<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.0/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="pt" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ciedu</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Ciência &amp; Educação (Bauru)</journal-title>
                <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Ciênc. educ.
                    (Bauru)</abbrev-journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="ppub">1516-7313</issn>
            <issn pub-type="epub">1980-850X</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação para a Ciência, Universidade
                    Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências, campus de
                    Bauru.</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00015</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1516-731320240015A</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Conhecimento prévio e construção do conhecimento entomológico por
                    estudantes de graduação indígenas e camponeses da região centro-oeste do
                    Brasil</article-title>
                    <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                    <trans-title>Indigenous and peasant undergraduate students in Brazil’s Midwest
                    region constructing entomological knowledge based on their prior
                    knowledge</trans-title>
                </trans-title-group>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0554-458X</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Gonçalves</surname>
                        <given-names>Cristiano Ramos</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7113-1521</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Benites</surname>
                        <given-names>Walkiria Aparecida</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7598-3652</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Pedro</surname>
                        <given-names>Marildo da Silva</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5677-5740</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Monfort</surname>
                        <given-names>Gislaine Carolina</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3778-9474</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Lima</surname>
                        <given-names>Jean Carlos dos Santos</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3954-0245</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Gisloti</surname>
                        <given-names>Laura Jane</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff1">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados
                    (UFGD)</institution>
                    <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados
                    (UFGD)</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e
                    Ambientais</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <named-content content-type="city">Dourados</named-content>
                    <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD),
                    Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Dourados, MS,
                    Brasil</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff2">
                <label>2</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados
                    (UFGD)</institution>
                    <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados
                    (UFGD)</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ciências Humanas</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <named-content content-type="city">Dourados</named-content>
                    <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD),
                    Faculdade de Ciências Humanas, Dourados, MS, Brasil</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff3">
                <label>3</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará
                    (UFOPA)</institution>
                    <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará
                    (UFOPA)</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Biodiversidade e
                    Florestas</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <named-content content-type="city">Santarém</named-content>
                    <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA),
                    Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Santarém, PA, Brasil</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff1b">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados
                    (UFGD)</institution>
                    <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados
                    (UFGD)</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e
                    Ambientais</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <named-content content-type="city">Dourados</named-content>
                    <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD),
                    Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Dourados, MS,
                    Brasil</institution>
                    <email>cristianogonca.bio@gmail.com</email>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <corresp id="c1">Autor Correspondente:
                    <email>cristianogonca.bio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
            </author-notes>
<!--            <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
                <day>19</day>
                <month>08</month>
                <year>2024</year>
            </pub-date>
            <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"> -->
            <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
                <year>2024</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>30</volume>
            <elocation-id>e24015A</elocation-id>
            <history>
                <date date-type="received">
                    <day>09</day>
                    <month>11</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="accepted">
                    <day>24</day>
                    <month>01</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </date>
            </history>
            <permissions>
                <license license-type="open-access"
                    xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
                    <license-p>Este &#x00E9; um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob
                        a licen&#x00E7;a Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso,
                        distribui&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e reprodu&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o em qualquer meio, sem
                        restri&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente
                        citado.</license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <abstract>
                <title>Resumo</title>
                <p>Este estudo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada com estudantes
                    indígenas e camponeses (n = 53) do primeiro ano do curso de Licenciatura em
                    Educação do Campo em uma universidade pública do Centro-Oeste brasileiro.
                    Examinamos, por meio de questionários estruturados com perguntas abertas,
                    fechadas e de múltipla escolha, o conhecimento prévio e as formas de construção
                    do conhecimento entomológico. Como resultado, encontramos 24 tipos de animais
                    citados como insetos. Os indígenas conceituam insetos com base em conceitos
                    ecológicos e os camponeses com base em aspectos de saúde e emocionais.
                    Descobrimos que o conhecimento entomológico prévio desses estudantes foi criado
                    dentro do núcleo familiar, no caso dos indígenas, e na escola, no caso dos
                    camponeses. Esta pesquisa traz informações legítimas sobre o conhecimento prévio
                    e a construção do conhecimento entomológico, numa perspectiva intercultural, a
                    fim de promover uma reflexão sobre o diálogo entre tradições, conhecimento
                    popular e científico.</p>
            </abstract>
            <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                <title>Abstract</title>
                <p>This study presents findings from research conducted with indigenous and peasant
                    students (n = 53) in their first year of the Rural Education Degree (Countryside
                    Education) program at a public university in the Brazilian Midwest. We
                    investigated previous knowledge and methods for developing entomological
                    knowledge using structured questionnaires with open, closed, and multiple-choice
                    questions. As a result, we discovered 24 distinct types of animals known as
                    insects. Indigenous peoples conceptualized insects using ecological principles,
                    whereas peasants approached the subject from health and emotional perspectives.
                    Our findings revealed that indigenous students’ prior entomological knowledge
                    was primarily developed within their families, while peasant students developed
                    it at school. This study provides important insights into pre-existing knowledge
                    and the development of entomological understanding in an intercultural setting.
                    It encourages reflection on the interactions of traditions, folk knowledge, and
                    scientific understanding.</p>
            </trans-abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
                <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
                <kwd>Educação no campo</kwd>
                <kwd>Educação indígena</kwd>
                <kwd>Etnoentomologia</kwd>
                <kwd>Conhecimento popular</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
             <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                <title>Keywords:</title>
                <kwd>Education in the countryside</kwd>
                <kwd>Indigenous education</kwd>
                <kwd>Ethnoentomology</kwd>
                <kwd>Folk knowledge</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
        <counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="41"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        <sec sec-type="intro">
            <title>Introdução</title>
            <p>Desde o início da humanidade, os insetos têm tido uma participação muito
                significativa e consistente na vida sociocultural de todas as populações em seus
                diferentes grupos étnicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Costa-Neto, 1998</xref>;
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Costa-Neto; Magalhães, 2007</xref>; <xref
                    ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Liang; Zhang, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr"
                    rid="B32">Ortíz Romero; Catacora Yucra, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr"
                    rid="B35">Posey, 1981</xref>). Isso está relacionado ao fato de que eles possuem
                alta abundância e distribuição no planeta, fazendo com que esses animais mantenham
                um contato muito próximo com as pessoas em suas respectivas comunidades. Assim, os
                insetos estão presentes na vida comunitária e pessoal nas mais diferentes situações,
                proporcionando experiências que podem promover o conhecimento, a percepção e as
                atitudes que são formadas sobre esses organismos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"
                    >Dzerefos; Witkowski; Toms, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Gurung,
                    2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Oliveira-Lima <italic>et
                        al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
            <p>Desta forma, as pessoas estabelecem relacionamentos com outros organismos que vivem
                em seu entorno e, nessa convivência, são construídas concepções e percepções sobre o
                mundo natural. Assim, os elementos culturais são importantes na determinação da
                conceituação e percepção que um determinado termo representa para as pessoas e
                comunidades. No caso dos insetos, os aspectos negativos de nocividade e repugnância
                geralmente representam esse termo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Costa-Neto,
                    2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Santos-Fita; Costa-Neto;
                    Schiavetti, 2011</xref>).</p>
            <p>Em tempos passados, a construção da concepção e percepção sobre insetos baseava-se
                exclusivamente na experiência pessoal e comunitária das pessoas dentro do ambiente
                em que viviam. No entanto, no mundo contemporâneo, é possível notar uma perda
                significativa dessa experiência comunitária e uma grande distância entre humanos e
                insetos devido à enorme influência de outras formas de aquisição de conhecimento,
                como, por exemplo, a mídia mainstream (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Costa-Neto;
                    Pacheco, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Uehara; Yoshida,
                    2016</xref>).</p>
            <p>Por outro lado, quando pensamos a partir de uma perspectiva educacional formal, é um
                fato que todo estudante, ao ir para a escola e para a faculdade, já carrega consigo
                um conjunto de conhecimentos que vem de sua primeira cultura, ou seja, do ambiente
                sociocultural em que vive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cobern, 1996</xref>).
                Assim, o conhecimento que os estudantes levam para as salas de aula é denominado
                como conhecimento prévio. Esse conhecimento prévio inclui todo o conjunto de
                pressupostos e crenças culturalmente construídos e fundamentados, com base em suas
                cosmovisões (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Lemke, 2001</xref>).</p>
            <p>Quanto à consideração e relevância do conhecimento cultural dos alunos nas salas de
                aula de ciências, é importante mencionar que o número de pesquisas em educação
                científica que aponta a importância dessa consideração para a aprendizagem
                significativa dos alunos tem crescido nas últimas duas décadas (<xref
                    ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bang; Medin, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr"
                    rid="B6">Carlone; Johnson, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Gondwe;
                    Longnecker, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Lemke, 2001</xref>;
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Schroevers; Fleer, 2019</xref>; <xref
                    ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Snively; Corsiglia, 2001</xref>).</p>
            <p>De acordo com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bang e Medin (2010)</xref>, entre o
                conhecimento prévio dos estudantes e o conhecimento científico, que é o objeto de
                ensino, existem relações de semelhanças e/ou diferenças. Isso ocorre porque os
                estudantes podem vir de ambientes culturais nos quais as atividades científicas têm
                uma forte influência em suas vidas diárias, ou de ambientes nos quais a ciência
                ocidental é quase ausente, como em comunidades tradicionais (indígenas,
                agricultores, ribeirinhos, camponeses, etc.).</p>
            <p>Neste artigo, apresentamos e discutimos os resultados de um estudo cujo objetivo foi
                registrar o conhecimento prévio e a construção do conhecimento entomológico de
                estudantes universitários indígenas e camponeses do curso de Educação do Campo em
                uma universidade pública do Centro-Oeste do Brasil.</p>
            <p>Nosso objetivo é apontar possíveis implicações para a aprendizagem de conceitos
                científicos, além de propor estratégias de ensino voltadas para a educação
                científica baseada no diálogo intercultural. Esperamos que os dados aqui
                apresentados possam ajudar os professores de ciências a refletir sobre suas práticas
                pedagógicas e a refiná-las, a fim de estabelecer um diálogo constante entre o
                conhecimento em sala de aula e o conhecimento local e tradicional da vida diária dos
                estudantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
            <title>Materiais e métodos</title>
            <sec>
                <title>Participantes</title>
                <p>Este estudo foi realizado com 53 participantes (homens: mulheres = 1:0.9), (17 a
                    57 anos), alunos do primeiro ano do curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo
                    da Faculdade Intercultural Indígena (FAIND) alocado na Universidade Federal da
                    Grande Dourados (UFGD) localizada na cidade de Dourados no estado do Mato Grosso
                    do Sul, região do centro oeste brasileiro. Uma característica marcante deste
                    curso é a presença considerável de indígenas e camponeses, de modo que a
                    Licenciatura em Educação do Campo surge como um curso de graduação com políticas
                    públicas específicas para esses grupos sociais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"
                        >Barboza; Rinaldi; Lima, 2018</xref>).</p>
                <p>A Licenciatura em Educação do Campo tem como objetivo formar professores para
                    atuar na educação básica, no campo, e em escolas do campo em assentamentos de
                    reforma agrária. Este curso de graduação trabalha por meio da Pedagogia da
                    Alternância, que se baseia na pedagogia do movimento, pois tem alternância entre
                    o tempo universidade (os alunos estão na faculdade com aulas presenciais) e
                    tempo comunitário, com a deslocação de professores para os assentamentos,
                    sítios, fazendas, aldeias e comunidades tradicionais para ministrar aulas (<xref
                        ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Melo; Adams, Nunes, 2020</xref>).</p>
                <p>Alunos camponeses, indígenas e ribeirinhos de diferentes assentamentos, aldeias e
                    comunidades tradicionais estão presentes neste curso de graduação e vêm da
                    região do Pantanal: norte do estado ao extremo sul do estado de Mato Grosso do
                    Sul. Agrupamos o total de participantes em dois grupos distintos: (a) estudantes
                    camponeses que vivem em assentamentos de reforma agrária no estado do Mato
                    Grosso do Sul, (b) estudantes indígenas das etnias Kaiowá e Guarani que vivem em
                    aldeias da região sul do estado.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>Coleta de dados e instrumentos de pesquisa (Data sampling)</title>
                <p>A proposta de pesquisa foi apresentada durante as aulas presenciais do curso de
                    graduação da universidade (tempo universidade) para três turmas ingressantes.
                    Assim, nos meses de março de 2018, janeiro de 2019 e fevereiro de 2020, os
                    alunos ingressantes foram convidados a participarem da pesquisa. Os alunos
                    participaram do estudo de forma livre e concordaram em responder ao instrumento
                    de pesquisa.</p>
                <p>Utilizou-se a pesquisa estruturada, por meio de questionário com questões abertas
                    e fechadas, como instrumento de obtenção de dados. O questionário foi ofertado
                    durante a primeira aula do componente curricular <italic>Biologia, Biotecnologia
                        e ensino de Ciências</italic> para todas as turmas ingressantes em seus
                    respectivos anos de ingresso (de 2018 a 2020).</p>
                <p>O questionário se constituiu em (1) Aspectos sociais (cor da pele/etnia, sexo,
                    idade, local de residência), com o objetivo de traçar o perfil desses alunos;
                    (2) Conhecimento prévio (informação relativa à classificação, biologia e
                    ecologia, de maneira a verificar o conhecimento prévio; (3) fonte de aquisição
                    de conhecimento entomológico, para compreender como o conhecimento entomológico
                    é construído e transmitido.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>Análise de dados</title>
                <p>Para questões fechadas do questionário, utilizamos a distribuição de frequência e
                    a porcentagem das respostas para a análise quantitativa desses dados. Para
                    tanto, foi feita uma tabulação organizada de números e porcentagens de respostas
                    de acordo com cada categoria de variáveis.</p>
                <p>Para questões abertas, foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo qualitativa onde
                    analisamos os dados para formar categorias, estabelecer os limites das
                    categorias e atribuir segmentos de dados às categorias, além de resumir o
                    conteúdo de cada tópico. Os dados das questões abertas foram transcritos e
                    categorizados, a partir de uma análise detalhada e interpretativa desses dados
                    para constituição de categorias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Altheide,
                        1987</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bardin, 2006</xref>; <xref
                        ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Hsieh; Shannon, 2005</xref>).</p>
                <p>Para analisar o conteúdo das questões abertas que indagavam sobre a definição de
                    insetos, foram consideradas as seguintes categorias: (a) ecológico, (b)
                    taxonômico, (c) emocional e (d) sanitário, conforme demonstrado na <xref
                        ref-type="fig" rid="F1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
                <p><fig id="F1">
                        <label>Figura 1</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>Categorias relacionadas ao conhecimento prévio de indígenas e
                                camponeses</title>
                        </caption>
                        <graphic xlink:href="1516-7313-ciedu-30-e24015-gf01.png"/>
                        <attrib>Os percentuais estão expressos com base no número total de
                            participantes (n = 53).</attrib>
                        <attrib>Fonte: elaborada pelos autores.</attrib>
                    </fig></p>
                <p>A categoria ecológica refere-se ao conhecimento prévio relacionado aos aspectos
                    ecológicos dos insetos, como polinização, cadeia alimentar e hábitos
                    alimentares. A categoria taxonômica refere-se à morfologia externa dos insetos,
                    como a presença de asas e do exoesqueleto.</p>
                <p>A categoria emocional refere-se às emoções que os insetos despertam nas pessoas,
                    como medo, curiosidade e nojo. Por fim, a categoria saúde agrupou as respostas
                    que incluíram os insetos como transmissores de doenças e enfermidades. Cada
                    resposta foi classificada em apenas uma categoria.</p>
            </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="results">
            <title>Resultados</title>
            <sec>
                <title>Aspectos sociais</title>
                <p>A amostragem foi composta por 53 alunos, de forma que o grupo indígena foi
                    predominante (60%, n=32) em relação aos camponeses (40% n=21). Em relação ao
                    gênero, a composição dos participantes mostrou-se equitativa, de modo que as
                    mulheres estiveram representadas em 49% da amostra (n=26) e os homens em 51%
                    (n=27). A faixa etária variou de 17 a 57 anos. Entre as mulheres, havia
                    representantes em toda a faixa etária geral. Os homens foram representados em
                    menor faixa etária com idades variando entre 18 e 51 anos. Entre indígenas, a
                    idade variou de 18 a 51 anos e entre camponeses, de 17 a 57.</p>
                <p>Os alunos participantes desta pesquisa são de nove municípios do estado de Mato
                    Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Os camponeses têm como local de residência os seguintes
                    municípios: Corumbá, Nioaque, Ponta Porã, Sidrolândia e Terenos. Estudantes
                    indígenas moram em aldeias nos municípios de Amambai, Dourados, Laguna Carapã e
                    Tacuru.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>Conhecimento prévio</title>
                <p>No total, obtivemos 227 citações, com média de 4,2 insetos/universitário. Os
                    camponeses fizeram o maior número de citações de insetos (n = 115,51%). Em
                    relação ao conhecimento taxonômico prévio, verificamos que a maioria dos alunos
                    (n=49; 92%) classificam os insetos pertencentes ao reino Animalia.</p>
                <p>Os alunos citaram 24 animais que identificaram como insetos. No entanto, seis
                    animais citados não pertencem à Classe Insecta (Hexapoda). As aranhas (Filo
                    Arthropoda, Classe Arachnida, Subfamília Araneae) foram os animais mais citados
                    (n=12,5%) não classificados cientificamente como Insecta, seguidos pelos vermes
                    (Filo Annelida ou Filo Nematoda) (n= 4; 1,7%), camundongos (Classe Mammalia)
                    (n=3; 1,3%), centopeias (Filo Arthropoda, Subfilo Myriapoda) (n=1; 0,5%) e sapos
                    (Amphibia: Anura) (n=2; 1%, respectivamente. As aranhas, os vermes e camundongos
                    foram citados tanto pelos estudantes indígenas quanto pelos estudantes
                    camponeses. Os sapos e as centopeias foram citados apenas pelos estudantes
                    camponeses. Dados completos se encontram na <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1"
                        >tabela 1</xref>.</p>
                <table-wrap id="T1">
                    <label>Tabela 1</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Lista de animais citados como insetos por estudantes indígenas e
                            camponeses</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr>
                                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3"
                                    style="background-color:#e3e7f3; border-bottom:1pt solid black"
                                    >Classificação Biológica</th>
                                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3"
                                    style="background-color:#e3e7f3; border-bottom:1pt solid black"
                                    >Número de Citações</th>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <th align="left" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Filo: Subfilo (Classe)</th>
                                <th align="left" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Ordem</th>
                                <th align="left" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Espécie</th>
                                <th align="left" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Indígenas</th>
                                <th align="left" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Camponeses</th>
                                <th align="left" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Total</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="17">Filo Arthropods:
                                    Subfilo Hexapoda (Insecta)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">Diptera</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mosca</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">19 (8,5%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">28(12,5%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">89 (39,3%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mosquito</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">15 (6,5%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">24(10,5%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mutuca</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">3(1,3%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Lepidoptera</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Borboleta</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">12 (5,3%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">10(4,5%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">23(10,1%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mariposa</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Blattodea</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Barata</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (2%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">11 (4,8%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">16(7%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">Coleoptera</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Larva de besouro</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">11 (4,8%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">3(1,3%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">24(10,5%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Besouro</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (2%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (2%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Abelha</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">7 (3%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (2%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">Hymenoptera</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mamangava</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">6 (2,5%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">39(15,5%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Formiga</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">4(1,7%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">4(1,7%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Marimbondo</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">4(1,7%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mantodea</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Louva-Deus</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (2%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (2%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">10(4,5%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="4">Hemiptera</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Barbeiro</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">2(1%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">3(1,3%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cigarra</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">2(1%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">3(1,3%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria-fedida</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">2(1%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">2(1%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Percevejo</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">Filo Arthropoda:
                                    Subfilo Chelicerata (Arachnida)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Orthoptera</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Grilo</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Araneae</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Aranha</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">8 (3,5%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">4(1,7%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">12(5%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ixodida</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Carrapato</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">2(1%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">2(1%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Filo Arthropoda: Subfilo Myriapoda
                                    (Chilopoda)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">-</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Centopeia</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Filo Annelida Clitellata)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">-</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Minhoca</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">3(1,3%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">4(1,7%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Filo Chordata: Subfilo Vertebrata
                                    (Mammalia)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">-</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rato</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">2(1%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">3(1,3%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Filo Chordata: Subfilo Vertebrata
                                    (Amphibia)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">-</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sapo</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">2(1%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">2(1%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Total</bold></td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">112(49%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">115(51%)</td>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">227(100%)</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn id="TFN1">
                            <p>Os percentuais são expressos com base no número total de citações (n
                                = 227).</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN2">
                            <p>Fonte: elaborada pelos autores.</p>
                        </fn>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>A ordem Diptera (moscas e mosquitos) foram os mais citados entre indígenas e
                    camponeses, correspondendo 60% ao total (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">tabela
                        3</xref>). Ainda em relação a ordem Diptera, detectamos três citações de
                    mutuca (cerca de 1,3% do total de citações) entre os estudantes indígenas, nome
                    comum e popular para nomear espécies de moscas pertencentes à família
                    Tabanidae.</p>
                <table-wrap id="T2">
                    <label>Tabela 3</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Animais citados como insetos transmissores de doenças por indígenas e
                            camponeses</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr>
                                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Animais</th>
                                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Indígenas</th>
                                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Camponeses</th>
                                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Total</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mosquito (Insecta: Diptera)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">10 (12%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">18 (22%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">28 (34%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mosca (Insecta: Diptera)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">12 (14%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">10 (12%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">22 (26%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Carrapato (Arachnida: Ixodida)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">8 (9%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">3 (4%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">11 (13%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Barata (Insecta: Blattodea)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">6 (7%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">4 (5%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">10 (12%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Verme</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">8 (9%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">8 (9%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Barbeiro (Insecta: Hemiptera)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">4 (5%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">4 (5%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Grilo (Insecta: Orthoptera)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">1 (1%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">1 (1%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle"/>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle"/>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">84 (100%)</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn id="TFN3">
                            <p>Os percentuais estão expressos com base no número total de citações
                                (n = 84).</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN4">
                            <p>Fonte: elaborada pelos autores.</p>
                        </fn>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>As ordens Hymenoptera e Hemiptera foram as que apresentaram maior riqueza em
                    insetos citados (quatro cada), seguidas pelas ordens Diptera (três insetos),
                    Lepidoptera, Coleoptera (dois insetos cada). As ordens Orthoptera, Blattodea,
                    Mantodea apresentaram a citação de apenas um inseto.</p>
                <p>Em relação a ordem Coleoptera, também foram observadas citações específicas de
                    besouros em sua forma larval, entre os estudantes indígenas (11, cerca de 4,8%
                    do total de citações) contra 3 citações e camponeses (1,3% em relação ao total
                    de citações).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>Análise de conteúdo</title>
                <p>No geral, a maioria dos alunos (n=30; 56%) definiu os insetos com base em
                    concepções relacionadas as suas funções ecológicas. As categorias taxonômicas
                    (n= 10; 19%) e emocional (n= 8; 15%) foram a segunda e a terceira mais citadas
                    e, por fim, a categoria saúde foi a menos mencionada (n= 5; 10%) (<xref
                        ref-type="table" rid="T1">tabela 1</xref>).</p>
                <p>A maioria dos alunos indígenas (n= 30,56%) definiu os insetos dentro da categoria
                    ecológica. Os estudantes camponeses, por outro lado, listaram esses animais
                    principalmente nas categorias sanitária e emocional (n= 9,18%, em ambas) (<xref
                        ref-type="fig" rid="F1">figura 1</xref>).</p>
                <p>A análise de conteúdo da pergunta aberta sobre hábitos alimentares de insetos,
                    mostrou que a maioria dos estudantes (n = 30, 56%) não sabia como responder à
                    pergunta. Entre os alunos que responderam (n = 23, 44%), encontramos 51 citações
                    divididas em cinco categorias: (a) generalista (insetos que comem de tudo); (b)
                    hematófagos (se alimentam de sangue), (c) herbívoros (se alimentam de plantas),
                    (d) micófagos (se alimentam de fungos) e (e) insetívoros (se alimentam de outros
                    insetos). A categoria generalista foi a que teve o maior número de citações (n =
                    22, 44%), seguida por hematófagos (n = 15, 30%), herbívoros (n = 10, 19%),
                    micófagos (n = 3, 5%) e insetívoros (n = 1, 1%).</p>
                <p>Os estudantes indígenas citaram a maior quantidade de informações sobre os
                    hábitos alimentares dos insetos (n = 32, 63%). A categoria generalista (n = 17,
                    33%) foi a mais proeminente. Entre os camponeses (n = 19, 37%), as categorias
                    generalista, hematofágica e herbívora tiveram a mesma proeminência (n = 5, 10%
                    cada) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">tabela 2</xref>).</p>
                <table-wrap id="T3">
                    <label>Tabela 2</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Classificação dos hábitos alimentares de insetos conforme indígenas e
                            camponeses</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr>
                                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Hábitos alimentares</th>
                                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Indígenas</th>
                                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Camponeses</th>
                                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Total</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Generalista</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">17 (32%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">5 (10%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">22 (42%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hematófago</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">10 (20%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">5 (10%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">15 (30%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Herbívoro</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">5 (10%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">5 (10%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">10 (20%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Micófago</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">3 (6%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">3 (6%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Insetívoro</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">1 (2%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">1 (2%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">32 (62%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">19 (38%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">51 (100%)</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn id="TFN5">
                            <p>Os percentuais estão expressos com base no número total de citações
                                (n = 51).</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN6">
                            <p>Fonte: elaborada pelos autores.</p>
                        </fn>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>No que diz respeito aos aspectos de saúde, ou seja, ao potencial dos insetos de
                    transmitir doenças, descobrimos que quase todos os estudantes (n = 50, 94%)
                    (exceto três que optaram por não responder) consideram os insetos como
                    potenciais transmissores de doenças.</p>
                <p>Os alunos citaram cinco representantes da classe Insecta como exemplos de insetos
                    transmissores de doenças (n = 84 citações): mosquitos (n = 28, 33%), moscas (n =
                    22, 26%), baratas (n = 10, 11%), percevejos (n = 4, 5%) e grilos (n = 1, 1%).
                    Vermes (n = 8, 10%) e carrapatos (n = 11, 14%) também foram citados como
                    transmissores de doenças.</p>
                <p>Entre os estudantes indígenas, as moscas foram as mais citadas como transmissoras
                    de doenças. Entre os estudantes camponeses, por outro lado, os mosquitos foram
                    os principais responsáveis pela transmissão de doenças (<xref ref-type="table"
                        rid="T2">tabela 3</xref>).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>Fontes da construção do conhecimento entomológico</title>
                <p>Para investigar como o conhecimento entomológico é adquirido e transmitido,
                    perguntamos aos participantes, por meio de uma questão de múltipla escolha, de
                    qual seria sua principal fonte de conhecimento acerca dos insetos. As opções
                    fornecidas foram: escola, livro, televisão, internet, dia a dia (experiências
                    cotidianas) e família – mais de uma opção pôde ser marcada. Além disso, havia um
                    espaço para preencher (outros), caso houvesse outras opções além das
                    disponíveis.</p>
                <p>No geral, a maioria dos estudantes (n = 21, 40%) respondeu que a aquisição de
                    conhecimento sobre insetos foi na escola. A família (n = 19, 36%) apareceu como
                    a segunda instituição mais importante na aquisição de conhecimento entomológico,
                    seguida por experiências cotidianas (n = 6, 12%). A televisão apareceu em quarta
                    posição (n = 3, 6%). A internet e os livros (n = 2, 4%, em ambos) foram os menos
                    mencionados como transmissores de conhecimento entomológico (<xref
                        ref-type="table" rid="T4">tabela 4</xref>).</p>
                <table-wrap id="T4">
                    <label>Tabela 4</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Fonte de aquisição de conhecimento entomológico conforme indígenas e
                            camponeses</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr>
                                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Fonte de aquisição de conhecimento entomológico</th>
                                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Indígenas</th>
                                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Camponeses</th>
                                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="background-color:#e3e7f3"
                                    >Total</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Escola</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">10 (19%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">11 (20%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">21 (38%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Família</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">15 (28%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">4 (8%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">19 (36%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dia-a-dia</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">4 (8%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">2 (4%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">6 (12%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Televisão</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">1 (2%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">2 (4%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">3 (6%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Internet</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">2 (4%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">2 (4%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Livros</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">2 (4%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">2 (4%)</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">32 (60%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">21 (40%)</td>
                                <td align="right" valign="middle">53 (100%)</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn id="TFN7">
                            <p>Os percentuais estão expressos com base no número total de citações
                                (n = 53).</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN8">
                            <p>Fonte: elaborada pelos autores.</p>
                        </fn>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>Quando analisamos esses dados do ponto de vista étnico, observamos que os povos
                    indígenas consideram a família como a principal fonte de aquisição de
                    conhecimento (n = 15, 28%), em contraste com os camponeses que elegeram a escola
                    (n = 11, 20%) como a instituição mais importante para a construção do
                    conhecimento entomológico. A internet não foi mencionada por nenhum indígena,
                    nem os livros por nenhum participante camponês.</p>
            </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="discussion">
            <title>Discussão</title>
            <p>De acordo com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cobern (1996)</xref>, todo estudante ao
                entrar em uma instituição educacional já carrega consigo um conjunto de
                conhecimentos que provém de sua cultura original, ou seja, do ambiente sociocultural
                onde vive. O conhecimento que os estudantes trazem consigo para as salas de aula é
                conhecido como conhecimento prévio. Esse conhecimento prévio engloba todo o conjunto
                de suposições e crenças culturalmente fundamentadas. Isso significa que tal
                conhecimento provém de um padrão de práticas e ações sociais em cada espaço (<xref
                    ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Lemke, 2001</xref>).</p>
            <p>Esta pesquisa considerou o conhecimento prévio dos estudantes universitários no
                primeiro ano do curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo de uma universidade
                pública no centro-oeste do Brasil. Assim, como os estudantes do ensino fundamental,
                os estudantes universitários vêm do ensino médio com conhecimento prévio em muitos
                tópicos de ciências e seus instrutores universitários devem levar isso em
                consideração (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Fernández-Chamorro; Pamplona;
                    Pérez-Fructuoso, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Lazarowitz; Lieb,
                    2006</xref>).</p>
            <p>No caso especial dos estudantes que participam deste estudo, é importante salientar
                que são indígenas (etnias Guarani e Kaiowá) e camponeses, já que o curso
                universitário específico serve a esses grupos sociais. Além disso, é importante
                observar que estes estudantes serão professores em escolas indígenas e em escolas
                rurais. Portanto, é importante incluir o aspecto cultural na consideração do
                conhecimento prévio desses estudantes e futuros professores.</p>
            <p>O número de tipos de insetos mencionados pelos participantes deste estudo, se
                aproximou do resultado do estudo realizado na educação básica sobre conhecimento
                prévio de estudantes em uma escola pública no Nordeste do Brasil (<xref
                    ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Costa-Neto; Baptista, 2006</xref>).</p>
            <p>Neste estudo, a ordem Diptera obteve o maior número de citações, isto pode estar
                relacionado ao aspecto sanitário desse grupo de insetos, associado ao fato de que
                doenças tais como: febre amarela, dengue e leishmaniose, podem ser transmitidas por
                dípteros, onde historicamente afetam as regiões onde os participantes deste estudo
                vivem (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Castro <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>;
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Costa; Cunha; Costa, 2018</xref>). Além do
                aspecto sanitário, os dípteros também estão presentes na cosmogênese Kaiowá,
                estudantes indígenas foram os únicos a citarem as mutucas (nome popular para
                descrever indivíduos da família Tabanidae). Na cosmologia Kaiowá, o surgimento deste
                inseto, está relacionado ao Pa’i Kwará (Deus Sol), quando criou a árvore de cedro,
                assim os insetos foram surgindo conforme a criação de Deus (<xref ref-type="bibr"
                    rid="B33">Pedro, 2021</xref>).</p>
            <p>Semelhante às mutucas, observamos uma citação expressiva dos besouros citados na sua
                forma larval. Estudos anteriores, relataram o uso de larvas de besouro da espécie
                    <italic>Rynchophorus palmarum</italic> pela etnia Guarani-Kaiowá, na forma de
                óleo extraído das larvas, utilizado para tratamento e cicatrização de feridas
                cutâneas e doenças respiratórias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Vilharva
                        <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
            <p>Um resultado muito interessante encontrado neste estudo é que os alunos indígenas
                conceituam insetos exclusivamente a partir de conceitos ecológicos e emocionais. As
                cosmovisões dos povos Guarani e Kaiowá estão enraizadas nos elementos da natureza e
                podem ter contribuído para esse resultado. Esses povos estão procurando maneiras de
                viver entrelaçados com o ambiente circundante, assim, a associação de insetos com
                suas funções ecológicas é esperada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Ioris,
                    2019</xref>).</p>
            <p>Da mesma forma, os povos indígenas confirmaram a importância do conhecimento
                intergeracional na construção do conhecimento entomológico prévio, enquanto os
                camponeses apontaram a escola como a mais importante na construção desse
                conhecimento. Na verdade, os povos indígenas têm a característica comum de adquirir
                conhecimento por meio da transmissão oral e intergeracional (<xref ref-type="bibr"
                    rid="B5">Bravo, 2009</xref>).</p>
            <p>No presente estudo, como em outros estudos similares, os resultados indicam
                concepções entomológicas prévias que diferem das científicas (<xref ref-type="bibr"
                    rid="B12">Costa-Neto; Baptista, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"
                    >Costa-Neto; Magalhães, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Hermogenes
                        <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"
                    >Oliveira-Lima <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
            <p>Em relação à consideração e relevância do conhecimento cultural e étnico dos alunos
                nas salas de aula de ciências, é interessante mencionar que o número de pesquisas em
                educação em ciências que indica a importância desta consideração para a aprendizagem
                dos alunos tem crescido nas últimas duas décadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"
                    >Bang; Medin, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Carlone; Johnson,
                    2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Fleer; Adams; Gunstone,
                2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Gondwe; Longnecker, 2015</xref>; <xref
                    ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Lemke, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"
                    >Robles-Piñeros, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Snively;
                    Corsiglia, 2001</xref>).</p>
            <p>Assim, a pesquisa em educação em ciências tem apontado a necessidade de considerar o
                conhecimento prévio dos estudantes nas aulas de ciências para que seja possível
                estabelecer relações entre o que é ensinado (conhecimento científico escolar) e os
                conceitos já existentes em suas estruturas cognitivas.</p>
            <p>No entanto, nem todas as ideias e visões de mundo das pessoas são compatíveis com a
                ciência ocidental, como é o caso do conhecimento local e tradicional dos povos
                indígenas e camponeses. Assim, é possível inferir que o conhecimento prévio dos
                alunos nem sempre é científico. No caso específico daqueles alunos cujo conhecimento
                prévio não é compatível com as ciências, os professores poderiam selecionar
                conteúdos que busquem aproximar esses alunos a uma nova cultura, com outro modelo
                explicativo, outra linguagem e outra história. Não para substituir o conhecimento
                dos alunos sobre ideias científicas, mas sim para enriquecer seu perfil de
                concepções com ideias científicas. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Robles-Piñeros,
                    2020</xref>).</p>
            <p>Portanto, a educação científica intercultural requer negociações entre sistemas de
                conhecimento e tensões entre eles. Assim, a construção de novos conceitos não
                pressupõe o abandono de concepções anteriores, mas a consciência do contexto em que
                essas concepções são aplicáveis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Fleer; Adams;
                    Gunstone, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Robles-Piñeros,
                    2020</xref>).</p>
            <p>Os alunos devem entender os caminhos da ciência, colocando-se em uma posição ativa
                para decidir em diferentes situações, nas quais a ciência é uma das várias vozes na
                sociedade. O ensino da ciência, assim, estará contribuindo para o pensamento crítico
                dos alunos e suas habilidades de resolução de problemas cognitivos, bem como para a
                capacidade de tomar suas próprias decisões no pleno exercício de sua cidadania
                    (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Dagher; Erduran, 2017</xref>; <xref
                    ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Pomeroy, 2019</xref>).</p>
            <p>O mesmo vale para aqueles alunos que apresentam ideias de senso comum nas aulas. O
                senso comum refere-se ao conhecimento diário produzido e utilizado pelas pessoas na
                vida diária e não provém de uma cultura específica, mas do amalgama de diferentes
                culturas e outros sistemas de conhecimento (artístico, filosófico, religioso,
                cosmológico, tradicional, etc.). Para esses alunos, os professores serão capazes de
                apresentar como diferentes sistemas de conhecimento se entrelaçam diariamente,
                permitindo-lhes uma visão epistemológica de cada um (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"
                    >Godler; Reich, 2017</xref>).</p>
            <p>Assim, uma educação em ciências que visa considerar o conhecimento anterior deve
                primeiro investigar esse conhecimento. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cobern
                    (1996)</xref>, autor do construtivismo contextual, argumenta que se os
                professores de ciências investigarem e entenderem as diferentes maneiras pelas quais
                os alunos veem a natureza, talvez a estrutura da educação em ciências possa
                aproximar mais os alunos da ciência, já que a construção do conhecimento dos alunos
                precisa de contextos que deem significado a esse conhecimento. Isso envolve a
                dimensão afetiva desses alunos, suas crenças, valores, e seu conhecimento prévio
                    (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Freire 1972</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr"
                    rid="B29">Lorsbach; Tobin, 1992</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="conclusions">
            <title>Conclusão</title>
            <p>Concluímos que os estudantes indígenas e camponeses, futuros professores de escolas
                indígenas e camponesas, possuem diferentes conhecimentos que foram construídos por
                meio de suas experiências individuais e coletivas transmitidas entre gerações. Esse
                conhecimento, quando reconhecido e valorizado, permite que os alunos aprendam
                conceitos científicos com mais profundidade. É importante que o conhecimento
                científico seja considerado no mesmo nível de apreciação do conhecimento
                tradicional, popular e local.</p>
            <p>Construir esse processo de valorização e diálogo horizontal entre o conhecimento
                tradicional, popular e local requer um debate mais intenso sobre outras ontologias,
                outras formas de construção do conhecimento, bem como outras perspectivas
                teórico-metodológicas possíveis nas práticas pedagógicas da educação escolar.</p>
            <p>Também enfatizamos a importância da formação continuada dos professores de ciências
                por meio da educação universitária, como uma ferramenta de atualização para
                profissionais da educação básica, a fim de estabelecer um diálogo propositivo,
                igualitário e reflexivo dos paradigmas que surgem à medida que a prática pedagógica
                acontece, a fim de criar processos de ensino mais abrangentes, diversos e
                inclusivos.</p>
        </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
        <ack>
            <title>Agradecimentos</title>
            <p>Agradecemos à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes)
                pelo apoio financeiro concedido por meio de bolsa de pesquisa.</p>
        </ack>
        <ref-list>
            <title>Referências</title>
            <ref id="B1">
                <mixed-citation>ALTHEIDE, D. L. Reflections: ethnographic content analysis.
                        <italic>Qualitative Sociology</italic>, New York, v. 10, p. 65-77,
                    1987.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>ALTHEIDE</surname>
                            <given-names>D. L.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Reflections: ethnographic content analysis</article-title>
                    <source>Qualitative Sociology</source>
                    <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>10</volume>
                    <fpage>65</fpage>
                    <lpage>77</lpage>
                    <year>1987</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B2">
                <mixed-citation>BANG M.; MEDIN, D. Cultural processes in science education:
                    supporting the navigation of multiple epistemologies. <italic>Science
                        Education</italic>, Hoboken, US, v. 94, n. 6, p. 1008-1026, 2010. DOI:
                        <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
                        xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20392."
                        >https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20392.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>BANG M.; MEDIN</surname>
                            <given-names>D.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Cultural processes in science education: supporting the
                        navigation of multiple epistemologies</article-title>
                    <source>Science Education</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Hoboken, US</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>94</volume>
                    <issue>6</issue>
                    <fpage>1008</fpage>
                    <lpage>1026</lpage>
                    <year>2010</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/sce.20392.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B3">
                <mixed-citation>BARBOZA, E. M.; RINALDI, R. P. ; LIMA, F. V. A. O. A formação de
                    professores nas licenciaturas em educação do campo: o que apontam os artigos a
                    partir do Portal de Periódicos Capes. <italic>Colloquium Humanarum</italic>,
                    Presidente Prudente, v. 15, p. 39-44, 2018. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
                        xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5747/ch.2018.v15.nesp2.001073."
                        >https://doi.org/10.5747/ch.2018.v15.nesp2.001073.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>BARBOZA</surname>
                            <given-names>E. M.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>RINALDI</surname>
                            <given-names>R. P.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>LIMA</surname>
                            <given-names>F. V. A. O.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>A formação de professores nas licenciaturas em educação do campo:
                        o que apontam os artigos a partir do Portal de Periódicos
                        Capes</article-title>
                    <source>Colloquium Humanarum</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Presidente Prudente</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>15</volume>
                    <fpage>39</fpage>
                    <lpage>44</lpage>
                    <year>2018</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5747/ch.2018.v15.nesp2.001073.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B4">
                <mixed-citation>BARDIN, L. <italic>Análise de conteúdo</italic>. Lisboa: Edições 70,
                    2006.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="book">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>BARDIN</surname>
                            <given-names>L.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <source>Análise de conteúdo</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Lisboa</publisher-loc>
                    <publisher-name>Edições 70</publisher-name>
                    <year>2006</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B5">
                <mixed-citation>BRAVO N. R. A conservation ethic in practice: preserving cultural
                    and biodiversity by bridging the generational knowledge base (innovations case
                    discussion: amazon conservation team). <italic>Innovations</italic>: technology,
                    governance, globalization, Halifax, Canada, v. 4, n. 2, p. 27-30,
                    2009.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>BRAVO</surname>
                            <given-names>N. R.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>A conservation ethic in practice: preserving cultural and
                        biodiversity by bridging the generational knowledge base (innovations case
                        discussion: amazon conservation team)</article-title>
                    <source><italic>Innovations</italic>: technology, governance, globalization,
                        Halifax, Canada</source>
                    <volume>4</volume>
                    <issue>2</issue>
                    <fpage>27</fpage>
                    <lpage>30</lpage>
                    <year>2009</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B6">
                <mixed-citation>CARLONE, H.; JOHNSON, A. Unpacking ‘culture’ in cultural studies of
                    science education: cultural difference versus cultural production.
                        <italic>Ethnography and Education,</italic> Abingdon, UK, v. 7, n. 2, p.
                    151-173, 2012.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>CARLONE</surname>
                            <given-names>H.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>JOHNSON</surname>
                            <given-names>A.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Unpacking ‘culture’ in cultural studies of science education:
                        cultural difference versus cultural production</article-title>
                    <source>Ethnography and Education,</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Abingdon, UK</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>7</volume>
                    <issue>2</issue>
                    <fpage>151</fpage>
                    <lpage>173</lpage>
                    <year>2012</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B7">
                <mixed-citation>CASTRO, L. S.; FRANCA, A. D. O.; FERREIRA, E. D. C.; HANS FILHO, G.;
                    HIGA JUNIOR, M. G.; GONTIJO, C. M. F.; DORVAL M. E. M. C. Leishmania infantum as
                    a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul,
                    Brazil. <italic>Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo</italic>,
                    São Paulo, v. 58, p. 1-17, 2016. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
                        xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-9946201658023"
                        >https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-9946201658023</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>CASTRO</surname>
                            <given-names>L. S.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>FRANCA</surname>
                            <given-names>A. D. O.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>FERREIRA</surname>
                            <given-names>E. D. C.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>HANS</surname>
                            <given-names>G.</given-names>
                            <suffix>FILHO</suffix>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>HIGA</surname>
                            <given-names>M. G.</given-names>
                            <suffix>JUNIOR</suffix>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>GONTIJO</surname>
                            <given-names>C. M. F.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>DORVAL</surname>
                            <given-names>M. E. M. C.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Leishmania infantum as a causative agent of cutaneous
                        leishmaniasis in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil</article-title>
                    <source>Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo</source>
                    <publisher-loc>São Paulo</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>58</volume>
                    <fpage>1</fpage>
                    <lpage>17</lpage>
                    <year>2016</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1678-9946201658023</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B8">
                <mixed-citation>COBERN, W. W. Constructivism and non-western science education
                    research. <italic>International Journal of Science Education</italic>, Abingdon,
                    UK, v. 18, n. 3, p. 295-310, 1996. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
                        xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0950069960180303."
                        >https://doi.org/10.1080/0950069960180303.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>COBERN</surname>
                            <given-names>W. W.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Constructivism and non-western science education
                        research</article-title>
                    <source>International Journal of Science Education</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Abingdon, UK</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>18</volume>
                    <issue>3</issue>
                    <fpage>295</fpage>
                    <lpage>310</lpage>
                    <year>1996</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/0950069960180303.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B9">
                <mixed-citation>COSTA, E. M. D. S.; CUNHA, R. V. D.; COSTA, E. A. D. National dengue
                    control program implementation evaluation in two border municipalities in Mato
                    Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, 2016. <italic>Epidemiologia e Serviços de
                        Saúde</italic>, Brasília, DF, v. 27, n. 4, e2017478, p. 1-12, 2018. DOI:
                        <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
                        xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742018000400007."
                        >https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742018000400007.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>COSTA</surname>
                            <given-names>E. M. D. S.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>CUNHA</surname>
                            <given-names>R. V. D.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>COSTA</surname>
                            <given-names>E. A. D.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>National dengue control program implementation evaluation in two
                        border municipalities in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil,
                        2016</article-title>
                    <source>Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Brasília, DF</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>27</volume>
                    <issue>4</issue>
                    <comment>e2017478</comment>
                    <fpage>1</fpage>
                    <lpage>12</lpage>
                    <year>2018</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5123/S1679-49742018000400007.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B10">
                <mixed-citation>COSTA-NETO, E. M. Folk taxonomy and cultural significance of “abeia”
                    (Insecta, Hymenoptera) to the Pankararé, Northeastern Bahia State, Brazil.
                        <italic>Journal of Ethnobiology</italic>, Thousand Oaks, US, v. 18, p. 1-13,
                    1998.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>COSTA</surname>
                            <given-names>E. M.</given-names>
                            <suffix>NETO</suffix>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Folk taxonomy and cultural significance of “abeia” (Insecta,
                        Hymenoptera) to the Pankararé, Northeastern Bahia State,
                        Brazil</article-title>
                    <source>Journal of Ethnobiology</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Thousand Oaks, US</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>18</volume>
                    <fpage>1</fpage>
                    <lpage>13</lpage>
                    <year>1998</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B11">
                <mixed-citation>COSTA-NETO, E. M. The significance of the category “insect” for folk
                    biological classification systems. J<italic>ournal of Ecological
                        Anthropology</italic>, Athens, US, v. 4, n. 1, p. 70-75, 2000. DOI:
                        <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
                        xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5038/2162-4593.4.1.4."
                        >https://doi.org/10.5038/2162-4593.4.1.4.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>COSTA</surname>
                            <given-names>E. M.</given-names>
                            <suffix>NETO</suffix>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>The significance of the category “insect” for folk biological
                        classification systems</article-title>
                    <source>Journal of Ecological Anthropology</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Athens, US</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>4</volume>
                    <issue>1</issue>
                    <fpage>70</fpage>
                    <lpage>75</lpage>
                    <year>2000</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5038/2162-4593.4.1.4.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B12">
                <mixed-citation>COSTA-NETO, E. M.; BAPTISTA, G. C. S. A percepção dos estudantes do
                    nível fundamental sobre os insetos: um estudo de caso em uma escola pública de
                    Feira de Santana – Bahia. <italic>In</italic>: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE
                    ENTOMOLOGIA, 21., 2006, Recife. <italic>Resumos</italic> [...]. Recife:
                    Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2006.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="confproc">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>COSTA</surname>
                            <given-names>E. M.</given-names>
                            <suffix>NETO</suffix>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>BAPTISTA</surname>
                            <given-names>G. C. S.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>A percepção dos estudantes do nível fundamental sobre os insetos:
                        um estudo de caso em uma escola pública de Feira de Santana –
                        Bahia</article-title>
                    <conf-name>CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENTOMOLOGIA, 21</conf-name>
                    <conf-date>2006</conf-date>
                    <conf-loc>Recife</conf-loc>
                    <source>Resumos [...]</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Recife</publisher-loc>
                    <publisher-name>Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco</publisher-name>
                    <year>2006</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B13">
                <mixed-citation> , H. F. The ethnocategory “insect” in
                    the conception of the inhabitants of Tapera County, São Gonçalo dos Campos,
                    Bahia, Brazil. <italic>Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências</italic>, Rio de
                    Janeiro, v. 79, p. 39-249, 2007.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>COSTA</surname>
                            <given-names>E. M.</given-names>
                            <suffix>NETO</suffix>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>MAGALHÃES</surname>
                            <given-names>H. F.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>The ethnocategory “insect” in the conception of the inhabitants
                        of Tapera County, São Gonçalo dos Campos, Bahia, Brazil</article-title>
                    <source>Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>79</volume>
                    <fpage>39</fpage>
                    <lpage>249</lpage>
                    <year>2007</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B14">
                <mixed-citation>COSTA-NETO, E. M.; PACHECO, J. M. Uhead of snake, wings of butterfly
                    and body of cicada: impressions of the Lantern-Fly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in
                    the village of Penna Branca Bahia State, Brazil. <italic>Journal of
                        Ethnobiology</italic>, Thousand Oaks, US, v. 23, p. 46-57,
                    2003.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>COSTA</surname>
                            <given-names>E. M.</given-names>
                            <suffix>NETO</suffix>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>PACHECO</surname>
                            <given-names>J. M.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Uhead of snake, wings of butterfly and body of cicada:
                        impressions of the Lantern-Fly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in the village of
                        Penna Branca Bahia State, Brazil</article-title>
                    <source>Journal of Ethnobiology</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Thousand Oaks, US</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>23</volume>
                    <fpage>46</fpage>
                    <lpage>57</lpage>
                    <year>2003</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B15">
                <mixed-citation>DAGHER, Z. R.; ERDURAN, S. Abandoning patchwork approaches to nature
                    of science in science education. <italic>Canadian Journal of Science,
                        Mathematics and Technology Education</italic>, Heidelberg, v. 17, p. 46-52,
                    2017.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>DAGHER</surname>
                            <given-names>Z. R.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>ERDURAN</surname>
                            <given-names>S.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Abandoning patchwork approaches to nature of science in science
                        education</article-title>
                    <source>Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology
                        Education</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Heidelberg</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>17</volume>
                    <fpage>46</fpage>
                    <lpage>52</lpage>
                    <year>2017</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B16">
                <mixed-citation>DZEREFOS, C. M.; WITKOWSKI, E. T. F.; TOMS, R. Comparative
                    ethnoentomology of edible stinkbugs in southern Africa and sustainable
                    management considerations. <italic>Journal of Ethnobiology and
                        Ethnomedicine</italic>, London, UK, v. 9, p. 20-31, 2013. DOI: <ext-link
                        ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-20."
                        >https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-20.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>DZEREFOS</surname>
                            <given-names>C. M.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>WITKOWSKI</surname>
                            <given-names>E. T. F.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>TOMS</surname>
                            <given-names>R.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Comparative ethnoentomology of edible stinkbugs in southern
                        Africa and sustainable management considerations</article-title>
                    <source>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</source>
                    <publisher-loc>London, UK</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>9</volume>
                    <fpage>20</fpage>
                    <lpage>31</lpage>
                    <year>2013</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1746-4269-9-20.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B17">
                <mixed-citation>FERNÁNDEZ-CHAMORRO, V.; PAMPLONA, S.; PÉREZ-FRUCTUOSO, M. J.
                    Assessing prior knowledge of statistics in students attending an online
                    university. <italic>Journal of Computing in Higher Education</italic>, New York,
                    v. 32, p. 182-202, 2020. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
                        xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-019-09236-9."
                        >https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-019-09236-9.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>FERNÁNDEZ-CHAMORRO</surname>
                            <given-names>V.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>PAMPLONA</surname>
                            <given-names>S.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>PÉREZ-FRUCTUOSO</surname>
                            <given-names>M. J.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Assessing prior knowledge of statistics in students attending an
                        online university</article-title>
                    <source>Journal of Computing in Higher Education</source>
                    <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>32</volume>
                    <fpage>182</fpage>
                    <lpage>202</lpage>
                    <year>2020</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12528-019-09236-9.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B18">
                <mixed-citation>FLEER, M.; ADAMS, M.; GUNSTONE, R. Transformative pedagogy: Dinka
                    playgroups as spaces for cultural knowledge productions of Western science.
                        <italic>Cultural Studies of Science Education</italic>, Dordrecht, v. 14, p.
                    1045-1069, 2019. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
                        xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-018-9908-7."
                        >https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-018-9908-7.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>FLEER</surname>
                            <given-names>M.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>ADAMS</surname>
                            <given-names>M.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>GUNSTONE</surname>
                            <given-names>R.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Transformative pedagogy: Dinka playgroups as spaces for cultural
                        knowledge productions of Western science</article-title>
                    <source>Cultural Studies of Science Education</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Dordrecht</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>14</volume>
                    <fpage>1045</fpage>
                    <lpage>1069</lpage>
                    <year>2019</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11422-018-9908-7.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B19">
                <mixed-citation>FREIRE, P. <italic>Pedagogy of the oppressed</italic>. New York:
                    Continuum, 1972.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="book">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>FREIRE</surname>
                            <given-names>P.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <source>Pedagogy of the oppressed</source>
                    <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
                    <publisher-name>Continuum</publisher-name>
                    <year>1972</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B20">
                <mixed-citation>GODLER, Y.; REICH, Z. News cultures or “epistemic cultures”?
                    Theoretical considerations and empirical data from 62 countries.
                        <italic>Journalism Studies</italic>, Abingdon, UK, v. 18, p. 666-681, 2017.
                    DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
                        xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1266909."
                        >https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1266909.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>GODLER</surname>
                            <given-names>Y.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>REICH</surname>
                            <given-names>Z.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>News cultures or “epistemic cultures”? Theoretical considerations
                        and empirical data from 62 countries</article-title>
                    <source>Journalism Studies</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Abingdon, UK</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>18</volume>
                    <fpage>666</fpage>
                    <lpage>681</lpage>
                    <year>2017</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/1461670X.2016.1266909.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B21">
                <mixed-citation>GONDWE, M.; LONGNECKER, N. Scientific and cultural knowledge in
                    intercultural science education: student perceptions of common ground.
                        <italic>Research in Science Education,</italic> Dordrecht, v. 45, p.
                    117-147, 2015. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
                        xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-014-9416-z."
                        >https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-014-9416-z.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>GONDWE</surname>
                            <given-names>M.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>LONGNECKER</surname>
                            <given-names>N.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Scientific and cultural knowledge in intercultural science
                        education: student perceptions of common ground</article-title>
                    <source>Research in Science Education,</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Dordrecht</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>45</volume>
                    <fpage>117</fpage>
                    <lpage>147</lpage>
                    <year>2015</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11165-014-9416-z.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B22">
                <mixed-citation>GURUNG, A. B. Insects: a mistake in god's creation? Tharu farmers'
                    perception and knowledge of insects: a case study of Gobardiha Village
                    Development Committee, Dang-Deukhuri, Nepal. <italic>Agriculture and Human
                        Values</italic>, Dordrecht, v. 20, p. 337-370, 2003.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>GURUNG</surname>
                            <given-names>A. B.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Insects: a mistake in god's creation? Tharu farmers' perception
                        and knowledge of insects: a case study of Gobardiha Village Development
                        Committee, Dang-Deukhuri, Nepal</article-title>
                    <source>Agriculture and Human Values</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Dordrecht</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>20</volume>
                    <fpage>337</fpage>
                    <lpage>370</lpage>
                    <year>2003</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B23">
                <mixed-citation>HERMOGENES, G. C.; LACERDA, F. G.; CARMASSI, G. R.; RODRIGUES, L. N.
                    Percepção entomológica de graduandos da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo,
                    ES, Brasil. <italic>Entomo Brasilis</italic>, Vassouras, RJ, v. 9, p. 180-186,
                    2016.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>HERMOGENES</surname>
                            <given-names>G. C.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>LACERDA</surname>
                            <given-names>F. G.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>CARMASSI</surname>
                            <given-names>G. R.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>RODRIGUES</surname>
                            <given-names>L. N.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Percepção entomológica de graduandos da Universidade Federal do
                        Espírito Santo, ES, Brasil</article-title>
                    <source>Entomo Brasilis</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Vassouras, RJ</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>9</volume>
                    <fpage>180</fpage>
                    <lpage>186</lpage>
                    <year>2016</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B24">
                <mixed-citation>HSIEH, H. F.; SHANNON, S. E. Three approaches to qualitative content
                    analysis. <italic>Qualitative Health Research</italic>, Thousand Oaks, US, v.
                    15, n. 9, p. 1277-1288, 2005.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>HSIEH</surname>
                            <given-names>H. F.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>SHANNON</surname>
                            <given-names>S. E.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Three approaches to qualitative content analysis</article-title>
                    <source>Qualitative Health Research</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Thousand Oaks, US</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>15</volume>
                    <issue>9</issue>
                    <fpage>1277</fpage>
                    <lpage>1288</lpage>
                    <year>2005</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B25">
                <mixed-citation>IORIS, A. A. Political agency of indigenous peoples: the
                    Guarani-Kaiowa’s fight for survival and recognition. <italic>Vibrant</italic>:
                    virtual Brazilian anthropology, Brasília, DF, v. 16, p. 1-28,
                    2019.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>IORIS</surname>
                            <given-names>A. A.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Political agency of indigenous peoples: the Guarani-Kaiowa’s
                        fight for survival and recognition</article-title>
                    <source><italic>Vibrant</italic>: virtual Brazilian anthropology</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Brasília, DF</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>16</volume>
                    <fpage>1</fpage>
                    <lpage>28</lpage>
                    <year>2019</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B26">
                <mixed-citation>LAZAROWITZ, R.; LIEB, C. Formative assessment pre-test to identify
                    college students’ prior knowledge, misconceptions and learning difficulties in
                    biology. <italic>International Journal of Science and Mathematics
                        Education</italic>, Dordrecht, v. 4, p. 741-762, 2006. DOI: <ext-link
                        ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-005-9024-5."
                        >https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-005-9024-5.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>LAZAROWITZ</surname>
                            <given-names>R.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>LIEB</surname>
                            <given-names>C.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Formative assessment pre-test to identify college students’ prior
                        knowledge, misconceptions and learning difficulties in
                        biology</article-title>
                    <source>International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Dordrecht</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>4</volume>
                    <fpage>741</fpage>
                    <lpage>762</lpage>
                    <year>2006</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10763-005-9024-5.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B27">
                <mixed-citation>LEMKE, J. L. Articulating communities: sociocultural perspectives on
                    science education. <italic>Journal of Research in Science Teaching</italic>,
                    Hoboken, US, v. 38, n. 3, p. 296-316, 2001.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>LEMKE</surname>
                            <given-names>J. L.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Articulating communities: sociocultural perspectives on science
                        education</article-title>
                    <source>Journal of Research in Science Teaching</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Hoboken, US</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>38</volume>
                    <issue>3</issue>
                    <fpage>296</fpage>
                    <lpage>316</lpage>
                    <year>2001</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B28">
                <mixed-citation>LIANG, H-B; ZHANG, R-Z. An introduction to ethnoentomology.
                        <italic>Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology</italic>, Beijing, v. 38, n.
                    4, p. 314-319, 2001.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>LIANG</surname>
                            <given-names>H-B</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>ZHANG</surname>
                            <given-names>R-Z.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>An introduction to ethnoentomology</article-title>
                    <source>Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Beijing</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>38</volume>
                    <issue>4</issue>
                    <fpage>314</fpage>
                    <lpage>319</lpage>
                    <year>2001</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B29">
                <mixed-citation>LORSBACH, A.; TOBIN, K. Constructivism as a referent for science
                    teaching. <italic>In</italic>: LORENZ, K.; COCHRAN, K.; KRAJCIK, J.; SIMPSON, P.
                    (ed.). <italic>Research matters to the science teacher</italic>. [Manhattan,
                    Kan]: National Association for Research in Science Teaching,
                    1992.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="book">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>LORSBACH</surname>
                            <given-names>A.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>TOBIN</surname>
                            <given-names>K.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <chapter-title>Constructivism as a referent for science teaching</chapter-title>
                    <person-group person-group-type="editor">
                        <name>
                            <surname>LORENZ</surname>
                            <given-names>K.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>COCHRAN</surname>
                            <given-names>K.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>KRAJCIK</surname>
                            <given-names>J.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>SIMPSON</surname>
                            <given-names>P.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <source>Research matters to the science teacher</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Manhattan, Kan</publisher-loc>
                    <publisher-name>National Association for Research in Science
                        Teaching</publisher-name>
                    <year>1992</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B30">
                <mixed-citation>MELO, R. J.; ADAMS, F. W.; NUNES, S. M. T. Concepções da importância
                    do ensino de ciências na educação básica por licenciandos de um curso de
                    educação do campo. <italic>Revista Brasileira de Educação do Campo</italic>,
                    Tocantinópolis, v. 5, p. 1-20, 2020. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
                        xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.20873/uft.rbec.e7240."
                        >https://doi.org/10.20873/uft.rbec.e7240.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>MELO</surname>
                            <given-names>R. J.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>ADAMS</surname>
                            <given-names>F. W.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>NUNES</surname>
                            <given-names>S. M. T.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Concepções da importância do ensino de ciências na educação
                        básica por licenciandos de um curso de educação do campo</article-title>
                    <source>Revista Brasileira de Educação do Campo</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Tocantinópolis</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>5</volume>
                    <fpage>1</fpage>
                    <lpage>20</lpage>
                    <year>2020</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20873/uft.rbec.e7240.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B31">
                <mixed-citation>OLIVEIRA-LIMA, D. C.; RAMOS, M, A.; SILVA, H. C. H.; ALVES, A. G. C.
                    Rapid assessment of insect fauna based on local knowledge: comparing ecological
                    and ethnobiological methods. <italic>Journal of Ethnobiology and
                        Ethnomedicine</italic>, London, UK, v. 12, p. 15-26, 2016.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>OLIVEIRA-LIMA</surname>
                            <given-names>D. C.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>RAMOS</surname>
                            <given-names>M.A.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>SILVA</surname>
                            <given-names>H. C. H.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>ALVES</surname>
                            <given-names>A. G. C.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Rapid assessment of insect fauna based on local knowledge:
                        comparing ecological and ethnobiological methods</article-title>
                    <source>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</source>
                    <publisher-loc>London, UK</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>12</volume>
                    <fpage>15</fpage>
                    <lpage>26</lpage>
                    <year>2016</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B32">
                <mixed-citation>ORTÍZ ROMERO, R.; CATACORA YUCRA, F. Etnoentomología en la
                    cosmovisión andina del altiplano peruano. <italic>Revista Científica
                        Investigación Andina</italic>, Juliaca, Perú, v. 17, n. 1, p. 3-79,
                    2017.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>ORTÍZ ROMERO</surname>
                            <given-names>R.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>CATACORA YUCRA</surname>
                            <given-names>F.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Etnoentomología en la cosmovisión andina del altiplano
                        peruano</article-title>
                    <source>Revista Científica Investigación Andina</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Juliaca, Perú</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>17</volume>
                    <issue>1</issue>
                    <fpage>3</fpage>
                    <lpage>79</lpage>
                    <year>2017</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B33">
                <mixed-citation>PEDRO, M, S. <italic>Floresta, animais e insetos</italic>:
                    conhecimentos tradicionais do povo Kaiowá no Tekoha Panambinho. 2021.
                    Dissertação (Mestrado em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade) –
                    Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande
                    Dourados, Dourados, 2021.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>PEDRO</surname>
                            <given-names>M.S.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <source><italic>Floresta, animais e insetos</italic>: conhecimentos tradicionais
                        do povo Kaiowá no Tekoha Panambinho</source>
                    <year>2021</year>
                    <publisher-name>Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade
                        Federal da Grande Dourados</publisher-name>
                    <publisher-loc>Dourados</publisher-loc>
                    <comment>Dissertação (Mestrado em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade),
                        2021.</comment>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B34">
                <mixed-citation>POMEROY, A. Insights from past and present social science literature
                    on the (unequal) development of New Zealand's rural communities. <italic>New
                        Zealand Geographer</italic>, Richmond, VIC, Australia, v. 75, p. 204-215,
                    2019.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>POMEROY</surname>
                            <given-names>A.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Insights from past and present social science literature on the
                        (unequal) development of New Zealand's rural communities</article-title>
                    <source>New Zealand Geographer</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Richmond, VIC, Australia</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>75</volume>
                    <fpage>204</fpage>
                    <lpage>215</lpage>
                    <year>2019</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B35">
                <mixed-citation>POSEY, D. A. Wasps, warriors and fearless men: ethnoentomology of
                    the Kayapó indians of central Brazil. <italic>Journal of Ethnobiology</italic>,
                    Thousand Oaks, US, v. 1, n. 1, p. 165-174, 1981.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>POSEY</surname>
                            <given-names>D. A.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Wasps, warriors and fearless men: ethnoentomology of the Kayapó
                        indians of central Brazil</article-title>
                    <source>Journal of Ethnobiology</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Thousand Oaks, US</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>1</volume>
                    <issue>1</issue>
                    <fpage>165</fpage>
                    <lpage>174</lpage>
                    <year>1981</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B36">
                <mixed-citation>ROBLES-PIÑEROS, J.; LUDWIG, D.; BAPTISTA, G. C. S.; ANDRADE, A. M.
                    Intercultural science education as a trading zone between traditional and
                    academic knowledge. <italic>Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and
                        Biomedical Sciences</italic>, Oxford, UK, v. 101337, p. 1-10, 2020. DOI:
                        <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
                        xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2020.101337."
                        >https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2020.101337.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>ROBLES-PIÑEROS</surname>
                            <given-names>J.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>LUDWIG</surname>
                            <given-names>D.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>BAPTISTA</surname>
                            <given-names>G. C. S.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>ANDRADE</surname>
                            <given-names>A. M.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Intercultural science education as a trading zone between
                        traditional and academic knowledge</article-title>
                    <source>Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical
                        Sciences</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Oxford, UK</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>101337</volume>
                    <fpage>1</fpage>
                    <lpage>10</lpage>
                    <year>2020</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.shpsc.2020.101337.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B37">
                <mixed-citation>SANTOS-FITA, D.; COSTA-NETO, E. M.; SCHIAVETTI, A. Constitution of
                    ethnozoological semantic domains: meaning and inclusiveness of the lexeme
                    “insect” for the inhabitants of the county of Pedra Branca, Bahia State, Brazil.
                        <italic>Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências</italic>, Rio de Janeiro,
                    v. 83, n. 2, p. 589-598, 2011. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
                        xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652011000200018."
                        >https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652011000200018.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>SANTOS-FITA</surname>
                            <given-names>D.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>COSTA</surname>
                            <given-names>E. M.</given-names>
                            <suffix>NETO</suffix>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>SCHIAVETTI</surname>
                            <given-names>A.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Constitution of ethnozoological semantic domains: meaning and
                        inclusiveness of the lexeme “insect” for the inhabitants of the county of
                        Pedra Branca, Bahia State, Brazil</article-title>
                    <source>Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>83</volume>
                    <issue>2</issue>
                    <fpage>589</fpage>
                    <lpage>598</lpage>
                    <year>2011</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0001-37652011000200018.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B38">
                <mixed-citation>SCHROEVERS, M. J.; FLEER, J. Why are researchers not interested in
                    studying individual mindfulness-based interventions?
                        <italic>Mindfulness</italic>, New York, 10: 2476-2478, 2019. DOI: <ext-link
                        ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01209-4."
                        >https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01209-4.</ext-link></mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>SCHROEVERS</surname>
                            <given-names>M. J.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>FLEER</surname>
                            <given-names>J.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Why are researchers not interested in studying individual
                        mindfulness-based interventions?</article-title>
                    <source>Mindfulness</source>
                    <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>10</volume>
                    <fpage>2476</fpage>
                    <lpage>2478</lpage>
                    <year>2019</year>
                    <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12671-019-01209-4.</pub-id>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B39">
                <mixed-citation>SNIVELY, G.; CORSIGLIA, J. Discovering indigenous science:
                    implications for science education. <italic>Science Education</italic>,
                    Dordrecht, v. 85, n. 1, p. 6-34, 2001.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>SNIVELY</surname>
                            <given-names>G.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>CORSIGLIA</surname>
                            <given-names>J.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Discovering indigenous science: implications for science
                        education</article-title>
                    <source>Science Education</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Dordrecht</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>85</volume>
                    <issue>1</issue>
                    <fpage>6</fpage>
                    <lpage>34</lpage>
                    <year>2001</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B40">
                <mixed-citation>UEHARA, H.; YOSHIDA, K. Acquiring seasonal/agricultural knowledge
                    from social media. <italic>In</italic>: OHWADA, H.; YOSHIDA, K. (ed.).
                        <italic>Knowledge management and acquisition for intelligent
                        systems</italic>: 14th Pacific Rim knowledge acquisition workshop, PKAW
                    2016, Phuket, Thailand, August 22-23, 2016, Proceedings. Cham: Springer, 2016.
                    p. 129-140.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="book">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>UEHARA</surname>
                            <given-names>H.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>YOSHIDA</surname>
                            <given-names>K.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <chapter-title>Acquiring seasonal/agricultural knowledge from social
                        media</chapter-title>
                    <person-group person-group-type="editor">
                        <name>
                            <surname>OHWADA</surname>
                            <given-names>H.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>YOSHIDA</surname>
                            <given-names>K.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <source><italic>Knowledge management and acquisition for intelligent
                            systems</italic>: 14th Pacific Rim knowledge acquisition workshop, PKAW
                        2016, Phuket, Thailand, August 22-23, 2016, Proceedings</source>
                    <publisher-loc>Cham</publisher-loc>
                    <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name>
                    <year>2016</year>
                    <fpage>129</fpage>
                    <lpage>140</lpage>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
            <ref id="B41">
                <mixed-citation>VILHARVA, K. N.; LEITE, D. F.; SANTOS, H. F.; ANTUNES, K. A.; ROCHA,
                    P. S.; CAMPOS, J. F.; ALMEIDA, C. V.; MACEDO, M. L. R.; SILVA, D. B.; OLIVEIRA,
                    C. F. R.; SANTOS, E. L.; SOUZA, K. P. Rhynchophorus palmarum (Linnaeus, 1758)
                    (Coleoptera - Curculionidae) Guarani-Kaiowá indigenous knowledge and
                    pharmacological activities. <italic>Plos One</italic>, San Francisco, v. 16, n.
                    4, p. 1-17, 2021.</mixed-citation>
                <element-citation publication-type="journal">
                    <person-group person-group-type="author">
                        <name>
                            <surname>VILHARVA</surname>
                            <given-names>K. N.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>LEITE</surname>
                            <given-names>D. F.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>SANTOS</surname>
                            <given-names>H. F.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>ANTUNES</surname>
                            <given-names>K. A.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>ROCHA</surname>
                            <given-names>P. S.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>CAMPOS</surname>
                            <given-names>J. F.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>ALMEIDA</surname>
                            <given-names>C. V.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>MACEDO</surname>
                            <given-names>M. L. R.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>SILVA</surname>
                            <given-names>D. B.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>OLIVEIRA</surname>
                            <given-names>C. F. R.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>SANTOS</surname>
                            <given-names>E. L.</given-names>
                        </name>
                        <name>
                            <surname>SOUZA</surname>
                            <given-names>K. P.</given-names>
                        </name>
                    </person-group>
                    <article-title>Rhynchophorus palmarum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera -
                        Curculionidae) Guarani-Kaiowá indigenous knowledge and pharmacological
                        activities</article-title>
                    <source>Plos One</source>
                    <publisher-loc>San Francisco</publisher-loc>
                    <volume>16</volume>
                    <issue>4</issue>
                    <fpage>1</fpage>
                    <lpage>17</lpage>
                    <year>2021</year>
                </element-citation>
            </ref>
        </ref-list>
    </back>
<!--     <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
        <front-stub>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1516-731320240015B</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Indigenous and peasant undergraduate students in Brazil’s Midwest
                    region constructing entomological knowledge based on their prior
                    knowledge</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0554-458X</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Gonçalves</surname>
                        <given-names>Cristiano Ramos</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7113-1521</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Benites</surname>
                        <given-names>Walkiria Aparecida</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7598-3652</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Pedro</surname>
                        <given-names>Marildo da Silva</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5677-5740</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Monfort</surname>
                        <given-names>Gislaine Carolina</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3778-9474</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Lima</surname>
                        <given-names>Jean Carlos dos Santos</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3954-0245</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Gisloti</surname>
                        <given-names>Laura Jane</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff4">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD),
                    Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Dourados, MS,
                    Brazil</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff5">
                <label>2</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD),
                    Faculty of Human Sciences, Dourados, MS, Brazil</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff6">
                <label>3</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Federal University of Western Pará
                    (UFOPA),Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Santarém, PA,
                    Brazil</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <corresp id="c2">Corresponding Author:
                    <email>cristianogonca.bio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
            </author-notes>
            <elocation-id>e24015B</elocation-id>
            <abstract>
                <title>Abstract</title>
                <p>This study presents findings from research conducted with indigenous and peasant
                    students (n = 53) in their first year of the Rural Education Degree (Countryside
                    Education) program at a public university in the Brazilian Midwest. We
                    investigated previous knowledge and methods for developing entomological
                    knowledge using structured questionnaires with open, closed, and multiple-choice
                    questions. As a result, we discovered 24 distinct types of animals known as
                    insects. Indigenous peoples conceptualized insects using ecological principles,
                    whereas peasants approached the subject from health and emotional perspectives.
                    Our findings revealed that indigenous students’ prior entomological knowledge
                    was primarily developed within their families, while peasant students developed
                    it at school. This study provides important insights into pre-existing knowledge
                    and the development of entomological understanding in an intercultural setting.
                    It encourages reflection on the interactions of traditions, folk knowledge, and
                    scientific understanding.</p>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                <title>Keywords:</title>
                <kwd>Education in the countryside</kwd>
                <kwd>Indigenous education</kwd>
                <kwd>Ethnoentomology</kwd>
                <kwd>Folk knowledge</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
        </front-stub>
        <body>
            <sec sec-type="intro">
                <title>Introduction</title>
                <p>Throughout human history, insects have played a consistently significant role in
                    the socio-cultural lives of various ethnic groups (<xref ref-type="bibr"
                        rid="B10">Costa-Neto, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"
                        >Costa-Neto; Magalhães, 2007</xref>; Hongbin; Runzhi, 2001; <xref
                        ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Posey, 1981</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr"
                        rid="B32">Romero; Yucra, 2017</xref>). This connection stems from the fact
                    that insects are highly abundant and widely distributed on our planet,
                    maintaining close interactions with people in their respective communities. As a
                    result, insects feature prominently in community and personal life across
                    diverse situations, shaping experiences that influence knowledge, perception,
                    and attitudes toward these organisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Dzerefos;
                        Witkowski; Toms, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Gurung,
                        2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Oliveira-Lima <italic>et
                            al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
                <p>This interaction leads individuals to form relationships with the organisms in
                    their surroundings, giving rise to conceptions and perceptions about the natural
                    world. Consequently, cultural elements play a pivotal role in determining how
                    people and communities conceptualize and perceive specific terms. In the case of
                    insects, negative associations with harm and disgust are often prevalent (<xref
                        ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Costa-Neto, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr"
                        rid="B37">Santos-Fita; Costa-Neto; Schiavetti, 2011</xref>).</p>
                <p>In the past, the development of conceptions and perceptions about insects relied
                    primarily on personal and communal experiences within people's local
                    environments. However, in today's world, there has been a noticeable decline in
                    such community experiences, creating a significant disconnect between humans and
                    insects due to the substantial influence of alternative knowledge sources, such
                    as mainstream media (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Costa-Neto; Pacheco,
                        2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Uehara; Yoshida,
                    2016</xref>).</p>
                <p>Conversely, when considering formal education, it is crucial to recognize that
                    every student brings a set of knowledge rooted in their initial culture, derived
                    from their socio-cultural environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cobern,
                        1996</xref>). This body of knowledge, referred to as prior knowledge,
                    encompasses all culturally constructed assumptions and beliefs based on
                    individual worldviews (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Lemke, 2001</xref>).</p>
                <p>In the realm of science education, it is worth noting that the importance of
                    acknowledging and incorporating students' cultural knowledge into the learning
                    process has gained increased attention over the past two decades (<xref
                        ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bang; Medin, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr"
                        rid="B6">Carlone; Johnson, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"
                        >Gondwe; Longnecker, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Lemke,
                        2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Schroevers; Fleer, 2019</xref>;
                        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Snively; Corsiglia, 2001</xref>).</p>
                <p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bang and Medin (2010)</xref>, there
                    exist relationships, whether in terms of similarities or differences, between
                    students' prior knowledge and the scientific knowledge that is the subject of
                    teaching. This is because students may come from cultural backgrounds where
                    scientific activities exert a strong influence on their daily lives, or from
                    environments where Western science plays a minimal role, as is often the case in
                    traditional communities, including indigenous, farming, riverside, and peasant
                    communities.</p>
                <p>In this paper, we present and discuss the findings of a study that aimed to
                    document the prior knowledge and the development of entomological knowledge
                    among indigenous and peasant college students enrolled in the Rural Education
                    Degree program at a public university in the Midwest of Brazil. Our goal is to
                    highlight potential implications for the acquisition of scientific concepts and
                    to propose teaching strategies that foster science education through
                    intercultural dialogue. We hope that the data presented here will enable science
                    educators to reflect on their pedagogical practices and refine them, promoting a
                    continuous dialogue between classroom knowledge and the local and traditional
                    knowledge embedded in the daily lives of their students.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
                <title>Materials and methods</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Participants</title>
                    <p>This study involved 53 participants (men: women = 1:0.9), ranging in age from
                        17 to 57 years old. These individuals were first-year students enrolled in
                        the Rural Education Degree program at the Intercultural Indigenous College
                        (FAIND), which is affiliated with the Federal University of Grande Dourados
                        (UFGD). This educational institution is situated in the city of Dourados,
                        located in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, in the central-western region of
                        Brazil. Notably, this program has a substantial representation of indigenous
                        people and farmers, and it has specific public policies tailored to these
                        social groups (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Barboza; Rinaldi; Lima,
                            2018</xref>).</p>
                    <p>The primary objective of the Rural Education Degree program is to prepare
                        educators to work in Basic Education within rural areas, including schools
                        in land reform settlements. This undergraduate program follows the Pedagogy
                        of Alternation, which is grounded in the principles of the pedagogy of
                        movement. It involves a structured alternation between university-based
                        learning (where students attend in-person classes) and community-based
                        learning, during which instructors travel to settlements, small farms,
                        ranches, villages, and traditional communities to conduct classes (<xref
                            ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Melo; Adams, Nunes, 2020</xref>).</p>
                    <p>The program attracts students from various backgrounds, including peasants,
                        indigenous individuals, and riverside communities, hailing from different
                        settlements, villages, and traditional communities across the Pantanal
                        region, spanning from the north to the southernmost areas of Mato Grosso do
                        Sul state.</p>
                    <p>We categorized the total number of participants into two distinct groups: (a)
                        peasant students residing in land reform settlements in the state of Mato
                        Grosso do Sul, and (b) indigenous students from the Guarani and Kaiowá
                        ethnic groups living in villages in the southern region of the state.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Data collection and research instrument (data sampling)</title>
                    <p>The research proposal was presented during the face-to-face classes of the
                        undergraduate course at the university (university time) for three incoming
                        classes. Thus, in March 2018, January 2019, and February 2020, incoming
                        students were invited to participate in the research. The students
                        participated in the study freely and agreed to answer the research
                        instrument.</p>
                    <p>We used a structured interview, through a questionnaire with open and closed
                        questions, as a tool to obtain data. The questionnaire was offered during
                        the first class of the curricular component <italic>Biology, Biotechnology,
                            and Science Teaching</italic> for all incoming classes in their
                        respective years of admission (from 2018 to 2020).</p>
                    <p>The questionnaire consisted of (1) Social aspects (skin color/ethnicity,
                        gender, age, place of residence), aiming to establish the profile of these
                        students; (2) Prior knowledge (information regarding classification,
                        biology, and ecology), to verify previous entomological knowledge; and (3)
                        Source of acquisition of entomological knowledge, to understand how
                        entomological knowledge is constructed and transmitted.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Data analysis</title>
                    <p>For closed-ended questions in the questionnaire, we employed frequency
                        distribution and percentage calculations to quantitatively analyze the data.
                        This involved organizing and tabulating the numbers and percentages of
                        responses within each variable category.</p>
                    <p>In the case of open-ended questions, we conducted a qualitative content
                        analysis. This entailed a thorough examination of the data to establish
                        categories, define the boundaries of these categories, assign data segments
                        to the appropriate categories, and provide summaries for each topic.
                        Responses from the open-ended questions were transcribed and categorized
                        through a detailed and interpretative analysis of the data using established
                        methods (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Altheide, 1987</xref>; <xref
                            ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bardin, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr"
                            rid="B24">Hsieh; Shannon, 2005</xref>).</p>
                    <p>To analyze the content of open-ended questions related to the definition of
                        insects, we considered the following categories: (a) ecological, (b)
                        taxonomic, (c) emotional, and (d) healthy, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig"
                            rid="F2">figure 1</xref>.</p>
                    <p><fig id="F2">
                            <label>Figure 1</label>
                            <caption>
                                <title>Categories related to prior knowledge of indigenous people
                                    and peasants</title>
                            </caption>
                            <graphic xlink:href="1516-7313-ciedu-30-e24015-gf01-en.png"/>
                            <attrib>Percentages are based on the total number of participants (n =
                                53).</attrib>
                            <attrib>Source: prepared by the authors.</attrib>
                        </fig></p>
                    <p>The ecological category encompasses participants' prior knowledge concerning
                        the ecological aspects of insects, such as their roles in pollination, food
                        chains, and dietary habits. The taxonomic category pertains to the external
                        morphology of insects, including features like the presence of wings and
                        exoskeletons.</p>
                    <p>The emotional category addresses the range of emotions that insects elicit in
                        individuals, including fear, curiosity, and disgust. Lastly, the health
                        category consolidates responses that associate insects with the transmission
                        of diseases and illnesses. Each response was classified into a single
                        category based on its primary focus.</p>
                </sec>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="results">
                <title>Results</title>
                <sec>
                    <title>Social aspects</title>
                    <p>The sample consisted of 53 students, with the indigenous group comprising the
                        majority (60%; n = 32) compared to the peasant group (40%; n = 21). In terms
                        of gender, the participant composition was relatively balanced, with women
                        making up 49% of the sample (n = 26) and men comprising 51% (n = 27). The
                        age range varied from 17 to 57 years. Women were distributed across the
                        entire age range, while men were represented in a slightly narrower age
                        range, spanning from 18 to 51 years. Among indigenous individuals, ages
                        ranged from 18 to 51 years, and among peasants, the range was from 17 to
                        57.</p>
                    <p>The students involved in this research hail from nine municipalities in the
                        state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Peasants reside in the following
                        municipalities: Corumbá, Nioaque, Ponta Porã, Sidrolândia, and Terenos.
                        Indigenous students live in villages located in the municipalities of
                        Amambai, Dourados, Laguna Carapã, and Tacuru.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Prior knowledge</title>
                    <p>In total, we obtained 227 citations, with an average of 4.2 insects per
                        student. The highest number of insect citations came from peasants (n = 115;
                        51%). In terms of prior taxonomic knowledge, the majority of students (n =
                        49; 92%) classified insects as belonging to the Animalia kingdom.</p>
                    <p>Students mentioned 24 animals that they identified as insects, but six of
                        these animals do not belong to the Insecta class (Hexapoda). The most
                        frequently mentioned animals not scientifically classified as Insecta were
                        spiders (Phylum Arthropoda, Class Arachnida, Subfamily Araneae) (n = 12,
                        5%), followed by worms (Phylum Annelida or Phylum Nematoda) (n = 4; 1.7%),
                        mice (Class Mammalia) (n = 3; 1.3%), centipedes (Phylum Arthropoda,
                        Subphylum Myriapoda) (n=1; 0.5%), and toads (Amphibia: Anura) (n = 2; 1%).
                        Spiders, worms, and mice were mentioned by both indigenous and peasant
                        students, while toads and centipedes were only mentioned by peasant
                        students. Detailed data can be found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T5"
                            >table 1</xref>.</p>
                    <table-wrap id="T5">
                        <label>Table 1</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>List of animals cited as insects by indigenous and peasant
                                students</title>
                        </caption>
                        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                            <thead>
                                <tr>
                                    <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3"
                                        style="background-color:#e3e7f3; border-bottom:1pt solid black"
                                        >Biological Classification</th>
                                    <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3"
                                        style="background-color:#e3e7f3; border-bottom:1pt solid black"
                                        >Number of Citations</th>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <th align="left" valign="middle"
                                        style="background-color:#e3e7f3">Filo: Subfilo (Class)</th>
                                    <th align="left" valign="middle"
                                        style="background-color:#e3e7f3">Order</th>
                                    <th align="left" valign="middle"
                                        style="background-color:#e3e7f3">Specimen</th>
                                    <th align="left" valign="middle"
                                        style="background-color:#e3e7f3">Indigenous</th>
                                    <th align="left" valign="middle"
                                        style="background-color:#e3e7f3">Peasants</th>
                                    <th align="left" valign="middle"
                                        style="background-color:#e3e7f3">Total</th>
                                </tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="18">Filo Arthropoda:
                                        Subfilo Hexapoda (Insecta)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">Diptera</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Fly</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">19 (8,5%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">28 (12,5%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">89 (39,3%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Mosquito</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">15 (6,5%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">24 (10,5%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Horsefly</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">3 (1,3%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Lepidoptera</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Butterfly</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">12 (5,3%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">10 (4,5%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">23 (10,1%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Moth</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Blattodea</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Cockroach</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (2%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">11 (4,8%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">16 (7%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Coleoptera</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Beetle larvae</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">11 (4,8%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">3 (1,3%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">24 (10,5%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Beetle</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (2%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (2%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="4">Hymenoptera</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Bee</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">7 (3%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (2%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">39 (15,5%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Bumblebee</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">6 (2,5%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Ant</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">4 (1,7%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">4 (1,7%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Wasp</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">4 (1,7%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Mantodea</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Mantis</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (2%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (2%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">10 (4,5%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="4">Hemiptera</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Barber bug</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (1%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">3 (1,3%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Cicada</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (1%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">3 (1,3%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Stinky bug</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (1%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (1%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Thumbtack bug</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Orthoptera</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Cricket</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Filo Arthropoda: Subfilo
                                        Chelicerata (Arachnida)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Araneae</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Spider</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">8 (3,5%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">4 (1,7%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">12 (5%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Ixodida</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Tick</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (1%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (1%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Filo Arthropoda: Subfilo
                                        Myriapoda (Chilopoda)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">–</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Centipede</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Filo Annelida Clitellata)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">–</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Worm</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">3 (1,3%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">4 (1,7%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Filo Chordata: Subfilo
                                        Vertebrata (Mammalia)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">–</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Mouse</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (0,5%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (1%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">3 (1,3%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Filo Chordata: Subfilo
                                        Vertebrata (Amphibia)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">–</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Frog</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (1%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (1%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Total</bold></td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">112 (49%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">115 (51%)</td>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">227 (100%)</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table-wrap-foot>
                            <fn id="TFN9">
                                <p>Percentages are based on the total number of citations (n =
                                    227)</p>
                            </fn>
                            <fn id="TFN10">
                                <p>Source: prepared by the authors.</p>
                            </fn>
                        </table-wrap-foot>
                    </table-wrap>
                    <p>The Diptera order (flies and mosquitoes) was the most frequently mentioned
                        among indigenous and peasant participants, accounting for 60% of the total
                            (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T6">table 3</xref>). Additionally, within
                        the Diptera order, we identified three mentions of ‘mutuca’ (approximately
                        1.3% of the total mentions) among indigenous students. ‘Mutuca’ is a common
                        and popular term used to refer to species of flies belonging to the
                        Tabanidae family.</p>
                    <table-wrap id="T6">
                        <label>Table 3</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>Animals cited as disease-transmitting insects by indigenous
                                people and peasants</title>
                        </caption>
                        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                            <thead style="background-color:#e3e7f3">
                                <tr>
                                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Animals</th>
                                    <th align="right" valign="middle">Indigenous</th>
                                    <th align="right" valign="middle">Peasants</th>
                                    <th align="right" valign="middle">Total</th>
                                </tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Mosquito (Insecta:
                                        Diptera)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">10 (12%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">18 (22%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">28 (34%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Fly (Insecta: Diptera)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">12 (14%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">10 (12%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">22 (26%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Tick (Arachnida: Ixodida)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">8 (9%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">3 (4%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">11 (13%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Cockroach (Insecta:
                                        Blattodea)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">6 (7%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">4 (5%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">10 (12%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Worm</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">8 (9%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">8 (9%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Barber (Insecta:
                                        Hemiptera)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">4 (5%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">4 (5%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Cricket (Insecta:
                                        Orthoptera)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">1 (1%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">1 (1%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle"/>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle"/>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">84 (100%)</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table-wrap-foot>
                            <fn id="TFN11">
                                <p>Percentages are based on the total number of participants (n =
                                    84).</p>
                            </fn>
                            <fn id="TFN12">
                                <p>Source: prepared by the authors.</p>
                            </fn>
                        </table-wrap-foot>
                    </table-wrap>
                    <p>The Hymenoptera and Hemiptera orders exhibited the highest diversity of the
                        mentioned insects, with four species in each category. They were followed by
                        the Diptera order (three insects), Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera orders (two
                        insects each). The Orthoptera, Blattodea, and Mantodea orders each had a
                        single insect mentioned.</p>
                    <p>Regarding the Coleoptera order, specific citations of beetles in their larval
                        form were observed among indigenous students (11, approximately 4.8% of the
                        total citations), compared to three citations among peasant students (1.3%
                        of the total citations).</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Content analysis</title>
                    <p>Overall, the majority of students (n=30; 56%) defined insects based on
                        conceptions related to their ecological functions. The taxonomic category
                        (n=10; 19%) and the emotional category (n=8; 15%) were the second and third
                        most frequently mentioned, while the health category was the least mentioned
                        (n=5; 10%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">table 1</xref>).</p>
                    <p>A majority of indigenous students (n = 30, 56%) defined insects within the
                        ecological category. In contrast, peasant students mainly categorized these
                        animals under the health and emotional categories (n = 9, 18%, in both)
                            (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">figure 1</xref>).</p>
                    <p>Regarding the content analysis of the open-ended question about the dietary
                        habits of insects, most students (n = 30, 56%) did not know how to respond
                        to the question. Among the students who did respond (n = 232323, 44%), we
                        identified 51 citations divided into five categories: (a) generalists
                        (insects that eat everything), (b) hematophagous (feeding on blood), (c)
                        herbivores (feeding on plants), (d) mycophagous (feeding on fungi), and (e)
                        insectivores (feeding on other insects). The generalist category had the
                        highest number of citations (n = 22, 44%), followed by hematophagous (n =
                        15, 30%), herbivores (n = 10, 19%), mycophagous (n = 3, 5%), and
                        insectivores (n = 1, 1%).</p>
                    <p>Indigenous students provided the most information about insect dietary habits
                        (n = 32, 63%), with the generalist category being the most prominent (n =
                        17, 33%). Among peasants (n = 19, 37%), the generalist, hematophagous, and
                        herbivorous categories had equal prominence (n = 5, 10% each) (<xref
                            ref-type="table" rid="T7">table 2</xref>).</p>
                    <table-wrap id="T7">
                        <label>Table 2</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>Insect feeding habits classification, according to indigenous and
                                peasants</title>
                        </caption>
                        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                            <thead style="background-color:#e3e7f3">
                                <tr>
                                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Feeding habits</th>
                                    <th align="right" valign="middle">Indigenous</th>
                                    <th align="right" valign="middle">Peasants</th>
                                    <th align="right" valign="middle">Total</th>
                                </tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Generalist</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">17 (32%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">5 (10%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">22 (42%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Hematophagous</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">10 (20%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">5 (10%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">15 (30%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Herbivore</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">5 (10%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">5 (10%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">10 (20%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Mycophagous</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">3 (6%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">3 (6%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Insectivore</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">1 (2%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">1 (2%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">32 (62%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">19 (38%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">51 (100%)</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table-wrap-foot>
                            <fn id="TFN13">
                                <p>Percentages are based on the total number of participants (n =
                                    51).</p>
                            </fn>
                            <fn id="TFN14">
                                <p>Source: prepared by the authors.</p>
                            </fn>
                        </table-wrap-foot>
                    </table-wrap>
                    <p>Regarding health aspects, particularly the potential of insects to transmit
                        diseases, we found that almost all students (n = 50, 94%) (except for three
                        who chose not to respond) considered insects as potential disease vectors.
                        Students cited five representatives of the Insecta class as examples of
                        disease-transmitting insects (n = 84 citations): mosquitoes (n = 28, 33%),
                        flies (n = 22, 26%), cockroaches (n = 10, 11%), bedbugs (n = 4, 5%), and
                        crickets (n = 1, 1%). Worms (n = 8, 10%) and ticks (n = 11, 14%) were also
                        mentioned as disease vectors.</p>
                    <p>Among indigenous students, flies were the most frequently cited as disease
                        vectors, while among peasant students, mosquitoes were identified as the
                        primary disease transmitters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T6">table
                        3</xref>).</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Sources of the construction of entomological knowledge</title>
                    <p>To investigate the acquisition and transmission of entomological knowledge,
                        we asked the participants to select their primary source of information
                        about insects from a list of options, including school, books, television,
                        the internet, daily life (everyday experiences), and family. Additionally,
                        participants could specify other sources in an open-ended space.</p>
                    <p>Overall, the majority of students (n = 21, 40%) indicated school as their
                        primary source of insect-related knowledge. Family (n = 19, 36%) emerged as
                        the second most significant source for acquiring entomological knowledge,
                        followed by daily life experiences (n = 6, 12%). Television ranked fourth (n
                        = 3, 6%), while the internet and books (n = 2, 4% each) were the least
                        frequently mentioned as sources of entomological knowledge (<xref
                            ref-type="table" rid="T8">table 4</xref>).</p>
                    <table-wrap id="T8">
                        <label>Table 4</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>Source of acquisition of entomological knowledge according to
                                indigenous and peasants</title>
                        </caption>
                        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                            <thead style="background-color:#e3e7f3">
                                <tr>
                                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Source of acquisition of
                                        entomological knowledge</th>
                                    <th align="right" valign="middle">Indigenous</th>
                                    <th align="right" valign="middle">Peasants</th>
                                    <th align="right" valign="middle">Total</th>
                                </tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">School</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">10 (19%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">11 (20%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">21 (38%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Family</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">15 (28%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">4 (8%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">19 (36%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Day-by-day</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">4 (8%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">2 (4%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">6 (12%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Television</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">1 (2%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">2 (4%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">3 (6%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Internet</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">2 (4%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">2 (4%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Books</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">2 (4%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">2 (4%)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">32 (60%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">21 (40%)</td>
                                    <td align="right" valign="middle">53 (100%)</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table-wrap-foot>
                            <fn id="TFN15">
                                <p>Percentages are based on the total number of participants (n =
                                    53).</p>
                            </fn>
                            <fn id="TFN16">
                                <p>Source: prepared by the authors.</p>
                            </fn>
                        </table-wrap-foot>
                    </table-wrap>
                    <p>An ethnic perspective reveals that indigenous individuals primarily rely on
                        family (n = 15, 28%) as their key source of knowledge acquisition, in
                        contrast to the peasants who selected school (n = 11, 20%) as the most
                        significant institution for building their entomological knowledge. Notably,
                        the internet was not mentioned by any indigenous participants, and books
                        were not cited by any peasant respondents.</p>
                </sec>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="discussion">
                <title>Discussion</title>
                <p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cobern (1996)</xref>, every student,
                    upon entering an educational institution, brings with them a set of knowledge
                    derived from their primary culture, i.e., the socio-cultural environment in
                    which they live. The knowledge that students bring with them to the classroom is
                    referred to as prior knowledge. This prior knowledge encompasses a comprehensive
                    array of culturally rooted assumptions and beliefs. Such knowledge originates
                    from a framework of practices and social actions within each context (<xref
                        ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Lemke, 2001</xref>).</p>
                <p>In this study, we are analyzing the existing knowledge of first-year students
                    enrolled in the Rural Education Degree program at a public university located in
                    the central-western region of Brazil. Similar to elementary school students,
                    these university students come with pre-existing knowledge of various science
                    topics. Therefore, their university instructors must consider their prior
                    knowledge while teaching them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"
                        >Fernández-Chamorro; Pamplona; Pérez-Fructuoso, 2020</xref>; <xref
                        ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Lazarowitz; Lieb, 2006</xref>).</p>
                <p>In the case of the students participating in this study, it is crucial to
                    emphasize that they belong to indigenous (Guarani and Kaiowá ethnicities) and
                    peasant groups, as the specific university program is designed to cater to these
                    social groups. Furthermore, these students will be trained as teachers to work
                    in indigenous and rural schools. Hence, it is essential to consider the cultural
                    aspect when assessing the prior knowledge of these students and future
                    teachers.</p>
                <p>The number of types of insects mentioned by the participants in this study
                    closely resembled the findings of a previous study conducted in basic education,
                    which examined the prior knowledge of students in a public school in Northeast
                    Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Costa-Neto; Baptista, 2006</xref>).</p>
                <p>In this study, the Diptera order obtained the highest number of citations, which
                    may be related to the sanitary aspect of this group of insects, associated with
                    the fact that diseases such as yellow fever, dengue, and leishmaniasis can be
                    transmitted by dipterans, historically affecting the regions where the
                    participants of this study live (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Castro et al.,
                        2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Costa; Cunha; Costa,
                    2018</xref>).</p>
                <p>In addition to the sanitary aspect, dipterans are also present in the Kaiowá
                    cosmogony; indigenous students were the only ones to mention horseflies (the
                    common name for individuals of the Tabanidae family). In Kaiowá cosmology, the
                    emergence of this insect is related to Pa'i Kwará (God Sun) when he created the
                    cedar tree, and the insects emerged as part of God's creation (<xref
                        ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Pedro, 2021</xref>).</p>
                <p>Similar to horseflies, we observed a significant mention of beetles in their
                    larval form. Previous studies reported the use of larvae of the
                        <italic>Rynchophorus palmarum</italic> species by the Guarani-Kaiowá
                    ethnicity, in the form of oil extracted from the larvae, used for the treatment
                    and healing of skin wounds and respiratory diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr"
                        rid="B41">Vilharva <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
                <p>A noteworthy result from this study is that indigenous students exclusively
                    conceptualize insects based on ecological and emotional concepts. The worldviews
                    of the Guarani and Kaiowá peoples are deeply rooted in the elements of nature
                    and likely contribute to this result. These peoples seek ways to coexist
                    harmoniously with their environment, making the association of insects with
                    their ecological functions an expected outcome (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"
                        >Ioris, 2019</xref>).</p>
                <p>Similarly, indigenous people confirmed the importance of intergenerational
                    knowledge in shaping their prior entomological knowledge, while peasants
                    identified the school as the most significant factor in the development of this
                    knowledge. In this study, as in similar ones, the results indicate that prior
                    entomological conceptions differ from scientific ones (<xref ref-type="bibr"
                        rid="B12">Costa-Neto; Baptista, 2006</xref>); <xref ref-type="bibr"
                        rid="B13">Costa-Neto; Magalhães, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr"
                        rid="B23">Hermogenes <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref
                        ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Oliveira-Lima <italic>et al</italic>.
                    2016</xref>).</p>
                <p>Concerning the consideration and relevance of students' cultural and ethnic
                    knowledge in science classrooms, it is worth mentioning that there has been a
                    growing body of research in science education over the past two decades
                    emphasizing the importance of this consideration for student learning (<xref
                        ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Carlone; Johnson, 2012</xref>; <xref
                        ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Fleer; Adams; Gunstone, 2019</xref>; <xref
                        ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Gondwe; Longnecker, 2015</xref>; <xref
                        ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Lemke, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr"
                        rid="B36">Robles-Piñeros, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"
                        >Snively; Corsiglia, 2001</xref>).</p>
                <p>Hence, research in science education highlights the necessity of acknowledging
                    students' prior knowledge in science classes to establish connections between
                    what is taught (school scientific knowledge) and the concepts already present in
                    their cognitive structures. However, not all ideas and worldviews align with
                    Western science, such as the local and traditional knowledge of indigenous
                    peoples and peasants. Therefore, it can be inferred that students' prior
                    knowledge is not always scientific. In the case of students whose prior
                    knowledge does not align with the sciences, teachers can choose content that
                    helps bridge the gap, introducing students to a new culture with an alternative
                    explanatory model, a different language, and a distinct narrative. This approach
                    aims not to replace students' scientific knowledge but to enrich their
                    conceptual repertoire with scientific ideas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"
                        >Robles-Piñeros, 2020</xref>).</p>
                <p>Intercultural science education necessitates negotiations between knowledge
                    systems and the tensions that arise between them. Therefore, constructing new
                    concepts does not entail abandoning previous conceptions but becoming aware of
                    the contexts in which these conceptions are applicable (<xref ref-type="bibr"
                        rid="B18">Fleer; Adams; Gunstone, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr"
                        rid="B36">Robles-Piñeros, 2020</xref>).</p>
                <p>Students should grasp the pathways of science, actively positioning themselves to
                    make decisions in diverse situations, where science is one of the many voices in
                    society. Consequently, science education contributes to students' critical
                    thinking, cognitive problem-solving abilities, and capacity to make independent
                    decisions, fully exercising their citizenship (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"
                        >Dagher; Erduran, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Pomeroy,
                        2019</xref>).</p>
                <p>The same principle holds for students who bring common-sense ideas into the
                    classroom. Common sense refers to the everyday knowledge generated and shared
                    among people in their daily lives. It does not stem from a specific culture but
                    is formed from a blend of various cultures and knowledge systems (artistic,
                    philosophical, religious, cosmological, traditional, etc.). In these cases,
                    teachers can demonstrate how different knowledge systems intertwine in daily
                    life, offering students an epistemological perspective on each one (<xref
                        ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Godler; Reich, 2017</xref>).</p>
                <p>Therefore, a science education that aims to incorporate prior knowledge should
                    begin by investigating this knowledge. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cobern
                        (1996)</xref>, a proponent of contextual constructivism, argues that when
                    science teachers investigate and comprehend the diverse ways in which students
                    perceive nature, it is possible that the structure of science education can
                    bridge the gap between students and science. This is because the construction of
                    students' knowledge requires contexts that provide meaning to that knowledge.
                    This process also involves the affective dimension of these students, their
                    beliefs, values, and prior knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Freire,
                        1972</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Lorsbach; Tobin,
                    1992</xref>).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="conclusions">
                <title>Conclusion</title>
                <p>We conclude that indigenous and peasant students, who are future teachers for
                    indigenous and peasant schools, possess distinct knowledge that has been shaped
                    by their individual and collective experiences, and passed down through
                    generations. When this knowledge is recognized and valued, it enables students
                    to delve deeper into scientific concepts. Scientific knowledge must be held in
                    equal regard alongside traditional, popular, and local knowledge.</p>
                <p>To foster this process of appreciation and promote a horizontal dialogue between
                    traditional and popular knowledge and local knowledge, there is a need for more
                    extensive discussions on alternative ontologies, diverse knowledge construction
                    methods, and various theoretical-methodological perspectives within the
                    pedagogical practices of school education.</p>
                <p>Furthermore, we emphasize the significance of ongoing education for science
                    teachers through university programs. Such programs serve as a valuable tool for
                    professionals in basic education, facilitating a constructive, equitable, and
                    reflective dialogue on emerging pedagogical paradigms, ultimately leading to the
                    development of more comprehensive, diverse, and inclusive teaching
                    processes.</p>
            </sec>
        </body>
        <back>
            <ack>
                <title>Acknowledgment</title>
                <p>We thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes)
                    for the financial support granted through the research scholarship.</p>
            </ack>
        </back>
    </sub-article> -->
</article>