad. Andamento</td>
									<td align="center">54</td>
									<td align="center">10,6%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">26 - 30</td>
									<td align="center">83</td>
									<td align="center">16,3%</td>
									<td align="center">Ensino Sup. Completo</td>
									<td align="center">52</td>
									<td align="center">10,2%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">31 - 40</td>
									<td align="center">109</td>
									<td align="center">21,4%</td>
									<td align="center">Ensino Sup. Incompleto</td>
									<td align="center">185</td>
									<td align="center">36,3%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">41 - 50</td>
									<td align="center">69</td>
									<td align="center">13,5%</td>
									<td align="center">Ensino Médio</td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">7,6%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">&gt; 50</td>
									<td align="center">35</td>
									<td align="center">6,9%</td>
									<td align="center">Ensino Fundam.</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">0,4%</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</alternatives>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Fonte: Dados da pesquisa (2017).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title><italic>d. Coleta de dados</italic></title>
			<p>A plataforma SurveyMonkey foi utilizada para criação e envio do questionário por e-mail personalizado, enviado no período de 11 a 22 de dezembro de 2014. Após o envio para os 3.452 usuários, foram coletados 400 questionários, número desejável inicialmente. Em 29 de dezembro de 2014 foi realizado o reenvio do questionário aos que não haviam respondido à pesquisa, e outro reenvio foi efetuado em 5 de janeiro de 2015. Com esse procedimento, o questionário aceitou respostas entre 11 de dezembro de 2014 e 6 de janeiro de 2015, resultando na coleta de 510 questionários completos, com uma taxa de resposta de 14,78%.</p>
			<p>Além dos dados coletados por meio do questionário, a variável denominada “real participação” foi obtida por meio do banco de dados da plataforma Prêmio Ideia e mede o número de interações que cada respondente do questionário realizou na plataforma do desafio. Considerando-se que o usuário precisa realizar um cadastro rápido na plataforma para visualizar os desafios e as ideias postadas, a amostra escolhida inclui na pesquisa desde aqueles que participaram efetivamente até os usuários que somente visualizaram a plataforma e não realizaram nenhuma interação. A variável “real participação” atribui um nível de participação para cada respondente, sendo: 1 (os que somente se cadastraram), 2 (os que se cadastraram e visualizaram a plataforma durante a produção de ideias); 3 (os que avaliaram as ideias dos demais participantes por meio da funcionalidade “curtir” ou “não curtir” uma ideia), 4 (os que comentaram ideias de outros participantes); e 5 (os que enviaram ideias para solução dos problemas propostos).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title><italic>e. Escolha do método e das ferramentas para análise de dados</italic></title>
			<p>Os dados coletados por meio do questionário foram exportados da plataforma SurveyMonkey, organizados em uma planilha Excel, cujas funcionalidades de cálculo de funções foram utilizadas para as análises do perfil dos participantes. Os testes que visam verificar se as variáveis são válidas para representar os construtos foram realizados no software SPSS. E a técnica utilizada para verificar a correlação existente entre os construtos foi a modelagem de equações estruturais, pelo método dos quadrados mínimos parciais (PLS) escolhida após alguns procedimentos de pré-análise dos dados.</p>
			<p>Inicialmente, foi constatado que a amostra não possuía dados ausentes, o que permitiu o prosseguimento da análise. Foi realizada análise da normalidade e de distribuição da amostra, por meio da análise da assimetria, da curtose e do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S). A curtose e a assimetria apresentaram valores diferentes de zero e sinalizaram a não simetria e não normalidade dos dados coletados, confirmada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S), que retornou, para todas as variáveis, uma significância inferior a 0,05. Esses resultados foram analisados conforme o protocolo para modelagem de equações estruturais. A não normalidade dos dados e o intuito de explorar a correlação entre construtos levaram à escolha da abordagem PLS para o teste da correlação entre os construtos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hair et al<italic>.</italic>, 2007</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>5. Resultados</title>
			<p>Os primeiros testes foram aplicados para verificar se os indicadores escolhidos, ou seja, se as questões do questionário são válidas para representar cada construto. Por exemplo, se as proposições MIP1 (Divertir participando de uma competição), MIP2 (Sentir prazer ao ajudar outras pessoas) e MIP3 (Encontrar algo para fazer quando estou entediado) apresentam correlação forte (&gt;0,7) que determine que as três variáveis representam o mesmo construto. Essa verificação é feita pelo teste das validades convergentes e discriminantes de cada identificador em relação ao seu construto e pelo teste de confiabilidade do construto e das variáveis.</p>
			<p>O teste de validade convergente mostrou que a correlação entre os indicadores de cada construto foi considerada relevante, com valores estatisticamente significantes, com exceção dos indicadores MIP2 e IP3, que apresentaram correlação inferior a 0,7. Portanto, foram excluídos os indicadores: (1) MIP2 (Sinto prazer ao ajudar outras pessoas), por não representar o construto motivação intrínseca (MI)/prazer; e (2) IP3 (Sinto-me desafiado a responder as perguntas que são propostas nos desafios), por não representar o construto interesse em participar (IP).</p>
			<p>Após essas exclusões, a validade convergente dos indicadores foi confirmada, pois, conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>, todas as cargas padronizadas são superiores a 0,7. A validade discriminante das variáveis também foi confirmada, pois a correlação de cada indicador (linha) relativa a seu respectivo construto (coluna) é maior do que todas as correlações com os demais construtos, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>. Isso significa, por exemplo, que todas as variáveis que representam a motivação intrínseca pelo social possuem maior correlação entre si do que com as variáveis de outros construtos.</p>
			<p>Quanto aos construtos, a validade convergente também foi confirmada, pois, para todos eles, o valor de Variância Média Extraída (VME), representada pelos valores em negrito da tabela 3, é maior do que 0,5. A validade discriminante do construto foi confirmada pelo fato de as cargas de cada construto ao quadrado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>) serem menores que o valor do AVE (negrito). E a confiabilidade do construto foi comprovada pelo Coeficiente Alfa de <italic>Cronbach</italic> e Coeficiente de confiabilidade &gt; 0,7.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Correlação entre os indicadores e construtos</title>
					</caption>
					<alternatives>
						<graphic xlink:href="tabla2-gt2.jpg"/>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Construtos CR e AVE</th>
								<th align="center">Indicadores</th>
								<th align="center">CM</th>
								<th align="center">IP</th>
								<th align="center">MEP</th>
								<th align="center">MEI</th>
								<th align="center">MER</th>
								<th align="center">MIA</th>
								<th align="center">MIP</th>
								<th align="center">MIS</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="3">Comodidade — CM CR = 0,886 AVE = 0,721</td>
								<td align="center">CM1</td>
								<td align="center">0,831</td>
								<td align="center">0,414</td>
								<td align="center">0,381</td>
								<td align="center">0,381</td>
								<td align="center">0,421</td>
								<td align="center">0,332</td>
								<td align="center">0,344</td>
								<td align="center">0,262</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">CM2</td>
								<td align="center">0,880</td>
								<td align="center">0,437</td>
								<td align="center">0,359</td>
								<td align="center">0,416</td>
								<td align="center">0,409</td>
								<td align="center">0,378</td>
								<td align="center">0,368</td>
								<td align="center">0,318</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">CM3</td>
								<td align="center">0,834</td>
								<td align="center">0,484</td>
								<td align="center">0,416</td>
								<td align="center">0,500</td>
								<td align="center">0,519</td>
								<td align="center">0,452</td>
								<td align="center">0,479</td>
								<td align="center">0,387</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">Interesse em participar — IP CR = 0,882 AVE = 0,718</td>
								<td align="center">IP1</td>
								<td align="center">0,435</td>
								<td align="center">0,922</td>
								<td align="center">0,451</td>
								<td align="center">0,769</td>
								<td align="center">0,376</td>
								<td align="center">0,538</td>
								<td align="center">0,422</td>
								<td align="center">0,522</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">IP2</td>
								<td align="center">0,451</td>
								<td align="center">0,923</td>
								<td align="center">0,391</td>
								<td align="center">0,746</td>
								<td align="center">0,370</td>
								<td align="center">0,567</td>
								<td align="center">0,451</td>
								<td align="center">0,565</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">Motivação extrínseca pecuniária — MEP CR = 0,880 AVE = 0,786</td>
								<td align="center">MEP1</td>
								<td align="center">0,433</td>
								<td align="center">0,463</td>
								<td align="center">0,917</td>
								<td align="center">0,466</td>
								<td align="center">0,660</td>
								<td align="center">0,445</td>
								<td align="center">0,488</td>
								<td align="center">0,386</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MEP2</td>
								<td align="center">0,370</td>
								<td align="center">0,357</td>
								<td align="center">0,855</td>
								<td align="center">0,362</td>
								<td align="center">0,509</td>
								<td align="center">0,194</td>
								<td align="center">0,398</td>
								<td align="center">0,255</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">Motivação extrínseca institucional — MEI CR = 0,867 AVE = 0,688</td>
								<td align="center">MEI1</td>
								<td align="center">0,432</td>
								<td align="center">0,696</td>
								<td align="center">0,439</td>
								<td align="center">0,920</td>
								<td align="center">0,427</td>
								<td align="center">0,592</td>
								<td align="center">0,520</td>
								<td align="center">0,575</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MEI2</td>
								<td align="center">0,434</td>
								<td align="center">0,768</td>
								<td align="center">0,438</td>
								<td align="center">0,935</td>
								<td align="center">0,397</td>
								<td align="center">0,569</td>
								<td align="center">0,474</td>
								<td align="center">0,580</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">Motivação extrínseca por reputação — MER CR = 0,880 AVE = 0,783</td>
								<td align="center">MER1</td>
								<td align="center">0,446</td>
								<td align="center">0,383</td>
								<td align="center">0,675</td>
								<td align="center">0,520</td>
								<td align="center">0,883</td>
								<td align="center">0,351</td>
								<td align="center">0,537</td>
								<td align="center">0,314</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MER2</td>
								<td align="center">0,500</td>
								<td align="center">0,396</td>
								<td align="center">0,513</td>
								<td align="center">0,470</td>
								<td align="center">0,891</td>
								<td align="center">0,355</td>
								<td align="center">0,533</td>
								<td align="center">0,291</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">Motivação Intrínseca por aprendizagem CR = 0,920 AVE = 0,852</td>
								<td align="center">MIA1</td>
								<td align="center">0,432</td>
								<td align="center">0,506</td>
								<td align="center">0,329</td>
								<td align="center">0,569</td>
								<td align="center">0,376</td>
								<td align="center">0,910</td>
								<td align="center">0,485</td>
								<td align="center">0,672</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MIA2</td>
								<td align="center">0,420</td>
								<td align="center">0,596</td>
								<td align="center">0,365</td>
								<td align="center">0,626</td>
								<td align="center">0,360</td>
								<td align="center">0,936</td>
								<td align="center">0,487</td>
								<td align="center">0,655</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">Motivação Intrínseca por prazer — MIP CR = 0,833 AVE = 0,715</td>
								<td align="center">MIP1</td>
								<td align="center">0,424</td>
								<td align="center">0,336</td>
								<td align="center">0,489</td>
								<td align="center">0,420</td>
								<td align="center">0,567</td>
								<td align="center">0,347</td>
								<td align="center">0,817</td>
								<td align="center">0,320</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MIP3</td>
								<td align="center">0,387</td>
								<td align="center">0,461</td>
								<td align="center">0,328</td>
								<td align="center">0,540</td>
								<td align="center">0,475</td>
								<td align="center">0,522</td>
								<td align="center">0,838</td>
								<td align="center">0,562</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">Motivação Intrínseca pelo social — MIS CR = 0,901 AVE = 0,821</td>
								<td align="center">MIS1</td>
								<td align="center">0,387</td>
								<td align="center">0,519</td>
								<td align="center">0,352</td>
								<td align="center">0,570</td>
								<td align="center">0,336</td>
								<td align="center">0,708</td>
								<td align="center">0,467</td>
								<td align="center">0,908</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MIS2</td>
								<td align="center">0,307</td>
								<td align="center">0,510</td>
								<td align="center">0,318</td>
								<td align="center">0,570</td>
								<td align="center">0,281</td>
								<td align="center">0,589</td>
								<td align="center">0,512</td>
								<td align="center">0,904</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</alternatives>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Fonte: Dados da pesquisa.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Nota: As variáveis MIP2 e IP3 foram excluídas por apresentarem cargas padronizadas inferiores a 0,7.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Validade discriminante dos construtos</title>
					</caption>
					<alternatives>
						<graphic xlink:href="tabla3-gt3.jpg"/>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"/>
								<th align="center">CM</th>
								<th align="center">IP</th>
								<th align="center">MEI</th>
								<th align="center">MEP</th>
								<th align="center">MER</th>
								<th align="center">MIS</th>
								<th align="center">MIA</th>
								<th align="center">MIP</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CM</td>
								<td align="center">0,721</td>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">IP</td>
								<td align="center">0,276</td>
								<td align="center">0,718</td>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">MEI</td>
								<td align="center">0,217</td>
								<td align="center">0,627</td>
								<td align="center">0,860</td>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">MEP</td>
								<td align="center">0,208</td>
								<td align="center">0,220</td>
								<td align="center">0,224</td>
								<td align="center">0,786</td>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">MER</td>
								<td align="center">0,284</td>
								<td align="center">0,193</td>
								<td align="center">0,197</td>
								<td align="center">0,446</td>
								<td align="center">0,787</td>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">MIS</td>
								<td align="center">0,149</td>
								<td align="center">0,325</td>
								<td align="center">0,390</td>
								<td align="center">0,137</td>
								<td align="center">0,118</td>
								<td align="center">0,821</td>
								<td align="center"/>
								<td align="center"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">MIA</td>
								<td align="center">0,211</td>
								<td align="center">0,360</td>
								<td align="center">0,389</td>
								<td align="center">0,142</td>
								<td align="center">0,157</td>
								<td align="center">0,514</td>
								<td align="center">0,852</td>
								<td align="center"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">MIP</td>
								<td align="center">0,253</td>
								<td align="center">0,215</td>
								<td align="center">0,255</td>
								<td align="center">0,255</td>
								<td align="center">0,415</td>
								<td align="center">0,245</td>
								<td align="center">0,248</td>
								<td align="center">0,590</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</alternatives>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Fonte: Dados da pesquisa.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Em suma, após a retirada das variáveis MIP2 e IP3, o modelo apresentou consistência interna, confiabilidade da variável, validade convergente e validade discriminante, de acordo com os valores e protocolo descritos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hair e colaboradores (2013</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>mostra os resultados dos testes de correção entre os construtos, por meio da aplicação do algoritmo PLS.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Teste das variáveis</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1982-3134-rap-52-03-417-gf1.jpg"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Dados da pesquisa.</attrib>
					<attrib>Nota: * Valor p&lt;0,0001 (nível de significância de 1%); ** Valor p&lt;0.001(nível de 5%); *** Não significante</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>O PLS estima a correlação entre os construtos e o valor R<sup>2</sup> representa o quanto um construto exógeno pode ser explicado pelos construtos relacionados com ele. Conforme a análise do R<sup>2</sup>, modelos construtos motivação extrínseca, intrínseca e conveniência explicam 66% da variação do Interesse em participar. E, pela análise das cargas, é possível afirmar que recompensas que demonstram o reconhecimento pela instituição promotora do desafio, carga = 0,670, apresentam maior impacto no interesse dos respondentes em participarem da produção coletiva de ideias. A “comodidade” também interfere no “interesse em participar”, porém de forma menos significativa que o “reconhecimento pela instituição” (0,167).</p>
			<p>O que determina que um construto é significante para explicar outro construto é a análise da significância, medida pelo “Valor p”. O “Valor p” &lt;0,0001 representa que um construto explica o outro construto que está ligado a ele com uma taxa de erro de 1%; e o “Valor p” &lt; 0,001 significa uma taxa de erro de 5%. Em ambos os casos, os construtos são considerados significantes, o que permite confirmar as hipóteses relacionadas com eles.</p>
			<p>Assim, pode-se aceitar como válidas as hipóteses H1b, H6 e H7 e rejeitar as hipóteses H2, H3, H4 e H5 por apresentarem p Valor &gt; 0,1, o que representa a impossibilidade de se rejeitar a hipótese nula, complementar à hipótese que se deseja testar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hair et al<italic>.</italic>, 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Sobre a validação do modelo estrutural, apresentado na figura 1, compreende-se que o reconhecimento por parte da instituição pública (MEI - <italic>β</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>^</italic>
</sup> = 0,670) e a comodidade (<italic>β</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>^</italic>
</sup> = 0,167) explicam 66% do interesse dos questionados em participar de sociais de ideias. O resultado do teste das hipóteses foi apresentado no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch2">quadro 2</xref> .</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="ch2">
					<label>Quadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Teste das hipóteses</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1982-3134-rap-52-03-417-gch2.jpg"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Dados da pesquisa (2015).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Por fim, de acordo com o teste Q<sup>2</sup>, o modelo estrutural apresenta relevância preditiva para os dois construtos endógenos, sendo grande relevância preditiva em relação ao construto interesse em participar (SSE/SSO&gt;0,35) e pequena relevância preditiva para o construto participação efetiva (SSE/SSO&gt;0,02). E, apesar de confirmada a H7, foi constatado que interesse em participar explica apenas 0,8% da participação efetiva. O que significa que o interesse em participar exerce influência sobre a participação, mas que ainda pode haver outros fatores mais determinantes para a participação.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>6. Discussão e conclusão</title>
			<p>O modelo proposto permite dizer que 66% do interesse do grupo para participar da produção coletiva de ideias para o setor público deriva de dois construtos: reconhecimento pelos membros da instituição proponente e comodidade. O mais expressivo é o reconhecimento pela instituição pública (MEI - <italic>β</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>^</italic>
</sup> = 0,658) e, mais especificamente, o que leva ao interesse em participar é a possibilidade de os participantes interagirem com agentes públicos e receberem deles retorno sobre a aplicabilidade de suas ideias (MEI1 - <italic>β</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>^</italic>
</sup> = 0,893) e a possibilidade de estabelecer uma relação de confiança e reconhecimento com a instituição proponente (MEI2 - <italic>β</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>^</italic>
</sup> = 0,903).</p>
			<p>A confirmação da hipótese 1b vai ao encontro de pesquisas realizadas utilizando o modelo TAM para explicar a participação em iniciativas de abertura de governo na Jordânia (Al-Hujran et al<italic>.</italic>, 2015), em Cartagena (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cegarra-Navarro et al<italic>.</italic>, 2014</xref>), na Turquia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Ozkan e Kanat, 2011</xref>), na Espanha (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Belanche et al<italic>.</italic>, 2012</xref>) e em Gâmbia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lin et al<italic>.</italic>, 2011</xref>). Essas pesquisas demonstraram que a percepção da utilidade de suas contribuições impacta o engajamento dos cidadãos em aplicativos de governo eletrônico.</p>
			<p>A comodidade (<italic>β</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>^</italic>
</sup> = 0,167), assim como em outras pesquisas que utilizaram o TAM, foi considerada um fator importante para a intenção de participação dos usuários das plataformas de envio de ideias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lin et al<italic>.</italic>, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Belanche et al<italic>.</italic>, 2012</xref>), o que é compreensível já que um ambiente confortável para o envio de ideias e a apresentação clara dos objetivos e de como funciona a plataforma tendem a facilitar e promover o acesso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wijnhoven et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Os resultados desta pesquisa complementam os obtidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Martins e Souza Bermejo (2014</xref>) que realizaram análise do conteúdo das ideias obtidas nos desafios de ideias realizado pela PMMG, de onde foi extraída a amostra de respondentes do questionário. Os autores mostraram que a maioria das ideias enviadas pelos respondentes versava sobre o aumento de canais de comunicação entre os agentes públicos e cidadãos, para juntos resolverem os problemas públicos. Esta pesquisa complementa a pesquisa de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wijnhoven e colaboradores (2015</xref>), ao mostrar que os cidadãos desejam mais do que um ambiente para participação, também desejam receber <italic>feedback</italic> sobre suas ideias e que elas sejam reconhecidas pelas instituições públicas.</p>
			<p>A pesquisa de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Martins e Souza Bermejo (2014</xref>) também auxilia na compreensão da rejeição da H5 de que os respondentes pudessem ser motivados pelos benefícios sociais a serem gerados por meio da participação. Os autores mostraram que os cidadãos acreditam que os benefícios sociais não são resultantes dessas plataformas, mas sim conquistados em parceria com as instituições públicas.</p>
			<p>Apesar de ter sido constatado que o “interesse em participar” impacta a “real participação”, o coeficiente que demonstra o quanto o interesse em participar impacta a participação é muito baixo, consistindo em uma limitação desta pesquisa. Para contornar essa limitação, sugere-se a ampliação dos estudos sobre fatores determinantes da real participação social. Essa limitação pode ser reflexo do predomínio da utilização das teorias TAM e UeG que foram criadas para o estudo dos fatores que levam ao uso da tecnologia em geral e, embora utilizadas no contexto público, não foram criadas especificamente para esse contexto. A literatura sobre participação social considera fatores mais abrangentes como determinantes para a participação, como a história e as características da instituição pública e do seu processo de tomada de decisão. Portanto, faz-se necessário analisar os casos de participação social em profundidade, considerando-se que somente as motivações que de alguma forma influenciam o processo decisório das organizações não são suficientes para analisá-lo, pois também é necessário que se compreendam profundamente as características da instituição pública proponente, bem como suas especificidades que a diferenciam das instituições do setor privado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Medeiros e Borges, 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>Além da implicação teórica, espera-se que o artigo colabore para sensibilizar gestores públicos para a importância de compartilhar projetos e problemas públicos com os cidadãos e de interagir com eles, valorizando suas ideias e usufruindo dos inúmeros conhecimentos e experiências encontrados na sabedoria da multidão.</p>
			<p>Com base no principal resultado desta pesquisa, a necessidade de valorização das ideias e <italic>feedback</italic> pela instituição pública, sugere-se, como complemento desta pesquisa, analisar em profundidade também os fatores que motivam os gestores públicos a acatarem as ideias da sociedade civil como fomento para inovação de suas estruturas. Para isso, podem-se relacionar os estudos teóricos e sociológicos em participação social às motivações para participar em ferramentas colaborativas. Outra limitação foi a não inclusão de variáveis que medissem explicitamente os aspectos negativos que impedem a participação.</p>
			<p>O tema motivação para a participação social ainda pode ser explorado por diferentes óticas, utilizando-se novas teorias e novos contextos sociais, pois, fortalecendo o arcabouço de pesquisas na área, novas iniciativas podem ser fortalecidas, gerando um processo contínuo de abertura das instituições para a participação social, visando colaborar para uma gestão pública mais participativa.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>{Translated version} Note: All quotes in English translated by this article’s translator.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Determinant factors of participation in the co-production of ideas to solve public problems</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Teresa Cristina Monteiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bermejo</surname>
						<given-names>Paulo Henrique de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Lavras / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Lavras, MG — Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade de Brasília / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Brasília / DF — Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p>Teresa Cristina Monteiro Martins - PhD student in administration on the Graduate Program in Administration of Universidade Federal de Lavras (MG), Brazil. E-mail: teresacristina.ufla@gmail.com.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p>Paulo Henrique de Souza Bermejo - PhD in Engineering and Knowledge Management from Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) and postdoctoral in innovation from Bentley University in Massachusetts (USA). E-mail: paulo@dcc.ufla.br.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>What are the determinant factors of citizens’ participation in the collective production of ideas to solve public problems? In order to answer this question, 510 citizens, enrolled in <italic>Prêmio Ideia</italic>, a platform of collective production of ideas, responded to a questionnaire pointing out determinant factors identified in literature about participation in online platforms that are decisive for their own interest in participating. The structural equation analysis highlights that the feedback given by a public institution to citizens and convenience are determinant factors for participation. This interest in participation, however, does not necessarily imply effective participation. It is concluded that the application of the ideas created through the platform and the feedback to the participants are determinants for social participation and the study suggests further research approaching the motivation of companies that propose such initiatives.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>motivation</kwd>
				<kwd>social participation</kwd>
				<kwd>public engagement</kwd>
				<kwd>challenge of ideas</kwd>
				<kwd>crowdsourcing.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec>
				<title>1. Introduction</title>
				<p>Nowadays, the collective production of ideas is used by public institutions. They launch online challenges for large and diverse groups in order to find better solutions for innovation in public administration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Linders, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Parvanta et al<italic>.</italic>, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Seltzer and Mahmoudi, 2013</xref>). However, the authors who study the collective production of ideas discuss the importance of finding out what leads citizens to share their knowledge on platforms created to acquire citizen’s ideas. These platforms are named challenges of ideas.</p>
				<p>Some authors studied the motivation to participate in the challenges of ideas in private companies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Casaló et al<italic>.</italic>, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zhao and Zhu, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kosonen et al<italic>.</italic>, 2014</xref>). There have been similar studies applied to public administration, however, there are limitations related to the effective participation of citizens in innovation of the public sector (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Abu-Shanab, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Thapa et al<italic>.</italic>, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wijnhoven et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Therefore, this article addresses the reasons that lead citizens to participate in innovation in the public sector and if citizen’s interest reflects effective participation through a conceptual model. This model shows the extrinsic and intrinsic motivations as well as convenience as possible factors that impact the interest in participating and also tests the relationship between these constructs and the effective participation of citizens in challenging ideas aimed at innovation in the public sector. In order to test the model, 510 questionnaires were answered by citizens registered on the Prize Idea platform. The challenge of ideas in which respondents were enrolled is the Challenge of Sustainability, proposed by the Ministry of Education of Brazil. Data access and number of collaborations of the participants was also collected. From the structural equation modeling (SEM) it was concluded that the interaction and the appreciation of ideas by the public institution were the factors that most impact the interest of the participants. Among those who participated effectively of the challenge of ideas, the convenience was also a determinant factor that contributed for the interest in participating. The results show that to improve open innovation in the public sector it is important to invest in the feedback given to citizens and the appreciation of their ideas.</p>
				<p>Thus, this article responds to the limitations found by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wijnhoven and collaborators (2015</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Thapa and collaborators (2015</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Abu-Shanab (2015)</xref>. These authors confirm that the interest in participating partially explains the real participation of citizens. The results show that the interaction and the valuation of ideas by the public sector agents is more important than the creation of new virtual environments of Social Participation.</p>
				<p>The study presents firstly the concepts that ground the use of the tools of collective production of ideas in the public sector. Section two introduces these ideas, followed by section three that presents the determinants of participation and the hypotheses to be tested. The next section shows the methodology adopted and section five presents the results. Finally, section 6 brings the discussions and the conclusion.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2. Social participation and collective production of ideas</title>
				<p>The exclusive role of the state has been questioned in recent years with the creation of new institutional arrangements aimed at consolidating democratic values, transparency and the possibilities of social control in the State’s performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Paula and Keinert, 2016</xref>). From the changes triggered by globalization and the advance of information technologies that began in the 1980s, new demands arose from the civil society demanding citizenship rights, democracy and the distinction between what is state and what is Public. These demands have triggered a change in the configuration of the concept of public, which goes from something understood as inherent to the state to something that is shared by civil society and must be transformed by it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Keinert, 2000</xref>). It is in this context that new institutions have emerged to meet the demand for social participation, which validates the concept of public. Thus, social participation is the form of intervention in public life that occurs with a concrete social motivation and is exercised directly, through the institutionalization of relations between the state and society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Medeiros and Borges, 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>This institutionalization of the interaction between government and citizens has been stimulated in the last years by the creation of new participatory instances that allow to capture the social demands and to discuss with the society the directions of the country, for example: councils, Participative Budget, public hearings, forums and conferences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Paula and Keinert, 2016</xref>). It is in this context that institutions that stimulate social participation as a complement to participatory democracy, allows intervention by citizens in the course of a public activity and the expression of social interests (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Medeiros and Borges, 2007</xref>). Taking advantage of the development of technologies, new forms of social participation have also emerged, such as the portals of transparency, in which data are released to increase social accountability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bertot et al., 2012</xref>); the use of social networks to mobilize citizens in social movements (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cajaiba-Santana, 2013</xref>); the registration of signatures for or against governmental actions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Castañeda de Araujo, 2014</xref>); and platforms for the collective production of ideas for the public sector (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Martins et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>A classic example of using the collective production of ideas in the public sector is the callenge.gov platform created by U.S President Obama government to challenge citizens to engage to solve public problems, which are traditionally the responsibility of various governmental agencies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Linders, 2012</xref>). In Brazil, the idea-sending platform (Prêmio Ideia) can be highlighted by its use by public institutions to capture local knowledge to solve problems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Souza et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Santos, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Martins and Souza Bermejo, 2016</xref>). On this platform, the institution that promotes the challenge of ideas launches an issue of public interest online and asks for citizen participation to find a solution. In exchange for participation, it offers a (usually cash) prize, for the idea that is considered the best by the other participants and by the proposing institution. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Santos (2015)</xref> details the case of the Idea Prize platform used by the Military Police of Minas Gerais and presented the ideas that were sent by citizens and that became visible and were applied by the institution, such as the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) for monitoring and implementing security networks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Santos, 2015</xref>). Thus, the public institution opens itself up to receive ideas from the community and social participation involves active participation of the citizens in public decisions and actions, in the life of the community and in the issues of interest of their communities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Medeiros and Borges, 2007</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>3. Determinants factors of participation in the co-production of ideas for solutions to public problems</title>
				<p>The stimulus for social participation involves several characteristic factors of the public institution; however, people’s motivation and action determine this participatory behavior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Medeiros and Borges, 2007</xref>). Motivation is what determines the behavior of an individual. The functional value perceived by an individual as a result of an expected behavior is a motivator factor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Coglianese, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Glanz et al<italic>.</italic>, 2008</xref>). The resources that individual’s own can also be a motivating factor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wu and Chen, 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the literature, the motivation for participation on online platforms is associated to the technology acceptance model (TAM) and uses and gratifications theory (UGT). The TAM was developed in 1989 with the purpose of explaining the determining causes of the acceptance of technologies in general and is used to explain the behavior of users in relation to the use of technologies in several areas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Pires and Costa Filho, 2008</xref>). In the public sector, TAM was used to explain the determinants of the success of online applications for service delivery or public data availability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Casaló et al<italic>.</italic>, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lin et al<italic>.</italic>, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Ozkan and Kanat, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Shyu and Huang, 2011</xref>). In the TAM, two constructs related to the acceptance of citizens in participating in collaborative ventures stand out: ease of use of the platform and utility or perceived advantage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Pires and Costa Filho, 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>The construct utility refers to the probability that the user of a particular technology believes that the advantages that he will obtain by doing a certain activity through that technology is superior in comparison with the traditional practice, that is, with doing the activity without the use of technology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Pires and Costa Filho, 2008</xref>). The ease-of-use construct refers to the extent of expectations regarding usability. Both TAM constructs were condensed in the ‘convenience’ construct proposed in this research.</p>
				<p>Besides the TAM, the UGT is associated to the determinants of participation through the internet. It seeks to identify the reasons why people turn their attention to media products and what kind of retribution they expect in return (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Macedo, 2009</xref>). This theory was used in research on the motivation to participate in social media in general (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barcelos and Esteves, 2011</xref>); about the social network (Oliveira and Ferreira), about the coproduction of innovation in the private sector (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kosonen et al<italic>.</italic>, 2014</xref>), and about the third sector (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Macedo, 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>According to this theory, the authors condition participation to gratuities derived from an external factor, generated by the perception of its importance to other individuals, to the opportunity to obtain a gain, or to be professionally recognized; or natural gratifications related to their essence and the need to feel part of the environment in which they live, to feel pleasure and to learn something new. The authors denominate intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, respectively to these two types of gratuities.</p>
				<p>Motivation is what affects the nature of an individual’s behavior, causing them to behave in a certain way. Intrinsic motivation drives behaviors that meet basic human needs, such as the desire for learning and increased empowerment as a consequence of greater knowledge about a public problem (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Campbell and Murray, 2004</xref>); the desire to influence public policies and generate social benefits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wijnhoven et al<italic>.</italic>, 2015</xref>); and the pleasure of developing a certain activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brabham, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>Extrinsic motivation leads the individual to act in order to achieve an outcome resulting from external sources, that is, when rewards are offered (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Campbell and Murray, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kosonen et al<italic>.</italic>, 2014</xref>). Extrinsic motivation is related to the search for personal benefits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brabham, 2010</xref>; Pinkwart et al<italic>.</italic>, 2013; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wijnhoven et al., 2015</xref>); such as strengthening status and reputation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Pol and Ville, 2009</xref>; Brabham, 2010), or the expectation of individuals to obtain recognition from the applicant organization or from other participants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Linders, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>We, therefore, propose:</p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="simple">
						<list-item>
							<p><italic>H1a: The recognition by the public institution adding financial benefits to participants will increase the interest of the individual in participating.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><italic>H1b: The recognition by the public institution will increase the interest of the individual in participating.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><italic>H2: The improvement of their reputation with other members of the community will increase the interest of the individual in participating.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><italic>H3: The benefits of learning will increase the interests of the individual in participating.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><italic>H4: The pleasure of the individual in participating will increase their interest to participate.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><italic>H5: The social benefits will increase the interest of the individual in participating.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><italic>H6: Convenience positively impacts the individual’s interest in participating.</italic></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>3.1 Interest in participating and actual participation</italic></title>
					<p>The individual’s interest in participating is directly correlated to their behavior: if an individual participates in an online community, it tends to increase their level of involvement with other community members, increasing their desire to participate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Casaló et al<italic>.</italic>, 2010</xref>). However, this shows the importance of the participant’s desire to share their knowledge and experiences. Authors who have studied the interest in participating warn that there may be a difference between the expressed interest of the individual to participate and their actual participation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wijnhoven et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
					<p>In order to verify how motivation and convenience relate to the interest in participating and the real participation of individuals, two constructs were proposed: ‘interest in participating’ measures, according to individuals’ responses, how much they are willing to share their knowledge and collaborate by sending ideas to solve public problems; and the ‘Real Participation’ construct measures the number of interactions of each questionnaire respondent on the Idea Prize platform, specifically the challenges posed by the Military Police of the State of Minas Gerais (PMMG). From this, we propose hypothesis 7:</p>
					<p><italic>H7: The interest in participating reflects their real participation in the innovation of the public sector.</italic></p>
					<p>These hypotheses, drawn from the literature, relate the constructs ‘Intrinsic Motivation’, ‘Extrinsic Motivation’ and ‘Convenience’ to ‘Interest in Participating’, and then relate the latter construct to ‘Effective Participation’. Also, based on the literature, each construct is measured by means of questions, whose collected answers represent the determinant indicators of the construct. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch3">Box 1</xref>shows the acronyms that represent the indicators of each construct together with the respective item of the questionnaire.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="ch3">
							<label>Box 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>constructs and indicators</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1982-3134-rap-52-03-417-gch3.jpg"/>
							<attrib>Source: Elaborated by the authors.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>4. Methodology</title>
				<p>The procedures used to carry out this research can be divided into five stages.</p>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>a. Literature review and identification of constructs that represent the determinants of citizens’ participation in the collective production of ideas</italic></title>
					<p>A literature review was carried out on the motivation to participate in the collective production of ideas and the theories that stood out in trying to explain this motivation were: Uses and gratifications theory (UGT) and the technology acceptance model (TAM).</p>
					<p>The TAM stood out among the researches that propose models about the intention to use online social participation platforms, however, the authors show the TAM limitations as its simplicity and the fact that only the acceptance of the technology does not guarantee participation (Silva et al., 2011; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Ozkan and Kanat, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Shyu and Huang, 2011</xref>). Due to its limitations, it was decided to consider the TAM variables only as part of the variables tested and to use UGT as well. This theory has been used in research on motivation for participation in social media in general and has already been applied to public sector and private sector research, as presented above. Its variables relate the intention to participate in the motivations intrinsic to the individual and those external to them.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>b. Creation and validation of the questionnaire</italic></title>
					<p>The questionnaire was elaborated based on the constructs and variables taken from the TAM and the UGT. The definition of the constructs and the questionnaire followed the directions of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Devellis (2011</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hair and collaborators (2007</xref>). We identified and delimited the constructs and indicators, according to what we wanted to measure and formulated short questions, without terms of denial and based on the cited researches.</p>
					<p>A 5 points Likert-scale was chosen, based on the study carried out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Vieira and Dalmoro (2008</xref>). The authors tested scales of different amplitudes in a similar research to that carried out in this study and concluded that the 5-point scale is more effective, reliable and accurate to demonstrate the opinion of the interviewee than smaller scales and more efficient from the point of view of time response than larger scales. Thus, the respondents assigned a value of 1 to 5 for each item of the questionnaire, presented in box 1, the scale being 1 — totally disagree— to 5 — totally agree.</p>
					<p>The validation of the questionnaire occurred between September and October 2014, in three phases: (1) application of the questionnaire in person to four people with the profile of the population to be studied, aiming to refine the questions and make them clearer to the respondents. (2) The questionnaire was sent to a sample of 20 people for a pre-test of the data and refinement of the questions. (3) The questionnaire was sent to a sample of 30 people to pre-test the reformulated statements.</p>
					<p>In step 2, the proposed variables were tested for their standard deviation to verify whether they were relevant or not to the research question. Questions that had many neutral responses (Likert 3) or very low or very high standard deviation were rephrased as this could be an indication of not understanding the question or that the question was obvious and not relevant to the research. Some questions were rewritten to ensure greater clarity and effectiveness. The step 3 test was applied, the questionnaire was approved and the data collected in the validation were discarded. The final questionnaire used in the research was composed of the questions presented in box 1 as indicators of measurement of the constructs</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>c. Choice of the sample</italic></title>
					<p>The target population chosen was 3452 users who registered on the Idea Prize ideas production application in October and November 2014, specifically to respond or access the challenges of ideas proposed by the Military Police of Minas Gerais. The objective was to generate ideas on how to reduce crimes against equity; how to increase the interaction between police and civil society; such as reducing the incidence of traffic accidents, among other public problems.</p>
					<p>The platform ‘Prêmio Ideia’ was created in 2013 by students of the Federal University of Lavras and was used by some public institutions to propose the so-called ‘challenges of ideas’ aiming to seek solutions to public problems through the discussion of civil society. A challenge of ideas occurs in the following way: a public institution defines the public problem to be discussed and summarizes this problem in an objective question, for example, “How can the crimes against public assets be reduced?” The institution defines the target audience for the challenge and disseminates it to the public through social networks, offering a prize to the participant who contributes the most ideas and whose ideas obtain greater approval from the other participants.</p>
					<p>The platform was chosen for the availability of data on the accesses and types of contribution of each respondent user on the platform. In addition, in the literature, there are reports that the ideas sent by members of the respondent population of this research resulted in innovations in the actions and projects of this public institution, being a success case of the use of platforms for sending ideas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Santos, 2015</xref>). We obtained a return of 510 questionnaires, through which the profile of the participant sample was analyzed, according to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
							<title>CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE OF THE RESPONDENTS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE</title>
							</caption>
							<alternatives>
								<graphic xlink:href="tabla1-gt-en.jpg"/>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left"/>
										<th align="center">Freq.</th>
										<th align="center">%</th>
										<th align="center">Age</th>
										<th align="center">Freq.</th>
										<th align="center">%</th>
										<th align="center">Education</th>
										<th align="center">Freq.</th>
										<th align="center">%</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Female</td>
										<td align="center">233</td>
										<td align="center">45.7%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;18</td>
										<td align="center">37</td>
										<td align="center">7.3%</td>
										<td align="center">Postgraduate Completed</td>
										<td align="center">178</td>
										<td align="center">34.9%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Male</td>
										<td align="center">277</td>
										<td align="center">54.3%</td>
										<td align="center">18 - 25</td>
										<td align="center">177</td>
										<td align="center">34.6%</td>
										<td align="center">Postgraduate in progress</td>
										<td align="center">54</td>
										<td align="center">10.6%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"/>
										<td align="left"/>
										<td align="left"/>
										<td align="center">26 - 30</td>
										<td align="center">83</td>
										<td align="center">16.3%</td>
										<td align="center">Higher Education Completed</td>
										<td align="center">52</td>
										<td align="center">10.2%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"/>
										<td align="left"/>
										<td align="left"/>
										<td align="center">31 - 40</td>
										<td align="center">109</td>
										<td align="center">21.4%</td>
										<td align="center">Higher Education Incomplete</td>
										<td align="center">185</td>
										<td align="center">36.3%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"/>
										<td align="left"/>
										<td align="left"/>
										<td align="center">41 - 50</td>
										<td align="center">69</td>
										<td align="center">13.5%</td>
										<td align="center">High school</td>
										<td align="center">39</td>
										<td align="center">7.6%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"/>
										<td align="left"/>
										<td align="left"/>
										<td align="center">&gt; 50</td>
										<td align="center">35</td>
										<td align="center">6.9%</td>
										<td align="center">Elementary School</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="center">0.4%</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</alternatives>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5">
									<p>Source: research data (2017).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows that most of the respondent sample of the questionnaire is between 18 and 26 years of age and a high level of education, which is compatible with the characteristic of the target population of the ideas challenges in which the sample was collected. This is because the Military Police of Minas Gerais directed its challenges of ideas to the public of universities, which demanded a more intense dissemination among users with high education levels, aiming to receive more consistent ideas and with greater applicability potential.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>d. Data collection</italic></title>
					<p>The SurveyMonkey platform was used to create and send the questionnaire by personalized e-mail, sent in the period from 11 to 22 December 2014. After sending it to the 3452 users, 400 questionnaires were collected, an initially desirable number. On 29 December 2014, the questionnaire was sent back to those who did not respond to the survey and another resubmission on 5January 2015. With this procedure, the questionnaire accepted responses between 11 December,2014 and 6 January 2015, resulting in the collection of 510 complete questionnaires, with a response rate of 14.78%.</p>
					<p>In addition to the data collected through the questionnaire, the variable “Real participation” was obtained through the database of the ‘Prêmio Ideia’ platform and measures the number of interactions that each respondent of the questionnaire carried out on the platform. Considering that the user needs to register on the platform to see the challenges and ideas posted, the sample chosen includes those who actually participated and the users who only viewed the platform and did not interact. The variable “Real participation” assigns a level of participation to each respondent: 1 — those who only registered, 2 — those who registered and viewed the platform during the production of ideas; 3 — those who evaluated the ideas of the other participants through the functionality ‘enjoy’ or ‘do not like’ an idea. 4 — those who commented on other participants’ ideas; and 5 — those who sent ideas to solve the problems proposed.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>e. Choice of method and tools for data analysis</italic></title>
					<p>The data collected through the questionnaire were exported from the SurveyMonkey platform, organized in an Excel spreadsheet, whose calculation functions were used to analyze the profile of the participants. The tests to verify the validity of variables to represent the constructs were performed in SPSS software. The technique used to verify the correlation between the constructs was the structural equation modeling by the method of the Partial Least Squares (PLS) chosen after some pre-analysis procedures of the data.</p>
					<p>Initially, it was found that the sample did not have missing data, which allowed the analysis to continue. Normality and distribution of the sample were analyzed through asymmetry, kurtosis and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) tests. The kurtosis and asymmetry presented values different from zero and signaled the non-symmetry and non-normality of the data collected, confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test, which returned, for all variables, a significance lower than 0.05. These results were analyzed according to the protocol for modeling structural equations and the non-normality of the data and the intention to explore the correlation between constructs led to the choice of the PLS approach to test the correlation between the constructs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hair et al<italic>.</italic>, 2007</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>5. Results</title>
				<p>The first tests were applied to verify if the chosen indicators, the questionnaire questions, were valid to represent each construct. For example, if the propositions IMP1 — “I enjoyed participating in a competition”; IMP2 — “I enjoy helping other people” and IMP3 — “I find something to do when I’m bored” present strong correlation (&gt; 0.7) that determine that the three variables represent the same construct. This verification is done by testing the convergent and discriminant validities of each identifier in relation to its construct and by the reliability test of the construct and the variables.</p>
				<p>The convergent validity test showed that the correlation between the indicators of each construct was considered relevant, with statistically significant values, except for IMP2 and IP3 indicators, which presented a correlation lower than 0.7. Therefore, the following indicators were excluded: (1) IMP2 — “I enjoy helping other people” because it does not represent the Intrinsic Motivation (MI)/Pleasure construct; and (2) IP3 — “I feel challenged to answer the questions that are posed in the challenges.” because they do not represent the Interest in Participation (IP) construct.</p>
				<p>After these exclusions, the convergent validity of the indicators was confirmed because, according to table 2, all standardized loads are higher than 0.7. The discriminant validity of the variables was also confirmed, since the correlation of each indicator (line) relative to their respective construct (column) is larger than all correlations with the other constructs, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 2</xref>. This means, for example, that all the variables that represent the Intrinsic Motivation by the social have a greater correlation with each other than with the variables of other constructs.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Correlation between indicators and constructs</title>
						</caption>
						<alternatives>
							<graphic xlink:href="tabla2-gt2-en.jpg"/>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Construct CR e AVE</th>
									<th align="center">Indicators</th>
									<th align="center">CV</th>
									<th align="center">IP</th>
									<th align="center">EMF</th>
									<th align="center">EMI</th>
									<th align="center">EMR</th>
									<th align="center">IML</th>
									<th align="center">IMP</th>
									<th align="center">IMS</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">Convenience — CV CR = 0,886 AVE = 0,721</td>
									<td align="center">CV1</td>
									<td align="center">0.831</td>
									<td align="center">0.414</td>
									<td align="center">0.381</td>
									<td align="center">0.381</td>
									<td align="center">0.421</td>
									<td align="center">0.332</td>
									<td align="center">0.344</td>
									<td align="center">0.262</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">CV2</td>
									<td align="center">0.880</td>
									<td align="center">0.437</td>
									<td align="center">0.359</td>
									<td align="center">0.416</td>
									<td align="center">0.409</td>
									<td align="center">0.378</td>
									<td align="center">0.368</td>
									<td align="center">0.318</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">CV3</td>
									<td align="center">0.834</td>
									<td align="center">0.484</td>
									<td align="center">0.416</td>
									<td align="center">0.500</td>
									<td align="center">0.519</td>
									<td align="center">0.452</td>
									<td align="center">0.479</td>
									<td align="center">0.387</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Interest in participating — IP CR = 0,882 AVE = 0,718</td>
									<td align="center">IP1</td>
									<td align="center">0.435</td>
									<td align="center">0.922</td>
									<td align="center">0.451</td>
									<td align="center">0.769</td>
									<td align="center">0.376</td>
									<td align="center">0.538</td>
									<td align="center">0.422</td>
									<td align="center">0.522</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">IP2</td>
									<td align="center">0.451</td>
									<td align="center">0.923</td>
									<td align="center">0.391</td>
									<td align="center">0.746</td>
									<td align="center">0.370</td>
									<td align="center">0.567</td>
									<td align="center">0.451</td>
									<td align="center">0.565</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Extrinsic motivation — financial — EMP CR= 0,880 AVE= 0,786</td>
									<td align="center">EMF1</td>
									<td align="center">0.433</td>
									<td align="center">0.463</td>
									<td align="center">0.917</td>
									<td align="center">0.466</td>
									<td align="center">0.660</td>
									<td align="center">0.445</td>
									<td align="center">0.488</td>
									<td align="center">0.386</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">EMF2</td>
									<td align="center">0.370</td>
									<td align="center">0.357</td>
									<td align="center">0.855</td>
									<td align="center">0.362</td>
									<td align="center">0.509</td>
									<td align="center">0.194</td>
									<td align="center">0.398</td>
									<td align="center">0.255</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Extrinsic motivation — institucional — EMI CR = 0,867 AVE = 0,688</td>
									<td align="center">EMI1</td>
									<td align="center">0.432</td>
									<td align="center">0.696</td>
									<td align="center">0.439</td>
									<td align="center">0.920</td>
									<td align="center">0.427</td>
									<td align="center">0.592</td>
									<td align="center">0.520</td>
									<td align="center">0.575</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">EMI2</td>
									<td align="center">0.434</td>
									<td align="center">0.768</td>
									<td align="center">0.438</td>
									<td align="center">0.935</td>
									<td align="center">0.397</td>
									<td align="center">0.569</td>
									<td align="center">0.474</td>
									<td align="center">0.580</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Extrinsic motivation — reputation — EMR CR = 0,880 AVE = 0,783</td>
									<td align="center">EMR1</td>
									<td align="center">0.446</td>
									<td align="center">0.383</td>
									<td align="center">0.675</td>
									<td align="center">0.520</td>
									<td align="center">0.883</td>
									<td align="center">0.351</td>
									<td align="center">0.537</td>
									<td align="center">0.314</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">EMR2</td>
									<td align="center">0.500</td>
									<td align="center">0.396</td>
									<td align="center">0.513</td>
									<td align="center">0.470</td>
									<td align="center">0.891</td>
									<td align="center">0.355</td>
									<td align="center">0.533</td>
									<td align="center">0.291</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Intrinsic motivation — learning IML CR = 0,920 AVE = 0,852</td>
									<td align="center">IML1</td>
									<td align="center">0.432</td>
									<td align="center">0.506</td>
									<td align="center">0.329</td>
									<td align="center">0.569</td>
									<td align="center">0.376</td>
									<td align="center">0.910</td>
									<td align="center">0.485</td>
									<td align="center">0.672</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">IML2</td>
									<td align="center">0.420</td>
									<td align="center">0.596</td>
									<td align="center">0.365</td>
									<td align="center">0.626</td>
									<td align="center">0.360</td>
									<td align="center">0.936</td>
									<td align="center">0.487</td>
									<td align="center">0.655</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Intrinsic motivation — pleasure — IMP CR = 0,833 AVE = 0,715</td>
									<td align="center">IMP1</td>
									<td align="center">0.424</td>
									<td align="center">0.336</td>
									<td align="center">0.489</td>
									<td align="center">0.420</td>
									<td align="center">0.567</td>
									<td align="center">0.347</td>
									<td align="center">0.817</td>
									<td align="center">0.320</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">IMP3</td>
									<td align="center">0.387</td>
									<td align="center">0.461</td>
									<td align="center">0.328</td>
									<td align="center">0.540</td>
									<td align="center">0.475</td>
									<td align="center">0.522</td>
									<td align="center">0.838</td>
									<td align="center">0.562</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Intrinsic motivation — Social — IMS CR = 0,901 AVE = 0,821</td>
									<td align="center">IMS1</td>
									<td align="center">0.387</td>
									<td align="center">0.519</td>
									<td align="center">0.352</td>
									<td align="center">0.570</td>
									<td align="center">0.336</td>
									<td align="center">0.708</td>
									<td align="center">0.467</td>
									<td align="center">0.908</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">IMS2</td>
									<td align="center">0.307</td>
									<td align="center">0.510</td>
									<td align="center">0.318</td>
									<td align="center">0.570</td>
									<td align="center">0.281</td>
									<td align="center">0.589</td>
									<td align="center">0.512</td>
									<td align="center">0.904</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</alternatives>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>Source<bold>:</bold> research data. <bold>Note:</bold> the variables imp2 and ip3 were excluded because they presented standardized loads lower than 0.7</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>As for the constructs, the convergent validity was also confirmed, since, for all of them, the average value extracted (AVE), represented by the bold values in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">table 3</xref>is greater than 0.5. The discriminant validity of the construct was confirmed by the fact that the loads of each construct squared (table 3) are smaller than the value of the AVE (bold). And the reliability of the construct was proven by Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient and Reliability Coefficient &gt; 0.7.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Discriminant validity of constructs</title>
						</caption>
						<alternatives>
							<graphic xlink:href="tabla3-gt3-en.jpg"/>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"/>
									<th align="center">CV</th>
									<th align="center">IP</th>
									<th align="center">EMI</th>
									<th align="center">EMF</th>
									<th align="center">EMR</th>
									<th align="center">IMS</th>
									<th align="center">IML</th>
									<th align="center">IMP</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CV</td>
									<td align="center">0.721</td>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">IP</td>
									<td align="center">0.276</td>
									<td align="center">0.718</td>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">EMI</td>
									<td align="center">0.217</td>
									<td align="center">0.627</td>
									<td align="center">0.860</td>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">EMF</td>
									<td align="center">0.208</td>
									<td align="center">0.220</td>
									<td align="center">0.224</td>
									<td align="center">0.786</td>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">EMR</td>
									<td align="center">0.284</td>
									<td align="center">0.193</td>
									<td align="center">0.197</td>
									<td align="center">0.446</td>
									<td align="center">0.787</td>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">IMS</td>
									<td align="center">0.149</td>
									<td align="center">0.325</td>
									<td align="center">0.390</td>
									<td align="center">0.137</td>
									<td align="center">0.118</td>
									<td align="center">0.821</td>
									<td align="center"/>
									<td align="center"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">IML</td>
									<td align="center">0.211</td>
									<td align="center">0.360</td>
									<td align="center">0.389</td>
									<td align="center">0.142</td>
									<td align="center">0.157</td>
									<td align="center">0.514</td>
									<td align="center">0.852</td>
									<td align="center"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">IMP</td>
									<td align="center">0.253</td>
									<td align="center">0.215</td>
									<td align="center">0.255</td>
									<td align="center">0.255</td>
									<td align="center">0.415</td>
									<td align="center">0.245</td>
									<td align="center">0.248</td>
									<td align="center">0.590</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</alternatives>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>Source<bold>:</bold> Research data.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Then, after the IMP2 and IP3 variables were removed, the model presented internal consistency, variable reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity, according to the values and protocol described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hair et al. (2013</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> shows the results of the correction tests between the constructs, through the application of the PLS algorithm.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Test of the variables</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1982-3134-rap-52-03-417-gf2.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Source: Research data. Note: * p-Value &lt; 0.0001 — significance level = 1%; ** p-Value &lt; 0.001 — Level of 5%; *** Not significant.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The PLS estimates the correlation between the constructs and the value R2 represents how much an exogenous construct can be explained by the constructs related to it. According to the R2 analysis, extrinsic, intrinsic motivation and convenience models explain 66% of the variation of interest in participating. And, through the analysis of the loads, it is possible to affirm that rewards that demonstrate the recognition by the institution that promotes the challenge load = 0.670) present the respondents’ interest in participating in the collective production of ideas. ‘convenience’ also interferes with ‘interest in participating’, but less significantly than ‘extrinsic motivation institution’ (0.167).</p>
				<p>A construct is considered significant to explain another construct because of the analysis of significance, as measured by the p -Value. The p-Vvalue &lt;0.0001, represents that one construct explains the other construct that is connected to it with an error rate of 1%; and p-Vvalue &lt;0.001 means an error rate of 5%. In both cases, the constructs are considered significant, which allows to confirm the hypotheses related to them.</p>
				<p>Thus, the hypotheses H1b, H6 and H7 are confirmed and the hypotheses H2, H3, H4 and H5 are rejected because they present p value&gt; 0,1, which means they are not able to reject the null hypothesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hair et al., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hair et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>Regarding the validation of the structural model, presented in figure 1, it is understood that the extrinsic motivation institution (0.670) and the convenience (0.167) explain 66% of the interest in participating of the respondents. The test result of the hypotheses is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch4">box 2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="ch4">
						<label>box 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>hypotheses test</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1982-3134-rap-52-03-417-gch4.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Source: Research data (2015).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Finally, according to the test chi-squared, the structural model presents predictive relevance for the two endogenous constructs. It has large predictive relevance, in relation to the construct interest in participating (SSE/SSO&gt; 0.35) and small predictive relevance for the construct participation effective (SSE / SSO&gt; 0.02). And although H7 was confirmed, it was found that interest in participating explains only 0.8% of the effective participation. This means that interest in participation has an influence on participation, but that there may still be other, more determining factors for participation.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions|discussion">
				<title>6. Discussion and conclusion</title>
				<p>The proposed model allows us to say that 66% of the group’s interest in participating in the collective production of ideas for the public sector derives from two constructs: extrinsic motivation institution and convenience. The most expressive is the extrinsic motivation institution (0.658) and, more specifically, what leads to the interest in participating is the possibility of the participants interacting with public agents and receiving from them return on the applicability of their ideas (0.893) and the possibility of establishing a relationship of trust and extrinsic motivation institution (0.903).</p>
				<p>The confirmation of Hypothesis 1b is in line with the research carried out using the TAM to explain participation in initiatives to open government in Jordan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Al-Hujran et al<italic>.</italic>, 2015</xref>), in Cartagena (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cegarra-Navarro et al<italic>.</italic>, 2014</xref>), in Turkey (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Ozkan and Kanat, 2011</xref>), in Spain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Belanche et al<italic>.</italic>, 2012</xref>), and in Gambia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lin et al<italic>.</italic>, 2011</xref>). These researches have shown that the perception of the usefulness of their contributions impacts citizens’ engagement in e-government applications.</p>
				<p>Convenience (0.167), as well as in other researches that used the TAM, was considered an important factor when it comes to the users’ intention to participate through online platforms to offer ideas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lin et al<italic>.</italic>, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Belanche et al<italic>.</italic>, 2012</xref>). This result is understandable since the platform is a comfortable environment for sending ideas, and the objectives of the platform, as well as how it works, are clearly presented, which facilitate and promote access (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wijnhoven and collaborators, 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>As this research obtained its sample from the participants of the study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Martins and Bermejo (2014</xref>), who analyzed the content of the ideas presented in the challenges of ideas carried out by the PMMG, the results are complementary to those of the authors. Martins and Bermejo (2014) showed that most of the ideas submitted by the respondents were about increasing communication channels between public agents and citizens, in order to work together to solve public problems. In addition, this research complements the study of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wijnhoven et al (2015</xref>), demonstrating that citizens want more than an environment for participation, they also want feedback on their ideas and that their ideas are recognized by public institutions</p>
				<p>The research of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Martins and Bermejo (2014</xref>) helps in understanding the rejection of H5 (respondents could be motivated by the social benefits to be generated through participation). The authors showed that citizens believe that social benefits are not the result of these platforms, but rather conquered in partnership with public institutions.</p>
				<p>Although it has been found that the ‘interest in participating’ impacts on ‘real participation’, the coefficient that demonstrates how much interest in participating affects participation is very low, which is a limitation of this research. In order to circumvent this limitation, it is suggested to expand the studies on determinants of real social participation. This limitation may be a reflection of the predominance of the use of the TAM and the UGT that were created to study the factors that lead to the use of technology in general and, although used in the public context, were not created specifically for this context. The literature on social participation considers broader factors as determinants of participation, such as the history and characteristics of the public institution and its decision-making process. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the cases of social participation in depth, considering that the motivations that in any way influence the decision-making process of the organizations, taken alone, are not enough to reach a conclusion. This is because it is necessary to deeply understand the characteristics of the public institution, as well as its specificities that differentiate it from organizations of the private sector (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Medeiros and Borges, 2007</xref>). Another limitation was the non-inclusion of variables that explicitly measured the negative aspects preventing participation.</p>
				<p>In addition to the theoretical implication, this article intends to collaborate to raise awareness among public managers of the importance of sharing public projects and problems with citizens and to interact with them, valuing their ideas and taking advantage of the knowledge and experiences found in the wisdom of the crowd.</p>
				<p>Based on the main result of this research - the need for public institutions to value ideas and offer feedback - it is suggested, as a complement of this research, to analyze in depth the factors that motivate the public managers to accept the ideas of the civil society in order to promote innovation. This future research can relate the theoretical and sociological studies in social participation to the motivations to participate using collaborative tools.</p>
				<p>The theme motivation for social participation can still be explored by different perspectives, using new theories and new social contexts in order to (by strengthening the research framework in the area, promoting new initiatives) generate a continuous process of opening institutions for social participation, aiming to collaborate for a more participative public management.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
					<label>4</label>
					<p>{Translated version} Note: All quotes in English translated by this article’s translator.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article-->
</article>