<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.0/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="pt" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cebape</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cadernos EBAPE.BR</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cad. EBAPE.BR</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1679-3951</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Fundação Getulio Vargas, Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00011|</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1679-395120200110</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Elementos estruturantes para a realização da coprodução do bem público: uma visão integrativa</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Structural elements for the co-production of public goods: an integrative approach</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>Elementos estructurantes para la realización de la coproducción del bien público: una visión integradora</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1193-2244</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>ROCHA</surname>
						<given-names>ARLINDO CARVALHO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9919-0809</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Schommer</surname>
						<given-names>PAULA CHIES</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0998-1226</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>DEBETIR</surname>
						<given-names>EMILIANA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7731-8178</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>PINHEIRO</surname>
						<given-names>DANIEL MORAES</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001">1</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA(UDESC) / CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO E SOCIOECONÔMICAS(ESAG), FLORIANÓPOLIS- SC, BRASIL</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO E SOCIOECONÔMICAS</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">FLORIANÓPOLIS</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<email>arlindo.rocha@udesc.br</email>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff01">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA(UDESC) / CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO E SOCIOECONÔMICAS(ESAG), FLORIANÓPOLIS- SC, BRASIL</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO E SOCIOECONÔMICAS</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">FLORIANÓPOLIS</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<email>paulacs3@gmail.com</email>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff10">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA(UDESC) / CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO E SOCIOECONÔMICAS(ESAG), FLORIANÓPOLIS- SC, BRASIL</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO E SOCIOECONÔMICAS</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">FLORIANÓPOLIS</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<email>emilianadebetir@gmail.com</email>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff001">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA(UDESC) / CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO E SOCIOECONÔMICAS(ESAG), FLORIANÓPOLIS- SC, BRASIL</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO E SOCIOECONÔMICAS</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">FLORIANÓPOLIS</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<email>daniel.pinheiro@udesc.br</email>
				</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Arlindo Carvalho Rocha - Doutor em administração; Professor e pesquisador do grupo de pesquisa Politeia do Centro de Ciências da Administração e Socioeconômicas da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC ESAG). E-mail: arlindo.rocha@udesc.br</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Paula Chies Schommer - Doutora em administração de empresas; Professora de administração pública e pesquisadora do grupo de pesquisa Politeia - Coprodução do bem público: accountability e gestão do Centro de Ciências da Administração e Socioeconômicas da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC ESAG); Professora colaboradora do Programa de Desenvolvimento e Gestão Social da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA). E-mail: paulacs3@gmail.com</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
					<p>Emiliana Debetir - Doutora em engenharia civil; Mestre em administração; Professora de administração pública e pesquisadora do grupo de pesquisa Politeia - Coprodução do bem público: accountability e gestão do Centro de Ciências da Administração e Socioeconômicas da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC ESAG). E-mail: emilianadebetir@gmail.com</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
					<p>Daniel Moraes Pinheiro Doutor em Administração pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Professor do Programa de Pós-graduação em Administração e do Departamento de Administração Pública da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC); Pesquisador do Núcleo de Inovações Sociais na Esfera Pública (NISP). E-mail: daniel.pinheiro@udesc.br</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
      <!--pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"-->
        <pub-date pub-type="epub">
				<season>Jul-Sep</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>19</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<fpage>538</fpage>
			<lpage>551</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Neste artigo discute-se a realização da coprodução de bens e serviços público a partir de uma visão integrativa. Parte-se da proposição de que transparência, informação, confiança, participação e accountability são elementos estruturantes da coprodução. Sugere-se, a partir daí, uma visão integrativa desse fenômeno com base na abordagem de Mary Parker Follett, considerando as inter-relações desses elementos para fundamentar a necessária compreensão de um processo complexo, multifacetado e deliberado. Trata-se de um estudo teórico-analítico, combinando elementos indutivos e dedutivos, com abordagem qualitativa, por meio de revisão narrativa e revisão sistemática da produção acadêmica nacional e internacional. Como resultado, destaca-se que a coprodução de bens e serviços públicos é uma tarefa complexa assentada na perspectiva sistêmica da associação de indivíduos em grupo. Aponta-se, ainda, a presença de elementos inter-relacionados e demanda por coesão social, a qual pode ser tanto consequência como catalisadora desses elementos nos processos de coprodução.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>This article discusses the co-production of public goods and services from an integrative view. It starts from the proposition that transparency, information, trust, participation, and accountability are structural elements of co-production to suggest an integrative view of this phenomenon based on the approach of Mary Parker Follett, considering the interrelationships of these elements to support the necessary understanding of a complex, multifaceted, and deliberate process. This is a theoretical-analytical study, combining inductive and deductive elements, with a qualitative approach, through narrative review and systematic review of the national and international academic production. The results emphasize that the co-production of public goods and services is a complex task based on the systemic perspective of the association of individuals in groups, pointing to the presence of interrelated elements, and demanding social cohesion that can be consequential and catalyst of these elements.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Este artículo analiza la realización de la coproducción de bienes y servicios públicos desde una visión integradora. Se parte de la proposición de que la transparencia, la información, la confianza, la participación y la rendición de cuentas son elementos estructurantes de la coproducción para sugerir una visión integradora de este fenómeno a partir del enfoque de Mary Parker Follett, considerando las interrelaciones de estos elementos para fundamentar la comprensión necesaria de un proceso complejo, multifacético y deliberado. Sin embargo, no se avanza en proponer un modelo de análisis. Es un estudio teórico-analítico, que combina elementos inductivos y deductivos, con un enfoque cualitativo, mediante revisión narrativa y revisión sistemática de la producción académica nacional e internacional. Como resultado, se destaca que la coproducción de bienes y servicios públicos es una tarea compleja que se fundamenta en la perspectiva sistémica de la asociación de individuos en grupo y que señala la presencia de elementos interrelacionados y demanda cohesión social, que puede ser tanto consecuencia como catalizadora de estos elementos.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Coprodução</kwd>
				<kwd>Visão integrativa</kwd>
				<kwd>Elementos estruturantes</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Co-production</kwd>
				<kwd>Integrative view</kwd>
				<kwd>Structuring elements</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Coproducción</kwd>
				<kwd>Visión integradora</kwd>
				<kwd>Elementos estructurantes</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="68"/>
				<page-count count="14"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>A coprodução do bem público pode ser definida como o engajamento mútuo entre governantes e cidadãos, que mobilizam recursos disponíveis na sociedade e compartilham responsabilidades e poder, para produzir bens e serviços públicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Brudney &amp; England, 1983</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Denhardt &amp; Denhardt, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Marschall, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Roberts, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Salm &amp; Menegasso, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Verschuere, Brandsen &amp; Pestoff, 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>O interesse pela coprodução cresceu a partir da crise financeira global iniciada em 2008, pois esta aumentou a necessidade de austeridade e cortes no setor público, em diversos países (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bovaird, Flemig, Loeffler &amp; Osborne, 2017</xref>). Tal interesse se explica, uma vez que, como afirmam <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Brandsen e Honingh (2016</xref>, p. 431), a coprodução de bens e serviços públicos pode constituir-se em um meio de acesso a recursos da sociedade que, de outra forma, não estariam à disposição dos governos e, portanto, servir como resposta à escassez de recursos e de legitimidade governamentais. Ademais, agiria “como parte de um impulso mais geral para revigorar a participação voluntária e reforçar a coesão social, numa sociedade cada vez mais fragmentada e individualizada”.</p>
			<p>Todavia, a coprodução é uma tarefa complexa. Estudos que exploram e analisam processos de coprodução em experiências empíricas nacionais e internacionais apontam que esses processos demandam e dependem da integração de elementos como transparência, informação, confiança, participação e <italic>accountability</italic>, que possibilitam o engajamento mútuo de usuários e provedores regulares (ou cidadãos e governantes) para a sua realização (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alford, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bovaird, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Bovaird &amp; Loefler, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Brandsen &amp; Honingh, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Denhardt &amp; Denhardt, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Doin, Dahmer, Schommer &amp; Spaniol, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Guerzovich &amp; Schommer, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Pestoff, 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">2018a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Rocha, Schommer, Debetir &amp; Pinheiro, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Rocha, Schommer, Spaniol &amp; Sousa, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Scharff, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Schommer, Rocha, Spaniol, Dahmer &amp; Sousa, 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Tais elementos são apresentados ora como condições necessárias - ponto de partida -, ora como decorrências da coprodução, que podem ser reforçados, transformados, ampliados ou destruídos no decorrer do processo. Há, entretanto, uma lacuna na compreensão dos papéis que esses elementos desempenham nesse contexto e quais as inter-relações entre eles, ainda que se possa inferir que a coprodução demanda e depende da sua integração para se desenvolver.</p>
			<p>A origem do presente trabalho está, portanto, nesse conjunto de estudos que evidenciam conexões entre esses elementos, mormente aqueles que exploram a interface entre coprodução e accountability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Doin et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Guerzovich &amp; Schommer, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Rocha et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Rocha et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Schommer et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Em termos metodológicos, buscou-se, mediante pesquisa de caráter teórico-analítico, combinar elementos indutivos e dedutivos na construção das inter-relações entre os elementos. A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica narrativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Rother, 2007</xref>) da produção acadêmica nacional e internacional, na qual são selecionados os autores principais dos temas com base no conhecimento dos pesquisadores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Paré, Trudel, Jaana &amp; Kitsiou, 2015</xref>) e, principalmente, nos estudos referenciados, considerou-se, em um primeiro momento, a existência das inter-relações entre os elementos da coprodução. Na sequência efetuou-se a revisão sistemática (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Rother, 2007</xref>) de cada um desses conceitos e a identificação das conexões entre eles. A seguir, adotando a visão integrativa defendida por Mary Parker Follett, tal como reunida e analisada na obra de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout e Love (2017</xref>), fundamentaram-se as bases necessárias à compreensão dessas inter-relações e dos caminhos para o desenvolvimento de um modelo de análise da coprodução fundada na coesão social, aqui entendida em sentido sociológico mais comum, relativo à integração dos indivíduos em um grupo social com base em algum tipo de motivação.</p>
			<p>Discutem-se, portanto, elementos que se propõe serem estruturantes da coprodução de serviços públicos, buscando estudá-los e compreendê-los de forma ampla no bojo de processos complexos como os da coprodução, a partir dos pressupostos ontológicos e os elementos integrativos que consagram a perspectiva sistêmica da associação e atuação dos seres humanos em grupo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Follett, 1998</xref> [1918]; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Nesse sentido, a sinergia potencialmente gerada pela coprodução, conforme analisada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Ostrom (1996</xref>), já era mencionada no trabalho de Follett ao ressaltar a cocriarão como processo decorrente da criatividade humana e a necessidade que o ser humano tem, para se realizar, de cocriar e participar ativamente da vida na comunidade.</p>
			<p>A governança <italic>follettiana</italic>, portanto, está alinhada com as atuais perspectivas de governança colaborativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Emerson, Nabatchi &amp; Balogh, 2012</xref>), governança democrática em rede (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Denhardt, 2012</xref>), cocrição e coprodução (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Brandsen, Steen &amp; Verschuere, 2018</xref>). Entretanto, para além de uma perspectiva instrumental que eventualmente assumem os estudos relativos a esses temas, o traço particular da contribuição de Follett é sua ênfase na integração e na ontologia do processo relacional que fundamenta o seu trabalho, baseado em conhecimentos de diversos campos da ciência. Segundo Follett, para que a humanidade possa agir (co-agir) e interagir de modo mais coeso e harmonioso, transformando aspectos da ética, da política e da economia, é essencial reconhecer e refletir sobre os princípios que baseiam qualquer atividade humana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>A perspectiva integrativa, uma vez compreendida e praticada, constitui a resposta (ou a aposta) de Follett, inclusive em contextos de conflito. Portanto, ainda que as características do contexto não favoreçam a ação conjunta entre cidadãos e governantes, a confiança, a colaboração e o conhecimento compartilhado seriam caminhos que se apresentariam como contrapontos possíveis (ou necessários) para evitar o colapso social e o desperdício das capacidades humanas, justificando e enfatizando a discussão sobre as inter-relações entre esses elementos e a sua integração nesses processos.</p>
			<p>Tal perspectiva se coaduna à visão da coesão social como o amálgama da coprodução que orienta este estudo. Mais do que outras perspectivas de governança, a <italic>follettiana</italic> facilita a análise dos elementos constitutivos dos processos sociais envolvidos em cada um dos elementos estruturantes aqui focalizados. Essa discussão pode contribuir não só para aprimorar futuros modelos de análise do fenômeno da coprodução como, também, indicar estratégias de enfrentamento dos problemas práticos decorrentes de sua implantação, incluindo a atuação de gestores públicos na facilitação de modos de associações por meio de processos relacionais.</p>
			<p>Em resumo, este estudo propõe discutir, utilizando-se de uma visão integrativa para fundamentar a necessária compreensão de um processo complexo, multifacetado e deliberado, os elementos transparência, informação, confiança, participação e <italic>accountability</italic> como estruturantes da coprodução e amálgama da coesão social e vislumbrar caminhos para o desenvolvimento de um modelo de análise. Todavia, este trabalho não pretende avançar na proposição do modelo propriamente dito. Para que isso seja possível, faz-se necessário um exame detalhado com base em pesquisas empíricas estruturadas de cada elemento constitutivo e suas inter-relações com os demais, de forma a responder questões objetivas necessárias à sua construção, o que não é o caso aqui.</p>
			<p>Para cumprir a discussão proposta, o artigo está organizado em cinco tópicos, a contar desta introdução. No segundo tópico faz-se uma breve explanação sobre o processo integrativo, com base na teoria administrativa de Mary Parker Follett. As inter-relações dos elementos presentes na coprodução são discutidas e analisadas ao longo do terceiro tópico. No quarto tópico são apresentadas as considerações finais e, a seguir, as referências.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>O PROCESSO INTEGRATIVO</title>
			<p>A coprodução é um fenômeno complexo cuja compreensão remete às bases da teoria administrativa de Mary Parker Follett, e sua concepção de gerenciamento de organizações e sistemas sociais, que tem no processo integrativo sua essência. A obra de Follett respondia às condições sociais de seu tempo, em muitos aspectos similares às atuais. E esse vínculo se torna ainda mais pertinente ao se considerar que, hoje em dia, tais condições são ainda mais evidentes e os desafios quiçá mais urgentes.</p>
			<p>Ao refletir sobre o contexto histórico em que trabalhava (última década do século XIX até 1933, ano da sua morte), Follett afirmava que as maiores necessidades da sociedade eram decorrentes da exploração crescente de recursos naturais; de uma competição acentuada e, por vezes, predadora; da carência de trabalho em vista da crescente oferta de mão de obra; do desenvolvimento de uma concepção mais ampla da ética das relações humanas; da expansão de uma visão das empresas como um serviço público, que amplia as suas responsabilidades por condutas eficientes. Não sem motivo, portanto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout e Love (2017</xref>) afirmam a atualidade e o interesse de diversas áreas da administração pelo trabalho de Follett, e destacam:</p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>Se relermos Follett com um entendimento de uma ONTOLOGIA DO PROCESSO RELACIONAL QUE ABRAÇA A DIFERENÇA E BUSCA A HARMONIA, então as recomendações da autora para a prática política e administrativa são não apenas bastante lógicas, mas necessárias. [...] Não precisamos impor o relacionamento pela ordem, pois ele é uma certeza ontológica. Contudo, PODEMOS FOMENTÁ-LO OU REPRIMI-LO POR MEIO DE NOSSAS PRÁTICAS E ESTRUTURAS INSTITUCIONAIS. [...] Essa é a noção básica daquilo que pode ser chamado de <italic>governança follettiana</italic>: a facilitação de um modo de associação por meio de um processo relacional do vir a ser de indivíduos únicos, coletivamente engajados em um processo contínuo de harmonizar diferenças através de redes interligadas, para progredir como indivíduos e como sociedade [destaques no original] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>, pp. 356-357).</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>O pensamento de Follett, ainda que aqui reproduzido de forma restrita, permite antever a importância da sua obra para a compreensão dos fundamentos da coprodução, pois para a autora, o processo integrativo é, em síntese “a lei básica da vida [...] suporta a estrutura de toda vida e orienta toda atividade” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>, p. 359).</p>
			<p>Aplicando-se a perspectiva do processo integrativo à coprodução, tem-se a ideia de um processo contínuo, interativo e criativo, e não apenas de produto que se busque atingir, pois “A integração é o conceito fundamental de Follett, o qual ela aplica igualmente à existência física, à psique individual e a grupos de seres humanos em todos os contextos sociais” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>, p. 359). E, como já frisado, mesmo observando-se o cenário atual de acirramento do extremismo e da competição que têm contribuindo para o crescimento das tensões sociais e para o questionamento das instituições de governança nacional e global, ou seja, o acirramento do conflito, a resposta de Follett é pertinente, pois o conflito não é ignorado, mas visto como etapa de um processo integrativo, criativo e colaborativo, por meio do qual se buscam alternativas e soluções para desafios coletivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Nesse sentido, os elementos que compõem e estruturam a coprodução são não apenas inter-relacionados, mas dinâmica e mutuamente influentes.</p>
			<p>Com isso, o processo demanda e induz o gestor público a um papel proativo na busca pela coprodução: coordenar um processo integrativo de elementos, funções e interesses convergentes.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>ELEMENTOS ESTRUTURANTES: INTER-RELAÇÕES</title>
			<p>Feita esta breve contextualização teórica, passa-se à discussão de cada um dos elementos estruturantes da coprodução do bem público.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Transparência</title>
				<p>A demanda da sociedade por transparência pública, entendida como o fluxo aberto de informações criado pelo governo e orientado aos cidadãos, tem crescido em diversos países e está determinada em leis em mais de 100 deles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Angélico, 2015</xref>). Segundo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Park e Blenkinsopp (2011</xref>, p. 256), essa demanda tem origem em três fatores principais: “Primeiro, a transparência é uma das reivindicações morais fundamentais nas sociedades democráticas [...]. Em segundo lugar, a transparência é uma das medidas práticas tomadas para reduzir a corrupção [...]. Em terceiro lugar, a transparência tem um efeito positivo na confiança e na accountability.</p>
				<p>Em uma conjuntura na qual sobressaia a opacidade, a desinformação e a falta de confiança recíproca entre cidadão e governo e destes em relação ao sistema político, promover a coprodução é, no mínimo, desafiador. Em contextos desfavoráveis como esse, a transparência, como proposta de governo, pode ser uma estratégia para superar esse problema. É o caso de um programa analisado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Rocha et al. (2019</xref>, p. 19), que promove a participação cidadã em diferentes etapas da provisão do serviço de pavimentação de vias, tendo a transparência como característica-chave da gestão governamental local. Afirmam os autores que “A transparência no processo favoreceu a confiança e o engajamento mútuo entre governantes e cidadãos, equilibrando suas expectativas diante da realidade municipal e promovendo conhecimento sobre a produção do serviço público”.</p>
				<p>Ou seja, considerado o seu potencial para estabelecer bases de confiança, a transparência como uma estratégica de governo pode ser um efetivo impulsionador para a realização de ações de forma compartilhada, promovendo a <italic>accountability</italic> e contribuindo para a melhoria na prestação de serviços públicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bovaird &amp; Loefler, 2013</xref>), além de revigorar a legitimidade e a confiança no governo e no sistema político (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Brandsen &amp; Honingh, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Entretanto, existem riscos a serem enfrentados. Podem ou tendem a surgir (ainda que disfarçadas) pressões dos grupos que não têm interesse na transparência dos atos do governo; além do risco de o próprio governo ser contestado, se houver denúncias ou razões para se acreditar que a transparência não correspondeu ao que se divulgou. Até mesmo o distanciamento entre cidadãos e governantes; as poucas oportunidades de participação; a transparência “seletiva”, quanto a itens sensíveis como recursos, critérios e procedimentos etc.; a percepção de que há um distanciamento em relação ao processo de tomada de decisões ou; ainda, se não houver capacidade de <italic>enforcement</italic> da própria estratégia, podem comprometer o processo, levando-o ao descrédito generalizado.</p>
				<p>De qualquer forma, a transparência, ainda que necessária, por si só não é suficiente. Sua contribuição ao processo é proporcionar a divulgação de informações, que são fundamentos para o conhecimento, além de propiciar bases para processos de comunicação, construção de consensos e diálogo sobre valores compartilhados, que podem levar à ampliação da confiança recíproca.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Informação para o conhecimento</title>
				<p>A informação é algo imaterial e nesse aspecto relaciona-se - ‘essencialmente’ - com o conhecimento, dado que a informação, “quando percebida, confrontada aos conhecimentos existentes, e aceita (consciente ou inconscientemente), incorpora-se ao conhecimento existente, o qual, quando estruturado, torna-se saber” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Robredo, 2011</xref>, p. 18).</p>
				<p>A obtenção e absorção de informações e, consequentemente, do conhecimento, dependem da vontade individual e decorrem do interesse da sociedade. São elementos ativos no desenvolvimento da coprodução, dado que permitem ao cidadão construir um quadro referencial sobre os problemas públicos e a ação do governo e, a partir dele, atuar no sentido de contribuir para as soluções, e exigir que os representantes expliquem as suas ações, mudem sua forma de agir ou mesmo alterem os objetivos das políticas públicas. “Publicizar o que se faz, como se faz e criar canais de contestação integram uma dimensão indispensável para que mecanismos de controle social da administração possam ser efetivos” (Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada [Ipea], 2010, p. 194). O conhecimento dos cidadãos e sobre eles, por sua vez, é relevante para a ação dos governos.</p>
				<p>A disponibilidade de informação qualificada, produzida por governos, imprensa e pelos próprios cidadãos e suas organizações, é essencial para o planejamento, a gestão e a avaliação de políticas públicas, para o combate à corrupção e para a efetividade do controle institucional (freios e contrapesos entre poderes e órgãos estatais) e social (dos cidadãos sobre seus governantes) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">O’Donnell, 1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">2004</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para além disso, na interação entre agentes públicos e cidadãos, são produzidos novas informações e conhecimentos que podem ser úteis para aprimorar processos, políticas e serviços públicos. O engajamento mútuo de cidadãos e governantes na coprodução da informação e do controle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Schommer et al., 2015</xref>) permite, ainda, que os cidadãos conheçam os limites que os governos enfrentam para realizar o bem público e, a partir disso, podem redefinir expectativas e se dispor a colaborar mais. Por outro lado, os governantes passam a saber mais sobre as expectativas, pontos de vista e capacidades dos cidadãos, os quais constituem recursos que podem ser mobilizados.</p>
				<p>A importância da informação é evidenciada em estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bertolin, Santos, Lima e Braga (2008</xref>, p. 63) sobre cooperativismo, quando afirmam que a informação “constitui-se em ingrediente essencial na construção de confiança dos membros em suas transações com a organização”. E vão além, afirmando que essa essencialidade abrange a “estruturação das relações do indivíduo com a organização, emergindo como substância vital ao posicionamento deste como ser social, produtivo e gerador de conhecimento”.</p>
				<p>A expressão em latim <italic>Scientia potentia est</italic> (conhecimento é poder) leva à consideração, ainda mais objetivada na atualmente denominada “sociedade da informação e do conhecimento”, de que, de fato, conhecimento e poder são “irmãos siameses”. O filósofo inglês Francis Bacon enfatizava que “saber é poder”. Michel Foucault, a seu tempo, destacou e analisou as relações entre o poder e os saberes: “não há relação de poder sem constituição correlata de um campo de saber, nem saber que não suponha e não constitua ao mesmo tempo relações de poder” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Foucault, 2010</xref>, p. 30).</p>
				<p>São frases e análises que enfatizam a relação estreita entre os saberes e o poder que deles decorre. Na sociedade contemporânea, a cidadania se constitui ao deter o poder de participar e direcionar a vida política da comunidade. Todavia, “cidadãos sem informação sobre os processos decisórios e sobre a implementação de políticas não podem reivindicar, de forma satisfatória, mudanças em seus procedimentos e objetivos” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Ipea, 2010</xref>, p. 194). Sem isso, ficam também distantes da possibilidade de contribuir para a solução dos problemas públicos.</p>
				<p>Portanto, a existência de informações amplas e fidedignas proporciona o conhecimento e expande as possibilidades de exercício da cidadania. Se usados em processos de discussão, deliberação e ação, aumentam a confiança no sistema político-administrativo e melhoram as condições de participação e engajamento dos cidadãos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Confiança</title>
				<p>A confiança é um conceito ambíguo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Greiling, 2014</xref>, p. 618) que desafia os estudiosos da administração pública (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Kim, 2005</xref>, p. 617). Mas, “é certo que confiança nos indivíduos é bastante diferente de confiança em autoridades e instituições políticas” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Putnam, 2000</xref>, p. 137).</p>
				<p>No que concerne à administração pública, a confiança é vista como um elemento facilitador da boa governança e de ampliação do respeito às instituições, incrementando a atitude cooperativa e compreensiva do cidadão para com as decisões de governo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Greiling, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Kim, 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>A preocupação com a falta de confiança no governo e no sistema político e os efeitos prejudiciais que isso tem sobre o próprio governo e sobre a coesão da sociedade é algo presente em diferentes épocas e contextos. Dependendo da presença ou ausência de confiança, haverá cooperação ou polarização. Daí que “a participação pode criar confiança porque identifica e eventualmente harmoniza interesses e torna previsíveis as ações” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bouckaert &amp; van de Walle, 2003</xref>, pp. 329-335).</p>
				<p>Quando se fala em confiança interpessoal em interações comunitárias, o conceito de capital social - aqui referente à natureza e extensão do envolvimento de um indivíduo em várias redes informais e organizações cívicas formais, ou seja, “como um termo conceitual para caracterizar as muitas e variadas maneiras pelas quais os membros de uma comunidade interagem” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Grootaert, Narayan, Nyhan &amp; Woolcok, 2004</xref>, p. 3) -, se apresenta fundamental para se compreender a capacidade que a confiança e as interações comunitárias têm de promover a produção de bens coletivos e o bem comum (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Grootaert et al., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Serafim et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>O capital social, portanto, se refere à capacidade das pessoas de constituir uma comunidade, de subordinar interesses individuais aos interesses coletivos, de trabalharem juntas visando benefícios mútuos e de compartilhar valores e normas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Franco, 2001</xref>). Essa capacidade pressupõe interações sociais que promovem o reconhecimento mútuo, a confiança, a reciprocidade e a solidariedade. E não se trata aqui de virtudes pessoais, mas de virtudes sociais que se estabelecem a partir de laços horizontais de interdependência entre os indivíduos de uma comunidade.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Rennó (2003</xref>, p. 36) afirma que “A confiança constrói-se durante um longo período de tempo e, uma vez estabelecida, tende a continuar no tempo, ainda que exija constante exercício”.</p>
				<p>A confiança estimula a mobilização em torno de assuntos coletivos porque gera expectativas positivas acerca do comportamento dos outros, aí incluído o governo e suas instituições, pois “na essência do conceito de confiança, de acordo com vários autores, está a ideia de reciprocidade”, ou seja, “uma pessoa confia em outra porque espera dela um certo tipo de atitude” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Rennó, 2003</xref>, p. 73).</p>
				<p>A confiança mútua permite a prevalência do interesse comum sobre os interesses individuais, pois os indivíduos, quando não existe confiança, preferem agir isoladamente e não coletivamente, o que confere importância social tanto à cooperação quanto à mobilização política, “justamente por contribuírem indiretamente para ‘combater o isolamento e a desconfiança mútua’” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Putnam, 2006</xref>, p. 103). Quando o cidadão abandona seus sentimentos de confiança mútua, acaba minando a solidariedade horizontal, mostrando-se menos solidário e participativo na vida da coletividade, unicamente interessado em seu próprio bem-estar e no de sua família (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Putnam, 2006</xref>, p. 154).</p>
				<p>Em estudo que testou a disposição dos indivíduos a se engajarem em ações coletivas, verificou-se que quanto mais um indivíduo entende que sua participação requer muito de seu tempo e esforço, mais a confiança interpessoal representa um diferencial positivo, que tem o efeito de incentivar a formação de grupos de cidadãos com interesses em comum, mas condicionado pelas expectativas individuais de custos e de benefícios da ação coletiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Freire, 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>Há, todavia, riscos. “A confiança é um bem frágil − principalmente no governo” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Behn, 1998</xref>, p. 28). Quando os resultados não são atingidos ou quando o cidadão não se sente valorizado, por exemplo, ao invés de ampliar-se a confiança, pode-se gerar desconfiança.</p>
				<p>Em pesquisas realizadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Kang e Ryzin (2019</xref>) para investigar como a coprodução pode influenciar a confiança no governo, concluíram que a confiança é condição prévia para se iniciar um processo de coprodução, ainda que tenham encontrado pouco efeito causal da coprodução na confiança.</p>
				<p>A confiança se relaciona com a avaliação do processo de prestação de serviços e a satisfação se correlaciona com a avaliação de resultados. Quando o processo é percebido como inclusivo, participativo e imparcial, a confiança tende a ser promovida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Fledderus, 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Confiança é, pois, ao mesmo tempo fruto de processos relacionais exitosos, construídos ao longo do tempo, como também requisito da participação política e elemento que permite a consolidação da participação e o engajamento do cidadão.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Participação</title>
				<p>A contribuição de Follett à discussão da participação do cidadão na coletividade pode ser aquilatado por uma de suas alcunhas, a de “profeta da participação”, pois pressagiava a necessidade de uma administração pública mais democrática pelo engajamento dos cidadãos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>, p. 372).</p>
				<p>A participação, quando restrita às formas definidas pela literatura como participação convencional ou <italic>citizen-oriented,</italic> refere-se à inclusão dos cidadãos no processo político, elegendo e delegando poder a seus representantes ou envolvido no processo decisório das políticas públicas. Representa, assim, o nível preliminar ao engajamento, que tem a mesma natureza da participação, porém exercido de forma mais profunda e direta, isto é, quando o cidadão está pessoal e diretamente envolvido nas ações e compartilha responsabilidade pelo processo e seus resultados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>Participação e engajamento são aqui tratados, portanto, como níveis diferentes de um mesmo fenômeno no qual os cidadãos compartilham poder com funcionários públicos na “tomada de decisões substantivas” e no desenvolvimento de ações relacionadas à comunidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Roberts, 2004</xref>, p. 320). A participação pressupõe a combinação entre o ambiente político propício e vontade individual.</p>
				<p>Em um dos primeiros esforços de sistematização das questões ligadas à participação dos cidadãos na vida política foi feito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Milbrath (1965</xref>). O autor, revisando estudos empíricos, distinguiu uma série de formas de participação, que mostravam uma grande variedade de possibilidades da sua ocorrência.</p>
				<p>Pesquisas realizadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Verba e Almond (1963</xref>) levaram a uma tipologia das diversas gradações da vontade explícita dos indivíduos de participar, a que chamaram de “cultura cívica”. Segundo esses autores, dos três tipos puros de cultura cívica por eles identificados, somente os membros da última categoria, a participativa, se sentiriam motivados a se engajar nas ações relacionadas às suas comunidades e dariam estabilidade às democracias. Na visão de Follett, conforme citada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout e Love (2017</xref>, p. 71) “A atividade de cocriar é o núcleo da democracia, a essência da cidadania, a condição para ser cidadão do mundo”.</p>
				<p>Os estudos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Milbrath (1965</xref>) e os de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Verba e Almond (1963</xref>) foram criticados por desconsiderar formas de engajamento não convencional - a exemplo do ativismo político dos movimentos de protesto.</p>
				<p>Outra tipologia clássica de participação é a <italic>Escada de Participação Cidadã,</italic> elaborada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Arnstein (1969</xref>), que se estrutura com base na variável “grau de poder” dos cidadãos sobre as decisões e ações de programas governamentais, em diferentes situações empíricas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Pretty (1995</xref>), por sua vez, distingue sete tipos de participação, considerando motivações e incentivos para participar e papéis desempenhados pelos cidadãos em iniciativas voltadas ao bem comum. Enquanto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">White (1996</xref>) distingue duas formas principais de planejamento e desenvolvimento da participação que consideram quem participa e o nível de participação.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Axworthy (2004</xref>, p. 3), ao discutir o déficit de <italic>accountability</italic> nas eleições canadenses, afirma que existem relações claras entre participação e <italic>accountability,</italic> pois, segundo ele, para que os cidadãos se envolvam no processo político, é necessário que tenham informações suficientes para avaliar o desempenho dos eleitos e atribuir responsabilidades. E conclui: “para incentivar o envolvimento do cidadão, devemos consertar o quadro de accountability&quot;.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Marques (2009</xref>, p. 126), ao estudar as relações entre a comunicação, a mídia e os processos de construção da democracia no município de Belo Horizonte, corrobora a posição do estudo canadense ao afirmar que “as pessoas só se engajam em processos participativos quando motivadas pela certeza de que sua contribuição específica poderá alterar o rumo e a formulação de políticas e normas que as afetam diretamente”.</p>
				<p>Contudo, quando a participação não é valorizada e seus resultados não são observados pelo cidadão, corre-se o risco de gerar desengajamento e desconfiança, solapando o processo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Fledderus, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Freire, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Marques, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Putnam, 2006</xref>). Há, ainda, o risco do uso da noção de participação para maquiar uma falsa promessa governamental, de integração do cidadão aos processos de debate e de tomada de decisão; e, para qualificar ou validar processos deliberativos formalistas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Marques, 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>De qualquer forma, participação e engajamento, que têm na confiança o seu catalisador, são, também, elementos ativos e fundamentais para a <italic>accountability</italic>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Accountability</title>
				<p>A <italic>accountability</italic> pode ser entendida como uma estratégia para atender a um conjunto de expectativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Heidemann, 2009</xref>). No âmbito da administração pública, <italic>accountability</italic> refere-se a um processo complexo de controle da atividade pública que busca promover a responsabilização permanente dos agentes públicos em razão do uso do poder que lhes é outorgado pela sociedade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Mainwaring &amp; Welna, 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">O’Donnell, 1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Rocha, 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>O processo de <italic>accountability</italic> requer informações, conhecimento e participação social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Axworthy, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Denhardt &amp; Denhardt, 2007</xref>), sobretudo sob a perspectiva da <italic>accountability</italic> social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Hernandez &amp; Cuadros, 2014</xref>) ou da coprodução da informação e do controle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Schommer et al., 2015</xref>), que enfatiza a relação entre cidadãos e governantes na sua realização.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Hernandez e Cuadros (2014</xref> p. 230, tradução nossa) enfatizam que a <italic>accountability</italic> não é voluntária, pressupõe quem a demande e aplique. Pode ser considerada como elemento de bem-estar e desenvolvimento socioeconômico: “ser incapaz de demandar <italic>accountability</italic> é uma condição de pobreza e uma razão para manter-se na pobreza”. Os cidadãos são, portanto, corresponsáveis pela <italic>accountability</italic>, demandando-a dos governantes e colaborando para sua realização na busca de solução para problemas específicos, em cada contexto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Guerzovich, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Thindwa, 2019</xref>). O que está em sintonia com o que Follett já assinalava, sugerindo ir além da <italic>accountability</italic> fundada em hierarquia, em favor de <italic>accountability</italic> como responsividade, pressupondo responsabilidade compartilhada entre os vários envolvidos em certo problema. Não basta que cada um cumpra bem seu papel, sua parte, é preciso preocupar-se também que as demais partes do sistema tenham com desempenho (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Greiling (2013</xref>, p. 40) observa que a <italic>accountability</italic> é considerada por muitos autores como fator importante para criar e aumentar a confiança do cidadão no governo e nas suas instituições. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Kim (2005</xref>, p. 630) argumenta que “Um arranjo institucional projetado para garantir a accountability dando poder aos cidadãos, é susceptível de aumentar a aceitação voluntária das decisões e regras da autoridade governamental na medida em que governo e cidadãos ampliam seus valores e interesses compartilhados”.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Axworthy (2004</xref>, p. 2), observa que “Um sistema de <italic>accountability</italic> claramente definido é crucial para o nosso sistema de democracia representativa, porque os cidadãos, através do seu voto, legitimam ou dão autoridade aos líderes para agir”.</p>
				<p>Interessante observar a necessária sinergia entre <italic>accountability</italic> institucional e social, que se dá a partir da necessidade de um fluxo de informações amplo e aberto, capaz de subsidiar e incentivar a discussão e o debate em torno das questões públicas.</p>
				<p>Assim, a produção e divulgação de informações públicas de boa qualidade, que possam ser utilizadas por governantes e cidadãos para analisar e definir cursos de ação, é condição necessária, ainda que não suficiente, para efetivação da <italic>accountability</italic> pela sociedade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Rocha, 2013</xref>). Tal necessidade leva a sociedade a demandar a produção e divulgação de tais informações pelos sistemas institucionais, o que, de certa forma os empodera e legitima. Os cidadãos, por sua vez, podem contribuir para a produção de informações, em complemento e em articulação com as informações produzidas por órgãos de controle institucional do Estado. Estes, idealmente, possuem condições como organização, estrutura, capacidade técnica, pessoal especializado e competência legal que poderão estar a serviço do controle político da sociedade sobre o governo, referenciado como controle social, e do controle político-institucional exercido no interior do aparato estatal, na medida das possibilidades e da efetividade da realização da coprodução (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Rocha et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Portanto, é fundamental que os sistemas de controle institucionais funcionem bem para que os processos de <italic>accountability</italic> social possam se desenvolver a contento. Ambos são interdependentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Schommer et al., 2015</xref>) e compartilham a responsabilidade pelo desempenho do sistema como um todo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>Na coprodução, a <italic>accountability</italic> é ainda mais desafiadora do que na administração pública tradicional ou nos modelos de provisão via mercado, pois passa por critérios mais subjetivos: os mesmos atores desempenham mais de um papel - os que controlam são os que se envolvem nas decisões e na execução (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Denhardt &amp; Denhardt, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Rocha, 2011</xref>). Além disso, não se resumo ao ciclo eleitoral ou ao momento das eleições, incluindo o cotidiano do exercício dos mandatos e os ciclos das políticas públicas.</p>
				<p>Em artigo que discutiu a <italic>accountability</italic> nos arranjos de governança quando um serviço público - a conciliação judicial - é realizado por meio da coprodução, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Tuurnas, Stenvall e Rannisto (2016</xref>, p. 131) concluem que “a coprodução entre voluntários e profissionais aumenta os laços de responsabilização. [...] a coprodução como arranjo de governança modifica a cultura de trabalho dos profissionais do serviço público”. No caso estudado a <italic>accountability</italic> profissional, o controle social e a avaliação por pares contribuem para “evitar que se estabeleçam políticas baseadas nos interesses mútuos de um grupo” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Tuurnas et al., 2016</xref>, p. 141). Os mesmos autores enfatizam “que os arranjos de governança mudam a lógica de prestação de serviços profissionais, com implicações especialmente para as relações de responsabilização” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Tuurnas et al., 2016</xref>, p. 145).</p>
				<p>No mesmo sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Schommer et al. (2015</xref>), ao analisarem experiências de colaboração entre organizações da sociedade civil e órgãos de controle institucional em municípios brasileiros, concluíram que tal articulação contribui para ativar o sistema de <italic>accountability</italic> local e nacional, propiciando melhores resultados em informação, justificação, recompensas e punições aos agentes públicos.</p>
				<p>Assim, a <italic>accountability</italic> compõe e de certa forma sintetiza a perspectiva sistêmica do processo integrativo dos elementos estruturantes da coprodução.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Coprodução - Visão Integrativa</title>
				<p>Diversos autores definem tipologias de coprodução, considerando os papéis, os graus de compartilhamento de poder e as etapas do processo de coprodução em que ocorre o engajamento entre os envolvidos na coprodução (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bovaird, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Brandsen &amp; Hoeningh, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Nabatchi, Sancino &amp; Sicilia, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Pestoff, 2018b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Salm &amp; Menegasso, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Salm e Menegasso (2010</xref>, pp. 13-14), por exemplo, consideram diferentes formas e graus de poder na participação para distinguir cinco modelos de coprodução de serviços públicos: <italic>Coprodução Nominal</italic>, na qual se busca a eficiência dos serviços públicos e não há participação efetiva e de poder do cidadão sobre o Estado; <italic>Coprodução Simbólica</italic>, de caráter manipulativo, visando demonstrar a presença e a eficácia do Estado; <italic>Coprodução Funcional</italic>, a qual se dá por meio da solicitação dos serviços, de assistência ao Estado ou por um ajuste mútuo com o Estado, e visa a implementação eficiente das políticas públicas; <italic>Coprodução Representativa com Sustentabilidade</italic>, que resulta da interação do cidadão com o aparato administrativo e da delegação de poder pelo Estado. “Neste modelo, o <italic>empowerment</italic> e a <italic>accountability</italic> são essenciais, já que o modelo requer o engajamento cívico do cidadão e da comunidade”; e <italic>Coprodução para a Mobilização Comunitária</italic>, onde os serviços públicos são coproduzidos como uma estratégia para a permanente mobilização da comunidade e de superação da organização burocrática. “O modelo se propõe a transformar a comunidade e o aparato público do Estado”, baseado nos princípios éticos e democráticos.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Pestoff (2018b</xref>), por sua vez, discute os papéis de servidores públicos, cidadãos e provedores privados em quatro diferentes modelos de administração pública. No modelo tradicional, os cidadãos são apenas beneficiários, sem voz, sem escolha, sem controle e sem participação efetiva. No modelo comunitário, os cidadãos produzem por si próprios os bens e serviços públicos de que precisam, geralmente pela ausência do Estado e por falta de alternativas para os cidadãos, ou seja, não há autêntica coprodução. No modelo da nova gestão pública, os provedores privados ganham protagonismo e o papel do usuário é de escolha, mais como consumidor do que como cidadão ativo, com voz e ação sobre os rumos do bem ou serviço. Na nova governança pública, na qual ocorre a coprodução, os cidadãos participam e tem voz e influência política, e tem a opção de desengajar-se, caso não queiram participar.</p>
				<p>Outras tipologias existem, todavia o que é importante neste ponto é mostrar que a coprodução é, em última análise, um processo de interações entre indivíduos e grupos, moldadas por motivações e atitudes. Diferente das interações ocorridas nas organizações formais, as motivações na coprodução são diversas - por vínculo funcional, no caso dos agentes públicos; e por interesse próprio, no caso do cidadão, ainda que tal interesse diga respeito apenas ao próprio indivíduo ou à coletividade -, pois o fato é que tais interações ocorrem em termos relacionais e não contratuais.</p>
				<p>Assim, ao se entender a coprodução como um processo integrativo nos moldes <italic>follettianos</italic>, o qual permite “transformar nosso entendimento do conflito como problema social para enxergar a diferença como oportunidade para um processo auto-organizador, construtivo, unificador, harmonizador e sintetizador que gera poder compartilhado e progresso” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>, p. 356), os processos de coprodução abandonam a perspectiva de uma administração formal, hierárquica e impositiva, por uma “função social fluida de harmonização de diferenças”, ou seja, “uma governança colaborativa” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>, p. 357).</p>
				<p>Portanto, se na coprodução não há vínculos laborais formais que obriguem o cidadão a coproduzir, sua adesão ao processo só se dará à medida que acredite no próprio processo, nos benefícios que dele advirão, e se sinta parte dele. O gestor público, por sua vez, é demandado e induzido a coordenar um processo integrativo de elementos, funções e interesses convergentes, valorizando a contribuição de todos os envolvidos e comprometido com os resultados. Essas condições serão atingidas quando, compreendida a natureza do processo, os elementos que lhes dão sustentação social estejam presentes. E aí ter-se-á a possibilidade da coesão social necessária à sustentação da coprodução, a qual subsistirá à medida que seus elementos subsistam.</p>
				<p>Entretanto, a coprodução, mesmo quando ocorre de maneira efetiva, compartilhando poder e alcançando resultados, apresenta riscos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bovaird e Loefler (2013</xref>, p. 9) alertam que muitas iniciativas focam as “necessidades” em vez de “necessidades e capacidades”, o que pode significar uma variação muito grande em termos de resultados de um lugar para outro e comprometer a confiança que o cidadão, e o próprio governo, depositam no processo. Também é possível que se constitua como um tipo de relação que pode acabar por destruir transparência, confiança, participação e <italic>accountability</italic> em decorrência da desconfiança do cidadão na capacidade do Estado de cumprir com as suas promessas e obrigações em relação à própria coprodução (Steen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Brandsen &amp; Verschuere, 2018</xref>). Além disso, embora se espere que a coprodução, sob certas condições, gere sinergia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Ostrom, 1996</xref>), a depender de como o processo é conduzido, a coprodução pode diminui-la (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Kang &amp; Ryzin, 2019</xref>), destruindo valor público ao invés de adicioná-lo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bovaird &amp; Loeffler, 2013</xref>). Ademais, a coprodução será impraticável se não houver efetiva redistribuição do poder, o <italic>poder com</italic> em lugar do <italic>poder sobre</italic> de que trata Follett (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>) para que os cidadãos se sintam incluídos e influenciem as políticas públicas. Nesse sentido, a redistribuição do poder deve ser entendida de forma categórica, pois só assim os cidadãos excluídos do processo político se sentirão estimulados a participar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Arnstein, 1969</xref>).</p>
				<p>Em resumo, a coprodução como elemento central e objetivo final de um processo complexo, multifacetado e deliberado que pode servir como resposta ao desequilíbrio e ao conflito “improdutivo” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>); à escassez de recursos e de legitimidade governamentais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Brandsen &amp; Honingh, 2016</xref>), embora naturalmente envolva riscos (Bovaird &amp; Loeffler, 2014; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Brandsen et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Kang &amp; Ryzin, 2019</xref>), depende e influencia os elementos que lhes dão sustentação. Demanda e implementa a <italic>transparência</italic> em relação aos processos produtivos e seus resultados. Qualifica as informações e o conhecimento, uma vez que a existência de <italic>informações</italic> amplas e fidedignas proporciona o conhecimento e expande as possibilidades de exercício da cidadania, aumentando a confiança no sistema político-administrativo e melhorando as condições de participação e engajamento dos cidadãos. Aumenta a <italic>confiança</italic>, a qual se relaciona com a avaliação dos processos de prestação de serviços e a obtenção de resultados. Vincula a participação e o engajamento do cidadão e da comunidade aos esforços de produção dos serviços públicos, e promove a <italic>accountability</italic>, a qual, por sua vez, amplia, reforça e retroalimenta todo o processo, fortalecendo-o e desenvolvendo-o.</p>
				<p>Entretanto, cabe destacar que a discussão aqui proposta está recém-iniciada. Não se pretende uma conclusão definitiva sobre os elementos e suas relações, mas indicar caminhos para se avançar na proposição do modelo teórico de análise integrativa da coprodução. Isso exige um exame detalhado e em diferentes ordens e níveis de análise em pesquisas empíricas progressivas, por elemento e no seu conjunto, de forma a responder questões básicas, como por exemplo: qual a intensidades dessas relações? Em que medida os elementos são pré-condições para a coprodução? Existe hierarquia entre eles? Eles são necessário e/ou se constituem em uma resposta efetiva de viabilização da coprodução em contextos de conflito? E em contextos de harmonia (não conflito)? E outras questões definidoras de pesquisa futura que permitirão chegar-se à estruturação do modelo propriamente dito.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS</title>
			<p>No atual contexto de crise política e econômica, a complexidade dos desafios e as necessidades coletivas são superiores à capacidade de resposta dos governos. A exacerbação de conflitos e tensões sociais exige contrapontos que conduzam a um novo equilíbrio, por meio da colaboração e da harmonização. As crescentes demandas por mais e melhores serviços públicos dificultam a sua prestação face à elevação dos custos. A solução passa a ser a adoção de estratégias diferenciadas e criativas de enfrentamento do problema e entrega desses serviços, mobilizando, articulando e coordenando diversos recursos existentes na sociedade.</p>
			<p>Além dos aspectos financeiros, a aproximação entre governantes e cidadãos pode contribuir para recuperar a legitimidade política dos governos, dado o momento de ceticismo e perplexidade gerado por investigações de corrupção, mau uso dos recursos públicos e novos desafios globais. Em resposta a isso, em lugar de respostas autoritárias e simplificadoras, a possibilidade de respostas participativas e criativas, que fortaleçam a cidadania e a democracia.</p>
			<p>De acordo com o que já observava <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Follett (1998</xref>), o progresso depende não apenas de condições econômicas, físicas ou biológicas, também de capacidade de cooperação genuína, ou da ampliação contínua de nossa capacidade de associação e de realização da democracia cocriativa em todas as esferas da sociedade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>É nesse cenário que a coprodução surge como caminho para equilibrar expectativas, justificar a falta de recursos, mobilizar outros tipos e fontes de recursos, promover <italic>accountability</italic> e engajar servidores e cidadãos na provisão de serviços e no enfrentamento dos desafios públicos.</p>
			<p>Entretanto, a coprodução não se dá ao acaso. É um processo complexo que, abordado a partir de uma visão integrativa, pode ser estudado, compreendido e estruturado de forma mais ampla. A coprodução, como uma estratégia de ação governamental que busca produzir em conjunto com os cidadãos os bens e serviços públicos que estes demandam, pressupõe - e necessita - de proatividade do poder público, traduzida no necessário compartilhamento do poder e do fazer com o cidadão, e de uma postura responsiva do cidadão, cuja atitude participativa ultrapassa ações corriqueiras e pontuais, expressando uma consciência de pertencer e fazer parte de um processo produtivo, democrático em sua essência, mas em contínua transformação. Aos gestores públicos, que são também cidadãos “com responsabilidades especiais” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>, p. 374), cabe a especial tarefa de coordenar um processo integrativo de elementos, funções e interesses convergentes. Como tal, a adesão de servidores públicos e cidadãos à coprodução de bens e serviços públicos só se dará na medida em que acreditem no processo, e só permanecerá enquanto se sentirem parte dele e nele perceberem os elementos que reforçam e revigoram a coesão social necessária à sua sustentação.</p>
			<p>Há que se ter o cuidado, no entanto, de perceber que as limitações fiscais (ou quaisquer outros motivos pertinentes) ao mesmo tempo que podem ser um incentivo à coprodução e à valorização da capacidade dos cidadãos, também podem representar uma possível redução (ou retirada) do Estado da prestação de serviços e garantia de direitos.</p>
			<p>Por fim, não custa reafirmar: este é um trabalho inicial, cuja proposta foi trazer à discussão a proposição de que transparência, informação, confiança, participação e <italic>accountability</italic> são elementos estruturantes da coprodução e que, a partir de uma visão fundamentada nos pressupostos ontológicos e elementos do processo integrativo que consagram a perspectiva sistêmica da associação e atuação dos seres humanos em grupo, conforme defendido por Mary Parker Follett, é possível vislumbrar caminhos para o desenvolvimento de um modelo de análise com base na coesão social que se assenta na perspectiva sistêmica da associação e atuação de indivíduos em grupo que sustentam o seu envolvimento em motivações e atitudes. Todavia, avançar na proposição do modelo propriamente dito é tarefa em curso que demanda, para além da discussão dos aspectos teóricos, pesquisas empíricas que consolidem e detalhem as inter-relações aqui apresentadas.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMENTOS</title>
			<p>Os autores agradecem à Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Estado de Santa Catarina, Fapesc, pelo apoio financeiro por meio do Programa de Apoio à Pesquisa, PAP-Udesc.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>REFERÊNCIAS</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Alford, J. (2009). <italic>Engaging public sector clients: from service-delivery to co-production</italic>. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Alford</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<source>Engaging public sector clients: from service-delivery to co-production</source>
					<publisher-loc>Basingstoke, UK</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Palgrave Macmillan</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>Angélico, F. (2015). <italic>Lei de acesso à informação: reforço ao controle democrático</italic>. São Paulo, SP: Estúdio editores.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Angélico</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<source>Lei de acesso à informação: reforço ao controle democrático</source>
					<publisher-loc>São Paulo, SP</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Estúdio editores</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. <italic>Journal of the American Institute of Planners</italic>, <italic>35</italic>(4), 216-224.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Arnstein</surname>
							<given-names>S. R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1969</year>
					<article-title>A ladder of citizen participation</article-title>
					<source>Journal of the American Institute of Planners</source>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>Axworthy, T. S. (2004). <italic>Addressing the accountability deficit: why Paul Martin’s minority government must pay more attention to the three A’s</italic> (Working Paper, 2004-11). Montreal, Canada: Institute for Research on Public Policy.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Axworthy</surname>
							<given-names>T. S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<source>Addressing the accountability deficit: why Paul Martin’s minority government must pay more attention to the three A’s</source>
					<comment>(Working Paper, 2004-11)</comment>
					<publisher-loc>Montreal, Canada</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Institute for Research on Public Policy</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Behn, R. D. (1998). O novo paradigma da gestão pública e a busca da accountability democrática. <italic>Revista do Serviço Público</italic>, <italic>49</italic>(4), 5-45. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://revista.enap.gov.br/index.php/RSP/article/view/399/524">https://revista.enap.gov.br/index.php/RSP/article/view/399/524</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Behn</surname>
							<given-names>R. D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1998</year>
					<article-title>O novo paradigma da gestão pública e a busca da accountability democrática</article-title>
					<source>Revista do Serviço Público</source>
					<volume>49</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>5</fpage>
					<lpage>45</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://revista.enap.gov.br/index.php/RSP/article/view/399/524">https://revista.enap.gov.br/index.php/RSP/article/view/399/524</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>Bertolin, R. V., Santos, A. C., Lima, J. B., &amp; Braga, M. J. (2008). Assimetria de informação e confiança em interações cooperativas. <italic>Revista de Administração Contemporânea</italic>, <italic>12</italic>(1), 59-81. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://rac.anpad.org.br/index.php/rac/article/view/586/583">https://rac.anpad.org.br/index.php/rac/article/view/586/583</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bertolin</surname>
							<given-names>R. V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santos</surname>
							<given-names>A. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lima</surname>
							<given-names>J. B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Braga</surname>
							<given-names>M. J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2008</year>
					<article-title>Assimetria de informação e confiança em interações cooperativas</article-title>
					<source>Revista de Administração Contemporânea</source>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>59</fpage>
					<lpage>81</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://rac.anpad.org.br/index.php/rac/article/view/586/583">https://rac.anpad.org.br/index.php/rac/article/view/586/583</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Bouckaert, G., &amp; Walle, S. (2003). Comparing citizen trust and user satisfaction as indicators of good governance. <italic>International Review of Administrative Sciences</italic>, <italic>69</italic>(3), 329-343. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020852303693003#articleCitationDownloadContainer">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020852303693003#articleCitationDownloadContainer</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bouckaert</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Walle</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Comparing citizen trust and user satisfaction as indicators of good governance</article-title>
					<source>International Review of Administrative Sciences</source>
					<volume>69</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>329</fpage>
					<lpage>343</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020852303693003#articleCitationDownloadContainer">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020852303693003#articleCitationDownloadContainer</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>Bovaird, T. (2007). Beyond engagement &amp; participation: user &amp; community co-production of public services. <italic>Public Administration Review</italic>, <italic>67</italic>(5), 846-860. Recuperado de https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00773.x</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bovaird</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Beyond engagement &amp; participation: user &amp; community co-production of public services</article-title>
					<source>Public Administration Review</source>
					<volume>67</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>846</fpage>
					<lpage>860</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00773.x</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>Bovaird, T., &amp; Loefller, E. (2013, junho). <italic>We’re all in this together: harnessing user and community co-production of public outcomes</italic>. Birmingham, UK: University of Birmingham. Recuperado de: Birmingham, UK: University of Birmingham <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/government-society/inlogov/publications/2013/chapter-4-bovaird-loeffler.pdf">https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/government-society/inlogov/publications/2013/chapter-4-bovaird-loeffler.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bovaird</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Loefller</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<source>We’re all in this together: harnessing user and community co-production of public outcomes</source>
					<publisher-loc>Birmingham, UK</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>University of Birmingham</publisher-name>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<publisher-loc>Birmingham, UK</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>University of Birmingham</publisher-name>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/government-society/inlogov/publications/2013/chapter-4-bovaird-loeffler.pdf">https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/government-society/inlogov/publications/2013/chapter-4-bovaird-loeffler.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>Bovaird, T., Flemig, S., Loeffler, E., &amp; Osborne, S. P. (2017). Debate: co-production of public services and outcomes. <italic>Public Money &amp; Management</italic>, <italic>37</italic>(5), 363-364. Recuperado de: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09540962.2017.1294866</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bovaird</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Flemig</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Loeffler</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Osborne</surname>
							<given-names>S. P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Debate: co-production of public services and outcomes</article-title>
					<source>Public Money &amp; Management</source>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>363</fpage>
					<lpage>364</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09540962.2017.1294866</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>Brandsen, T., &amp; Honingh, M. (2016). Distinguishing different types of coproduction: a conceptual analysis based on the classical definitions. <italic>Public Administration Review</italic>, <italic>76</italic>(3), 427-435. Recuperado de https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/puar.12465</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Brandsen</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Honingh</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Distinguishing different types of coproduction: a conceptual analysis based on the classical definitions</article-title>
					<source>Public Administration Review</source>
					<volume>76</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>427</fpage>
					<lpage>435</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/puar.12465</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>Brandsen, T., Steen, T, &amp; Verschuere, B. (2018). <italic>Co-production and co-creation: engaging citizens in public services</italic>. Abingdon, UK: Taylor &amp; Francis.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Brandsen</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Steen</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Verschuere</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<source>Co-production and co-creation: engaging citizens in public services</source>
					<publisher-loc>Abingdon, UK</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Taylor &amp; Francis</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Brudney, J., &amp; England, R. E. (1983). Toward a definition of the coproduction concept. <italic>Public Administration Review</italic>, <italic>43</italic>(1), 59-65. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/975300?seq=1">https://www.jstor.org/stable/975300?seq=1</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Brudney</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>England</surname>
							<given-names>R. E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1983</year>
					<article-title>Toward a definition of the coproduction concept</article-title>
					<source>Public Administration Review</source>
					<volume>43</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>59</fpage>
					<lpage>65</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/975300?seq=1">https://www.jstor.org/stable/975300?seq=1</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>Denhardt, J. V., &amp; Denhardt, R. B. (2007). <italic>The new public service: serving, not steering</italic>(Exp. Edition). New York, NY: M. E. Sharpe.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Denhardt</surname>
							<given-names>J. V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Denhardt</surname>
							<given-names>R. B</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<source>The new public service: serving, not steering</source>
					<comment>Exp. Edition</comment>
					<publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>M. E. Sharpe</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>Denhardt, R. B. (2012). <italic>Teorias da administração pública</italic>. São Paulo, SP: Cengage Learning.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Denhardt</surname>
							<given-names>R. B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<source>Teorias da administração pública</source>
					<publisher-loc>São Paulo, SP</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Cengage Learning</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>Doin, G. A., Dahmer, J., Schommer, P. C., &amp; Spaniol, E. L. (2012). Mobilização social e coprodução do controle: o que sinalizam os processos de construção da lei da ficha limpa e da rede observatório social do brasil de controle social. <italic>Pensamento &amp; Realidade</italic>, <italic>27</italic>(2), 56-79. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/pensamentorealidade/article/viewFile/12648/9211">https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/pensamentorealidade/article/viewFile/12648/9211</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Doin</surname>
							<given-names>G. A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dahmer</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schommer</surname>
							<given-names>P. C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Spaniol</surname>
							<given-names>E. L</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Mobilização social e coprodução do controle: o que sinalizam os processos de construção da lei da ficha limpa e da rede observatório social do brasil de controle social</article-title>
					<source>Pensamento &amp; Realidade</source>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>56</fpage>
					<lpage>79</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/pensamentorealidade/article/viewFile/12648/9211">https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/pensamentorealidade/article/viewFile/12648/9211</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>Emerson, K., Nabatchi, T., &amp; Balogh, S. (2012). An integrative framework for collaborative governance.<italic>Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory</italic>, <italic>22</italic>(1), 1-29. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article/22/1/1/944908">https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article/22/1/1/944908</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Emerson</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nabatchi</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Balogh</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>An integrative framework for collaborative governance</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory</source>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>29</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article/22/1/1/944908">https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article/22/1/1/944908</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>Fledderus, J. (2015). Building trust public services co-prodution. <italic>International Journal of Public Sector Management</italic>, <italic>28</italic>(7), 650-665. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJPSM-06-2015-0118/full/html">https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJPSM-06-2015-0118/full/html</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Fledderus</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Building trust public services co-prodution</article-title>
					<source>International Journal of Public Sector Management</source>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>650</fpage>
					<lpage>665</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJPSM-06-2015-0118/full/html">https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJPSM-06-2015-0118/full/html</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>Follet, M. P. (1998[1918]). <italic>The new state: group organization the solution of popular government</italic>. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Follet</surname>
							<given-names>M. P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1998</year>
					<comment>1918</comment>
					<source>The new state: group organization the solution of popular government</source>
					<comment>University Park</comment>
					<publisher-loc>Pennsylvania</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Pennsylvania State University Press</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>Follet, M. P. (2003 [1942]). The giving of orders. In H. C. Metcalf, &amp; L. Urwick (Org.), <italic>Dynamic administration: the collected papers of Mary Parker Follett</italic> (pp. 50-70). New York, NY: Routledge.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Follet</surname>
							<given-names>M. P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<comment>[1942]</comment>
					<chapter-title>The giving of orders</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="compiler">
						<name>
							<surname>Metcalf</surname>
							<given-names>H. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Urwick</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Dynamic administration: the collected papers of Mary Parker Follett</source>
					<fpage>50</fpage>
					<lpage>70</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>Foucault, M. (2010). <italic>A ordem do discurso</italic>. São Paulo, SP: Editora Loyola.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Foucault</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<source>A ordem do discurso</source>
					<publisher-loc>São Paulo, SP</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Editora Loyola</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>Franco, A. (2001). <italic>Capital social: leituras de Tocqueville, Jacobs, Putnam, Fukuyama, Maturana, Castells e Levy</italic>. Brasília, DF: Instituto de Política/Millennium.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Franco</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2001</year>
					<source>Capital social: leituras de Tocqueville, Jacobs, Putnam, Fukuyama, Maturana, Castells e Levy</source>
					<publisher-loc>Brasília, DF</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Instituto de Política/Millennium</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>Freire, A. (2014). Engajamento cívico e capital social: um modelo interativo para o efeito da confiança interpessoal. <italic>Opinião Pública</italic>, <italic>20</italic>(2), 273-290. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-62762014000200273">https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-62762014000200273</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Freire</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Engajamento cívico e capital social: um modelo interativo para o efeito da confiança interpessoal</article-title>
					<source>Opinião Pública</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>273</fpage>
					<lpage>290</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-62762014000200273">https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-62762014000200273</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>Greiling, D. (2013). Public accountability and citizen trust: it takes two to tango. <italic>ZögU Beiheft</italic>, <italic>42</italic>, 39-66.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Greiling</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Public accountability and citizen trust: it takes two to tango</article-title>
					<source>ZögU Beiheft</source>
					<volume>42</volume>
					<fpage>39</fpage>
					<lpage>66.</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation>Greiling, D. (2014). Accountability and trust. In M. Bovens, R. E. Goodin, &amp; T, Schillemans (Org.), <italic>The Oxford handbook of public accountability</italic>(pp. 617-631). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Greiling</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<chapter-title>Accountability and trust</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="compiler">
						<name>
							<surname>Bovens</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Goodin</surname>
							<given-names>R. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>T</surname>
							<given-names>Schillemans</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>The Oxford handbook of public accountability</source>
					<fpage>617</fpage>
					<lpage>631</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Oxford, UK</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<mixed-citation>Grootaert, G., Narayan, D., Nyhan J. V., &amp; Woolcock, M. (2004).<italic>Measuring social capital: an integrated questionnaire</italic>(World Bank Working Paper, 18). Washington, DC: World Bank. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/15033">https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/15033</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Grootaert</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Narayan</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nyhan</surname>
							<given-names>J. V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Woolcock</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<source>Measuring social capital: an integrated questionnaire</source>
					<comment>World Bank Working Paper, 18</comment>
					<publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>World Bank</publisher-name>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/15033">https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/15033</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<mixed-citation>Guerzovich, F. (2020). <italic>What do we need to close the gap between what social accountability looks like in 2020 and how we talk about it?</italic> (Part 2B). Washington, DC: Global Partnership for Social Accountability. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://gpsaknowledge.org/what-do-we-need-to-close-the-gap-between-what-social-accountability-looks-like-in-2020-and-how-we-talk-about-it-part-2b/">https://gpsaknowledge.org/what-do-we-need-to-close-the-gap-between-what-social-accountability-looks-like-in-2020-and-how-we-talk-about-it-part-2b/</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Guerzovich</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<source>What do we need to close the gap between what social accountability looks like in 2020 and how we talk about it?</source>
					<comment>(Part 2B)</comment>
					<publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Global Partnership for Social Accountability</publisher-name>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://gpsaknowledge.org/what-do-we-need-to-close-the-gap-between-what-social-accountability-looks-like-in-2020-and-how-we-talk-about-it-part-2b/">https://gpsaknowledge.org/what-do-we-need-to-close-the-gap-between-what-social-accountability-looks-like-in-2020-and-how-we-talk-about-it-part-2b/</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<mixed-citation>Guerzovich, F., &amp; Schommer, P. C. (2016). Four ways in which social accountability and open government interventions bridge the state and society (ISTR Working Paper Series). In <italic>Proceedings of the</italic>
 <italic>12º</italic>
 <italic>ISTR Conference</italic>, Stockholm, Sweden.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="confproc">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Guerzovich</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schommer</surname>
							<given-names>P. C</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<source>Four ways in which social accountability and open government interventions bridge the state and society (ISTR Working Paper Series)</source>
					<comment>Proceedings of the</comment>
					<conf-name>12ºISTR Conference</conf-name>
					<conf-loc>Stockholm, Sweden</conf-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<mixed-citation>Heidemann, F. G. (2009). Ética de responsabilidade: sensibilidade e correspondência a promessas e expectativas contratadas. In F. G. Heidemann, &amp; J. F. Salm(Org.), <italic>Políticas públicas e desenvolvimento: bases epistemológicas e modelos de análise</italic> (pp. 301-309). Brasília, DF: Universidade de Brasília.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Heidemann</surname>
							<given-names>F. G</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<chapter-title>Ética de responsabilidade: sensibilidade e correspondência a promessas e expectativas contratadas</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Heidemann</surname>
							<given-names>F. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salm</surname>
							<given-names>J. F.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Políticas públicas e desenvolvimento: bases epistemológicas e modelos de análise</source>
					<fpage>301</fpage>
					<lpage>309</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Brasília, DF</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Universidade de Brasília</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<mixed-citation>Hernandez, A., &amp; Cuadros, D. (2014). Iniciativas de transparencia y accountability en América Latina: naturaleza, tipología e incidencia en la democracia y el desarrollo. In D. M. Pinheiro, D. Melo, &amp; J. Costa (Org.), <italic>Democracia: desafios, oportunidades e tendências</italic> (pp. 221-265). Florianópolis: Imaginar o Brasil. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332438150_DEMOCRACIA_desafios_oportunidades_e_tendencias">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332438150_DEMOCRACIA_desafios_oportunidades_e_tendencias</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hernandez</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cuadros</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<chapter-title>Iniciativas de transparencia y accountability en América Latina: naturaleza, tipología e incidencia en la democracia y el desarrollo</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="compiler">
						<name>
							<surname>Pinheiro</surname>
							<given-names>D. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Melo</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Costa</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Democracia: desafios, oportunidades e tendências</source>
					<fpage>221</fpage>
					<lpage>265</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Florianópolis</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Imaginar o Brasil</publisher-name>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332438150_DEMOCRACIA_desafios_oportunidades_e_tendencias">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332438150_DEMOCRACIA_desafios_oportunidades_e_tendencias</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B31">
				<mixed-citation>Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. (2010). <italic>Estado, instituições e democracia: democracia</italic> (Livro 9, vol. 2, Série Eixos Estratégicos do Desenvolvimento Brasileiro). Brasília, DF: Autor. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6491">http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6491</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<source>Estado, instituições e democracia: democracia</source>
					<volume>2</volume>
					<comment>Série Eixos Estratégicos do Desenvolvimento Brasileiro</comment>
					<publisher-loc>Brasília, DF</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Autor</publisher-name>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6491">http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6491</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B32">
				<mixed-citation>Kang, S., &amp; Ryzin, G. V. (2019). Coproduction and trust in government: evidence from survey experiments. <italic>Public Management Review</italic>, <italic>21</italic>(1), 1646-1664. Recuperado de https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719037.2019.1619812</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kang</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ryzin</surname>
							<given-names>G. V</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Coproduction and trust in government: evidence from survey experiments</article-title>
					<source>Public Management Review</source>
					<volume>21</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1646</fpage>
					<lpage>1664</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/14719037.2019.1619812</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B33">
				<mixed-citation>Kim, S. E. (2005). The role of trust in the modern administrative state: an integrative model. <italic>Administration &amp; Society</italic>, <italic>37</italic>(5), 611-635. Recuperado de https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0095399705278596</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kim</surname>
							<given-names>S. E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2005</year>
					<article-title>The role of trust in the modern administrative state: an integrative model</article-title>
					<source>Administration &amp; Society</source>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>611</fpage>
					<lpage>635</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0095399705278596</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B34">
				<mixed-citation>Mainwaring, S., &amp; Welna, C. (2005). <italic>Democratic accountability in Latin America</italic> (Oxford Studies in Democratization Series). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mainwaring</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Welna</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2005</year>
					<source>Democratic accountability in Latin America</source>
					<comment>(Oxford Studies in Democratization Series)</comment>
					<publisher-loc>Oxford, UK</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B35">
				<mixed-citation>Marques, A. C. S. (2009). Comunicação, mídia e processos de democracia local: estratégias de aproximação entre governo e cidadãos. <italic>Opinião Pública</italic>, <italic>15</italic>(1), 107-132. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-62762009000100005">https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-62762009000100005</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Marques</surname>
							<given-names>A. C. S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>Comunicação, mídia e processos de democracia local: estratégias de aproximação entre governo e cidadãos</article-title>
					<source>Opinião Pública</source>
					<volume>15</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>107</fpage>
					<lpage>132</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-62762009000100005">https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-62762009000100005</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B36">
				<mixed-citation>Marschall, M. J. (2004). Citizen participation and the neighborhood context: A new look at the co-production of local public goods. <italic>Political Research Quarterly</italic>, <italic>57</italic>(2), 231-244. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/106591290405700205">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/106591290405700205</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Marschall</surname>
							<given-names>M. J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<article-title>Citizen participation and the neighborhood context: A new look at the co-production of local public goods</article-title>
					<source>Political Research Quarterly</source>
					<volume>57</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>231</fpage>
					<lpage>244</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/106591290405700205">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/106591290405700205</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B37">
				<mixed-citation>Milbrath, L. W. (1965). <italic>Political participation: how and why do people get involved in politics</italic>? Chicago, Illinois: Rand McNally.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Milbrath</surname>
							<given-names>L. W</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1965</year>
					<source><italic>Political participation: how and why do people get involved in politics</italic>?</source>
					<publisher-loc>Chicago, Illinois</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Rand McNally</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B38">
				<mixed-citation>Nabatchi, T., Sancino, A., &amp; Sicilia, M. (2017). Varieties of participation in public services: the who, when, and what of coproduction. <italic>Public Administration Review</italic>, <italic>77</italic>(5), 766-776. Recuperado de https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/puar.12765</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Nabatchi</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sancino</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sicilia</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Varieties of participation in public services: the who, when, and what of coproduction</article-title>
					<source>Public Administration Review</source>
					<volume>77</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>766</fpage>
					<lpage>776</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/puar.12765</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B39">
				<mixed-citation>O’Donnell, G. (1998). Accountability horizontal e novas poliarquias. <italic>Revista Lua Nova</italic>, <italic>44</italic>, 27-54. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.br/pdf/ln/n44/a03n44.pdf">https://www.scielo.br/pdf/ln/n44/a03n44.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>O’Donnell</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1998</year>
					<article-title>Accountability horizontal e novas poliarquias</article-title>
					<source>Revista Lua Nova</source>
					<volume>44</volume>
					<fpage>27</fpage>
					<lpage>54</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.br/pdf/ln/n44/a03n44.pdf">https://www.scielo.br/pdf/ln/n44/a03n44.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B40">
				<mixed-citation>O’Donnell, G. (2004). Accountability horizontal: la institucionalización legal de la desconfianza política. <italic>Revista Española de Ciencia Política</italic>, <italic>11</italic>, 11-31. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/recp/article/view/37355">https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/recp/article/view/37355</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>O’Donnell</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<article-title>Accountability horizontal: la institucionalización legal de la desconfianza política</article-title>
					<source>Revista Española de Ciencia Política</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<fpage>11</fpage>
					<lpage>31</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/recp/article/view/37355">https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/recp/article/view/37355</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B41">
				<mixed-citation>Ostrom, E. (1996). Crossing the great divide: co-production, synergy and development.<italic>World Development</italic>, <italic>24</italic>(6), 1073-1087. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0305750X9600023X">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0305750X9600023X</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ostrom</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1996</year>
					<article-title>Crossing the great divide: co-production, synergy and development</article-title>
					<source>World Development</source>
					<volume>24</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1073</fpage>
					<lpage>1087</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0305750X9600023X">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0305750X9600023X</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B42">
				<mixed-citation>Paré, G., Trudel, M. C., Jaana, M., &amp; Kitsiou, S. (2015). Synthesizing information systems knowledge: a typology of literature reviews. <italic>Information &amp; Management</italic>, <italic>52</italic>(2), 183-199. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378720614001116">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378720614001116</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Paré</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Trudel</surname>
							<given-names>M. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jaana</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kitsiou</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Synthesizing information systems knowledge: a typology of literature reviews</article-title>
					<source>Information &amp; Management</source>
					<volume>52</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>183</fpage>
					<lpage>199</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378720614001116">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378720614001116</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B43">
				<mixed-citation>Park, H., &amp; Blenkinsopp, J. (2011). The roles of transparency and trust between corruption and citizen satisfaction. <italic>International Review of Administrative Sciences</italic>, <italic>77</italic>(2), 254-274. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020852311399230">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020852311399230</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Park</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Blenkinsopp</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>The roles of transparency and trust between corruption and citizen satisfaction</article-title>
					<source>International Review of Administrative Sciences</source>
					<volume>77</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>254</fpage>
					<lpage>274</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020852311399230">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020852311399230</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B44">
				<mixed-citation>Pestoff, V. (2009). Towards a paradigm of democratic participation: citizen participation and co-production of personal social services in Sweden. <italic>Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics</italic>, <italic>80</italic>(2), 197-224.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pestoff</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>Towards a paradigm of democratic participation: citizen participation and co-production of personal social services in Sweden</article-title>
					<source>Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics</source>
					<volume>80</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>197</fpage>
					<lpage>224</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B45">
				<mixed-citation>Pestoff, V. (2018a). Small groups, collective action and the sustainability of co-production. In V. Pestoff(Org.), <italic>Co-production and public service management: citizenship, governance and public services management</italic>. New York, NY: Routledge .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pestoff</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018a</year>
					<chapter-title>Small groups, collective action and the sustainability of co-production</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="compiler">
						<name>
							<surname>Pestoff</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Co-production and public service management: citizenship, governance and public services management</source>
					<publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B46">
				<mixed-citation>Pestoff, V. (2018b). Co-production at the crossroads of public administration regimes. In T. Brandsen, T. Steen, &amp; B. Verschuere (Orgs.), <italic>Co-production and co-creation: engaging citizens in public services</italic> (pp. 27-36). Abingdon, UK: Taylor &amp; Francis.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pestoff</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018b</year>
					<chapter-title>Co-production at the crossroads of public administration regimes</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="compiler">
						<name>
							<surname>Brandsen</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Steen</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Verschuere</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Co-production and co-creation: engaging citizens in public services</source>
					<fpage>27</fpage>
					<lpage>36</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Abingdon, UK</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Taylor &amp; Francis</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B47">
				<mixed-citation>Pretty, J. N. (1995). Participatory learning for sustainable agriculture. <italic>World Development</italic>, <italic>23</italic>(8), 1247-1263.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pretty</surname>
							<given-names>J. N</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1995</year>
					<article-title>Participatory learning for sustainable agriculture</article-title>
					<source>World Development</source>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>1247</fpage>
					<lpage>1263</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B48">
				<mixed-citation>Putnam, R. (2000). <italic>Bowling alone</italic>. New York, NY: Simon &amp; Shuster Paperbacks.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Putnam</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2000</year>
					<source>Bowling alone</source>
					<publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Simon &amp; Shuster Paperbacks</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B49">
				<mixed-citation>Putnam, R. (2006). <italic>Comunidade e democracia: a experiência da Itália moderna</italic> (5a ed.). Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Fundação Getulio Vargas.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Putnam</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<source>Comunidade e democracia: a experiência da Itália moderna</source>
					<edition>5a ed</edition>
					<publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro, RJ</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Fundação Getulio Vargas</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B50">
				<mixed-citation>Rennó, L. R. (2003). Estruturas de oportunidade política e engajamento em organizações da sociedade civil: um estudo comparado sobre a América Latina. <italic>Revista de Sociologia e Política</italic>, <italic>11</italic>(21), 71-82. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-44782003000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=pt">https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-44782003000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=pt</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rennó</surname>
							<given-names>L. R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Estruturas de oportunidade política e engajamento em organizações da sociedade civil: um estudo comparado sobre a América Latina</article-title>
					<source>Revista de Sociologia e Política</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>21</issue>
					<fpage>71</fpage>
					<lpage>82</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-44782003000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=pt">https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-44782003000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=pt</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B51">
				<mixed-citation>Roberts, N. (2004). Public deliberation in an age of direct citizen participation. <italic>The American Review of Public Administration</italic>, <italic>34</italic>(4), 315-353. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0275074004269288">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0275074004269288</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Roberts</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<article-title>Public deliberation in an age of direct citizen participation</article-title>
					<source>The American Review of Public Administration</source>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>315</fpage>
					<lpage>353</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0275074004269288">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0275074004269288</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B52">
				<mixed-citation>Robredo, J. (2011). Filosofia e informação? Reflexões. <italic>RICI: R. Ibero-amer. Ci. Inf</italic>., 4(2), 1-39. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/RICI/article/view/1671">https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/RICI/article/view/1671</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Robredo</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Filosofia e informação? Reflexões</article-title>
					<source>RICI: R. Ibero-amer. Ci. Inf</source>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>39</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/RICI/article/view/1671">https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/RICI/article/view/1671</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B53">
				<mixed-citation>Rocha, A. C. (2011). Accountability na administração pública: modelos teóricos e abordagens. <italic>Contabilidade, Gestão e Governança</italic>, <italic>14</italic>(2), 82-97. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.revistacgg.org/contabil/article/view/314/pdf_162">https://www.revistacgg.org/contabil/article/view/314/pdf_162</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rocha</surname>
							<given-names>A. C</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Accountability na administração pública: modelos teóricos e abordagens</article-title>
					<source>Contabilidade, Gestão e Governança</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>82</fpage>
					<lpage>97</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.revistacgg.org/contabil/article/view/314/pdf_162">https://www.revistacgg.org/contabil/article/view/314/pdf_162</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B54">
				<mixed-citation>Rocha, A. C. (2013). A realização da <italic>accountability</italic> em pareceres prévios do Tribunal de Contas de Santa Catarina. <italic>Revista de Administração Pública</italic>, <italic>47</italic>(4), 901-25. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-76122013000400005">https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-76122013000400005</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rocha</surname>
							<given-names>A. C</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>A realização da accountability em pareceres prévios do Tribunal de Contas de Santa Catarina</article-title>
					<source>Revista de Administração Pública</source>
					<volume>47</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>901</fpage>
					<lpage>925</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-76122013000400005">https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-76122013000400005</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B55">
				<mixed-citation>Rocha, A. C., Schommer, P. C., Spaniol, E. L., &amp; Souza, A. D. (2012). Coprodução do controle como bem público essencial à <italic>accountability</italic>. In <italic>Anais</italic> 
 <italic>36º</italic>
 <italic>Encontro da ANPAD</italic>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="confproc">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rocha</surname>
							<given-names>A. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schommer</surname>
							<given-names>P. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Spaniol</surname>
							<given-names>E. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Souza</surname>
							<given-names>A. D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<source>Coprodução do controle como bem público essencial à <italic>accountability</italic></source>
					<comment>Anais</comment>
					<conf-name>36ºEncontro da ANPAD</conf-name>
					<conf-loc>Rio de Janeiro, RJ</conf-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B56">
				<mixed-citation>Rocha, A. C., Schommer, P. C., Debetir, E., &amp; Pinheiro, D. M. (2019). Transparência como elemento da coprodução na pavimentação de vias públicas.<italic>Cadernos Gestão Pública e Cidadania</italic>, <italic>24</italic>(78), 1-22. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/cgpc/article/view/74929">http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/cgpc/article/view/74929</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rocha</surname>
							<given-names>A. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schommer</surname>
							<given-names>P. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Debetir</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pinheiro</surname>
							<given-names>D. M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Transparência como elemento da coprodução na pavimentação de vias públicas</article-title>
					<source>Cadernos Gestão Pública e Cidadania</source>
					<volume>24</volume>
					<issue>78</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>22</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/cgpc/article/view/74929">http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/cgpc/article/view/74929</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B57">
				<mixed-citation>Rother, E. T. (2007). Revisão sistemática x revisão narrativa. <italic>Acta Paulista de Enfermagem</italic>, <italic>20</italic>(2), 5-6. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0103-21002007000200001">https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0103-21002007000200001</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rother</surname>
							<given-names>E. T</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Revisão sistemática x revisão narrativa</article-title>
					<source>Acta Paulista de Enfermagem</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>5</fpage>
					<lpage>6</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0103-21002007000200001">https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0103-21002007000200001</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B58">
				<mixed-citation>Salm, J. F., &amp; Menegasso, M. E. (2010). Proposta de modelos para a coprodução a partir das tipologias de participação. In <italic>Anais do</italic> 
 <italic>34º</italic>
 <italic>Encontro da ANPAD</italic>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="confproc">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Salm</surname>
							<given-names>J. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Menegasso</surname>
							<given-names>M. E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<source>Proposta de modelos para a coprodução a partir das tipologias de participação.</source>
					<comment>Anais do</comment>
					<conf-name>34ºEncontro da ANPAD</conf-name>
					<conf-loc>Rio de Janeiro, RJ</conf-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B59">
				<mixed-citation>Scharff, M. (2011). <italic>Building trust and promoting accountability: Jesse Robredo and Naga City, Philippines, 1988-1998. Innovations for Successful Societies</italic>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/sites/successfulsocieties/files/Policy_Note_ID158.pdf">https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/sites/successfulsocieties/files/Policy_Note_ID158.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Scharff</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<source>Building trust and promoting accountability: Jesse Robredo and Naga City, Philippines, 1988-1998. Innovations for Successful Societies</source>
					<publisher-loc>Princeton, NJ</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Princeton University</publisher-name>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/sites/successfulsocieties/files/Policy_Note_ID158.pdf">https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/sites/successfulsocieties/files/Policy_Note_ID158.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B60">
				<mixed-citation>Schommer, P. C; Rocha, A. C; Spaniol, E. L; Dahmer, J.; &amp; Sousa, A. D. (2015). Accountability and co-production of information and control.<italic>Revista de Administração Pública</italic>, <italic>49</italic>(6), 1375-1400. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/rap/article/view/56590/pdf_23">http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/rap/article/view/56590/pdf_23</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Schommer</surname>
							<given-names>P. C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rocha</surname>
							<given-names>A. C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Spaniol</surname>
							<given-names>E. L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dahmer</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sousa</surname>
							<given-names>A. D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Accountability and co-production of information and control</article-title>
					<source>Revista de Administração Pública</source>
					<volume>49</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1375</fpage>
					<lpage>1400</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/rap/article/view/56590/pdf_23">http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/rap/article/view/56590/pdf_23</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B61">
				<mixed-citation>Serafim, M. C; Ronconi, L. F. A; Debetir, E; Jara, E. J; Reis, P. C. G; &amp; Maurício, B. M.(2012). Capital social, confiança e solidariedade na comunidade da Costa da Lagoa. In <italic>Anais do</italic>
 <italic>36º</italic>
 <italic>Encontro da ANPAD</italic>, Rio de Janeiro: RJ.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="confproc">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Serafim</surname>
							<given-names>M. C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ronconi</surname>
							<given-names>L. F. A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Debetir</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jara</surname>
							<given-names>E. J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reis</surname>
							<given-names>P. C. G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Maurício</surname>
							<given-names>B. M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<source>Capital social, confiança e solidariedade na comunidade da Costa da Lagoa</source>
					<comment>Anais do</comment>
					<conf-name>36ºEncontro da ANPAD</conf-name>
					<conf-loc>Rio de Janeiro, RJ</conf-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B62">
				<mixed-citation>Steen, T., Brandsen, T., &amp; Verschuere, B. (2018). The dark side of co-creation and co-production: seven evils. In T. Brandsen, T. Steen, &amp; B. Verschuere(Orgs.), <italic>Co-production and co-creation: engaging citizens in public services</italic> (pp 284-293). Abingdon, UK: Taylor &amp; Francis .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Steen</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brandsen</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Verschuere</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<chapter-title>The dark side of co-creation and co-production: seven evils</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Brandsen</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Steen</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Verschuere</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Co-production and co-creation: engaging citizens in public services</source>
					<fpage>284</fpage>
					<lpage>293</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Abingdon, UK</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Taylor &amp; Francis</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B63">
				<mixed-citation>Stout, M., &amp; Love, J. (2017). <italic>Processo integrativo: o pensamento de Mary Parquer Follett, da ontologia à administração</italic>. Curitiba, PR: InterSaberes.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Stout</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Love</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<source>Processo integrativo: o pensamento de Mary Parquer Follett, da ontologia à administração</source>
					<publisher-loc>Curitiba, PR</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>InterSaberes</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B64">
				<mixed-citation>Thindwa, J. (2019). <italic>Reflection on the 2019 GPSA Global Partners Forum</italic>. Washington, DC: Global Partnership for Social Accountability. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.thegpsa.org/blogs/reflection-2019-gpsa-global-partners-forum-jeff-thindwa">https://www.thegpsa.org/blogs/reflection-2019-gpsa-global-partners-forum-jeff-thindwa</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Thindwa</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<source>Reflection on the 2019 GPSA Global Partners Forum</source>
					<publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Global Partnership for Social Accountability</publisher-name>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.thegpsa.org/blogs/reflection-2019-gpsa-global-partners-forum-jeff-thindwa">https://www.thegpsa.org/blogs/reflection-2019-gpsa-global-partners-forum-jeff-thindwa</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B65">
				<mixed-citation>Tuurnas, S., Stenvall, J., &amp; Rannisto, P. H. (2016). The impact of co-production on frontline accountability: the case of the conciliation service. <italic>International Review of Administrative Sciences</italic>, <italic>82</italic>(1), 131-149. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0020852314566010">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0020852314566010</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tuurnas</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stenvall</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rannisto</surname>
							<given-names>P. H</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>The impact of co-production on frontline accountability: the case of the conciliation service</article-title>
					<source>International Review of Administrative Sciences</source>
					<volume>82</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>131</fpage>
					<lpage>149</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0020852314566010">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0020852314566010</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B66">
				<mixed-citation>Verba, S., &amp; Almond, G. (1963). <italic>The civic culture: political attitudes and democracy in five nations</italic>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Verba</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Almond</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1963</year>
					<source>The civic culture: political attitudes and democracy in five nations</source>
					<publisher-loc>Princeton, NJ</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Princeton University Press</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B67">
				<mixed-citation>Verschuere, B., Brandsen, T., &amp; Pestoff, V. (2012). Co-production: the state of the art in research and the future agenda. <italic>Voluntas</italic>: <italic>International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations</italic>,<italic>23</italic>(4), 1083-1101. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11266-012-9307-8">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11266-012-9307-8</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Verschuere</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brandsen</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pestoff</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Co-production: the state of the art in research and the future agenda</article-title>
					<source>Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations</source>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>1083</fpage>
					<lpage>1101</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11266-012-9307-8">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11266-012-9307-8</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B68">
				<mixed-citation>White, S. C. (1996). Depoliticising development: the uses and abuses of participation. <italic>Development in Practice</italic>, 6(1), 6-15. Recuperado de <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0961452961000157564">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0961452961000157564</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>White</surname>
							<given-names>S. C</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1996</year>
					<article-title>Depoliticising development: the uses and abuses of participation</article-title>
					<source>Development in Practice</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>6</fpage>
					<lpage>15</lpage>
					<comment>Recuperado de</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0961452961000157564">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0961452961000157564</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Paper</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Structural elements for the co-production of public goods: an integrative approach</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1193-2244</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>ROCHA</surname>
						<given-names>ARLINDO CARVALHO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9919-0809</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Schommer</surname>
						<given-names>PAULA CHIES</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0998-1226</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>DEBETIR</surname>
						<given-names>EMILIANA</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7731-8178</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>PINHEIRO</surname>
						<given-names>DANIEL MORAES</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1 </label>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC) / Centro de Ciências da Administração e Socioeconômicas (ESAG), Florianópolis - SC, Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
					<p>Arlindo Carvalho Rocha - Ph.D. in administration; Professor and researcher of the research group Politeia at the School of Administration and Socioeconomic Sciences of the Santa Catarina State University (UDESC ESAG). E-mail: arlindo.rocha@udesc.br</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<p>Paula Chies Schommer - DoPh.D. in business administration; Professor of public administration and researcher of the research group Politeia - Co-production of public goods: accountability and management at the School of Administration and Socioeconomic Sciences of the Santa Catarina State University (UDESC ESAG); Collaborating professor in the Development and Social Management Program at the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA). E-mail: paulacs3@gmail.com</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<p>Emiliana Debetir - Ph.D. in civil engineering; Master in administration; Professor of public administration and researcher of the research group Politeia - Co-production of public goods: accountability and management at the School of Administration and Socioeconomic Sciences of the Santa Catarina State University (UDESC ESAG). E-mail: emilianadebetir@gmail.com</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<p>Daniel Moraes Pinheiro - Ph.D. in Administration from the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Professor of the Graduate Program in Administration and the Department of Public Administration at the Santa Catarina State University (UDESC); Researcher at the Center for Social Innovations in the Public Sphere (NISP). E-mail: daniel.pinheiro@udesc.br</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>This article discusses the co-production of public goods and services from an integrative view. It starts from the proposition that transparency, information, trust, participation, and accountability are structural elements of co-production to suggest an integrative view of this phenomenon based on the approach of Mary Parker Follett, considering the interrelationships of these elements to support the necessary understanding of a complex, multifaceted, and deliberate process. This is a theoretical-analytical study, combining inductive and deductive elements, with a qualitative approach, through narrative review and systematic review of the national and international academic production. The results emphasize that the co-production of public goods and services is a complex task based on the systemic perspective of the association of individuals in groups, pointing to the presence of interrelated elements, and demanding social cohesion that can be consequential and catalyst of these elements.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Co-production</kwd>
				<kwd>Integrative view</kwd>
				<kwd>Structuring elements</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The co-production of public goods can be defined as the mutual engagement between governments and citizens, who mobilize available resources in society and share responsibilities and power to produce public goods and services (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Brudney &amp; England, 1983</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Denhardt &amp; Denhardt, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Marschall, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Roberts, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Salm &amp; Menegasso, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Verschuere, Brandsen &amp; Pestoff, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Interest in co-production has grown since the start of the global financial crisis in 2008, which increased the need for austerity and budget cuts in the public sector in several countries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bovaird, Flemig, Loeffler &amp; Osborne, 2017</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Brandsen and Honingh (2016</xref>, p. 431) explain this interest, saying that the co-production of public goods and services can constitute a means of accessing society’s resources that would otherwise be unavailable to governments and, therefore, serve as a response to the scarcity of government resources and legitimacy. Furthermore, “it is seen as part of a drive to reinvigorate voluntary participation and strengthen social cohesion in an increasingly fragmented and individualized society.”</p>
				<p>However, co-production is a complex task. Studies that explore and analyze co-production processes in national and international empirical experiences show that these processes demand and depend on integrating elements such as transparency, information, trust, participation, and accountability. These elements enable the mutual engagement of regular users and providers (or citizens and rulers) to carry out co-production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alford, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bovaird, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bovaird &amp; Loefler, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Brandsen &amp; Honingh, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Denhardt &amp; Denhardt, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Doin, Dahmer, Schommer &amp; Spaniol, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Guerzovich &amp; Schommer, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Pestoff, 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">2018a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Rocha, Schommer, Debetir &amp; Pinheiro, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Rocha, Schommer, Spaniol &amp; Sousa, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Scharff, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Schommer, Rocha, Spaniol, Dahmer &amp; Sousa, 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Such elements are presented either as necessary conditions - a starting point - or as a result of co-production, which can be reinforced, transformed, expanded, or destroyed in the process. However, there is a gap in understanding the roles of these elements and their interrelationships, even though it is possible to say that co-production demands and depends on these elements’ integration to develop.</p>
				<p>The study is based on a body of research that demonstrates connections among the elements and of studies exploring the interface between co-production and accountability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Doin et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Guerzovich &amp; Schommer, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Rocha et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Rocha et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Schommer et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>This theoretical-analytical research sought to combine inductive and deductive factors to build interrelationships among the elements examined. A bibliographic review (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Rother, 2007</xref>) of national and international literature was conducted, in which the main authors of the themes were selected based on the researchers’ knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Paré, Trudel, Jaana &amp; Kitsiou, 2015</xref>) and the referenced studies. From this review, the study considered the interrelations among the elements of co-production. Then, a systematic review was carried out (Rother, 2007) of each of these concepts and the connections between them were identified. Adopting the integrative vision defended by Mary Parker Follett, as gathered and analyzed in the work of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout and Love (2017</xref>), the necessary bases for understanding these interrelations and the paths for the development of an analysis model for co-production based on social cohesion was formed. Social cohesion is understood here in the most common sociological sense, regarding the integration of individuals in a social group based on some type of motivation.</p>
				<p>Therefore, elements thought to structure the co-production of public services are discussed, seeking to study and broadly understand them amid complex processes. This is based on the ontological assumptions and the integrative elements that enshrine the systemic perspective of the association and performance of human beings in groups (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Follett, 1998</xref> &amp;391;1918&amp;393;; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Ostrom’s (1996</xref>) analysis on the synergy potentially generated by co-production is mentioned in Follett’s work, which emphasizes co-creation as a process resulting from human creativity and the need that human beings have, in order to be complete, to co-create, and actively participate in community life.</p>
				<p>Follettian governance, therefore, is aligned with the current perspectives of collaborative governance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Emerson, Nabatchi &amp; Balogh, 2012</xref>), democratic network governance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Denhardt, 2012</xref>), co-creation, and co-production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Brandsen, Steen &amp; Verschuere, 2018</xref>). However, in addition to an instrumental perspective that studies on these themes eventually assume, the particular feature of Follett’s work is the emphasis on the integration and ontology of the relational process, based on knowledge from various fields of science. According to Follett, for humanity to act (co-act) and interact in a more cohesive and harmonious way, transforming aspects of ethics, politics, and economics, it is essential to recognize and reflect on the principles that underpin any human activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>Once understood and practiced, the integrative perspective constitutes Follett’s answer (or guess), even in conflict contexts. Therefore, even if the characteristics of the context do not favor joint action between citizens and government officials, trust, collaboration, and shared knowledge would be possible (or necessary) forms of avoiding social collapse and the waste of human capacities, justifying and emphasizing the discussion about the interrelationships among these elements and their integration in these processes.</p>
				<p>This study is guided by Follet’s perspective, which is consistent with the notion of social cohesion as an essential element supporting co-production. This perspective facilitates the analysis of the elements that form the social processes involved in each of the structuring elements discussed. This reflection can improve future models of co-production analysis and find strategies for coping with the practical problems resulting from its implementation, including the role of public managers in facilitating associations through relational processes.</p>
				<p>This study adopts an integrative approach to discuss the structuring elements of co-production such as transparency, information, trust, participation, and accountability, which are also at the base of social cohesion. They are examined in an attempt to understand co-production as a complex, multifaceted, and deliberate process. In addition, this research envisions paths to develop an analysis model. However, this work does not intend to propose a model since this task would require a detailed examination based on structured empirical research of each constitutive element and its interrelations with the others. Such construction would demand answering objective questions that are not addressed in this study.</p>
				<p>The article is organized into four sections, including this introduction. The second section is a brief explanation of the integrative process, based on Mary Parker Follett’s management theory. The interrelationships of the elements present in the co-production are discussed and analyzed throughout the third section. The fourth section presents the final considerations.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>THE INTEGRATIVE PROCESS</title>
				<p>Co-production is a complex phenomenon, and its understanding goes back to the basis of Mary Parker Follett’s theory and her conception of management of organizations and social systems based on integrative processes. Follett’s work responded to the social conditions in her historical context but is still pertinent since today’s conditions are quite similar and the challenges perhaps more urgent.</p>
				<p>Reflecting on the historical context in which she worked (last decade of the nineteenth century until 1933, the year of her death), Follett stated that society’s greatest needs were born from the growing exploitation of natural resources; intense and sometimes predatory competition; the lack of work given the growing supply of labor; the development of a broader conception of the ethics of human relations; the expansion of a vision of companies as a public service (which expands the enterprises’ responsibilities toward efficient conduct). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout and Love (2017</xref>) affirm the relevance and interest of different areas of management in Follett’s work:</p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>If we reread Follett with this understanding of a relational ontology of becoming that embraces difference and seeks harmony, then her prescriptions for political and administrative practice are not only quite logical but necessary. &amp;391;...&amp;393; We need not enforce relatedness through order; it already exists. These concepts are the basics of what can be called Follettian governance facilitation of a way of living together through a relational process of becoming unique individuals, collectively engaged in an ongoing process of harmonizing differences through interlocking networks, to progress as both individuals and a society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>, pp. 356-357).</p>
				</disp-quote>
				<p>Although here reproduced in a restricted way, Follett’s thought allows us to foresee the importance of her work to understand the foundations of co-production. For the authors, the integrative process is, in summary, “the basic law of life &amp;391;...&amp;393; supports all life’s structure and guides every activity” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>, p. 359).</p>
				<p>The perspective of the integrative process applied to co-production brings the idea of a continuous, interactive, and creative process, instead of a product to be achieved, because “Integration is arguably Follett’s foundational concept, which she applies equally to physical existence, the individual psyche, and groups of human beings in all social contexts.” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>, p. 359). As already emphasized, observing the current scenario of worsening extremism and competition that have contributed to the growth of social tensions and to the questioning of institutions of national and global governance or the intensification of the conflict, Follett’s answer is pertinent. She does not ignore the conflict but sees it as a stage in an integrative, creative, and collaborative process through which alternatives and solutions to collective challenges are sought (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this sense, the elements that compose and structure co-production are not only interrelated but dynamically and mutually influential.</p>
				<p>Thus, the process demands and induces the public manager to play a proactive role in the search for co-production: coordinating an integrative process of converging elements, functions, and interests.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>STRUCTURING ELEMENTS: INTER-RELATIONS</title>
				<p>After exposing this theoretical background, each of the structuring elements for the co-production of public goods is discussed below.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Transparency</title>
					<p>Society’s demand for public transparency, understood as the open flow of information created by the government and oriented toward citizens, has grown in several countries and is determined by laws in more than 100 nations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Angélico, 2015</xref>). According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Park and Blenkinsopp (2011</xref>, p. 256), this demand originates from three main factors: “First, transparency is one of the fundamental moral claims in democratic societies &amp;391;...&amp;393;. Second, transparency is one of the practical measures taken to curtail corruption &amp;391;...&amp;393;. Third, transparency has a positive effect on trust and accountability.</p>
					<p>Promoting co-production is, at the very least, challenging where opacity, disinformation, and lack of mutual trust between citizens and government, and between them in relation to the political system, stand out. In unfavorable contexts like this, transparency can be a strategy to overcome these issues. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Rocha et al. (2019</xref>, p. 19 our translation) analyzed a program that promotes citizen participation in different stages of providing road paving services, with transparency as a key feature of local government management. The authors affirm that “Transparency in the process favored trust and mutual engagement between government officials and citizens, balancing their expectations in the face of the municipal reality and promoting knowledge about the production of public services.”</p>
					<p>In other words, considering its potential for establishing trust bases, transparency can be an effective government strategy to stimulate shared courses of action, promoting accountability, and contributing to improve service delivery (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bovaird &amp; Loefler, 2013</xref>). In addition, transparency potentially invigorates legitimacy and trust in the government and the political system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Brandsen &amp; Honingh, 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>However, there are risks to consider. Pressure may arise (albeit in disguise) from groups that have no interest in the transparency of government acts (in addition to the risk that the government will be challenged if there are complaints or reasons to believe that it disclosed incorrect information. The distance between citizens and governments, the few opportunities for participation, selective transparency regarding sensitive items such as resources, criteria, and procedures, the perception that there is a distance from the decision-making process or, yet, if there is no capacity to enforce the strategy itself, they can compromise the process, leading to widespread discredit.</p>
					<p>Even if transparency is necessary, that is not enough. Its contribution to the process is to disseminate information, which is the foundation for knowledge. Transparency also provides bases for communication processes, building consensus and dialogue on shared values, leading to the expansion of mutual trust.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Information for knowledge</title>
					<p>Information is immaterial and related to knowledge. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Robredo (2011</xref>, p. 18, our translation), “when perceived, compared to existing knowledge, and accepted (consciously or unconsciously), &amp;391;information&amp;393; is incorporated into existing knowledge that, when structured, becomes know-how”.</p>
					<p>Obtaining and absorbing information and, consequently, knowledge, depends on individual will and derives from the interest of society. Information is the active element in the development of co-production, allowing citizens to build a referential framework on public problems and government action and, from there, act to find solutions, and demand explanations from representatives on their actions, to change how they act or even the objectives of public policies. “Publicizing what is done, how it is done, and creating channels for contesting, integrate an indispensable dimension so that the mechanisms of social control of the administration can be effective” (Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada &amp;391;Ipea&amp;393;, 2010, p. 194 our translation). The citizens’ knowledge and governments’ knowledge of citizens, in turn, is relevant to the governmental action.</p>
					<p>The availability of qualified information by governments, the press, and citizens and their organizations is essential for policies’ planning, management, and evaluation. It is necessary for combating corruption and for the effectiveness of institutional control (checks and balances) between state powers and bodies and social accountability (citizens control over the government) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">O’Donnell, 1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">2004</xref>).</p>
					<p>Furthermore, new information and knowledge are produced in the interaction between public agents and citizens, contributing to improving public processes, policies, and services. The mutual engagement of citizens and governments in the co-production of information and control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Schommer et al., 2015</xref>) also allows citizens to know the limits that governments face to produce public goods and, from that, can redefine expectations and be willing to collaborate more. On the other hand, government officials come to know more about the expectations, points of view, and citizens’ capacities, which are resources that can be mobilized.</p>
					<p>The importance of information is evidenced in a study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bertolin, Santos, Lima and Braga (2008</xref>, p. 63 our translation) on cooperativism. The authors state that information “constitutes an essential ingredient in building members’ trust in their transactions with the organization.” For them, this importance encompasses the “structuring of the individual’s relations with the organization, emerging as a vital substance to the positioning of the latter as a social, productive, and knowledge-generating being.”</p>
					<p>English philosopher Francis Bacon is famous for the Latin expression <italic>Scientia potentia est</italic> “knowledge is power.” This saying is further objectified in the currently named “information and knowledge society” that, in fact, knowledge and power are interlinked. Michel Foucault highlighted and analyzed the relationship between power and knowledge: “there is no power relationship without a correlated constitution of a field of knowledge, nor knowledge that does not suppose and does not constitute power relations at the same time” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Foucault, 2010</xref>, p. 30, our translation).</p>
					<p>These are phrases and analyses that emphasize the close relationship between knowledge and the power that derives from it. In contemporary society, citizenship is constituted by having the power to participate and direct the community’s political life. However, “citizens without information about decision-making processes and the implementation of policies cannot satisfactorily claim changes in their procedures and objectives” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Ipea, 2010</xref>, p. 194, our translation). Without information, citizens are also distant from the possibility of contributing to solving public problems.</p>
					<p>Therefore, the existence of broad and reliable information provides knowledge and expands the possibilities for citizenship. If used in discussion, deliberation, and action, they increase trust in the political-administrative system and improve the conditions for citizen participation and engagement.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Trust</title>
					<p>Trust is an ambiguous concept (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Greiling, 2014</xref>, p. 618) that challenges public administration scholars (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Kim, 2005</xref>, p. 617). But, “trust in people is quite different from trust in institutions and political authorities” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Putnam, 2000</xref>, p. 137).</p>
					<p>With regard to public administration, trust is seen as an element that facilitates good governance and broadens respect for institutions, increasing citizen cooperation and understanding toward government decisions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Greiling, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Kim, 2005</xref>).</p>
					<p>The concern with the lack of trust in the government and in the political system and the harmful effects that this has on the government itself and on the cohesion of society is present in different times and contexts. Depending on the presence or absence of trust, there will be cooperation or polarization. Hence, “participation can create trust because it identifies and eventually harmonizes interests and makes actions predictable” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bouckaert &amp; van de Walle, 2003</xref>, pp. 329-335).</p>
					<p>When it comes to interpersonal trust in community interactions, the concept of social capital - here referring to the nature and extent of an individual’s involvement in various informal networks and formal civic organizations, i.e., “as a conceptual term to characterize the many and varied ways in which a given community’s members interact” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Grootaert, Narayan, Nyhan &amp; Woolcok, 2004</xref>, p. 3). It is fundamental to understand the capacity that trust and community interactions have to promote the production of collective goods (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Grootaert et al., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Serafim et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>Therefore, social capital refers to people’s ability to form a community, subordinate individual interests to collective interests, work together for mutual benefits, and share values and norms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Franco, 2001</xref>). This ability presupposes social interactions that promote mutual recognition, trust, reciprocity, and solidarity. It does not concern personal virtues but social virtues established from horizontal ties of interdependence among individuals in a community.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Rennó (2003</xref>, p. 36, our translation) states that “Trust is built over a long period and, once established, tends to continue over time, even though it requires constant exercise.”</p>
					<p>Trust encourages mobilization around collective issues because it generates positive expectations about the behavior of others, including the government and its institutions, because “in the essence of the concept of trust, according to several authors, is the idea of reciprocity,” that is, “one person trusts another because they expect a certain type of attitude from them” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Rennó, 2003</xref>, p. 73, our translation).</p>
					<p>Mutual trust allows the prevalence of common interests over individual interests. When there is no trust, individuals prefer to act in isolation and not collectively, which gives social importance to both cooperation and political mobilization, “precisely because of their indirect effects of ‘dispelling isolation and mutual distrust’” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Putnam, 2006</xref>, p. 103). When citizens abandon their feelings of mutual trust, they end up undermining horizontal solidarity, showing less solidarity and participation in the community’s life, solely interested in their well-being and that of their family (Putnam, 2006, p. 154).</p>
					<p>In a study that tested the willingness of individuals to engage in collective actions, it was found that the more an individual understands that their participation requires a lot of their time and effort, the more interpersonal trust represents a positive differential. This trust results in encouraging the formation of groups of citizens with common interests, conditioned by the individual expectations of costs and benefits of collective action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Freire, 2014</xref>).</p>
					<p>However, there are risks. “Trust is a fragile asset - especially in the government” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Behn, 1998</xref>, p. 28, our translation), and lack of results or not valuing citizens may lead to distrust.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Kang and Ryzin (2019</xref>) investigate how co-production can influence trust in the government. They concluded that trust is a precondition for initiating a co-production process, even though they found little causal effect of co-production on trust.</p>
					<p>Trust is related to evaluating the service delivery process, and satisfaction is correlated with the evaluation of results. When the process is perceived as inclusive, participatory, and impartial, trust tends to be promoted (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Fledderus, 2015</xref>).</p>
					<p>Therefore, trust is the result of successful relational processes, built over time, and a requirement for political participation as well as an element that allows the consolidation of participation and citizen engagement.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Participation</title>
					<p>Follett’s contribution to the discussion of citizen participation in the community can be traced to one of her nicknames, “participation prophet,” as she foreshadowed the need for a more democratic public administration by engaging citizens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>, p. 372).</p>
					<p>When restricted to the forms defined by the literature as conventional or citizen-oriented participation, the concept of participation refers to the inclusion of citizens in the political process, electing and delegating power to their representatives or involved in public policies’ decision-making processes. It represents the preliminary level of engagement, which has the same nature as participation but exercised more profoundly and directly, so the citizen is personally and directly involved in the actions and shares responsibility for the process and its results (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>).</p>
					<p>Participation and engagement are treated here as different levels of the same phenomenon in which citizens share power with public officials in “substantive decision-making” and in the development of actions related to the community (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Roberts, 2004</xref>, p. 320). Participation presupposes the combination of an enabling political environment and individual will.</p>
					<p>One of the first efforts to systematize issues related to citizen participation in political life was by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Milbrath (1965</xref>). The author, reviewing empirical studies, distinguished a series of participation forms, which showed a wide variety of possibilities for their occurrence.</p>
					<p>Research carried out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Verba and Almond (1963</xref>) led to a typology of the different gradations of individuals’ explicit willingness to participate, which they called “civic culture.” The authors identified three pure types of civic culture, and only members of the type related to participation feel motivated to engage in community actions, giving stability to democracies. In Follett’s view, as cited by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout and Love (2017</xref>, p. 71), “The activity of co-creating is the core of democracy, the essence of citizenship, the condition of world citizenship”.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Milbrath’s (1965</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Verba and Almond’s (1963</xref>) studies were criticized for disregarding unconventional forms of engagement, such as the political activism of protest movements.</p>
					<p>Another classic typology of participation is <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Arnstein’s (1969</xref>) Ladder of Citizen Participation, structured based on the variable citizens’ degree of power over decisions and actions of government programs, in different empirical situations. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Pretty (1995</xref>) distinguishes seven types of participation, considering motivations and incentives to participate and roles played by citizens in initiatives aimed at common interests. As for <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">White (1996</xref>), two main forms of planning and developing participation must be distinguished, considering who participates and the participation level.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Axworthy (2004</xref>, p. 3), when discussing the accountability deficit in the Canadian elections, affirms that there are clear relations between participation and accountability because for citizens to get involved in the political process, they must have enough information to assess the performance of the elected and assign responsibilities. The author concludes: “to encourage citizen involvement we must fix the accountability framework”.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Marques (2009</xref>, p. 126, our translation), when studying the relationship between communication, the media, and the processes of building democracy in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, corroborates the position of the Canadian study by stating that “people only engage in participatory processes when motivated by the certainty that their specific contribution can change the course and the formulation of policies and norms that directly affect them”.</p>
					<p>However, when participation is not valued, and the citizen does not see results, there is a risk of generating disengagement and distrust, undermining the process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Fledderus, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Freire, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Marques, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Putnam, 2006</xref>). There is also the risk of using the notion of participation to put on a false governmental promise, of integrating the citizen into the processes of debate and decision-making; and, to qualify or validate formalistic deliberative processes (Marques, 2009).</p>
					<p>In any case, participation and engagement, both of which rely on trust as a catalyst, are also active and fundamental elements for accountability.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Accountability</title>
					<p>Accountability can be understood as a strategy to meet a set of expectations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Heidemann, 2009</xref>). In the scope of public administration, accountability refers to a complex process of control of public activity that seeks to promote public agents’ permanent responsibility due to the power society grants them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Mainwaring &amp; Welna, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">O’Donnell, 1998</xref>, 2004; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Rocha, 2011</xref>).</p>
					<p>The accountability process requires information, knowledge, and social participation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Axworthy, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Denhardt &amp; Denhardt, 2007</xref>), especially from the perspective of social accountability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Hernandez &amp; Cuadros, 2014</xref>) or the co-production of information and control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Schommer et al., 2015</xref>), which emphasizes the relationship between citizens and government.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Hernandez and Cuadros (2014</xref> p. 230, our translation) emphasize that accountability is not voluntary and presupposes who demands and applies it. It can be considered an element of well-being and socio-economic development: “being unable to demand accountability is a condition of poverty and a reason to remain in poverty.” Citizens are, therefore, co-responsible for accountability, demanding it from government officials and collaborating for its realization while seeking a solution to specific problems in each context (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Guerzovich, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Thindwa, 2019</xref>). This is in line with what Follett pointed out, suggesting going beyond accountability based on hierarchy, in favor of accountability as responsiveness, assuming shared responsibility among the various people involved in a certain problem. It is not enough that each person fulfills their role or part well. It is necessary to be concerned with the performance of the other parts of the system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Greiling (2013</xref>, p. 40) notes that many authors consider accountability an essential factor in building and increasing citizen’s trust in the government and its institutions. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Kim (2005</xref>, p. 630) argues that “An institutional arrangement designed to ensure accountability byempowering citizens is likely to increase voluntary acceptance of the decisions and rules of government authority to the extent that government and citizens widen their shared values and interests”.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Axworthy (2004</xref>, p. 2) observes that “A clearly defined accountability system is crucial to our system of representative democracy because citizens through their vote legitimize or give authority to leaders to act”.</p>
					<p>It is interesting to note the necessary synergy between institutional and social accountability, which arises from the need for a broad and open flow of information, able to subsidize and encourage discussion and debate around public issues.</p>
					<p>Thus, the production and dissemination of high-quality public information, which government officials and citizens can use to analyze and define courses of action, is a necessary condition, although not sufficient, for effective accountability by society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Rocha, 2013</xref>). Such a need leads society to demand the production and dissemination of information through institutional systems, which empowers and legitimizes them. Citizens can contribute to the production of information based on and complementing data produced by institutional control bodies. Ideally, citizens should have, according to the possibilities, similar conditions to exercise social accountability as found within the state apparatus, counting on structure, technical capacity, access to specialized personnel, and legal competence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Rocha et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>Therefore, institutional control systems must work well so that social accountability processes can develop satisfactorily. Both are interdependent (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Schommer et al., 2015</xref>) and share responsibility for the system’s performance as a whole (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>).</p>
					<p>Accountability is even more challenging in co-production than in traditional public administration or in models of provision via the market, as it goes through more subjective criteria: the same actors play more than one role - those who control are also involved in decisions and execution (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Denhardt &amp; Denhardt, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Rocha, 2011</xref>). Furthermore, it is not limited to the electoral cycle or the moment of the elections, including the daily exercise of mandates and the cycles of public policies.</p>
					<p>In an article that discussed accountability in governance arrangements when a public service - conciliation services - is carried out through co-production, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Tuurnas, Stenvall and Rannisto (2016</xref>, p. 131) conclude that “co-production between volunteers and professionals increases accountability ties. &amp;391;...&amp;393; co-production as a governance arrangement affects the working conditions of public service professionals”. In the case studied, professional accountability, social accountability, and peer review may be necessary “to avoid making policies based on the mutual professional interests of one group” (Tuurnas et al., 2016, p. 141). The same authors emphasize “that governance arrangements change the logic of professional service provision, having implications especially for accountability relationships” (Tuurnas et al., 2016, p. 145).</p>
					<p>In the same sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Schommer et al. (2015</xref>) analyzed collaboration experiences between civil society organizations and institutional control bodies in Brazilian municipalities. The authors concluded that such connection contributes to activating the local and national accountability system, providing better information, justification, rewards, and punishments to public agents.</p>
					<p>Thus, accountability composes and synthesizes the systemic perspective of the integrative process of the structuring elements of co-production.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Co-production - The Integrative Perspective</title>
					<p>Several authors define typologies of co-production, considering the roles, degrees of power-sharing, and the stages of the co-production process in which the actors’ engagement takes place (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bovaird, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Brandsen &amp; Hoeningh, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Nabatchi, Sancino &amp; Sicilia, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Pestoff, 2018b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Salm &amp; Menegasso, 2010</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Salm and Menegasso (2010</xref>, pp. 13-14, our translation), for example, consider different forms and degrees of power in participation to distinguish five models of co-production of public services: <italic>nominal co-production</italic>, in which the intention is the efficiency of public services, and there is no effective citizen participation and power over the state; <italic>symbolic co-production</italic>, a model marked by its manipulative nature, aiming to demonstrate the presence and effectiveness of the state; <italic>functional co-production</italic>, which occurs through the request for services, assistance to the state, or through a mutual adjustment with the state, and aims at the efficient implementation of public policies; <italic>representative co-production with sustainability</italic>, which results from the interaction of the citizen with the state apparatus and the delegation of power by the state. “In this model, empowerment and accountability are essential, since the model requires civic engagement by the citizen and the community”; and <italic>co-production for community mobilization</italic>, where public services are co-produced as a strategy for the permanent mobilization of the community and for overcoming the bureaucratic organization. “The model aims to transform the community and the public apparatus of the state,” based on ethical and democratic principles.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Pestoff (2018b</xref>) discusses the roles of public servants, citizens, and private providers in four different public administration models. In the traditional model, citizens are only beneficiaries, without voice, choice, control, and effective participation. In the community model, citizens produce public goods and services they need on their own, usually due to the absence of the state and the lack of alternatives for citizens, i.e., there is no authentic co-production. In the new public management model, private providers gain prominence, and the user’s role is one of choice, more as a consumer than as an active citizen, with a voice and action on the direction of the good or service. In the new public governance, in which co-production occurs, citizens participate and have a voice and political influence. They also have the option to disengage if they do not want to participate.</p>
					<p>Although there are other types of co-production, the focus here is to show that co-production is a process of interactions between individuals and groups, shaped by motivations and attitudes. Unlike the interactions that occur in formal organizations, the motivations for co-production are diverse - through functional links, in the case of public agents; and out of self-interest, in the case of the citizen, even if such interest concerns only the individual or the community - because such interactions occur in relational and not contractual terms.</p>
					<p>Thus, understanding co-production as an integrative process through Follett’s point of view allows us “to transform our understanding of conflict as a social problem into conflict as an opportunity for a self-organizing, constructive, unifying, harmonizing, synthesizing process that generates shared power and progress” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>, p. 356). The co-production processes abandon the perspective of a formal, hierarchical, and imposing administration, for a “fluid social function of facilitating the harmonization of differences, ” i.e., “collaborative governance” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>, p. 357).</p>
					<p>Therefore, if there are no formal employment links in co-production that compel the citizen to co-produce, their adherence to the process will only occur for as long as they believe in the process, its benefits, and when they feel part of it. The public manager, in turn, is demanded and induced to coordinate an integrative process of converging elements, functions, and interests, valuing the contribution of all involved and committed to the results. These conditions will be reached when the nature of the process is understood, and the elements that give them social support are present. Only then the social cohesion necessary to support co-production will be present and persist as long as the co-production structural elements subsist.</p>
					<p>However, co-production, even when it occurs effectively, sharing power, and achieving results, presents risks. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bovaird and Loefler (2013</xref>, p. 9) warn that many initiatives focus on <italic>needs</italic> instead of <italic>needs and capacities</italic>. This can mean a great variation in terms of results from one place to another and compromises the trust that the citizen, and the government itself, invest in the process. It is also possible that this is the type of relationship that can end up destroying transparency, trust, participation, and accountability due to citizens’ distrust in the state’s capacity to fulfill its promises and obligations toward co-production (Steen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Brandsen &amp; Verschuere, 2018</xref>). In addition, under certain conditions, co-production is expected to generate synergy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Ostrom, 1996</xref>). Depending on how the process is conducted, co-production can decrease synergy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Kang &amp; Ryzin, 2019</xref>), destroying public value instead of adding to it (Bovaird &amp; Loeffler, 2013). Furthermore, co-production will be impractical if there is no effective redistribution of power, as discussed by Follets, <italic>power with</italic> instead of <italic>power over</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>) so that citizens feel included and influence public policies. In this sense, the redistribution of power must be understood categorically because only then will citizens excluded from the political process feel encouraged to participate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Arnstein, 1969</xref>).</p>
					<p>In short, co-production can respond to the imbalance and the unproductive conflict (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>) and be useful in the face of the scarcity of government resources and legitimacy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Brandsen &amp; Honingh, 2016</xref>). Although it naturally involves risks (Bovaird &amp; Loeffler, 2014; Brandsen et al., 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Kang &amp; Ryzin, 2019</xref>), as the central element and final objective of a complex, multifaceted, and deliberate process, co-production depends on and influences the elements that support it. It also demands and implements transparency in relation to production processes and their results. It qualifies information and knowledge since the existence of broad and reliable information provides knowledge and expands the possibilities of citizenship, increasing trust in the political-administrative system and improving the conditions of participation and citizen engagement. Increasing trust, which relates to the assessment of service delivery processes and the achievement of results, connects citizen and community participation and engagement to public service production and promotes accountability, which, in turn, expands, reinforces, and feeds back into the entire process, strengthening and improving it.</p>
					<p>However, it should be noted that the discussion proposed here has just begun. It is not intended as a definitive conclusion about the elements and their relations but suggests ways to move forward in proposing the theoretical model of integrative analysis of co-production. This requires a detailed examination and in different orders and levels of analysis in progressive empirical research, per element and as a whole, in order to answer basic questions, such as: what is the intensity of these relationships? To what extent are the elements’ preconditions for co-production? Is there a hierarchy between them? Are they necessary and/or an effective response to make co-production possible in contexts of conflict? And in contexts of harmony (not conflict)? These and other defining questions for future research will allow us to arrive at the structuring of a model.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
				<p>In the current political and economic crisis, the complexity of the challenges and the collective needs are greater than government responsiveness. The aggravation of conflicts and social tensions requires counterpoints to find a new balance through collaboration and coordination. The rising costs and the growing demand jeopardize the provision of more and better public services. Against this backdrop, the solution lies in adopting differentiated and creative strategies to deliver these services, involving the mobilization and coordination of the resources available in society.</p>
				<p>In addition to the financial aspects, the rapprochement between government and citizens can contribute to recover the political legitimacy of governments, considering the moment of skepticism and perplexity generated by investigations of corruption, misuse of public resources, and new global challenges. The context requires participatory and creative responses that strengthen citizenship and democracy instead of authoritarian and simplistic solutions.</p>
				<p>According to what has already been observed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Follett (1998</xref>), progress depends not only on economic, physical, or biological conditions but on the capacity for genuine cooperation, or the continuous expansion of people’s capacity to work together and build a co-creative democracy in all spheres of society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this scenario, co-production appears as a way to balance expectations, justify the lack of resources, mobilize other types and sources of resources, promote accountability, and engage civil servants and citizens in the provision of services and in facing public challenges.</p>
				<p>However, co-production does not happen by chance. It is a complex process that, approached from an integrative view, can be studied, understood, and structured more broadly. As a government action strategy to produce public goods and services together with citizens, co-production presupposes - and requires - the authorities’ proactivity, translated into the necessary sharing of power and action with the citizen, and a responsive posture of the citizen, whose participation goes beyond ordinary and punctual actions, expressing an awareness of belonging and being part of a production process, democratic in essence, but in continuous transformation. Public managers, who are also citizens “with special responsibilities” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Stout &amp; Love, 2017</xref>, p. 374), have the special task of coordinating an integrative process of converging elements, functions, and interests. As such, the adhesion of public servants and citizens to the co-production of public goods and services will only happen as long as they believe in the process and will only continue as long as they feel part of it and perceive the elements that reinforce and reinvigorate the social cohesion necessary for the process and its sustainability.</p>
				<p>However, it is crucial to realize that fiscal limitations (or any other pertinent reasons), while being an incentive for co-production and enhancing citizens’ capacity, can also represent a possible reduction (or withdrawal) of the state’s presence providing services and guaranteeing rights.</p>
				<p>Finally, it is important to reinforce that this is an initial work, proposing that transparency, information, trust, participation, and accountability are structuring elements of co-production. Based on a vision of ontological and cultural assumptions, elements of the integrative process that enshrines the systemic perspective of the association and performance of human beings in groups, as defended by Mary Parker Follett, it is possible to envision paths for the development of an analysis model. This model would be based on social cohesion supported by the systemic perspective of association and performance of individuals in groups, acting from their personal motivations and attitudes. However, advancing the proposal of the model itself is an ongoing task that requires, in addition to the discussion of theoretical aspects, empirical research that consolidates and details the interrelations presented here.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</title>
				<p>The authors would like to thank the Research and Innovation Support Foundation of the State of Santa Catarina (FAPESC)for the financial support through the research support program PAP-UDESC.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
					<label>10</label>
					<p>[Translated version] Note: All quotes in English translated by this article’s translator.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article-->
</article>