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		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cebape</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cadernos EBAPE.BR</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cad. EBAPE.BR</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1679-3951</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Fundação Getulio Vargas, Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00010</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1679-395120200109</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Nostalgia como prática? Relendo a pesquisa sobre nostalgia no campo do Marketing</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Nostalgia as a practice? Rereading the research on nostalgia in the field of marketing</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>¿Nostalgia como práctica? Releyendo la investi gación sobre la nostalgia en el campo del Marketing</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7213-509X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>HENRIQUES</surname>
						<given-names>FLÁVIO MEDEIROS</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9736-5273</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SUAREZ</surname>
						<given-names>MARIBEL CARVALHO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO(UFRJ) / INSTITUTO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO E PESQUISA EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO (COPPEAD), RIO DE JANEIRO- RJ, BRASIL</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">INSTITUTO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO E PESQUISA EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">RIO DE JANEIRO</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> INSTITUTO FEDERAL DE EDUCAÇÃO, CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA DO RIO DE JANEIRO (IFRJ), RIO DE JANEIRO- RJ, BRASIL</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">INSTITUTO FEDERAL DE EDUCAÇÃO, CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA DO RIO DE JANEIRO</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">RIO DE JANEIRO</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>flavio.medeiros@coppead.ufrj.br</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff01">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO(UFRJ) / INSTITUTO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO E PESQUISA EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO (COPPEAD), RIO DE JANEIRO- RJ, BRASIL</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">INSTITUTO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO E PESQUISA EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">RIO DE JANEIRO</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>maribels@coppead.ufrj.br</email>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Flávio Medeiros Henriques - Doutorando em Administração pelo Instituto COPPEAD de Administração da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Professor de Marketing no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ). E-mail: flavio.medeiros@coppead.ufrj.br</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Maribel Carvalho Suarez - Doutora em Administração pela Escola de Negócios (IAG) da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), com estágio pós-doutoral pela Schulich School of Business - Canadá; Professora Adjunta do Instituto COPPEAD de Administração da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). E-mail: maribels@coppead.ufrj.br</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
      <!--pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"-->
        <pub-date pub-type="epub">
				<season>Jul-Sep</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>19</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<fpage>524</fpage>
			<lpage>537</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A nostalgia é um poderoso recurso de Marketing e vem apresentando novas formas e dinâmicas no cenário contemporâneo que desafiam suas interpretações clássicas. Considerando que o próprio entendimento do fenômeno do consumo vem sendo revisto, cabe questionar se as explicações atuais sobre nostalgia explicam adequadamente o fenômeno no contexto do consumo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é refletir e propor novas possibilidades de investigação do fenômeno da nostalgia no campo do Marketing a partir das Teorias da Prática. O artigo apresenta duas contribuições principais: ao revisitar a literatura sobre nostalgia no campo, organiza conceitualmente as pesquisas em duas abordagens, a sentimentalista e a cultural. Por fim, o texto também reflete sobre possibilidades de releitura da pesquisa sobre nostalgia a partir das Teorias da Prática.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Nostalgia is a powerful marketing resource and has been introducing new forms and dynamics in the contemporary scene that challenge its classic interpretations. Considering that the understanding of the phenomenon of consumption has been revised, it is worth asking whether the current explanations of nostalgia adequately elucidate the phenomenon in the context of consumption. This study proposes new possibilities for investigating the phenomenon of nostalgia in the field of marketing from the perspective of the Practice Theories. The work presents two contributions: by revisiting the literature on nostalgia in the field, it conceptually organizes research into two approaches, sentimental and cultural; by discussing these approaches in light of Practice Theory, we reflect on possibilities for reinterpreting nostalgia research from sociomaterial perspective.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>La nostalgia es un poderoso recurso de Marketing y ha ido introduciendo nuevas formas y dinámicas en la escena contemporánea que desafían sus interpretaciones clásicas. Teniendo en cuenta que se ha cuestionado la comprensión del fenómeno del consumo, cabe preguntarse si las explicaciones actuales sobre nostalgia explican adecuadamente el fenómeno en el contexto del consumo. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es reflexionar y proponer nuevas posibilidades para investigar el fenómeno de la nostalgia en el campo del Marketing desde las teorías de la práctica. El artículo presenta dos aportes principales: al revisar la literatura sobre la nostalgia en el campo, organiza conceptualmente la investigación en dos enfoques, el sentimental y el cultural. Finalmente, el trabajo también reflexiona sobre las posibilidades de reinterpretar la investigación de la nostalgia desde las teorías de la práctica.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Nostalgia</kwd>
				<kwd>Teorias da Prática</kwd>
				<kwd>Consumer Culture Theory</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Nostalgia</kwd>
				<kwd>Practice Theories</kwd>
				<kwd>Consumer Culture Theory</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Nostalgia</kwd>
				<kwd>Teorías de la práctica</kwd>
				<kwd>Teoría de la cultura del consumidor</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="63"/>
				<page-count count="14"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>Há décadas, a nostalgia é um poderoso recurso de Marketing, capaz de atrair a atenção, o engajamento e o desejo por novos produtos. Nos filmes, nos carros, na música, na moda, nos eventos e destinos turísticos, no <italic>design</italic> dos eletrodomésticos e nas <italic>hashtags #throwbackthursday</italic> que se multiplicam nas redes sociais, entre muitos outros produtos e serviços, o passado faz-se presente como importante dispositivo de mercado. A onda nostálgica que era interpretada no início dos anos 2000 como um efeito passageiro da virada do milênio continua forte e “o interesse dos consumidores pelo passado não demonstra sinais de diminuição” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Brown, 2018</xref>, p. 10). Uma reportagem de 2019 do jornal espanhol <italic>El País</italic> intitulada “O negócio da nostalgia” alertava em sua chamada: “O vinil voltou. Os fliperamas também. O retrô faz sucesso nas bilheterias, e as companhias telefônicas e de <italic>videogames</italic> relançam seus modelos simbólicos” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Enano, 2019</xref>). A própria palavra “nostalgia” parece ter se transformado em uma marca atraente em diferentes contextos de consumo. No YouTube, o Canal Nostalgia, que apresenta vídeos principalmente sobre produtos culturais populares em décadas passadas, como filmes, programas de TV, games etc., conta com 13,1 milhões de inscritos. O álbum mais recente da cantora pop Dua Lipa, denominado <italic>Future Nostalgia</italic> figura no top 50 da <italic>Billboard</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Billboard, 2020</xref>). Até mesmo uma cor de tinta foi batizada como “verde-nostalgia” por uma importante marca brasileira de tintas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Suvinil, 2020</xref>). Exemplos como estes ilustram não somente a força da nostalgia como um fenômeno contemporâneo de Marketing, mas também que ela parece estar tomando novas formas e expressões no cenário do consumo.</p>
			<p>O conceito de nostalgia foi originado no século XVII no campo da medicina e deriva das palavras gregas <italic>nostos</italic> (“volta para casa”) e <italic>algos</italic> (“saudade” ou “dor”) para designar uma doença ocasionada pela distância do indivíduo de sua terra natal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Hamilton, Edwards, Hammil, Wagner &amp; Wilson, 2014</xref>). No campo do Marketing, o tema da nostalgia mostra-se presente desde a década de 1990. Questões relacionadas à influência da nostalgia nas preferências do consumidor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Holbrook &amp; Schindler, 1996</xref>), aos tipos de respostas a estímulos publicitários nostálgicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Stern, 1992</xref>) e como a nostalgia cria um senso de identidade do consumidor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Belk, 1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">1991</xref>) figuraram entre os interesses iniciais de pesquisadores de comportamento do consumidor e de cultura e consumo a respeito do fenômeno.</p>
			<p>No esforço de renovar suas premissas e sua teorização sobre o fenômeno do consumo, o campo de estudos em cultura e consumo, também conhecido como <italic>Consumer Culture Theory</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Arnould &amp; Thompson, 2005</xref>), vem presenciando a emergência de novas abordagens que buscam avançar na reflexão sobre as relações entre sujeito-objeto e superar a ênfase dada ao consumidor (agente humano) no processo do consumo. Abordagens diversas como <italic>Assemblage Theory</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Delanda, 2006</xref>), Teoria Ator-Rede (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Latour, 1988</xref>), Teorias da Prática (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Hui, Schatzki &amp; Shove, 2017</xref>), entre outras, vêm sendo adotadas para que se compreenda melhor o papel da materialidade e das relações no processo de consumo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Braga &amp; Suarez, 2018</xref>). Dadas a atualidade e a relevância da nostalgia para o Marketing, conforme argumentado anteriormente, e os novos rumos que o campo vem traçando para compreender o fenômeno do consumo, cabe questionar: as pesquisas atuais sobre nostalgia dão conta de explicar adequadamente o fenômeno em suas diversas manifestações? Considerando que o próprio entendimento do fenômeno do consumo vem sendo questionado pela área, a resposta mais provável é <italic>não</italic>. Quanto às novas ontologias e abordagens trazidas para o campo do consumo, elas estão sendo utilizadas para buscar novas explicações para o lugar da nostalgia no consumo ou do consumo na nostalgia? Como será apresentado, a literatura sinaliza que a resposta para essa pergunta também é <italic>não</italic>.</p>
			<p>Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste em refletir e propor novas possibilidades de investigação do fenômeno da nostalgia no campo do Marketing a partir das Teorias da Prática (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Hui et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Shove, Pantzar &amp; Watson, 2012</xref>). Para isso, o trabalho revisita a literatura sobre nostalgia no campo do comportamento do consumidor, de modo a compreender como esta é conceituada e investigada, para então refletir sobre conceitos das Teorias da Prática que podem se somar ou confrontar as premissas das atuais investigações sobre nostalgia.</p>
			<p>Além de contribuir com os estudos sobre o tema ao organizar conceitualmente as pesquisas atuais em duas abordagens teóricas, a sentimentalista e a cultural, o trabalho também propõe releituras possíveis da nostalgia por meio de exemplos que ilustram possibilidades de aplicação das premissas e conceitos das Teorias da Prática para o estudo do fenômeno no campo do comportamento do consumidor. Para a elaboração dessas contribuições, o trabalho apresenta, após esta introdução, as origens e a evolução do conceito de nostalgia, na segunda seção. Na terceira seção, são propostas e discutidas duas perspectivas conceituais sobre nostalgia adotadas no campo do Marketing: a sentimentalista e a cultural. A quarta seção analisa criticamente as duas perspectivas de estudo da nostalgia predominantes no campo, discutindo suas limitações e contribuições. A quinta seção apresenta o arcabouço conceitual básico das Teorias da Prática. A sexta seção propõe e discute possibilidades de releitura da nostalgia através da lente das Teorias da Prática. Por fim, apresentam-se as implicações, limitações do estudo e reflexões para auxiliar pesquisadores nos trabalhos futuros sobre nostalgia.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Sobre as origens e a evolução do conceito de nostalgia</title>
				<p>Os primeiros esboços sobre a natureza da nostalgia deram-se no âmbito da medicina, sendo que o primeiro relato científico conhecido sobre o tema aparece na dissertação médica de Johannes Hofer, publicada em 1688 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Boym, 2001</xref>). Em sua dissertação, o médico suíço descreve a nostalgia como uma doença típica dos marinheiros e soldados que viajavam para terras distantes. Entre seus principais sintomas, estariam a náusea, a perda de apetite, as alterações nos pulmões, a inflamação cerebral, as paradas cardíacas, a febre, o marasmo e a propensão ao suicídio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Anspach, 1934</xref>). Desse modo, os primeiros estudos sobre a nostalgia definiam como característica central dessa “doença” o deslocamento espacial do indivíduo.</p>
				<p>O insucesso da medicina em curar a doença da nostalgia despertou, na era industrial, o olhar das Ciências Sociais, que passou a testemunhar uma epidemia de nostalgia em nível de sociedade, fomentando a construção de museus, a restauração de monumentos e tradições e o nascimento de uma arte romântica que buscava resgatar um passado idealizado como puro e desacelerado. Esse crescente movimento de institucionalização da nostalgia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Garrido &amp; Davidson, 2019</xref>) passou a ser predominantemente interpretado no campo das Ciências Sociais, já na primeira metade do século XX, como um sentimento e um discurso tipicamente conservador emergente da noção de irrecuperabilidade de um passado glorioso destruído pela modernidade. Tal associação levou o tema a ser tratado como algo puramente antiprogressista e alienante, despertando, dessa forma, mais a crítica do que a curiosidade dos pesquisadores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Boym, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Gehler, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Pickering &amp; Keightley, 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>No campo da Psicologia, a conotação negativa construída em torno da nostalgia como uma “doença da mente” predominou até a metade do século XX. Novas interpretações foram fornecidas pelo sociólogo Fred Davis na segunda metade do século XX ao descrever a nostalgia como um sentimento “agridoce”, que traz tanto consequências negativas quanto positivas para o indivíduo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Routledge, 2016</xref>). No entanto, ainda no cenário contemporâneo, no campo da Psicologia, predomina a interpretação de que a nostalgia é desencadeada por sentimentos de solidão, depressão, descontinuidade e descontentamento com o presente, talvez devido às interpretações da Medicina e das Ciências Sociais do início do século (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Garrido &amp; Davidson, 2019</xref>). Conforme observa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Routledge (2016)</xref>, o campo da Psicologia possuía, até a última década, um volume insípido de pesquisas empíricas que buscassem compreender melhor o fenômeno da nostalgia e suas consequências. O autor observa que a maioria dos estudos empíricos atuais sobre nostalgia provém dos estudos do consumo e do comportamento do consumidor. Isso reforça a importância acadêmica da temática para a área de Marketing.</p>
				<p>Os estudos sobre a nostalgia no campo do Marketing iniciaram-se, principalmente, na última década do século XX, explorando sua influência nas preferências do consumidor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Holbrook, 1993</xref>), os tipos de respostas à publicidade nostálgica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Stern, 1992</xref>) e a relação entre nostalgia e construção de identidade do consumidor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Belk, 1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">1991</xref>). Após a virada do milênio, a nostalgia continuou demonstrando-se promissora como tema de investigação, inspirando estudos sobre seu uso como estratégia de Marketing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Brown, Kozinets &amp; Sherry, 2003</xref>), sobre as fontes da nostalgia na experiência de consumo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Goulding, 2001</xref>) e sobre sua capacidade de articular o consumo para criar passados utópicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Maclaran &amp; Brown, 2005</xref>). Estudos mais recentes exploram temáticas como a construção de mercados nostálgicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Brunk, Giesler &amp; Hartmann, 2018</xref>) e o papel do mercado em modificar a nostalgia por meio da continuidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Cross, 2017</xref>) e apresentam várias questões que demonstram que a nostalgia é um fenômeno de grande relevância no contexto do consumo e que não se tratava de mero modismo ou onda sentimental desencadeada pela virada do milênio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Brown, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>As Ciências Sociais também parecem ter reconhecido recentemente a relevância do fenômeno. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Pickering e Keightley (2006</xref>) questionam interpretações clássicas que caracterizam a nostalgia como oposto binário da história e antítese da utopia. Para os autores, a nostalgia não é apenas uma busca por segurança ontológica no passado, mas também um mecanismo social útil de orientação frente às incertezas do presente, quando utilizada criticamente. Esse uso crítico da nostalgia teria como preocupação central o surgimento de um novo modo de se relacionar com o passado na modernidade. No campo da Psicologia Social, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Routledge (2016</xref>) criou um programa de pesquisa para investigar empiricamente os aspectos positivos e negativos da nostalgia e identificou que esta aumenta estados psicológicos positivos, como humor, sentimentos de conexão social, autoestima, autocontinuidade e percepções de significado na vida, além de atuar como mecanismo regulador de estados psicológicos negativos, como a angústia e a solidão. Tais resultados, conforme observa o autor, confrontam a visão predominante no campo da Psicologia de que a nostalgia é um fenômeno predominantemente negativo e alienante. No campo da Antropologia, o crescimento do interesse pelos estudos de Memória na primeira década do milênio levaram a um crescimento do interesse pela nostalgia, sendo esta conceituada como uma prática cultural heterogênea, com formas, significados e efeitos que mudam de acordo com o contexto, além de ocorrer apenas em temporalidades ontológicas específicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Angé &amp; Berliner, 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Enfim, a nostalgia vem despertando o interesse de diversos campos do saber, sendo que alguns destes somente agora começam a se preocupar em compreender sistematicamente o fenômeno e suas consequências. A área de Marketing, por outro lado, vem desenvolvendo pesquisas sobre a relação entre nostalgia e consumo há cerca de 30 anos. Dado o histórico de investigações sobre o tema no campo, uma reflexão importante diz respeito às bases teóricas utilizadas pelos pesquisadores de comportamento do consumidor para conceituar nostalgia. O tópico a seguir se dedica a essa questão.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Perspectivas conceituais sobre a nostalgia no campo do Marketing</title>
				<p>Antes de propor novas possibilidades de releitura da nostalgia a partir das premissas e conceitos das Teorias da Prática, realizou-se um esforço para identificar como o Marketing conceitua nostalgia, refletindo-se sobre trabalhos recentes e seminais do campo e identificando os autores de outras áreas que influenciam direta ou indiretamente na formação das premissas utilizadas para conceituar o fenômeno. Tal revisão da literatura, que pretendeu apenas rastrear os conceitos, autores e premissas sobre nostalgia em estudos do comportamento do consumidor, permitiu identificar duas perspectivas conceituais sobre a nostalgia existentes no campo: 1) a perspectiva sentimentalista, mais alinhada com os estudos seminais dos anos 1990 sobre a relação entre consumo e nostalgia, que a conceitua como um fenômeno predominantemente cognitivo; e 2) a perspectiva cultural, emergente a partir da virada do milênio e que compreende a nostalgia como um fenômeno cultural, com contornos contextuais. O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch1">Quadro 1</xref> apresenta os principais autores e premissas de cada uma das perspectivas, além de exemplificar temáticas estudadas em cada uma delas.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="ch1">
						<label>Quadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Quadro sintético das perspectivas sentimentalista e cultural</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-19-03-524-gch1.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>A perspectiva sentimentalista</title>
				<p>A perspectiva sentimentalista apresenta como característica principal a compreensão da nostalgia como um sentimento relacionado à biografia de indivíduos ou grupos, sendo este desencadeado predominantemente por memórias positivas da juventude. Tal perspectiva é a mais antiga e que concentra a maioria das pesquisas no campo, tendo seu início nos anos 1990. Três autores das Ciências Sociais parecem ter importância fundamental para a formação de um conjunto de premissas sobre a nostalgia no campo do Marketing, as quais continuam sendo adotadas em estudos recentes: Fred Davis, Colin Campbell e Grant McCracken.</p>
				<p>O livro <italic>Yearning for Yesterday: A Sociology of Nostalgia</italic>, de Fred <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Davis, publicado em 1979</xref>, aparece como a referência mais comum na conceituação de nostalgia. Os estudos contemporâneos que adotam tal perspectiva, por exemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Khoshghadam et al. (2019</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Huang, Huang e Wyer (2016</xref>), normalmente citam pesquisas seminais da área como as de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Holbrook e Schindler (1991</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Stern (1992</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Belk (1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">1991</xref>) para conceituar nostalgia. Esses trabalhos seminais do campo, por sua vez, conceituam a nostalgia com base na ideia de que o fenômeno se trata de um sentimento misto de prazer e dor em relação a um passado individual ou coletivo idealizado, apoiados no referido livro de Davis (1979). Em outras palavras, as obras seminais do campo do Marketing da década de 1990, citadas pela maioria dos estudos atuais da perspectiva sentimentalista, partem predominantemente de um mesmo autor para conceituar nostalgia.</p>
				<p>O conceito de nostalgia de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Davis (1979</xref>), por sua vez, alinha-se a dois outros conceitos de grande relevância nos estudos do consumo, o que pode explicar sua ampla adoção. O primeiro conceito é o <italic>daydream</italic>, de Colin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Campbell. Segundo Campbell (1987</xref>), o <italic>daydream</italic> refere-se a uma construção imaginativa de significados de perfeição, os quais são perseguidos materialmente por meio do consumo. Sua finalidade não seria necessariamente a aquisição e o uso de um objeto, mas o prazer de imaginar suas potencialidades na esfera dos significados, pois as imperfeições da realidade empírica quebrariam o encanto que o objeto possui na esfera da imaginação. O segundo conceito é o “deslocamento de significados”, de Grant <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">McCracken. De acordo com McCracken (1988</xref>), a ideia de que o mundo contemporâneo é percebido como essencialmente inautêntico faz com que o consumidor desloque seus ideais e expectativas para dimensões idealizadas de tempo e espaço, buscando acessá-las materialmente por meio dos objetos. Em comum, tais conceitos ajudam a fundamentar a noção de que a nostalgia se manifesta na confrontação entre real e imaginário, sendo os objetos portadores de significados idealizados, o que parece ter criado terreno fértil para o nascimento de uma concepção cognitivista.</p>
				<p>Dos autores de Marketing, o conceito que se destaca em termos de frequência é o de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Holbrook e Schindler (1991</xref>, p. 330), segundo o qual a nostalgia seria “uma preferência em relação a objetos que eram comuns na juventude de um indivíduo”. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Belk (1990</xref>, p. 670), para quem a nostalgia é “um estado melancólico induzido por um objeto, uma cena, um cheiro ou tipo de música”, e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Holak e Havlena (1998</xref>, p. 218), para os quais a nostalgia é “um complexo sentimento, emoção ou estado de humor com valência positiva produzido pela reflexão do indivíduo sobre coisas associadas com o passado”, também são citados, com menor frequência. Vale ressaltar que tanto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Holbrook e Schindler (1991)</xref> e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Belk (1990)</xref>quanto Holak e Havlena (1998), apesar de destacarem nuances diferentes da nostalgia em suas conceituações, citam <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Davis (1979</xref>) para fundamentarem suas concepções sobre o fenômeno.</p>
				<p>Trabalhos recentes da perspectiva sentimentalista, de modo geral, parecem ter maior preocupação em compreender como a nostalgia afeta o consumidor e as relações de consumo do que propriamente discutir a nostalgia em si. Por exemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Lasaleta et al. (2014</xref>) concluíram que a nostalgia leva ao comportamento de caridade, uma vez que sensibiliza o consumidor a diminuir seu apego pelo dinheiro diante de uma conexão simbólica com um “outro” relevante que compartilha um passado comum. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kessous et al. (2015</xref>) identificaram que os consumidores são mais propensos a colecionar e presentear pessoas amadas com produtos de marcas percebidas como nostálgicas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Areni (2019</xref>) concluiu que o envolvimento do consumidor com conteúdo de mídia social que evoca nostalgia atende à necessidade de segurança ontológica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Ford et al. (2018</xref>, p. 19) criaram o conceito de nostalgia da marca como o “reflexo do passado composto por memórias, emoções e pensamentos relacionados às experiências vividas ou idealizadas do consumidor com a marca”.</p>
				<p>Enfim, os pesquisadores da perspectiva sentimentalista, apesar de criarem novas variações conceituais sobre a nostalgia, parecem compartilhar as seguintes premissas em suas investigações: 1) a nostalgia trata-se de um sentimento individual ou coletivo de orientação retrospectiva, emergente da confrontação entre presente e passado; 2) a nostalgia é uma resposta cognitiva universal (ou seja, independe do contexto) desencadeada por estímulos predominantemente mnemônicos; 3) no contexto do consumo, a nostalgia resulta do deslocamento de significados de perfeição para um passado idealizado, sendo que os objetos atuam como pontes materiais para essas dimensões idealizadas, combinando o prazer da tentativa de retorno com a frustração do reconhecimento da irrecuperabilidade do passado.</p>
				<p>Em geral, os trabalhos dessa perspectiva, apesar de serem mais numerosos e constituírem uma vertente mais antiga no campo, dedicam mais esforço para testar diferentes efeitos da nostalgia sobre o consumidor, assumindo as noções conceituais seminais do campo, do que para esboçar alguma nova tentativa de compreender e conceituar o que ela é. O único esforço de revisão da nostalgia dentro da perspectiva sentimentalista decorre de estudos que investigam os aspectos individual e socialmente positivos da nostalgia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kessous et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Lasaleta et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Zhou, Wildschut &amp; Sedikides, 2011</xref>). Desse modo, confronta-se a noção cristalizada no campo da Psicologia de que a nostalgia é um sentimento predominantemente negativo, melancólico e alienante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Routledge, 2016</xref>). Contudo, ainda assim concebe-se a nostalgia como um fenômeno cognitivo.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>A perspectiva cultural</title>
				<p>A perspectiva cultural é relativamente mais recente no campo de Marketing, apresentando, como consequência, menor número de pesquisas. Sua principal característica é investigar não somente como a nostalgia afeta o consumo, mas como o consumo e o sistema de Marketing também a modificam. Dois autores das Ciências Sociais destacam-se em fornecer as premissas para essa perspectiva: Svetlana Boym e Fredric Jameson.</p>
				<p>A historiadora <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Boym (2001</xref>), em seu livro <italic>The Future of Nostalgia</italic> argumenta que, apesar de a nostalgia ser amplamente estudada como um fenômeno médico, ela é uma emoção histórica nascida e propagada com o romantismo e com a cultura de massa. Seria, assim, transformadora da sociedade e transformada pelas mudanças históricas, culturais e tecnológicas. Para Boym, a nostalgia é um fenômeno antes estrutural do que individual. O referido livro de Boym é a fonte das Ciências Sociais mais citada por autores dessa perspectiva.</p>
				<p>Outro autor citado por pesquisadores dessa perspectiva é Fredric Jameson. Dele, cita-se, sobretudo, o livro <italic>Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism</italic>, de 1991, sendo o principal elemento adotado de sua obra a ideia de que a nostalgia na contemporaneidade é um sintoma da condição pós-moderna. Tal nostalgia, segundo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Jameson (1991)</xref>, seria atemporal ou sobre “um passado fora do tempo” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Higson, 2014</xref>), que convive com o presente e se manifesta mais como uma preferência estética do que como sentimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Brown, Hirschman &amp; Maclaran, 2001</xref>). Tanto a leitura de Boym quanto de Jameson trabalham com a noção de que a nostalgia é um fenômeno estrutural e dependente do contexto histórico.</p>
				<p>Uma das principais preocupações dos pesquisadores dessa perspectiva é compreender como o sistema de Marketing e a tecnologia interagem com a nostalgia na contemporaneidade. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Higson (2014</xref>), em pesquisa sobre consumo da nostalgia em filmes e <italic>sites</italic> da internet, descreve esta como um importante estímulo para a nostalgia, visto que a disponibilidade de imagens e representações do passado no ambiente <italic>on-line</italic> cria um imenso repertório simbólico para o consumidor. O autor ainda verificou em seu estudo que o consumidor não simplesmente responde a um estímulo nostálgico, mas possui papel ativo na criação da nostalgia ao engajar-se em um texto e modulá-lo de acordo com seus próprios interesses. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Cross (2017</xref>) analisou a nostalgia contemporânea a partir do estudo de coleções de brinquedos e observou que a velocidade nas mudanças nos bens criou uma forma de nostalgia mais associada a um passado recente do que a um passado distante. O autor identificou que o sistema de Marketing possui papel fundamental na criação de uma nova relação entre o consumidor, suas coleções e seus sentimentos. Em seu estudo sobre coleções de brinquedos, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Cross (2017)</xref> verificou que nostalgia fomentou o nascimento de um mercado de coleções de brinquedos, ajudando no processo de legitimação da ideia de que adultos também podem consumir esses objetos antes associados exclusivamente à infância. Tal legitimação, por sua vez, levou novas gerações de consumidores a comprar e utilizar brinquedos continuamente entre a infância e a idade adulta, transformando a descontinuidade que dava origem à nostalgia em uma continuidade. Em outras palavras, a nostalgia fora a fonte da própria destruição, nesse caso.</p>
				<p>Tal perspectiva também se alinha com os debates recentes sobre nostalgia nas Ciências Sociais, buscando compreender a nostalgia como um fenômeno estrutural e dependente do contexto, que ocorre apenas em determinadas temporalidades ontológicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Angé &amp; Berliner, 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Brunk et al. (2018</xref>), por exemplo, identificaram formas e dinâmicas específicas da nostalgia dentro do contexto de mudança de regime político e econômico na Alemanha após a queda do muro de Berlim, como sua influência na naturalização da hegemonia capitalista através da ressignificação de memórias sociais. Os autores identificaram a emergência de três tipos de nostalgia pelo socialismo em momentos de insatisfação com o novo sistema capitalista, que, ironicamente, levaram à emergência de novos mercados de produtos nostálgicos contra o capitalismo, destacando que a nostalgia toma formas específicas em diferentes contextos.</p>
				<p>A perspectiva cultural também aborda a nostalgia como um fenômeno orientado simultaneamente para o passado, o presente e o futuro, e não uma confrontação sentimental entre passado e presente. Cervellon e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Brown (2018</xref>), por exemplo, demonstram como as consumidoras francesas do estilo neoburlesco utilizam recursos do passado de modo irônico para criar contrastes entre um passado de submissão ao machismo e um presente de luta social, de modo a construir condições sociais para um futuro mais livre. Tal premissa condiz com o argumento de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Pickering e Keightley (2006</xref>) de que a nostalgia, ao contrário de ser um oposto negativo da utopia, é um mecanismo não só de produção, mas também de uso da memória social para construir futuros desejados a partir da crítica do presente.</p>
				<p>Com recortes mais recentes, a perspectiva cultural encontra-se em construção. Os textos apresentados nesta seção não compõem necessariamente uma visão coesa sobre nostalgia. Contudo, tais trabalhos possuem em comum interpretações e discussões que desafiam a adequação e a completude da perspectiva sentimentalista da nostalgia. Tais trabalhos priorizam uma perspectiva que não restringe a nostalgia a um sentimento, mas a abordam como um fenômeno cultural contemporâneo resultante: 1) da emergência de novas representações culturais sobre o tempo; 2) das ações do sistema de Marketing; e 3) das possibilidades criadas pelas novas tecnologias. Nesse sentido, esses estudos descortinam novas possibilidades de se enquadrar o fenômeno da nostalgia.</p>
				<p>Em resumo, podemos apontar três tipos de premissas da perspectiva cultural que desafiam as noções utilizadas pela perspectiva sentimentalista para conceituar a nostalgia: 1) a nostalgia é um fenômeno cultural sensível às representações sobre o tempo, orientado simultaneamente para o passado, o presente e o futuro; 2) a nostalgia apresenta-se de diferentes modos de acordo com o contexto, ocorrendo somente em determinadas temporalidades ontológicas; 3) no contexto do consumo, a nostalgia não somente exerce efeitos sobre o consumo e os mercados, como também é modificada por eles. Tendo delineado distinções conceituais em torno das duas abordagens presentes na investigação da nostalgia, o tópico a seguir procura apontar caminhos, limitações e provocações às duas perspectivas identificadas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Contribuições, limitações e provocações às perspectivas sentimentalista e cultural</title>
				<p>Conforme discutido na seção anterior, a perspectiva cultural ainda parece apresentar importantes possibilidades de releitura da nostalgia no campo do Marketing, uma vez que traz premissas e interpretações que desafiam e ampliam a noção de nostalgia sentimentalista, predominante entre os pesquisadores de Marketing. O enfoque nas mudanças históricas, sociais e tecnológicas, bem como no papel do sistema de Marketing, trouxe ao campo uma compreensão da nostalgia também como um fenômeno cultural. Nesse sentido, ainda cabem estudos que respondam: como o sistema de Marketing modificou-se historicamente no sentido de aceitar como legítima a ideia de lançar produtos <italic>vintage</italic>? Como a noção de “objeto ultrapassado” se transforma em objeto “retrô”? Como as práticas de estetização de objetos do passado ganharam legitimidade no discurso do Marketing? Questões como estas podem gerar <italic>insights</italic> sobre a relação entre os sistemas de Marketing e a transformação das representações temporais do consumidor.</p>
				<p>Outro ponto interessante descrito nos estudos da seção anterior refere-se às possíveis transformações da relação pessoa-objeto pela tecnologia. Como a tecnologia, ao criar um repertório representacional sobre o passado tão grande e acessível, modifica as relações afetivas entre consumidor e objeto? Como a recuperabilidade do passado no presente e a fusão destas categorias modifica as relações entre o consumidor e o objeto? Seria essa vivência que funde passado e presente sem sentimento um tipo de nostalgia? Ou o conceito de nostalgia deve restringir-se a um sentimento de prazer e dor diante do irrecuperável? Se sim, que construto descreve esse fenômeno de vivência do passado-presente em que a preferência estética predomina sobre o sentimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Brown et al., 2001</xref>)? A delimitação do que é nostalgia diante da identificação de novas articulações temporais presentes na relação pessoa-objeto, nesse sentido, permanece em aberto.</p>
				<p>Em relação às categorias que localizam um objeto no tempo, por exemplo, questionando se este é do passado ou contemporâneo, se é “anos 1970” ou “anos 1990”, a perspectiva cultural também instiga questionar: como a constante reciclagem de imagens e objetos do passado no presente afeta a categorização temporal dos objetos? Em outras palavras, se um objeto do passado é relançado no mercado e se torna popular em outro tempo, seria esse objeto ainda percebido como “antigo” por gerações mais jovens que não sabem de seu relançamento? Seria possível a enxurrada de relançamentos criar uma imprecisão no reconhecimento daquilo que é efetivamente novo ou relançamento? Seria irônica a coexistência entre pessoas e objetos do passado se estes não são reconhecidos como passado, pois assim seria inviável a evocação da nostalgia sentimental. Ou seja, seria possível que os mercados <italic>vintage</italic> e a tecnologia destruíssem a consciência temporal de produtos?</p>
				<p>Ainda que as duas perspectivas identificadas sinalizem caminhos férteis (em especial, a perspectiva cultural) para novas compreensões sobre a relação entre nostalgia e consumo, podemos refletir criticamente sobre algumas de suas limitações. Nosso esforço de identificação das bases conceituais da nostalgia no campo sinaliza a fragilidade teórica do conceito de nostalgia adotado pela perspectiva sentimentalista, uma vez que a maioria dos estudos utiliza praticamente as mesmas fontes para conceituar o fenômeno. Ainda que estes se refiram a alguns estudos pioneiros no campo, conforme apresentado anteriormente, todos estes partem de uma mesma leitura da nostalgia que parece não dar conta de explicar suas dinâmicas e seus contornos contemporâneos. A visão universalista e individualista do fenômeno é incapaz de responder a perguntas como: por que estamos testemunhando um aumento do interesse de diversos grupos de consumidores pelo passado? Por que esse interesse mercadológico pela nostalgia vem ocorrendo nesse momento histórico? Como observou <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Brown (2018</xref>), por que essa “onda” de nostalgia que se pensava acabar após a virada do milênio não demonstra sinais de diminuição? Enfim, estudos da perspectiva cultural trazem interpretações e evidências que fragilizam o olhar sentimentalista da nostalgia.</p>
				<p>A perspectiva cultural, por outro lado, mostra-se mais aberta a novas compreensões sobre o fenômeno ao adotar um olhar alinhado com perspectivas antropológicas, históricas e sociológicas, priorizando o contexto e as dinâmicas culturais em torno da nostalgia. No entanto, assim como a perspectiva sentimentalista, ela concebe o consumo como um processo centrado no agente humano, apesar de investigar a nostalgia realizando um esforço de integração entre estrutura e agência. Essa visão dualista, apesar de permitir a identificação de dinâmicas mais amplas e integradas do fenômeno da nostalgia, ainda assim negligencia o papel de outros elementos que atravessam o processo do consumo, como os objetos, as rotinas corporais e mentais, as competências e a linguagem, entre outros.</p>
				<p>Ao traçar uma história do campo da Consumer Culture Theory (CCT), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Askegaard e Linnet (2011</xref>) lembram que esta nasceu da visão crítica às pesquisas de comportamento do consumidor influenciadas pela Psicologia e pela Economia, argumentando que tais ciências traziam premissas que situam o consumidor em um ambiente controlado e colocam as condições estruturais do consumo em segundo plano. Contudo, os autores observam que a alternativa antropológica adotada pela CCT a partir da década de 1980 - que concebe o consumidor como um construtor de identidades reflexivo; que vive em comunidades de consumo; e que busca recursos simbólicos no mercado - apesar de enfatizar as estruturas de significados, acabou por manter o consumidor como centro do processo de consumo, desprezando outros elementos e dinâmicas. Do mesmo modo, parece que a perspectiva cultural da nostalgia, apesar de se esforçar para superar a visão universalista e cognitivista do fenômeno ao evidenciar seus contornos históricos e culturais, também caiu na mesma armadilha antropocêntrica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Reckwitz, 2002a</xref>) do início da CCT, deslocando a ênfase no indivíduo para a cultura, mas ainda concebendo o mundo social como puramente humano.</p>
				<p>Nesse sentido, será argumentado a seguir que as Teorias da Prática podem contribuir para criar novas possibilidades de investigação do fenômeno da nostalgia ao transcenderem o dualismo estrutura-agência, olhando a integração dos diferentes elementos que participam do processo do consumo a partir das práticas como unidade de análise (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Moura &amp; Bispo, 2019</xref>). Outra contribuição dessa abordagem está ainda em sua atenção aos objetos, não apenas com sua carga expressiva, mas como elementos que atuam materialmente na performance da vida social. O tópico a seguir procura apresentar conceitos fundamentais das Teorias da Prática, bem como alguns exemplos ilustrativos dos potenciais de desenvolvimento do tema da nostalgia a partir do uso dessa abordagem.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Teorias da Prática: conceitos principais</title>
				<p>As Teorias da Prática, apesar da alcunha “teoria”, não compõem uma teoria unificada, mas um grupo de conceitos e premissas cujas principais fontes originárias são textos de diversos autores, como Pierre Bourdieu, Anthony Giddens, Jean Lave, Etienne Wenger, Theodore Schatzki, Harold Garfinkel, Michel de Certeau, Andreas Reckwitz, Davide Nicolini, Antonio Strati, Barbara Czarniawska, Silvia <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Gherardi e Elizabeth Shove, Mika Pantzar e Matt Watson (Gherardi, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Hui et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Nicolini, 2013</xref>). De acordo com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Hui et al. (2017)</xref>, ainda que estes autores possuam diferentes visões sobre a sociedade e seu funcionamento, eles são unidos pelo compartilhamento da premissa de que as práticas constituem o domínio básico do estudo das Ciências Sociais, sendo estas entendidas como conjuntos organizados de ações que se conectam e formam complexos maiores e constelações. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Feldman e Worline (2016</xref>) acrescentam que as Teorias da Prática também compartilham a ideia de que as coisas (incluindo identidades, ideias, instituições, poder e bens materiais), em vez de terem o significado como características inatas de seu ser, adquirem significado à medida que são situadas em práticas sociais.</p>
				<p>Vale frisar que os estudos que compartilham tais premissas não formam necessariamente uma escola de pensamento. No campo dos estudos organizacionais, por exemplo, o rótulo “Estudos Baseados em Prática” agrupa uma série de abordagens com bases teóricas diversas que adotam a prática como lente para o estudo do fenômeno organizacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bispo, 2013</xref>). No campo dos estudos de cultura e consumo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Warde (2005</xref>) utiliza o rótulo “Teorias da Prática” para descrever os estudos que compreendem o consumo como um momento presente nas práticas sociais. Já <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Shove et al. (2012</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Feldman e Worline (2016</xref>), por exemplo, utilizam o rótulo “Teoria da Prática” para descrever esse grupo de premissas sobre o mundo social. Assim, considerando a diversidade de abordagens sobre a prática como unidade básica do social e o posicionamento de tal discussão no campo dos estudos do consumo, este trabalho utiliza o rótulo “Teorias da Prática”, proposto por Warde (2005), para se referir ao conjunto de conceitos e premissas expostos nestes trabalhos.</p>
				<p>De acordo com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Reckwitz (2002b</xref>), uma prática pode ser uma performance individual (práxis) ou uma entidade social (<italic>praktiken</italic>). Enquanto performance individual, a prática descreve uma ação humana e se relaciona ao fazer; enquanto entidade social, uma prática significa “um tipo de comportamento rotinizado que consiste em vários elementos interligados entre si: formas de atividades corporais, mentais; coisas e seu uso; conhecimento na forma de compreensão, <italic>know-how</italic> e estados de emoção” (Reckwitz, 2002b, p. 249). Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Schatzki (1996</xref>, p. 89), as práticas são “nexos de fazeres e dizeres”, dispersos no tempo e no espaço. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Warde (2005</xref>) sustenta que esse nexo de fazeres e dizeres é coordenado e conectado por três elementos da prática: os entendimentos, os procedimentos e os engajamentos. Já a categorização dos elementos da prática feita por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Shove et al. (2012</xref>) parece dar mais ênfase ao papel da materialidade, ao definir seus componentes nos seguintes grupos: 1) materiais: abrangendo objetos, infraestruturas, ferramentas, <italic>hardware</italic> e o próprio corpo; 2) competências: múltiplas formas de compreensão e conhecimento prático que fazem as ligações entre os elementos da prática; e 3) significados: o significado social e simbólico da participação na prática.</p>
				<p>Tal destaque à materialidade da abordagem de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Shove et al. (2012</xref>) condiz com a observação de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Reckwitz (2002a</xref>) de que, enquanto as abordagens culturalistas da teoria social estudam os fenômenos sociais a partir da compreensão de que a estruturação das ações humanas é resultado de ordens simbólicas coletivas, para as Teorias da Prática, o mundo social consiste não apenas em seres humanos e suas relações intersubjetivas, mas também simultaneamente da materialidade, como o corpo, o conhecimento, a linguagem e a mente. Vale observar que a materialidade não diz respeito somente a coisas físicas, sendo ela mais uma qualidade das relações entre sujeitos e coisas do que das coisas em si (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Borgerson, 2005</xref>). Essa relação entre os seres humanos e as coisas é definida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Moura e Bispo (2019</xref>) como sociomaterialidade.</p>
				<p>Sendo a prática uma entidade social, o indivíduo atua como um “carregador” de uma prática, e não como o agente que a determina e orquestra outros elementos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Shove et al., 2012</xref>). Em outras palavras, os indivíduos são corpos/mentes que participam de práticas sociais. Assim, enquanto as abordagens culturais da teoria social baseiam-se predominantemente em uma perspectiva antropocêntrica, as Teorias da Prática tratam o indivíduo de forma descentralizada, sendo seu corpo, por exemplo, um elemento material, enquanto sua mente é tratada como um elemento de competência.</p>
				<p>Ao integrar os elementos materiais ao mundo social, as Teorias da Prática trazem também importantes consequências para o estudo do mundo material. Enquanto as abordagens culturais compreendem o mundo material principalmente como um conjunto de coisas que portam significados culturais ou objetos de representação para os humanos, para as abordagens baseadas na Prática, as coisas devem ser compreendidas como artefatos que participam de práticas sociais e desempenham papel agêntico, o qual se expressa nos efeitos sobre outros elementos de uma prática (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Borgerson, 2013</xref>). Um exemplo de estudo que investiga a agência dos objetos é o estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Epp e Price (2010</xref>), em que as autoras descrevem a biografia de uma mesa no contexto de uma família e demonstram que tal objeto, mesmo quando é removido das práticas familiares, continua a exercer sua agência devido à sua história no contexto familiar. Desse modo, os consumidores buscam constantemente alternativas para reincorporar esse objeto em suas práticas. Essa agência manifesta-se, por exemplo, na definição do tipo de casa a comprar ou como será a decoração de determinado cômodo para que a mesa possa fazer parte das práticas de materialidade. No momento em que ela permanece dormente, ainda assim gera mobilização dos outros elementos no sentido de modificar outras práticas familiares para seu retorno.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Reckwitz (2002b</xref>) também destaca o papel do corpo e da mente nas práticas sociais. Enquanto as abordagens culturais compreendem corpo e mente como elementos relacionados de maneira hierárquica, sendo o corpo instrumento da mente, uma abordagem baseada em prática entende que o corpo possui o papel de performar os atos comportamentais e a mente envolve rotinas de compreensão, desejo e <italic>know-how</italic>. Isso significa que uma prática envolve, além da participação do ser humano e dos elementos materiais, certas competências, as quais informam e integram os elementos da prática.</p>
				<p>As práticas sociais também possuem uma relação de dominância. Segundo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Shove et al. (2012</xref>), uma prática dominante é aquela que sobrepõe práticas menos importantes e orientam as maneiras pelas quais as pessoas gastam seu tempo e definem as prioridades em torno das quais suas vidas são organizadas. Os autores também destacam que as práticas atravessam três fases, de modo genérico. Antes de se tornar uma prática social consolidada, isto é, com as relações entre os elementos efetivamente estabelecidas, há uma protoprática - em que os elementos demonstram potencial de ligação, mas não se encontram relacionados. De modo semelhante, quando os <italic>links</italic> entre os elementos da prática não são mais sustentados, tem-se uma ex-prática.</p>
				<p>Vale observar que os conceitos e premissas sobre as Teorias da Prática elencados nesta seção não buscam traçar um panorama que se pretende completo e que integre as diferentes vertentes dessas teorias. Ao contrário, buscamos elencar conceitos e premissas dessas teorias que possibilitem novas leituras do fenômeno da nostalgia no campo do Marketing propondo uma abordagem sociomaterial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Moura &amp; Bispo, 2019</xref>) do tema. Assim, a noção compartilhada pelas Teorias da Prática de que o mundo social é composto não somente de seres humanos, tendo também as coisas - como o corpo, a mente, os objetos e as competências - papel fundamental nas dinâmicas sociais, fornece possibilidades importantes para iluminar outros aspectos da relação entre consumo e nostalgia para além dos processos cognitivos e categorias de significados culturais. Além disso, as categorias de elementos da prática, a relação de dominância entre práticas e a noção de agência compartilhada entre seres humanos e os objetos fornecem um arcabouço conceitual relevante para novas leituras sobre a nostalgia, como será exemplificado a seguir.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Possibilidades de releitura da nostalgia através das teorias da prática</title>
				<p>Conforme argumentado anteriormente, as duas perspectivas teóricas sobre nostalgia apresentam um olhar centrado no humano, concebendo-o como centro do processo do consumo, relegando, assim, a materialidade a um segundo plano. Como, então, a nostalgia poderia ser investigada a partir da perspectiva sociomaterial das Teorias da Prática?</p>
				<p>Primeiramente, a partir da noção de que a nostalgia é uma emoção histórica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Boym, 2001</xref>), a perspectiva da prática pode ser utilizada para estudar a nostalgia como uma prática social. Dessa maneira, focaliza não somente as representações do consumidor sobre o passado, mas também as rotinas corporais (por exemplo, expressões, comportamentos, ações) e mentais (certos modos de querer e de sentir) e as competências para se “nostalgizar”, bem como o papel dos objetos nesse processo. Tal possibilidade envolveria investigar o consumo como contexto que reúne os elementos de uma prática nostálgica.</p>
				<p>Tomemos como exemplo um consumidor que se engaja na prática de consumo de música. Enquanto corre pela manhã, esse consumidor tem o hábito de ouvir músicas pelo Spotify. Os fones conectados a seu <italic>smartphone</italic> isolam sons externos da rua movimentada, permitindo uma apreciação detalhada das músicas sugeridas pelo aplicativo na <italic>playlist</italic> “Descobertas da semana”. Essa <italic>playlist</italic> é uma das preferidas desse consumidor, já que lhe oferece “novidades antigas”, pois, apesar de nascido nos anos 1980, ele aprecia descobrir músicas nacionais e internacionais dos anos 1960, época que ele imagina como período de grande criatividade artística, tanto que possui em casa uma coleção de discos de vinil do período. Em casa, o consumidor possui uma vitrola que é utilizada de modo menos frequente, porém em ocasiões mais especiais, como em reuniões com amigos, comemorações familiares e quando lembra de seu avô, o qual lhe dera a maior parte de seus discos. Além disso, esse consumidor possui um filho adolescente e gosta de se reunir com ele na sala onde está sua coleção para falar das músicas e dos artistas do passado e para lhe demonstrar como manusear a vitrola e cuidar corretamente dos discos de vinil.</p>
				<p>O exemplo anterior, apesar de abordar a nostalgia a partir da fenomenologia do sujeito, também possibilita lançar luz sobre aspectos estruturais contidos nas rotinas do consumo de música, que terminam por revelar o que seria essa prática nostálgica. Em primeiro lugar, cabe destacar a articulação não apenas da dimensão de significados em nível individual ou grupal, mas também o papel das competências e da materialidade. A respeito da materialidade, o aplicativo Spotify, que funciona mediante conexão com a internet, por meio de um sistema operacional de um <italic>smartphone</italic>, disponibiliza uma oferta imediatamente acessível de músicas do passado e também um algoritmo que seleciona e sugere músicas para o consumidor hipotético com base no que ele ouve. Isso reforça sua preferência por músicas dos anos 1960 por meio da apresentação de novas músicas do período, o que aumenta seu conhecimento e sua imaginação sobre a época.</p>
				<p>Os discos de vinil, por funcionarem somente em uma antiga vitrola, exigem a articulação de competências diferentes daquelas utilizadas para consumir músicas pelo Spotify. Enquanto competências relacionadas à execução de aplicativos em dispositivos móveis são articuladas para o consumo de músicas pelo Spotify, o consumo de música por meio da coleção de discos de vinil exige habilidades ligadas à identificação de lojas especializadas, ao manuseio e à operação dos equipamentos e aos cuidados de manutenção dos discos e da vitrola. A coleção de discos de vinil também envolve a articulação de comportamentos, conhecimentos e significados sociais relacionados com a prática social de colecionar. Na esfera dos significados, ainda se nota uma distinção entre ouvir música através de uma materialidade contemporânea e de uma materialidade antiga. Enquanto as novas tecnologias e competências são associadas ao lazer, ao individualismo e à eficiência, as materialidades antigas e competências a elas associadas são relacionadas pelo consumidor a ocasiões e memórias especiais e socialização.</p>
				<p>Além disso, no exemplo anterior também podemos refletir sobre possíveis efeitos transformadores dessa prática nostálgica sobre outras práticas acopladas à prática de consumo de música. O encontro do consumidor hipotético com seus amigos (prática de socialização) para ouvir música (prática de lazer) tem como ponto de ligação, no exemplo, essa prática nostálgica, a qual leva o consumidor e seus amigos a compartilharem o interesse pelo passado - nesse caso, a tecnologia do vinil e as competências e os significados a ela associados. A coligação entre prática de lazer e prática de educação por meio da prática nostálgica também ocorreria quando o consumidor ensinasse seu filho sobre o uso da vitrola e sobre seus discos. No caso, o filho do consumidor hipotético participa não somente de uma prática de educação, mas também aprende a reconhecer transformações que se articulam a partir da reunião de novos objetos, significados e competências. Nesse sentido, a prática nostálgica teria o potencial de transformar determinada prática com a qual se acopla e de criar zonas de aproximação entre práticas, coligando-as temporariamente.</p>
				<p>A lente da prática também pode contribuir para o estudo da nostalgia sob uma perspectiva histórica ao permitir o mapeamento ou a identificação de transformações de práticas sociais ao longo do tempo. As práticas articuladas junto com a prática nostálgica normalmente envolvem um esforço do consumidor para conectar elementos de ex-práticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Shove et al., 2012</xref>), ou seja, objetos, competências e significados do passado que se encontram em estado de latência. Além disso, essa inserção de elementos abandonados de ex-práticas em práticas consolidadas poderia transformar esta última, de modo a criar uma nova prática substituta da atual ou paralela a ela. O estudo de tal dinâmica, contudo, exigiria um recorte temporal relativamente amplo, pois o estabelecimento de novas relações e a quebra de links atuais costumam ser processos demorados.</p>
				<p>No caso do consumidor de música exemplificado, podemos pensar que a própria prática de consumo de música foi transformada a partir da invenção de dispositivos que permitiam gravar as performances dos músicos. Ou seja, uma prática que era efêmera e dependia da execução da música ao vivo pelo artista, a partir da invenção do fonograma, passou a integrar elementos materiais e simbólicos de práticas familiares, por exemplo. Do mesmo modo, a criação dos videoclipes passou a possibilitar o consumo visual da música, e integrou novos elementos à prática de consumo de música, como o vídeo e a competência de apreciação cinematográfica. Assim como novas tecnologias proporcionaram transformações na prática de consumo da música, criando novas possibilidades de experiências, pode-se indagar: quais as implicações das transformações estéticas e tecnológicas desencadeadas pelo resgate de elementos de ex-práticas para a prática de consumo de música? Em síntese, como a coexistência de elementos de práticas e ex-práticas afeta o consumo?</p>
				<p>Ainda sobre a transformação de práticas, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Boym (2001</xref>) argumenta que a criação de monumentos históricos, museus e até parques temáticos são consequências da nostalgia. Podemos pensar tais espaços como repositórios que alimentam as práticas nostálgicas, mantendo vivos objetos, significados e competências, bem como suas conexões. Assim, podemos também refletir sobre como o cenário contemporâneo pode transformar a própria prática nostálgica. Uma possível questão seria: como a disponibilidade de novas tecnologias como a inteligência artificial, a realidade aumentada e a própria coletânea de dados da web pode afetar a prática nostálgica? Ou, ainda, como novas tecnologias ampliam as conexões entre a prática nostálgica e outras práticas sociais? Quais as implicações do aumento da capacidade de memória para a prática nostálgica?</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Boym (2001</xref>) observa também que a nostalgia possui um caráter produtivo, pois “espacializa o tempo”, produzindo categorias de passado para refletir sobre o presente e o futuro; e “temporaliza o espaço” ao combinar diferentes noções de tempo no “aqui e agora”, buscando exceder o presente. Nesse sentido, a lente da prática permitiria investigar como a prática nostálgica espacializa o tempo, criando categorias temporais de passado e alocando objetos e imagens nelas. Por exemplo, quando emerge uma categoria temporal de “música dos anos 1960”, cria-se um espaço de tempo que separa aquilo que é presente/moderno/contemporâneo de um passado retalhado constituído por várias categorias de passados, como “anos 1980”, “anos 1950”, “anos 1920”, de modo que determinados objetos, imagens e competências são alocados em tais categorias, enquanto outros caem no esquecimento.</p>
				<p>Do mesmo modo, pode-se refletir historicamente como a prática nostálgica temporaliza o espaço no cenário contemporâneo, combinando diferentes noções de tempo em diversas práticas sociais. A prática de consumo de música ilustrada, por exemplo, combina elementos e tecnologias inovadoras (como os serviços de <italic>streaming</italic>, de armazenamento em nuvem etc.) com tecnologias que foram praticamente abandonadas (vitrola e vinil). Por que alguns elementos, mesmo com substitutos que os superam tecnologicamente, persistem nas práticas? Por que outros elementos foram totalmente abandonados? Que pistas um elemento latente deixa no interior das práticas correntes que podem indicar sua possível volta? Como a nostalgia se relaciona com elementos latentes de práticas de consumo? Enfim, as questões levantadas nesta seção ilustram apenas algumas possibilidades interpretativas a partir da concepção da nostalgia como prática social. Entretanto, as reflexões aqui realizadas pretendem indicar caminhos para pesquisas futuras sobre nostalgia no campo do Marketing que desafiem o modo atual como o campo vem estudando o fenômeno e seu lugar no consumo.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS</title>
			<p>O presente trabalho teve como objetivo refletir e propor novas possibilidades de investigação do fenômeno da nostalgia no campo do Marketing a partir das Teorias da Prática, argumentando a favor de um alinhamento entre a investigação da nostalgia e as novas abordagens no campo do comportamento do consumidor que enfatizam aspectos sociomateriais do consumo. Ao revisitar a literatura sobre nostalgia no campo do consumidor para entender como o campo conceitua e investiga o fenômeno, foi possível identificar duas categorias de abordagens conceituais e teóricas predominantes: a sentimentalista e a cultural.</p>
			<p>A perspectiva sentimentalista, mais antiga e predominante no campo de comportamento do consumidor, tem suas raízes em teorias sociais que focam a relação entre o consumidor e um referente (marca, produto, propaganda, outro consumidor) e os processos cognitivos de idealização, investigando principalmente os efeitos da nostalgia sobre o consumo e privilegiando a investigação no nível individual. A perspectiva cultural, relativamente mais recente e diversificada em suas investigações, compreende a nostalgia como um fenômeno cultural em movimento, que não só modifica o fenômeno do consumo como também é transformada pelo sistema de Marketing e pelas mudanças sociais e tecnológicas. Assim, a primeira contribuição do trabalho foi a organização conceitual dos estudos sobre nostalgia no campo do comportamento do consumidor, o que pode auxiliar o posicionamento conceitual de pesquisas futuras sobre o tema.</p>
			<p>Em seguida, ao analisarmos criticamente as contribuições e limitações das duas perspectivas identificadas, argumentou-se que estas, apesar de trazerem olhares distintos, compartilham um viés agêntico, concebendo o consumidor como centro do processo de consumo, e antropocêntrico, no sentido de compreenderem o mundo social como exclusivamente humano, excluindo o mundo material ou tratando-o como um mundo à parte de objetos a serviço de representações e usos dos consumidores. Com base na apreciação crítica das duas perspectivas e discussão conceitual das Teorias da Prática, foi possível contribuir também através da criação de propostas de releitura da nostalgia por meio de exemplos de investigações possíveis sobre a relação entre nostalgia e consumo utilizando as Teorias da Prática como lente.</p>
			<p>Cabe ressaltar, ainda, as limitações do presente trabalho. Em primeiro lugar, a organização conceitual da literatura não esgota as temáticas e abordagens da nostalgia presentes no campo, pois não quantifica ou qualifica a literatura com base em critérios bibliométricos ou sistemáticos. Por outro lado, acredita-se que a literatura selecionada e revisada, por ser predominantemente originária de periódicos internacionais de alto impacto na área de Marketing e de grande relevância para as pesquisas de comportamento do consumidor, permite estabelecer um panorama das principais abordagens conceituais do tema, uma vez que os trabalhos publicados em periódicos dessa natureza abrem ou influenciam novos caminhos de pesquisa.</p>
			<p>Cabe também ressaltar que os exemplos utilizados para ilustrar possíveis aplicações das Teorias da Prática para investigar a nostalgia não esgotam as interpretações e associações possíveis ao se adotar tal perspectiva. Os exemplos foram utilizados, principalmente, para ilustrar alguns conceitos das Teorias da Prática que consideramos aplicáveis à compreensão do fenômeno da nostalgia no contexto do consumo, desafiando as perspectivas atuais sobre o tema. Como argumentado no texto, os próprios conceitos das Teorias da Prática apresentados e discutidos não são capazes de captar toda a complexidade dessa lente, a qual se encontra em construção.</p>
			<p>Espera-se, dessa forma, que este trabalho contribua para renovar as pesquisas sobre a nostalgia em Marketing, indicando percursos investigativos viáveis e relevantes para a comunidade de pesquisadores de comportamento do consumidor ao propor novas leituras sobre um fenômeno que, mesmo se referindo ao passado, parece nunca ter sido tão contemporâneo.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Paper</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Nostalgia as a practice? Rereading the research on nostalgia in the field of marketing</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7213-509X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>HENRIQUES</surname>
						<given-names>FLÁVIO MEDEIROS</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9736-5273</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SUAREZ</surname>
						<given-names>MARIBEL CARVALHO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) / Instituto de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração (COPPEAD), Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
					<p>Flávio Medeiros Henriques - Ph.D. candidate in Business Administration at the Instituto COPPEAD de Administração at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Marketing Professor at the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ). E-mail: flavio.medeiros@coppead.ufrj.br</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
					<p>Maribel Carvalho Suarez - Ph.D. in Business Administration from Escola de Negócios (IAG) da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), with post-doctoral internship from the Schulich School of Business - Canada; Adjunct Professor at the Instituto COPPEAD de Administração at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). E-mail: maribels@coppead.ufrj.br</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Nostalgia is a powerful marketing resource and has been introducing new forms and dynamics in the contemporary scene that challenge its classic interpretations. Considering that the understanding of the phenomenon of consumption has been revised, it is worth asking whether the current explanations of nostalgia adequately elucidate the phenomenon in the context of consumption. This study proposes new possibilities for investigating the phenomenon of nostalgia in the field of marketing from the perspective of the Practice Theories. The work presents two contributions: by revisiting the literature on nostalgia in the field, it conceptually organizes research into two approaches, sentimental and cultural; by discussing these approaches in light of Practice Theory, we reflect on possibilities for reinterpreting nostalgia research from sociomaterial perspective.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Nostalgia</kwd>
				<kwd>Practice Theories</kwd>
				<kwd>Consumer Culture Theory</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>For decades, nostalgia has been a powerful marketing resource, capable of drawing attention, engagement and the desire for new products. In movies, cars, music, fashion, events and tourist destinations, in the design of home appliances and in the hashtags #throwbackthursday that multiply on social networks, among many other products and services, the past becomes present as an important market device. The nostalgic wave that was interpreted in the early 2000s as a fleeting effect of the turn of the millennium continues to be strong and “consumers’ preoccupation with the past is showing no sign of slowing down” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Brown, 2018</xref>, p. 10). A 2019 report from the Spanish newspaper El País entitled “The business of nostalgia” warned in its call: “The vinyl came back. Arcades also. Retro is a hit at the box office, and the phone and video game companies re-launch their symbolic models” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Enano, 2019</xref>). The word “nostalgia” itself seems to have become an attractive brand in different consumer contexts. On YouTube, the Nostalgia Channel (<italic>Canal Nostalgia</italic>), which features videos mainly about popular cultural products in past decades, such as films, TV shows, games etc., has 13.1 million subscribers. Pop singer Dua Lipa’s most recent album, called Future Nostalgia, is in the top 50 on Billboard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Billboard, 2020</xref>). Even a paint color was named “green-nostalgia” by an important Brazilian paint brand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Suvinil, 2020</xref>). Examples like these illustrate not only the strength of nostalgia as a contemporary phenomenon in Marketing, but also that it seems to be taking new forms and expressions in the consumption scenario.</p>
				<p>The concept of nostalgia originated in the 17th century in the field of medicine and derives from the Greek words <italic>nostos</italic> (“back home”) and <italic>algos</italic> (“longing” or “pain”) to designate a disease caused by the individual’s distance from their native land (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Hamilton, Edwards, Hammil, Wagner &amp; Wilson, 2014</xref>). In the field of Marketing, the theme of nostalgia has been present since the 1990s. Issues related to the influence of nostalgia on consumer preferences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Holbrook &amp; Schindler, 1996</xref>), types of responses to nostalgic advertising stimuli (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Stern, 1992</xref>) and how nostalgia creates a sense of consumer identity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Belk, 1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">1991</xref>) were among the initial interests of researchers in consumer behavior and culture and consumption regarding the phenomenon.</p>
				<p>In an effort to renew its premises and its theorizing about the phenomenon of consumption, the field of studies in culture and consumption, also known as Consumer Culture Theory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Arnould &amp; Thompson, 2005</xref>), has been witnessing the emergence of new approaches that seek to advance the reflection on the relationships between subject-object and overcome the emphasis given to the consumer (human agent) in the consumption process. Diverse approaches like Assemblage Theory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Delanda, 2006</xref>), Actor-Network Theory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Latour, 1988</xref>), Practice Theory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Hui, Schatzki &amp; Shove, 2017</xref>), among others, they have been adopted in order to better understand the role of materiality and relationships in the consumption process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Braga &amp; Suarez, 2018</xref>). Given the timeliness and relevance of nostalgia for Marketing, as previously argued, and the new directions that the field has been tracing to understand the phenomenon of consumption, it is worth questioning: current research on nostalgia is able to adequately explain the phenomenon in its various manifestations? Considering that the understanding of the phenomenon of consumption has been questioned by the field, the most likely answer is no. As for the new ontologies and approaches brought to the field of consumption, are they being used to seek new explanations for the place of nostalgia in consumption or consumption in nostalgia? As will be presented, the literature indicates that the answer to this question is also <italic>no</italic>.</p>
				<p>Thus, the objective of this study is to reflect and propose new possibilities for investigating the phenomenon of nostalgia in the field of Marketing from the Practice Theory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Hui et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Shove, Pantzar &amp; Watson, 2012</xref>). For this purpose, the study revisits the literature on nostalgia in the field of consumer behavior, in order to understand how it is conceptualized and investigated, to then reflect on concepts from the Practice Theory that can add up or confront the premises of current investigations on nostalgia.</p>
				<p>In addition to contributing to studies on the topic by conceptually organizing current research into two theoretical approaches, the sentimentalist and cultural, the study also proposes possible reinterpretations of nostalgia through examples that illustrate possibilities of applying the premises and concepts of the Practice Theory for the study of the phenomenon in the field of consumer behavior. For the elaboration of these contributions, the study presents, after this introduction, the origins and evolution of the concept of nostalgia, in the second section. In the third section, two conceptual perspectives on nostalgia adopted in the field of Marketing are proposed and discussed: the sentimentalist and the cultural. The fourth section critically analyzes the two perspectives of study of nostalgia prevalent in the field, discussing their limitations and contributions. The fifth section presents the basic conceptual framework of Practice Theory. The sixth section proposes and discusses possibilities for reinterpreting nostalgia through the Practice Theory lenses. Finally, the implications, limitations of the study and reflections to assist researchers in future work on nostalgia are presented.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>On the origins and evolution of the concept of nostalgia</title>
					<p>The first overview on the nature of nostalgia took place in the field of medicine, and the first known scientific report on the subject appears in the medical dissertation by Johannes Hofer, published in 1688 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Boym, 2001</xref>). In her dissertation, the Swiss doctor describes nostalgia as a disease typical of sailors and soldiers who traveled to distant lands. Among its main symptoms would be nausea, loss of appetite, changes in the lungs, brain inflammation, cardiac arrest, fever, doldrums and propensity for suicide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Anspach, 1934</xref>). In this way, the first studies on nostalgia defined the individual’s spatial displacement as the central characteristic of this “disease”.</p>
					<p>The failure of medicine to cure the disease of nostalgia aroused, in the industrial age, the view of Social Sciences, which began to witness an epidemic of nostalgia at the level of society, promoting the construction of museums, the restoration of monuments and traditions and the birth of a romantic art that sought to rescue a past idealized as pure and slowed down. This growing movement to institutionalize nostalgia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Garrido &amp; Davidson, 2019</xref>) came to be predominantly interpreted in the field of Social Sciences, already in the first half of the 20th century, as a typically conservative sentiment and discourse emerging from the notion of irrecoverability from a glorious past destroyed by modernity. This association led the theme to be treated as something purely anti-progressive and alienating, thus arousing more criticism than the researchers’ curiosity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Boym, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Gehler, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Pickering &amp; Keightley, 2006</xref>).</p>
					<p>In the field of Psychology, the negative connotation built around nostalgia as a “disease of the mind” prevailed until the middle of the 20th century. New interpretations were provided by sociologist Fred Davis in the second half of the 20th century when describing nostalgia as a “bittersweet” feeling, which has both negative and positive consequences for the individual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Routledge, 2016</xref>). However, still in the contemporary scenario, in the field of Psychology, the interpretation prevails that nostalgia is triggered by feelings of loneliness, depression, discontinuity and discontent with the present, perhaps due to the interpretations of Medicine and Social Sciences at the beginning of the century (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Garrido &amp; Davidson, 2019</xref>). As noted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Routledge (2016)</xref>, the field of Psychology had, until the last decade, a tasteless volume of empirical research that sought to better understand the phenomenon of nostalgia and its consequences. The author notes that most current empirical studies on nostalgia come from studies of consumption and consumer behavior. This reinforces the academic importance of the theme for the Marketing area.</p>
					<p>Studies on nostalgia in the field of Marketing began, mainly, in the last decade of the 20th century, exploring its influence on consumer preferences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Holbrook, 1993</xref>), the types of nostalgic advertising responses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Stern, 1992</xref>) and the relationship between nostalgia and consumer identity construction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Belk, 1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">1991</xref>). After the turn of the millennium, nostalgia continued to be promising as a research topic, inspiring studies on its use as a marketing strategy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Brown, Kozinets &amp; Sherry, 2003</xref>), on the sources of nostalgia in the consumer experience (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Goulding, 2001</xref>) and about its ability to articulate consumption to create utopian pasts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Maclaran &amp; Brown, 2005</xref>). More recent studies explore issues such as building nostalgic markets (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Brunk, Giesler &amp; Hartmann, 2018</xref>) and the role of the market in changing nostalgia through continuity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Cross, 2017</xref>) and present several questions that demonstrate that nostalgia is a phenomenon of great relevance in the context of consumption and that it was not just a fad or sentimental wave triggered by the turn of the millennium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Brown, 2018</xref>).</p>
					<p>Social Sciences also seem to have recently recognized the relevance of the phenomenon. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Pickering and Keightley (2006</xref>) question classic interpretations that characterize nostalgia as a binary opposite of history and antithesis of utopia. For the authors, nostalgia is not just a search for ontological security in the past, but also a useful social guiding mechanism in the face of the present uncertainties, when used critically. This critical use of nostalgia would have as central concern the emergence of a new way of relating to the past in modern times. In the field of Social Psychology, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Routledge (2016</xref>) created a research program to empirically investigate the positive and negative aspects of nostalgia and identified that it increases positive psychological states, such as mood, feelings of social connection, self-esteem, self-continuity and perceptions of meaning in life, in addition to acting as a regulatory mechanism for negative psychological states, such as anguish and loneliness. Such results, as the author notes, confront the prevailing view in the field of Psychology that nostalgia is a predominantly negative and alienating phenomenon. In the field of Anthropology, the growing interest in memory studies in the first decade of the millennium led to an increase in interest in nostalgia, this being conceptualized as a heterogeneous cultural practice, with forms, meanings and effects that change according to the context, in addition to occurring only in specific ontological temporalities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Angé &amp; Berliner, 2015</xref>).</p>
					<p>Finally, nostalgia has aroused the interest of several fields of knowledge, some of which are only now beginning to worry about systematically understanding the phenomenon and its consequences. The Marketing area, on the other hand, has been developing research on the relationship between nostalgia and consumption for about 30 years. Given the history of investigations on the topic in the field, an important reflection concerns the theoretical bases used by consumer behavior researchers to conceptualize nostalgia. The following topic addresses this issue.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conceptual perspectives on nostalgia in the field of Marketing</title>
					<p>Before proposing new possibilities for reinterpreting nostalgia from the premises and concepts of Practice Theories, an effort was made to identify how Marketing conceptualizes nostalgia, reflecting on recent and seminal studies in the field and identifying authors from other areas that directly or indirectly influence the formation of the premises used to conceptualize the phenomenon. Such a review of the literature, which intended only to track the concepts, authors and premises about nostalgia in consumer behavior studies, allowed to identify two conceptual perspectives on nostalgia existing in the field: 1) the sentimental perspective, more aligned with the seminal studies of the 1990s on the relationship between consumption and nostalgia, that conceptualizes it as a predominantly cognitive phenomenon; and 2) the cultural perspective, emerging from the turn of the millennium and that understands nostalgia as a cultural phenomenon, with contextual contours. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch2">Box 1</xref> presents the main authors and premises of each of the perspectives, in addition to exemplifying themes studied in each of them.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="ch2">
							<label>Box 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Synthetic table of sentimental and cultural perspectives</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-19-03-524-gch2.jpg"/>
							<attrib>Source: Elaborated by the authors.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>The sentimentalist perspective</title>
					<p>The sentimental perspective presents the main characteristic of understanding nostalgia as a feeling related to the biography of individuals or groups, with this being triggered predominantly by positive memories of one’s youth. This perspective is the oldest and concentrates most research in the field, starting in the 1990s. Three Social Science authors seem to be of fundamental importance for the formation of a set of premises about nostalgia in the field of Marketing, which continue to be adopted in recent studies: Fred Davis, Colin Campbell and Grant McCracken.</p>
					<p>The book by Fred Davis, Yearning for Yesterday: A Sociology of Nostalgia, published in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">1979</xref>, appears as the most common reference in conceptualizing nostalgia. Contemporary studies that adopt such a perspective, for example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Khoshghadam et al. (2019</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Huang, Huang and Wyer (2016</xref>), normally cite seminal research in the field as that by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Holbrook and Schindler (1991</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Stern (1992</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Belk (1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">1991</xref>) to conceptualize nostalgia. These seminal field works, in turn, conceptualize nostalgia based on the idea that the phenomenon is a mixed feeling of pleasure and pain in relation to an idealized individual or collective past, supported by the aforementioned Davis (1979). In other words, the seminal works of Marketing in the 1990s, cited by most current studies from the sentimentalist perspective, predominantly come from the same author to conceptualize nostalgia.</p>
					<p>The concept of nostalgia by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Davis (1979</xref>), in turn, aligns with two other concepts of great relevance in consumer studies, which may explain its wide adoption. The first concept is daydream by Colin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Campbell. According to Campbell (1987</xref>), daydream refers to an imaginative construction of meanings of perfection, which are pursued materially through consumption. Its purpose would not necessarily be the acquisition and use of an object, but the pleasure of imagining its potentialities in the sphere of meanings, because the imperfections of empirical reality would break the charm that the object has in the sphere of imagination. The second concept is Grant McCracken’s “displacement of meanings”. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">McCracken (1988</xref>), the idea that the contemporary world is perceived as essentially inauthentic causes the consumer to shift their ideals and expectations to idealized dimensions of time and space, seeking to access them materially through objects. In common, these concepts help to support the notion that nostalgia is manifested in the confrontation between real and imaginary, the objects having idealized meanings, which seems to have created fertile ground for the birth of a cognitive concept.</p>
					<p>Of Marketing authors, the concept that stands out in terms of frequency is that by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Holbrook and Schindler (1991</xref>, p. 330), according to which nostalgia would be “a preference over objects that were common in an individual’s youth”. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Belk (1990</xref>, p. 670), for whom nostalgia is “a melancholic state induced by an object, a scene, a smell or type of music”, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Holak and Havlena (1998</xref>, p. 218), for whom nostalgia is “a complex feeling, emotion or mood with a positive value produced by the individual’s reflection on things associated with the past”, they are also less frequently mentioned. It is worth mentioning that both <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Holbrook and Schindler (1991)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Belk (1990)</xref>as well as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Holak and Havlena (1998)</xref>, despite highlighting different nuances of nostalgia in their conceptualizations, make mention of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Davis (1979</xref>) to support their conceptions about the phenomenon.</p>
					<p>Recent studies from the sentimentalist perspective, in general, seem to be more concerned with understanding how nostalgia affects the consumer and consumer relations than properly discussing nostalgia itself. For example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Lasaleta et al. (2014</xref>) concluded that nostalgia leads to charity behavior, as it sensitizes consumers to reduce their attachment to money in the face of a symbolic connection with a relevant “other” who shares a common past. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kessous, Roux and Chandon (2015</xref>) identified that consumers are more likely to collect and present loved ones with products from brands perceived as nostalgic. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Areni (2019</xref>) concluded that consumer engagement with social media content that evokes nostalgia meets the need for ontological security. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Ford et al. (2018</xref>, p. 19) created the concept of brand nostalgia as the “reflection of the past composed of memories, emotions and thoughts related to the consumer’s lived or idealized experiences with the brand”.</p>
					<p>Anyway, researchers from the sentimental perspective, despite creating new conceptual variations on nostalgia, seem to share the following premises in their investigations: 1) nostalgia is an individual or collective feeling of retrospective orientation, emerging from the confrontation between present and past; 2) nostalgia is a universal cognitive response (that is, independent of the context) triggered by predominantly mnemonic stimuli; 3) in the context of consumption, nostalgia results from the shift of meanings from perfection to an idealized past, and the objects act as material bridges for these idealized dimensions, combining the pleasure of the attempted return with the frustration of recognizing the irrecoverability of the past.</p>
					<p>In general, the works from this perspective, despite being more numerous and constituting an older aspect in the field, dedicate more effort to test different effects of nostalgia on the consumer, assuming the seminal conceptual notions of the field, than to outline some new attempt to understand and conceptualize what it is. The only effort to review nostalgia within the sentimental perspective stems from studies that investigate the individual and socially positive aspects of nostalgia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kessous et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Lasaleta et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Zhou, Wildschut &amp; Sedikides, 2011</xref>). In this way, the crystallized notion in the field of Psychology is confronted that nostalgia is a predominantly negative, melancholic and alienating feeling (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Routledge, 2016</xref>). However, nostalgia is still conceived as a cognitive phenomenon.</p>
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					<title>The cultural perspective</title>
					<p>The cultural perspective is relatively more recent in the field of Marketing, presenting, as a consequence, fewer research. Its main characteristic is to investigate not only how nostalgia affects consumption, but how consumption and the marketing system also modify it. Two Social Science authors stand out in providing the premises for this perspective: Svetlana Boym and Fredric Jameson.</p>
					<p>The historian <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Boym (2001</xref>), in her book The Future of Nostalgia argues that although nostalgia is widely studied as a medical phenomenon, it is a historical emotion born and propagated with romanticism and mass culture. It would thus transform society and be transformed by historical, cultural and technological changes. For Boym, nostalgia is a structural rather than an individual phenomenon. Boym’s book is the source of Social Sciences most cited by authors from this perspective.</p>
					<p>Another author cited by researchers from this perspective is Fredric Jameson. Of him, it is mentioned, above all, the book Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, from 1991, with the main element adopted in his work being the idea that nostalgia in contemporary times is a symptom of the postmodern condition. Such nostalgia, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Jameson (1991)</xref>, would be timeless or about “a past out of time” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Higson, 2014</xref>), that lives with the present and manifests itself more as an aesthetic preference than as a feeling (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Brown, Hirschman &amp; Maclaran, 2001</xref>). Both Boym’s and Jameson’s literature work with the notion that nostalgia is a structural phenomenon and dependent on the historical context.</p>
					<p>One of the main concerns of researchers from this perspective is to understand how the Marketing system and technology interact with nostalgia in contemporary times. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Higson (2014</xref>), in research on nostalgia consumption in films and internet sites, describes this as an important stimulus for nostalgia, since the availability of images and representations of the past in the online environment creates an immense symbolic repertoire for the consumer. The author also verified in his study that the consumer does not simply respond to a nostalgic stimulus, but plays an active role in creating nostalgia by engaging in a text and modulating it according to their own interests. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Cross (2017</xref>) analyzed contemporary nostalgia from the study of toy collections and observed that the speed of changes in goods created a form of nostalgia more associated with a recent past than a distant past. The author identified that the Marketing system has a fundamental role in creating a new relationship between the consumer, their collections and their feelings. In his study of toy collections, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Cross (2017)</xref>found that nostalgia fostered the birth of a toy collection market, helping in the process of legitimizing the idea that adults can also consume these objects previously associated exclusively with childhood. Such legitimation, in turn, has led new generations of consumers to buy and use toys continuously between childhood and adulthood, transforming the discontinuity that gave rise to nostalgia into a continuity. In other words, nostalgia was the source of destruction itself, in this case.</p>
					<p>This perspective also aligns with the recent debates about nostalgia in the Social Sciences, seeking to understand nostalgia as a structural and context-dependent phenomenon, which occurs only in certain ontological temporalities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Angé &amp; Berliner, 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Brunk et al. (2018</xref>), for example, they identified specific forms and dynamics of nostalgia within the context of changing the political and economic regime in Germany after the fall of the Berlin wall, as its influence in the naturalization of capitalist hegemony through the resignification of social memories. The authors identified the emergence of three types of nostalgia for socialism in moments of dissatisfaction with the new capitalist system, which, ironically, led to the emergence of new markets for nostalgic products against capitalism, emphasizing that nostalgia takes specific forms in different contexts.</p>
					<p>The cultural perspective also addresses nostalgia as a phenomenon oriented simultaneously to the past, the present and the future, and not a sentimental confrontation between past and present. Cervellon and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Brown (2018</xref>), for example, they demonstrate how French consumers of the neo-burlesque style use resources from the past in an ironic way to create contrasts between a past of submission to machismo and a present of social struggle, in order to build social conditions for a freer future. This premise is consistent with the argument by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Pickering and Keightley (2006</xref>) that nostalgia, as opposed to being a negative opposite of utopia, is a mechanism not only of production, but also of using social memory to build desired futures from the critique of the present.</p>
					<p>With more recent clippings, the cultural perspective is under construction. The texts presented in this section do not necessarily compose a cohesive view on nostalgia. However, these works have in common interpretations and discussions that challenge the adequacy and completeness of the sentimental perspective of nostalgia. Such works prioritize a perspective that does not restrict nostalgia to a feeling, but approaches it as a resulting contemporary cultural phenomenon: 1) the emergence of new cultural representations about time; 2) of the actions of the Marketing system; and 3) of the possibilities created by new technologies. In this sense, these studies reveal new possibilities to fit the phenomenon of nostalgia.</p>
					<p>In summary, we can point out three types of premises from the cultural perspective that challenge the notions used by the sentimentalist perspective to conceptualize nostalgia: 1) nostalgia is a cultural phenomenon sensitive to representations about time, simultaneously oriented towards the past, the present and the future; 2) nostalgia presents itself in different ways according to the context, occurring only in certain ontological temporalities; 3) in the context of consumption, nostalgia not only has effects on consumption and markets, but is also modified by them. Having outlined conceptual distinctions around the two approaches present in the investigation of nostalgia, the following topic seeks to point out ways, limitations and provocations to the two perspectives identified.</p>
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					<title>Contributions, limitations and provocations to the sentimentalist and cultural perspectives</title>
					<p>As discussed in the previous section, the cultural perspective still seems to present important possibilities for reinterpreting nostalgia in the field of Marketing, since it brings premises and interpretations that challenge and expand the notion of sentimentalist nostalgia, prevalent among Marketing researchers. The focus on historical, social and technological changes, as well as the role of the Marketing system, brought to the field an understanding of nostalgia as a cultural phenomenon. In this sense, there are still studies that answer: how has the Marketing system changed historically to accept the idea of launching vintage products as legitimate? How does the notion of an “outdated object” become a “retro” object? How did the aestheticization practices of objects from the past gain legitimacy in the Marketing discourse? Issues like these can generate insights into the relationship between marketing systems and the transformation of consumer temporal representations.</p>
					<p>Another interesting point described in the studies in the previous section refers to the possible transformations of the person-object relationship by technology. How does technology, by creating a representational repertoire about the past so large and accessible, change the affective relationships between consumer and object? How does the recoverability of the past in the present and the merger of these categories change the relationship between the consumer and the object? Is this experience that fuses past and present without feeling a type of nostalgia? Or should the concept of nostalgia be restricted to a feeling of pleasure and pain in the face of the irrecoverable? If so, what construct describes this phenomenon of experiencing the past-present in which aesthetic preference predominates over feeling (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Brown et al., 2001</xref>)? The delimitation of what is nostalgia before the identification of new temporal articulations present in the person-object relationship, in this sense, remains open.</p>
					<p>Regarding the categories that locate an object in time, for example, questioning whether it is from the past or contemporary, whether it is “1970s” or “1990s”, the cultural perspective also instigates questioning: How does the constant recycling of images and objects from the past in the present affect the temporal categorization of objects? In other words, if an object from the past is relaunched on the market and becomes popular in another time, would this object still be perceived as “old” by younger generations who are unaware of its relaunch? Would it be possible for the flood of re-releases to create an inaccuracy in the recognition of what is effectively new or re-release? It would be ironic for coexistence between people and objects of the past if they are not recognized as the past, because it would be impossible to evoke sentimental nostalgia. In other words, would it be possible for vintage markets and technology to destroy the temporal awareness of products?</p>
					<p>Even though the two perspectives identified signal fertile paths (even though the two perspectives identified signal fertile paths) for new understandings about the relationship between nostalgia and consumption, we can critically reflect on some of its limitations. Our effort to identify the conceptual bases of nostalgia in the countryside signals the theoretical weakness of the concept of nostalgia adopted by the sentimentalist perspective, since most studies use practically the same sources to conceptualize the phenomenon. Although these refer to some pioneering studies in the field, as previously presented, all of them start from the same reading of nostalgia that seems unable to explain its dynamics and contemporary contours. The universalist and individualistic view of the phenomenon is unable to answer questions like: why are we witnessing an increase in the interest of various consumer groups in the past? Why has this market interest in nostalgia been occurring at this historic moment? As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Brown (2018</xref>) observed, why does this “wave” of nostalgia that was thought to end after the turn of the millennium show no signs of abating? Finally, studies from the cultural perspective bring interpretations and evidence that weaken the sentimentalist view of nostalgia.</p>
					<p>The cultural perspective, on the other hand, is more open to new understandings of the phenomenon by adopting a view aligned with anthropological perspectives, historical and sociological, prioritizing the context and cultural dynamics around nostalgia. However, like the sentimentalist perspective, it conceives consumption as a process centered on the human agent, despite investigating nostalgia by making an effort to integrate structure and agency. This dualistic view, despite allowing the identification of broader and more integrated dynamics of the phenomenon of nostalgia, yet it neglects the role of other elements that go through the consumption process, such as objects, body and mental routines, skills and language, among others.</p>
					<p>When tracing a history of the Consumer Culture Theory (CCT) field, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Askegaard and Linnet (2011</xref>) remember that this was born from the critical view of consumer behavior research influenced by Psychology and Economics, arguing that such sciences brought premises that place the consumer in a controlled environment and put the structural conditions of consumption in the background. However, the authors note that the anthropological alternative adopted by CCT from the 1980s - that conceives the consumer as a reflective identity builder; who lives in consumer communities; and that seeks symbolic resources in the market - despite emphasizing the meaning structures, it ended up keeping the consumer as the center of the consumption process, neglecting other elements and dynamics. Likewise, it seems that the cultural perspective of nostalgia, despite striving to overcome the universalist and cognitive view of the phenomenon by highlighting its historical and cultural contours, also fell into the same anthropocentric trap (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Reckwitz, 2002a</xref>) from the beginning of CCT, shifting the emphasis on the individual to culture, but still conceiving the social world as purely human.</p>
					<p>In this sense, it will be argued below that the Theories of Practice can contribute to create new possibilities for investigating the phenomenon of nostalgia by transcending the structure-agency dualism, looking at the integration of the different elements that participate in the consumption process from the practices as a unit of analysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Moura &amp; Bispo, 2019</xref>). Another contribution of this approach is still in its attention to objects, not only with its expressive loading, but as elements that act materially in the performance of social life. The following topic seeks to present fundamental concepts of Practice Theories, as well as some illustrative examples of the potential for developing the theme of nostalgia from the use of this approach.</p>
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				<sec>
					<title>Practice Theories: main concepts</title>
					<p>The Practice Theories, despite the alias “theory”, do not compose a unified theory, but a group of concepts and premises whose main originating sources are texts by different authors, such as Pierre Bourdieu, Anthony Giddens, Jean Lave, Etienne Wenger, Theodore Schatzki, Harold Garfinkel, Michel de Certeau, Andreas Reckwitz, Davide Nicolini, Antonio Strati, Barbara Czarniawska, Silvia Gherardi and Elizabeth Shove, Mika Pantzar and Matt Watson (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Gherardi, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Hui et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Nicolini, 2013</xref>). According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Hui et al. (2017)</xref>, although these authors have different views on society and its functioning, they are united by sharing the premise that practices constitute the basic domain of the study of Social Sciences, and these being understood as organized sets of actions that connect and form larger complexes and constellations. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Feldman and Worline (2016</xref>) they add that the Practice Theories also share the idea that things (including identities, ideas, institutions, power and material goods), instead of having meaning as innate characteristics of their being, they acquire meaning as they are situated in social practices.</p>
					<p>It is worth noting that studies that share such premises do not necessarily form a school of thought. In the field of organizational studies, for example, the label “Studies Based on Practice” groups a series of approaches with different theoretical bases that adopt the practice as a lens for the study of the organizational phenomenon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bispo, 2013</xref>). In the field of culture and consumption studies, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Warde (2005</xref>) uses the label “Practice Theories” to describe studies that understand consumption as a present moment in social practices. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Shove et al. (2012</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Feldman and Worline (2016</xref>), for example, use the label “Practice Theory” to describe this group of premises about the social world. Thus, considering the diversity of approaches to practice as a basic unit of the social and the positioning of such a discussion in the field of consumer studies, this study uses the label “Practice Theories”, proposed by Warde (2005), to refer to the set of concepts and premises exposed in these works.</p>
					<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Reckwitz (2002b</xref>), a practice can be an individual performance (praxis) or a social entity (<italic>praktiken</italic>). As an individual performance, the practice describes a human action and is related to doing; as a social entity, a practice means “a type of routine behavior that consists of several interconnected elements: forms of bodily, mental activities; things and their use; knowledge in the form of understanding, know-how and states of emotion” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Reckwitz, 2002b</xref>, p. 249). For <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Schatzki (1996</xref>, p. 89), practices are “nexuses of doing and saying”, dispersed in time and space. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Warde (2005</xref>) maintains that this nexus of actions and sayings is coordinated and connected by three elements of practice: understandings, procedures and engagements. The categorization of elements of practice by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Shove et al. (2012</xref>) seems to place more emphasis on the role of materiality, by defining its components in the following groups: 1) materials: covering objects, infrastructure, tools, hardware and the body itself; 2) competences: multiple forms of understanding and practical knowledge that make the connections between the elements of practice; and 3) meanings: the social and symbolic meaning of participation in practice.</p>
					<p>Such emphasis on the materiality of the approach by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Shove et al. (2012</xref>) is consistent with the observation by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Reckwitz (2002a</xref>) that, while culturalist approaches to social theory study social phenomena from the understanding that the structuring of human actions is the result of collective symbolic orders, for Practice Theories, the social world consists not only of human beings and their intersubjective relationships, but also simultaneously with materiality, such as the body, knowledge, language and mind. It is worth noting that materiality is not only about physical things, it is more a quality of the relationships between subjects and things than of the things themselves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Borgerson, 2005</xref>). This relationship between human beings and things is defined by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Moura and Bispo (2019</xref>) as sociomateriality.</p>
					<p>As the practice is a social entity, the individual acts as a “carrier” of a practice, and not as the agent that determines it and orchestrates other elements (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Shove et al., 2012</xref>). In other words, individuals are bodies/minds that participate in social practices. Thus, while cultural approaches to social theory are predominantly based on an anthropocentric perspective, Practice Theories treat the individual in a decentralized way, with his/her body, for example, being a material element, while his/her mind is treated as an element of competence.</p>
					<p>By integrating material elements into the social world, theories of practice also have important consequences for the study of the material world. While cultural approaches understand the material world mainly as a set of things that carry cultural meanings or objects of representation for humans, for Practice-based approaches, things should be understood as artifacts that participate in social practices and play an agency role, which is expressed in the effects on other elements of a practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Borgerson, 2013</xref>). An example of a study that investigates the agency of objects is the study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Epp and Price (2010</xref>), in which the authors describe the biography of a table in the context of a family and demonstrate that such an object, even when they are removed from family practices, they continue to exercise their agency due to their history in the family context. Thus, consumers are constantly looking for alternatives to reincorporate this object in their practices. This agency is manifested, for example, in the definition of the type of house to buy or how the decoration of a certain room will be so that the table can be part of the materiality practices. The moment it remains dormant, it still generates mobilization of the other elements in order to modify other family practices for its return.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Reckwitz (2002b</xref>) also highlights the role of the body and mind in social practices. While cultural approaches understand body and mind as hierarchically related elements, the body being an instrument of the mind, a practice-based approach understands that the body has the role of performing behavioral acts and the mind involves comprehension routines, desire and know-how. This means that a practice involves, in addition to the participation of human beings and material elements, certain competences, which inform and integrate the elements of the practice.</p>
					<p>Social practices also have a dominant relationship. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Shove et al. (2012</xref>), a dominant practice is one that overlaps less important practices and guides the ways in which people spend their time and define the priorities around which their lives are organized. The authors also emphasize that the practices go through three phases, in a generic way. Before it becomes a consolidated social practice, that is, with the relationships between the elements effectively established, there is a protopractic - where the elements demonstrate the potential for connection, but are not related. Similarly, when the links between the elements of the practice are no longer supported, there is an ex-practice.</p>
					<p>It is worth noting that the concepts and premises about the Theories of Practice listed in this section do not seek to outline a panorama that is intended to be complete and that integrates the different aspects of these theories. On the contrary, we seek to list concepts and premises of these theories that enable new readings of the phenomenon of nostalgia in the field of Marketing, proposing a sociomaterial approach (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Moura &amp; Bispo, 2019</xref>) of the theme. Thus, the notion shared by Practice Theories that, the social world is composed not only of human beings, but also of things - like the body, the mind, objects and skills - with a fundamental role in social dynamics, provides important possibilities to illuminate other aspects of the relationship between consumption and nostalgia in addition to cognitive processes and categories of cultural meanings. In addition, the categories of elements of the practice, the dominance relationship between practices and the notion of shared agency between human beings and objects provides a relevant conceptual framework for new readings on nostalgia, as will be exemplified below.</p>
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				<sec>
					<title>Possibilities for reinterpreting nostalgia through practice theories</title>
					<p>As previously argued, the two theoretical perspectives on nostalgia present a human-centered view, conceiving it as the center of the consumption process, thus relegating materiality to a second level. How, then, could nostalgia be investigated from the sociomaterial perspective of Practice Theories?</p>
					<p>First, from the notion that nostalgia is a historical emotion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Boym, 2001</xref>), the practice perspective can be used to study nostalgia as a social practice. In this way, it focuses not only on consumer representations of the past, but also the bodily routines (for example, expressions, behaviors, actions) and mental (certain ways of wanting and feeling) and the skills to “nostalgize”, as well as the role of objects in this process. Such a possibility would involve investigating consumption as a context that brings together the elements of a nostalgic practice.</p>
					<p>Take for example a consumer who engages in the practice of music consumption. While running in the morning, this consumer has a habit of listening to music through Spotify. The headphones connected to their smartphone isolate outside sounds from the busy street, allowing a detailed appreciation of the songs suggested by the app in the “Discoveries of the week” playlist. This playlist is one of this consumer’s favorites, as it offers “old news”, because, although born in the 1980s, he enjoys discovering national and international music from the 1960s, a time that they imagine as a period of great artistic creativity, so much so that he has a collection of vinyl records from the period at home. At home, the consumer has a record player that is used less often, but on more special occasions, as in meetings with friends, family celebrations and when they remember their grandfather, who had given him most of his records. In addition, this consumer has a teenage son and likes to meet with him in the room where his collection is to talk about the songs and artists of the past and to demonstrate how to handle the record player and proper care for vinyl records.</p>
					<p>The previous example, despite addressing nostalgia from the phenomenology of the subject, it also makes it possible to shed light on structural aspects contained in music consumption routines, which end up revealing what this nostalgic practice would be. Firstly, it is worth highlighting the articulation not only of the dimension of meanings at the individual or group level, but also the role of skills and materiality. Regarding materiality, the Spotify application, which works through an internet connection, through a smartphone operating system, it offers an immediately accessible offer of songs from the past and also an algorithm that selects and suggests songs for the hypothetical consumer based on what he hears. This reinforces his preference for music from the 1960s through the presentation of new songs from the period, which increases his knowledge and his imagination about that period.</p>
					<p>Vinyl records, because they only work on an old record player, require the articulation of skills different from those used to consume music by Spotify. While competencies related to running applications on mobile devices are articulated for the consumption of music by Spotify, the consumption of music through the vinyl record collection requires skills related to the identification of specialized stores, handling and operation of equipment and care for the maintenance of discs and record players. The vinyl record collection also involves the articulation of behaviors, knowledge and social meanings related to the social practice of collecting. In the sphere of meanings, there is still a distinction between listening to music through contemporary materiality and ancient materiality. While new technologies and skills are associated with leisure, individualism and efficiency, the old materialities and associated skills are related by the consumer to special occasions and memories and socialization.</p>
					<p>In addition, in the previous example we can also reflect on possible transformative effects of this nostalgic practice on other practices coupled with the practice of music consumption. The hypothetical consumer meeting with his friends (socialization practice) to listen to music (leisure practice) has, as an example, this nostalgic practice, which leads consumers and their friends to share an interest in the past - in this case, vinyl technology and the skills and meanings associated with it. The coalition between leisure and educational practices through nostalgic practice would also occur when the consumer taught his son about the use of the record player and its discs. In this case, the son of the hypothetical consumer participates not only in an educational practice, but he also learns to recognize transformations that are articulated from the gathering of new objects, meanings and competences. In this sense, nostalgic practice would have the potential to transform a particular practice with which it engages and create zones of approximation between practices, linking them temporarily.</p>
					<p>The lens of practice can also contribute to the study of nostalgia from a historical perspective by allowing the mapping or identification of transformations in social practices over time. Practices articulated in conjunction with nostalgic practice usually involve a consumer effort to connect elements of ex-practices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Shove et al., 2012</xref>), that is, objects, skills and meanings of the past that are in a state of latency. In addition, this insertion of abandoned elements of ex-practices into consolidated practices could transform the latter, in order to create a new practice replacing the current one or parallel to it. The study of such dynamics, however, would require a relatively broad time frame, because establishing new relationships and breaking current links are often time-consuming processes.</p>
					<p>In the case of the exemplified music consumer, we can think that the practice of music consumption itself was transformed by the invention of devices that allowed recording the performances of musicians. That is, a practice that was ephemeral and depended on the artist performing live music, based on the invention of the phonogram, started to integrate material and symbolic elements of family practices, for example. In the same way, the creation of video clips started to enable visual consumption of music, and integrated new elements to the practice of music consumption, such as video and cinematic appreciation skills. Just as new technologies provided transformations in the practice of music consumption, creating new possibilities for experiences, one can ask: what are the implications of the aesthetic and technological transformations triggered by the rescue of elements of ex-practices for the practice of music consumption? In summary, how does the coexistence of elements of practices and ex-practices affect consumption?</p>
					<p>Commenting further on the transformation of practices, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Boym (2001</xref>) argues that the creation of historical monuments, museums and even theme parks are consequences of nostalgia. We can think of these spaces as repositories that feed nostalgic practices, keeping objects alive, meanings and competences, as well as their connections. Thus, we can also reflect on how the contemporary scenario can transform the nostalgic practice itself. A possible question would be: how the availability of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, can augmented reality and the World Wide Web’s own data collection affect nostalgic practice? Or even, how do new technologies expand the connections between nostalgic practice and other social practices? What are the implications of increasing memory capacity for nostalgic practice?</p>
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						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Boym (2001</xref>) also notes that nostalgia has a productive character, because it “spatializes time”, producing categories of the past to reflect on the present and the future; and “temporalizes the space” combining different notions of time in the “here and now”, seeking to exceed the present. In this sense, the lens of practice would allow investigating how nostalgic practice spatializes time, creating temporal categories of the past and allocating objects and images in them. For example, when a temporal category of “1960s music emerges”, a space of time is created that separates what is present / modern / contemporary from a fragmented past consisting of several categories of past, like “1980s”, “1950s”, “1920s”, so that certain objects, images and competences are allocated in such categories, while others fall by the wayside.</p>
					<p>Likewise, it can be historically reflected on how nostalgic practice temporalizes space in the contemporary scenario, combining different notions of time in different social practices. The practice of illustrated music consumption, for example, combines innovative elements and technologies (such as streaming services, cloud storage etc.) with technologies that were practically abandoned (record player and vinyl). Why do some elements, even with substitutes that surpass them technologically, persist in practices? Why were other elements totally abandoned? What clues does a latent element leave within current practices that may indicate its possible return? How does nostalgia relate to latent elements of consumer practices? Finally, the questions raised in this section illustrate only a few interpretive possibilities based on the concept of nostalgia as a social practice. However, the reflections made here intend to indicate paths for future research on nostalgia in the field of Marketing that challenge the current way in which the field has been studying the phenomenon and its place in consumption.</p>
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				<title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
				<p>The objective of the present study was to reflect and to propose new possibilities of investigation of the phenomenon of nostalgia in the field of Marketing from Practice Theories, arguing for an alignment between nostalgia research and new approaches in the field of consumer behavior that emphasize socio-material aspects of consumption. By revisiting the literature on nostalgia in the consumer behavior field to understand how researchers conceptualizes and investigates the phenomenon, it was possible to identify two main theoretical and conceptual approaches: the sentimentalist and the cultural.</p>
				<p>The sentimentalist perspective, the oldest and most prevalent in the field of consumer behavior, has its roots in social theories that focus on the relationship between the consumer and a referent (brand, product, advertising, other consumer) and the cognitive processes of idealization, investigating mainly the effects of nostalgia on consumption and privileging research at the individual level. The relatively more recent and diverse cultural perspective in its investigations, understands nostalgia as a cultural phenomenon in motion, that not only changes the phenomenon of consumption but is also transformed by the Marketing system and by social and technological changes. Thus, the first contribution of the study was the conceptual organization of studies on nostalgia in the field of consumer behavior, which can help the conceptual positioning of future research on the topic.</p>
				<p>Then, when we critically analyze the contributions and limitations of the two perspectives identified, it was argued that these, despite bringing different views, share an agentic bias, conceiving the consumer as the center of the consumption process. They are also anthropocentric as they understanding the social world as exclusively human, excluding the material world or treating it as a world apart from objects in the service of consumer representations and uses. Based on a critical appraisal of the two perspectives and conceptual discussion of the Practice Theories, it was also possible to contribute through the creation of proposals for re-reading nostalgia through examples of possible investigations on the relationship between nostalgia and consumption using the Practice Theories as lenses.</p>
				<p>It is also worth mentioning the limitations of the present study. First, the conceptual organization of literature does not exhaust the themes and approaches of nostalgia present in the field, because it does not quantify or qualify the literature based on bibliometric or systematic criteria. On the other hand, it is believed that the selected and reviewed literature, being predominantly from international journals of high impact in the area of Marketing and of great relevance for consumer behavior research, allows to establish an overview of the main conceptual approaches of the topic, since the studies published in journals of this nature open or influence new research paths.</p>
				<p>It should also be noted that the examples used to illustrate possible applications of Practice Theories to investigate nostalgia do not exhaust the interpretations and possible associations when adopting such a perspective. The examples were used, mainly, to illustrate some concepts of Practice Theories that we consider applicable to the understanding of the phenomenon of nostalgia in the context of consumption, challenging current perspectives on the topic. As argued in the text, the very concepts of the Practice Theory presented and discussed are not capable of capturing all the complexity of this lens, which is under construction.</p>
				<p>We hope, therefore, that this study will contribute to renew the research on nostalgia in Marketing, indicating viable and relevant investigative paths for the consumer behavior research community by proposing new readings on a phenomenon that, even referring to the past, never seems to have been so contemporary.</p>
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