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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cebape</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cadernos EBAPE.BR</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cad. EBAPE.BR</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1679-3951</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Fundação Getulio Vargas, Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1679-395120220308</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00003</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTIGO</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Estrutura do conselho de administração como mecanismo para atingir a Agenda 2030 na América Latina</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Board structure as a mechanism to achieve the UN 2030 Agenda in Latin America</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>Estructura de la junta directiva como mecanismo para alcanzar la agenda 2030 en América Latina</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6326-575X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pinheiro</surname>
						<given-names>Alan Bandeira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Conceituação (Igual)</role>
					<role>Curadoria de dados (Igual)</role>
					<role>Análise formal (Igual)</role>
					<role> Aquisição de financiamento (Liderança)</role>
					<role> Investigação (Igual)</role>
					<role> Metodologia (Igual)</role>
					<role> Administração de projeto (Liderança)</role>
					<role> Recursos (Igual)</role>
					<role> Software (Igual</role>
					<role>upervisão (Igual)</role>
					<role> Validação (Igual)</role>
					<role> Visualização (Igual)</role>
					<role>Escrita - rascunho original (Igual)</role>
					<role> Escrita - revisão e edição (Igual)</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1957-056X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Cintia de Melo de Albuquerque</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<role>Conceituação (Igual)</role>
					<role> Análise formal (Igual)</role>
					<role> Investigação (Igual)</role>
					<role>Metodologia (Igual)</role>
					<role> Recursos (Igual)</role>
					<role> Software (Igual)</role>
					<role> Supervisão (Igual)</role>
					<role> Validação (Igual)</role>
					<role> Visualização (Igual)</role>
					<role> Escrita - rascunho original (Igual)</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2458-9115</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bizerra</surname>
						<given-names>André Luiz Villagelim</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<role>Curadoria de dados (Igual)</role>
					<role> Investigação (Igual)</role>
					<role> Metodologia (Igual)</role>
					<role> Software (Igual)</role>
					<role> Validação (Igual)</role>
					<role> Visualização (Igual)</role>
					<role> Escrita - rascunho original (Igual)</role>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Curitiba- PR, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">/ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>alanbpinheiro@hotmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> NEOMA Business School, Rouen- França</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">NEOMA Business School</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">NEOMA Business School</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rouen</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="FR">França</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)/ Departamento de Contabilidade, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Contabilidade</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>cintiaalbuquerque@id.uff.br</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) / Faculdade de Administração e Finanças, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Administração e Finanças</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>andrevillage@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Alan Bandeira Pinheiro - Doutorando em Administração pela Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), com estágio doutoral na NEOMA Business School; Mestre em Administração e Controladoria pela Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC). E-mail: alanbpinheiro@hotmail.com</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Cintia de Melo de Albuquerque Ribeiro - Professora Adjunta da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF); Doutora em Sistema de Gestão Sustentável pela Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF); Mestre em Ciências Contábeis pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ); Pós-graduada em Auditoria Fiscal e Tributária pela Universidade Gama Filho (UGF). E-mail: cintiaalbuquerque@id.uff.br</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
					<p>André Luiz Villagelim Bizerra - Mestre em Ciências Contábeis pela Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ); Pós-graduado em Administração Pública pela Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV EBAPE). E-mail: andrevillage@gmail.com</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn6">
					<p>Hélio Arthur Reis Irigaray (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brasil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-7859</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn7">
					<p>Fabricio Stocker (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brasil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6340-9127</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>20</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>22</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e2022-0308</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title><italic>Resumo</italic></title>
				<p>Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar o efeito da estrutura do conselho no engajamento das empresas com os Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Foram analisadas as características do conselho de administração relacionadas a tamanho, independência e diversidade, bem como a divulgação dos 17 ODS de 371 empresas sediadas na América Latina no período de 2016 a 2020. Os dados foram analisados mediante regressão de dados em painel com efeitos fixos e regressão de dados em painel pelo método logit. Os achados da pesquisa mostraram que o tamanho e a independência do conselho têm um efeito positivo na divulgação dos ODS. Os resultados dialogam com a Teoria dos Altos Escalões, na medida em que ela preconiza que as escolhas e o posicionamento estratégico da empresa são feitos pela alta administração, ou seja, os membros do conselho de administração. A pesquisa amplia a explicação dessa teoria, confirmando que a alta administração é determinante para o posicionamento estratégico em questões ambientais e sociais. Gestores e acionistas devem compreender que determinados fatores, como a formação de um comitê de responsabilidade social e a elaboração de relatório de sustentabilidade, também podem contribuir para a Agenda 2030. No nível governamental, os resultados são úteis a formuladores de políticas públicas, já que eles podem incentivar a criação de normas para divulgação voluntária de informações ambientais e sociais.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>This study aims to investigate the effect of board structure on companies’ engagement with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The characteristics of the board of directors related to the size of the board, independence, and diversity were analyzed, as well as the disclosure of the 17 SDGs of 371 companies headquartered in Latin America from 2016 to 2020. The data were analyzed using data regression in a panel with fixed effects and regression of panel data using the logit method. Research findings showed that board size and board independence have a positive effect on SDG disclosure. The results are in line with the Upper Echelons Theory, as it advocates that the company’s strategic choices and positioning are made by senior management - the members of the board of directors. The research expands the explanation of this theory, confirming that top management is crucial for strategic positioning in environmental and social issues. Managers and shareholders must understand that certain features, such as the social responsibility committee and the preparation of a sustainability report, can also contribute to the 2030 Agenda. At the government level, the results are useful for public policy makers, as they can encourage the creation of norms for the voluntary disclosure of environmental and social information.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar el efecto de la estructura de la junta directiva en el compromiso de las empresas con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Se analizaron las características de la junta directiva relacionadas con el tamaño de la junta, la independencia y la diversidad, así como la divulgación de los 17 ODS de 371 empresas con sede en América Latina para el período de 2016 a 2020. Los datos se analizaron utilizando regresión de datos en panel con efectos fijos y regresión de datos de panel utilizando el método logit. Los hallazgos de la investigación mostraron que el tamaño y la independencia de la junta tienen un efecto positivo en la divulgación de los ODS. Los resultados están en línea con la teoría de la alta dirección, ya que defiende que las decisiones y posicionamientos estratégicos de la empresa sean realizados por la alta dirección, es decir, los miembros de la junta directiva. La investigación amplía la explicación de esta teoría, confirmando que la alta dirección es crucial para el posicionamiento estratégico en temas ambientales y sociales. Los gerentes y accionistas deben entender que ciertos elementos, como la formación de un comité de responsabilidad social y la elaboración de un informe de sostenibilidad, también pueden contribuir a la Agenda 2030. A nivel de gobierno, los resultados son útiles para los hacedores de políticas públicas, ya que pueden incentivar la creación de normas para la divulgación voluntaria de información ambiental y social.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Estrutura do conselho</kwd>
				<kwd>Objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável</kwd>
				<kwd>Agenda 2030</kwd>
				<kwd>Responsabilidade social corporativa</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Board structure</kwd>
				<kwd>Sustainable development goals</kwd>
				<kwd>Agenda 2030</kwd>
				<kwd>Corporate social responsibility</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Estructura de la junta directiva</kwd>
				<kwd>Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible</kwd>
				<kwd>Agenda 2030</kwd>
				<kwd>Responsabilidad social corporativa</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="34"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>Os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) representam uma nova meta global de sustentabilidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>). Seu alcance é vital para o bem-estar da humanidade e do planeta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Silva, 2021</xref>). Embora os ODS sejam voltados principalmente para os Estados, espera-se o engajamento de empresas com práticas sustentáveis para a sua consecução <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">(Naciti, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Silva, 2021</xref>). Por isso, é necessário integrar os ODS às atividades de negócio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Uma forma de engajar as organizações em práticas sustentáveis compreende a composição do conselho de administração (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>), visto que este é responsável pelas principais decisões estratégicas de gestão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al., 2021</xref>). De acordo com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Schaedler et al. (2022</xref>), cabe ao conselho de administração estabelecer o relacionamento com o ambiente externo por meio de <italic>networking</italic>, reputação e <italic>performance</italic> social.</p>
			<p>Pesquisas anteriores realizadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Chindasombatcharoen et al. (2022</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Farza et al. (2022</xref>) investigaram o impacto da diversidade do conselho na inovação ambiental das corporações. Outros estudos examinaram a associação entre os mecanismos de governança e o Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Khalid et al., 2022</xref>), os efeitos dos atributos do conselho no desempenho de sustentabilidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Disli et al., 2022</xref>) e a influência dos fatores organizacionais na decisão da empresa de reportar os ODS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rosati &amp; Faria, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Já o nível de engajamento das empresas com a Agenda 2030 e como a estrutura de governança da empresa influencia tal engajamento são questões emergentes para pesquisa.</p>
			<p>Ao analisar quatro países da América Latina, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Correa-Garcia et al. (2020</xref>) encontraram alguns fatores de governança que determinam a qualidade dos relatórios de sustentabilidade. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Husted e Sousa-Filho (2019</xref>) identificaram a relação entre atributos do conselho e divulgação ESG. Entretanto, faltam estudos que examinem os fatores determinantes para o engajamento das empresas com os ODS.</p>
			<p>Assim, cabe questionar: qual é o efeito da estrutura do conselho no engajamento das empresas com os ODS? Espera-se que haja uma relação entre os atributos do conselho e o engajamento de empresas com o alcance dos objetivos da Agenda 2030. Dessa forma, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é investigar o efeito da estrutura do conselho no engajamento das empresas com os ODS. Mediante uma abordagem quantitativa, foi realizada uma análise multivariada das características do conselho de administração relacionadas a tamanho do conselho, independência e diversidade. Também foi avaliada a divulgação dos 17 ODS de 371 empresas sediadas na América Latina. Foram utilizados, para tanto, dados constantes da base de dados Thomson Reuters Eikon do período de 2016 a 2020.</p>
			<p>O reconhecimento da força do conselho nas decisões de gestão, somado aos desastres ocorridos em todo o mundo, tem impulsionado pesquisas sobre governança corporativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Lopes &amp; Demajorovic, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al., 2021</xref>). No entanto, poucos estudos investigaram a relação entre a estrutura de governança e práticas de sustentabilidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>). Além disso, o fluxo de pesquisas sobre ODS nos negócios é recente e sua literatura encontra-se em um estágio embrionário (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020</xref>). Assim, o desenvolvimento de pesquisas que busquem compreender a relação entre implementação dos ODS e estrutura de governança é de fundamental importância para preencher uma lacuna na literatura. Também se observa um número insuficiente de estudos acerca da vinculação entre a atuação empresarial em mercados de baixa renda e aspectos relacionados à sustentabilidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Morais-da-Silva et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Assim, os resultados desta pesquisa trazem contribuições teóricas relevantes para a literatura de governança corporativa e de relatórios de sustentabilidade, ao fornecer evidências empíricas sobre as contribuições do conselho de administração na implementação dos ODS pelas empresas. Além disso, a presente pesquisa apresenta importantes implicações práticas, sendo relevante para diversos <italic>stakeholders</italic>, gestores de empresas latino-americanas, por identificar novas estratégias capazes de melhorar as interconexões entre a retórica e a prática de ODS, bem como para formuladores de política, ao fornecer evidências que subsidiem o desenvolvimento de políticas que incentivem o alcance dos ODS.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>BACKGROUND TEÓRICO</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Agenda 2030 e os ODS</title>
				<p>As regras e leis que regulam o mercado são ineficazes em garantir a sustentabilidade do negócio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Faria, 2017</xref>). A ética, no entanto, conduz as empresas a uma atitude proativa e responsável, levando-as a irem além do simples cumprimento das leis aplicáveis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Troiani et al., 2022</xref>). Desse modo, os aspectos sociais, ambientais e éticos dos negócios tornaram-se essenciais no século XXI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>). De forma a garantir a observação de tais aspectos nos negócios, os Estados-Membros das Nações Unidas acordaram a criação de uma agenda global para o desenvolvimento sustentável baseada em 169 metas agrupadas em 17 ODS, os quais foram apresentados, no ano de 2015, como parte da Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pinheiro et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>Os ODS são um conjunto de metas que visam resolver os grandes problemas do planeta com relação à proteção do meio ambiente, promovendo o desenvolvimento sustentável, eliminando a pobreza e a desigualdade e garantindo que todas as pessoas desfrutem de paz e prosperidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020</xref>). Para o alcance desses objetivos, as empresas têm papel fundamental, dada sua capacidade inovadora e criativa (Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Van der Waal et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>As empresas podem implementar estratégias sustentáveis e operar de acordo com as metas dos ODS, de forma a garantir que suas operações comerciais não atrapalhem essa agenda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>). Para apoiar o cumprimento da Agenda 2030, o conselho de administração desempenha um papel muito importante, pois a liderança da empresa determina em grande parte a estratégia de sustentabilidade organizacional (Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Teoria dos Escalões Superiores</title>
				<p>Diversas teorias têm sido utilizadas para fundamentar a adoção de práticas de sustentabilidade, como a Teoria dos Stakeholders<italic>,</italic> Teoria da Legitimidade e Teoria da Sinalização (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rosati &amp; Faria, 2019</xref>). Outras são utilizadas para explicar as características do conselho, como Teoria da Gestão por Competência, Teoria da Visão Baseada em Recursos e Teoria dos Escalões Superiores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>). No entanto, para entender como as empresas agem e por que agem de determinada forma, é preciso compreender os preconceitos e disposições de seus atores mais poderosos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Hambrick, 2007</xref>). Assim, esta pesquisa utiliza a Teoria dos Escalões Superiores (Upper Echelons Theory), que explica o desempenho empresarial de acordo com as decisões estratégicas, as quais são influenciadas pelos aspectos comportamentais e refletem as características dos tomadores de decisão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hambrick &amp; Mason, 1984</xref>).</p>
				<p>A premissa central da Teoria dos Escalões Superiores fundamenta-se no fato de as experiências, os valores e as personalidades dos executivos influenciarem, de forma significativa, sua interpretação acerca das situações enfrentadas e, por sua vez, suas escolhas. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Hambrick, 2007</xref>). Assim, a heterogeneidade dentro de um grupo é relevante para um debate mais amplo sobre as questões e tomadas de decisão mais bem informadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hambrick &amp; Mason, 1984</xref>).</p>
				<p>Do ponto de vista da Teoria dos Escalões Superiores, verifica-se que a diversidade relacionada aos conselhos de administração viabiliza a redução dos vieses individuais e cognitivos no processo de tomada de decisão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kanadlı et al., 2018</xref>). Diante disso, em conselhos de administração maiores, com maior representação feminina e com maior independência, é mais provável que os diretores usem diferentes conhecimentos, habilidades e experiências para inserir as pautas ambientais e sociais nas reuniões corporativas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Estrutura do conselho de administração: hipóteses de pesquisa</title>
				<p>A estrutura de governança é conceituada como mecanismo de coordenação empregado para reduzir custos na realização das transações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Williamson, 1996</xref>). Dentre os mecanismos de governança mais importantes, estão os conselhos de administração, os quais atuam no sentido de garantir os interesses das partes interessadas e o alcance dos resultados sociais e ambientais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>), na medida em que influenciam diretamente as estratégias adotadas pela empresa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pizzi et al., 2021</xref>) e realizam relatórios de sustentabilidade para melhor informar seus <italic>stakeholders</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>O conselho de administração é um órgão colegiado e seus membros são eleitos pelos sócios da empresa. A diversidade de perfis deve ser garantida, pois permite uma pluralidade de argumentos durante o processo de tomada de decisão. Essa diversidade está relacionada a conhecimento, experiências, comportamentos, aspectos culturais, faixa etária e gênero. Os conselheiros são classificados em internos - quando diretores ou empregados da própria empresa -; externos - conselheiros sem vínculo comercial, empregatício ou de direção com a organização, mas que não são independentes -; e independentes - conselheiros externos que não possuem relações familiares, de negócio, ou de qualquer outro tipo com participantes da empresa que influenciem ou possam influenciar, de forma significativa, seu julgamento, opiniões, decisões ou comprometer suas ações no melhor interesse da organização (Instituto Brasileiro de Governança Corporativa [IBGC], <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>As evidências empíricas são inconclusivas quanto à relação entre o tamanho do conselho e as práticas de sustentabilidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hussain et al., 2018</xref>) e no que se refere a divulgações de informações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">García-Sánchez &amp; Noguera-Gámez, 2018</xref>). Por um lado, um conselho maior pode levar a processos ineficazes de coordenação, comunicação e tomada de decisão, com impacto insignificante na divulgação dos ODS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>). Por outro, uma proporção maior de conselheiros independentes tem efeitos positivos no desempenho ambiental e social das empresas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hussain et al., 2018</xref>), em virtude de maior diversidade de ideias, valores e experiências, o que pode levar a divulgações de mais qualidade. Assim, nesta pesquisa, assume-se a seguinte hipótese:</p>
				<p><bold>H1</bold>. Organizações com um maior conselho de administração tendem a ter maior engajamento com os ODS.</p>
				<p>Nos últimos anos, o conselho tem passado por mudanças radicais no que diz respeito a diversificação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al., 2021</xref>). A Agenda 2030 determina que o conselho de administração seja formado por mulheres engajadas, bem como possua um percentual mínimo como <italic>proxy</italic> para avaliar o cumprimento da meta estabelecida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pizzi et al., 2021</xref>). A diversidade de gênero no conselho pode contribuir para a diversidade de opiniões, afetando de forma positiva a divulgação da responsabilidade social corporativa (RSC) das organizações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al., 2021</xref>) e o desempenho de sustentabilidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>). As mulheres exigem níveis mais elevados de sustentabilidade e são mais propensas a um comportamento moral e ético (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rosati &amp; Faria, 2019</xref>). Assim, a nomeação de mulheres para o conselho melhora o processo de tomada de decisão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al. (2021</xref>) evidenciaram uma relação positiva, mas insignificante, entre conselhos com diversidade de gênero e comportamento sustentável ou socialmente responsável. No entanto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hussain et al. (2018</xref>) identificaram que a diversidade do conselho aumenta a dimensão social de sustentabilidade, apesar de não terem encontrado suporte para a relação entre mulheres no conselho e desempenho ambiental. Já <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti (2019</xref>) comprovou que, quanto maior a diversidade do conselho, maior o impacto positivo no desempenho socioambiental. Além disso, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rosati e Faria (2019</xref>) constataram que, com uma maior proporção de mulheres no conselho, há mais propensão em abordar os ODS nos relatórios de sustentabilidade. Dessa forma, tem-se como segunda hipótese de pesquisa:</p>
				<p><bold>H2</bold>. Organizações com maior participação feminina no conselho tendem a apresentar maior engajamento com os ODS.</p>
				<p>Conselhos independentes têm maior capacidade de monitorar os gerentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Pinheiro et al., 2023</xref>) e demonstram maior responsabilidade com os <italic>stakeholders</italic>, em virtude de ausência de relação monetária e de vínculos materiais entre eles e as firmas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pizzi et al., 2021</xref>). Isso pode contribuir para o alcance das metas de sustentabilidade (Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hussain et al. (2018</xref>) observaram que uma parcela maior de conselheiros independentes em um conselho de administração está associada a maiores desempenhos ambientais e sociais. Apesar de haver resultados divergentes quanto à relação entre conselho independente e práticas de sustentabilidade (Naciti, 2019) e divulgação dos ODS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>), a hipótese de pesquisa segue o entendimento de que um conselho independente tem maior autonomia de atuação quando é mais comprometido com questões de sustentabilidade. Assim, tem-se como terceira hipótese:</p>
				<p><bold>H3</bold>. Organizações com mais membros independentes no conselho tendem a ter maior engajamento com os ODS.</p>
				<p>O <xref ref-type="table" rid="ch1">Quadro 1</xref> apresenta uma síntese das hipóteses testadas neste estudo.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="ch1">
						<label>Quadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Resumo das hipóteses desenvolvidas</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0308-gch1.jpg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN12">
							<p>Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>O processo de seleção da amostra envolveu duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, foram selecionadas todas as empresas da América Latina presentes na base de dados Thomson Reuters Eikon, uma fonte de dados confiável usada por pesquisadores do mundo todo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Pinheiro et al., 2022</xref>). Assim, foram analisadas 1107 empresas. No entanto, 726 empresas não possuíam qualquer informação sobre ODS, nem sobre características de governança corporativa. Na segunda etapa, essas organizações foram excluídas da amostra. Como resultado, obteve-se 381 empresas sediadas em 13 países.</p>
			<p>O período de análise da amostra de 381 empresas foi de cinco anos: de 2016 a 2020. Esse período foi escolhido em virtude da assinatura do Pacto Global da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), em 2015, visto que anteriormente as organizações tinham menos interesse no engajamento com as questões ambientais e sociais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pizzi et al., 2021</xref>). De acordo com Pizzi et al. (2021), a partir de 2016 as empresas começaram a considerar os ODS uma boa ferramenta de comunicação com seus <italic>stakeholders</italic>, o que aumentou a transparência corporativa. No ato de coleta dos dados, informações do ano de 2020 eram as mais recentes, não havendo dados de 2021.</p>
			<p>A amostra de empresas estudadas pode ser segmentada em dez setores da indústria e treze países. Como indica a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, o setor com maior representatividade é o financeiro, com 18.89% da amostra, seguido pelo consumo discricionário e o de materiais, com 15.22% e 13.38% respectivamente. Já o setor de saúde possui a menor representação na amostra, com apenas doze empresas. O Brasil é o país com a maior quantidade de empresas na amostra, representando 31.23% do total. Já Bahamas, Costa Rica e Uruguai têm a menor quantidade: apenas uma organização por país.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Distribuição da amostra</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">País/Setor</th>
								<th align="center">DIS</th>
								<th align="center">STA</th>
								<th align="center">ENE</th>
								<th align="center">FIN</th>
								<th align="center">HCA</th>
								<th align="center">IND</th>
								<th align="center">MAT</th>
								<th align="center">RES</th>
								<th align="center">TEC</th>
								<th align="center">UTI</th>
								<th align="center">Total</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Argentina</td>
								<td align="center">11</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">11</td>
								<td align="center">55</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Bahamas</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Brasil</td>
								<td align="center">14</td>
								<td align="center">14</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">18</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">17</td>
								<td align="center">11</td>
								<td align="center">12</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">17</td>
								<td align="center">119</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Ilhas Cayman</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Chile</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
								<td align="center">43</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Colômbia</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">23</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Costa Rica</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">México</td>
								<td align="center">18</td>
								<td align="center">16</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">21</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">11</td>
								<td align="center">14</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">89</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Panamá</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Peru</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">12</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">32</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Porto Rico</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Uruguai</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Ilhas Virgens</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Total</td>
								<td align="center">58</td>
								<td align="center">42</td>
								<td align="center">15</td>
								<td align="center">72</td>
								<td align="center">12</td>
								<td align="center">46</td>
								<td align="center">51</td>
								<td align="center">23</td>
								<td align="center">15</td>
								<td align="center">47</td>
								<td align="center">381</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Nota. DIS: Consumo discricionário. STA: Consumo básico (cíclico). ENE: Energia. FIN: Financeiro. HCA: Saúde. IND: Industrial. MAT: Materiais. RES: Imóveis. TEC: Tecnologia. UTI: Utilidades.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores com base nos dados da pesquisa.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>A variável dependente do estudo é a divulgação dos ODS da Organização das Nações Unidas. Ela é contínua, variando de 0 (quando a empresa não divulgou nenhum ODS) a 17 (quando a empresa teve maior compromisso com os ODS). As informações foram coletadas na base de dados Thomson Reuters Eikon. Nela os dados da variável foram obtidos por meio da seguinte nomenclatura: “verdadeiro”, caso a empresa tenha divulgado o ODS, ou “falso”, caso a empresa não o tenha divulgado. Dessa forma, os pesquisadores decodificaram os termos em valores: cada “verdadeiro’ equivale a 1 e cada falso equivale a 0. O <xref ref-type="table" rid="ch2">Quadro 2</xref> apresenta a descrição de todas as variáveis empregadas, tendo como fonte de coleta a base de dados Thomson Reuters Eikon.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="ch2">
					<label>Quadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Descrição das variáveis da pesquisa</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0308-gch2.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN13">
							<p>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Em relação às variáveis independentes ou explicativas, o estudo selecionou três características fundamentais da estrutura de um conselho de diretores: tamanho do conselho; diversidade de gênero; e diretores independentes. De acordo com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero e García-Meca (2020</xref>), essas características formam a força interna do conselho, o que leva, portanto, à expectativa de um sinal positivo do efeito dessas variáveis independentes nos ODS.</p>
			<p>A relação entre variáveis independentes (atributos do conselho de diretores) e variável dependente (divulgação dos ODS) pode ser controlada por fatores organizacionais, como o desempenho financeiro e o setor da indústria. Seguindo estudos anteriores, foram empregadas seis variáveis de controle: retorno sobre os ativos, capitalização de mercado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>), receita (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Husted &amp; Sousa-Filho, 2019</xref>; Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021), presença de um comitê de responsabilidade social corporativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Kılıç &amp; Kuzey, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>), divulgação de um relatório de sustentabilidade anual e setor da indústria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Correa-Garcia et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Kılıç &amp; Kuzey, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>As variáveis “retorno sobre os ativos”, “capitalização de mercado” e “receita” representam o desempenho da empresa. Espera-se que organizações com maior desempenho financeiro tenham também maior divulgação dos ODS. A presença de um comitê de RSC e de um relatório de sustentabilidade são características que mostram o engajamento da empresa com as questões ambientais e sociais. Assim, presume-se também um efeito positivo dessas variáveis sobre os ODS. O estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Yoon et al. (2018</xref>) demonstrou que existem empresas que operam em setores ambientalmente sensíveis, como os de energia, utilidades, materiais e industrial. Diante disso, pressupõe-se que empresas desses setores atuem mais pelos ODS.</p>
			<p>Para testar se os fatores associados com os atributos do conselho de diretores e com o nível organizacional afetam a divulgação dos ODS, foram desenvolvidos modelos econométricos seguindo a regressão de dados em painel. O modelo proposto é representado pela seguinte equação:</p>
			<p>Foram operacionalizados modelos nos quais cada variável independente foi analisada individualmente e, em seguida, em conjunto com as demais variáveis independentes. Isso proporciona maior confiabilidade ao modelo, uma vez que modelos com muitas variáveis podem atrapalhar a captura de efeito de algumas variáveis independentes. Em virtude da acumulação dos dados ao longo de 5 anos, o painel evidencia-se como o método mais adequado, visto que é um modelo longitudinal, o qual leva em consideração o efeito do ano nas informações divulgadas pelas empresas.</p>
			<p>O painel utilizado apresenta desequilíbrio, na medida em que nem todas as empresas têm a mesma quantidade de observações para todos os anos. O painel foi inicialmente calculado com base em efeito fixo e aleatório. No entanto, após o teste de Hausman, os dados revelaram que a melhor base de estimativa seria por efeitos fixos. Para evitar problemas de multicolinearidade, foi realizada a operação de <italic>value inflation factor</italic> (VIF) de cada modelo; para evitar homoscedasticidade, foi feito o teste de Breusch-Pagan; e, para confirmar a ausência de endogeneidade, efetuou-se o <italic>generalized method of moments</italic> (GMM).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise descritiva e correlacional</title>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> demonstra a estatística descritiva para todas as variáveis analisadas. A maioria das variáveis apresenta a mesma quantidade de observações, exceto o retorno sobre ativos, a capitalização de mercado e receita, visto que nem todas as empresas tinham essas informações disponíveis na base de dados. Por isso, foi utilizado um painel desbalanceado de dados. A variável dependente tem média de 3.33, com mínimo de 0 e máximo de 17. Na prática, isso significa que algumas empresas não divulgaram nenhuma ação relacionada aos ODS, enquanto outras divulgaram todos os ODS.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análise descritiva</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Variáveis</th>
									<th align="center">Observações</th>
									<th align="center">Média</th>
									<th align="center">Desvio-padrão</th>
									<th align="center">Mínimo</th>
									<th align="center">Máximo</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">SDGOALS</td>
									<td align="center">1467</td>
									<td align="center">3.33</td>
									<td align="center">5.37</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">17.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">BSIZE</td>
									<td align="center">1467</td>
									<td align="center">9.83</td>
									<td align="center">3.48</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">25.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">BGENDER</td>
									<td align="center">1467</td>
									<td align="center">9.55</td>
									<td align="center">10.24</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">85.71</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">INDEPBOARD</td>
									<td align="center">1467</td>
									<td align="center">39.44</td>
									<td align="center">23.70</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">ROA</td>
									<td align="center">1445</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
									<td align="center">0.15</td>
									<td align="center">-2.36</td>
									<td align="center">0.89</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">MARKCAP</td>
									<td align="center">1445</td>
									<td align="center">0.16</td>
									<td align="center">0.64</td>
									<td align="center">-0.09</td>
									<td align="center">11.37</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">REVENUE</td>
									<td align="center">1458</td>
									<td align="center">4.29</td>
									<td align="center">7.71</td>
									<td align="center">-0.28</td>
									<td align="center">63.73</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CSRCOM</td>
									<td align="center">1467</td>
									<td align="center">0.55</td>
									<td align="center">0.49</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CSREPORTS</td>
									<td align="center">1467</td>
									<td align="center">0.68</td>
									<td align="center">0.46</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">INDUSTRYIMP</td>
									<td align="center">1467</td>
									<td align="center">0.44</td>
									<td align="center">0.49</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores com base nos dados da pesquisa.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A variável independente “tamanho do conselho” apresenta porcentagem média de 9.83. Além disso, o maior conselho da amostra possui 25 membros e o menor, 1 membro. No que diz respeito à variável “diversidade de gênero nos conselhos”, a média é de 9.55%. O percentual do conselho com maior representatividade feminina é de 85.71%; ao mesmo tempo houve conselho de diretores sem participação feminina. A porcentagem de diretores independentes tem média de 39.44%, com mínimo de 0% e máximo de 100% dos diretores que não fazem parte da organização. O retorno sobre o ativo tem porcentagem média de 0.03, a capitalização de mercado, 0.16 e a receita, 4.29.</p>
				<p>A estatística descritiva também foi aplicada às variáveis <italic>dummies</italic>. A presença do comitê de responsabilidade social corporativa possui média de 0.55 ou 55%, indicando que mais da metade das empresas têm um comitê desse tipo. Os dados evidenciam que mais da metade da amostra, ou seja, 68% das empresas divulgam um relatório de sustentabilidade anualmente. Por fim, 44% da amostra é composta por empresas de setores ambientalmente sensíveis.</p>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta a matriz de correlação das variáveis. A tabela mostra que os coeficientes de correlação entre as variáveis são baixos, o que possibilita reduzir problemas de multicolinearidade entre os preditores. Embora cinco variáveis tenham relação significativa com a variável dependente, todos os coeficientes são de baixo nível de correlação.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Matriz de correlação das variáveis empregadas</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Variáveis</th>
									<th align="center">(1)</th>
									<th align="center">(2)</th>
									<th align="center">(3)</th>
									<th align="center">(4)</th>
									<th align="center">(5)</th>
									<th align="center">(6)</th>
									<th align="center">(7)</th>
									<th align="center">(8)</th>
									<th align="center">(9)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">(1) SDGOALS</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">(2) BSIZE</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">(3) BGENDER</td>
									<td align="center">0.11***</td>
									<td align="center">-0.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">(4) INDEPBOARD</td>
									<td align="center">0.11***</td>
									<td align="center">-0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.17***</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">(5) ROA</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.02</td>
									<td align="center">-0.01</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">(6) MARKCAP</td>
									<td align="center">-0.07**</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">-0.02</td>
									<td align="center">-0.08***</td>
									<td align="center">0.02</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">(7) REVENUE</td>
									<td align="center">-0.00</td>
									<td align="center">-0.03</td>
									<td align="center">-0.07</td>
									<td align="center">0.02</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
									<td align="center">-0.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">(8) CSRCOM</td>
									<td align="center">0.32***</td>
									<td align="center">0.07***</td>
									<td align="center">0.09***</td>
									<td align="center">0.04*</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.08***</td>
									<td align="center">-0.02</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="left"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">(9) CSREPORTS</td>
									<td align="center">0.37***</td>
									<td align="center">0.13***</td>
									<td align="center">0.09***</td>
									<td align="center">0.11***</td>
									<td align="center">0.04</td>
									<td align="center">-0.11***</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
									<td align="center">0.48***</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">(10) INDUSTRYIMP</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
									<td align="center">-0.03</td>
									<td align="center">-0.04*</td>
									<td align="center">0.07***</td>
									<td align="center">0.02</td>
									<td align="center">-0.04*</td>
									<td align="center">0.08***</td>
									<td align="center">0.07***</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>***p&lt;0.01. **p&lt;0.05. *p&lt;0.10.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores com base nos dados da pesquisa.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise multivariada</title>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta os resultados da análise multivariada de dados. Foram operacionalizados modelos baseados em efeitos fixos e aleatórios. No entanto, por meio do teste de Hausman, constatou-se que os modelos baseados em efeitos fixos seriam mais adequados. Foram testados <italic>outliers</italic>, autocorrelações, multicolinearidade, heterocedasticidade e endogeneidade, a fim de gerar resultados confiáveis.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabela 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análise multivariada de dados - método: painel com efeitos fixos</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"/>
									<th align="center">Modelo 1 Coef.</th>
									<th align="center">Modelo 2 Coef.</th>
									<th align="center">Modelo 3 Coef.</th>
									<th align="center">Modelo 4 Coef.</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">BSIZE</td>
									<td align="center">0.06**</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">0.06**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">BGENDER</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">0.04</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">INDEPBOARD</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">0.08*</td>
									<td align="center">0.08*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">ROA</td>
									<td align="center">-0.26</td>
									<td align="center">-0.27</td>
									<td align="center">-0.24</td>
									<td align="center">-0.24</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">MARKCAP</td>
									<td align="center">-0.13</td>
									<td align="center">-0.13</td>
									<td align="center">-0.11</td>
									<td align="center">-0.11</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">REVENUE</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CSRCOM</td>
									<td align="center">1.41***</td>
									<td align="center">1.41***</td>
									<td align="center">1.43***</td>
									<td align="center">1.42***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CSREPORTS</td>
									<td align="center">3.03***</td>
									<td align="center">3.09***</td>
									<td align="center">3.05***</td>
									<td align="center">2.98***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">INDUSTRYIMP</td>
									<td align="center">0.12</td>
									<td align="center">0.13</td>
									<td align="center">0.14</td>
									<td align="center">0.13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Obs.</td>
									<td align="center">1423</td>
									<td align="center">1423</td>
									<td align="center">1423</td>
									<td align="center">1423</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">R-squared</td>
									<td align="center">0.1706</td>
									<td align="center">0.1683</td>
									<td align="center">0.1699</td>
									<td align="center">0.1723</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">F (Prob &gt; F)</td>
									<td align="center">41.46***</td>
									<td align="center">40.78***</td>
									<td align="center">41.24***</td>
									<td align="center">32.59***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">VIF</td>
									<td align="center">1.10</td>
									<td align="center">1.10</td>
									<td align="center">1.10</td>
									<td align="center">1.10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan test</td>
									<td align="center">234.78***</td>
									<td align="center">241.70***</td>
									<td align="center">236.20***</td>
									<td align="center">237.47***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Endogeneidade</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>***p&lt;0.01. **p&lt;0.05. *p&lt;0.10.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Os resultados indicam que o tamanho do conselho tem efeito positivo no engajamento das empresas com os ODS da Organização das Nações Unidas, o que confirma a hipótese 1 e diverge do que foi identificado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit e Wardhani (2021</xref>), que encontraram uma relação insignificante entre o tamanho do conselho e a divulgação dos ODS. Essa divergência pode ser decorrente das características institucionais e culturais das regiões em estudo, Oriente e Ocidente. Conselhos maiores tendem a ter diferentes perspectivas e diretores com diferentes formações, o que contribui para o enriquecimento das discussões sobre questões de sustentabilidade.</p>
				<p>Os resultados desta pesquisa não permitiram a confirmação da hipótese 2, pois, demonstrou-se insignificante a relação entre diversidade de gênero e divulgação dos ODS. Este resultado está alinhado com os achados de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit e Wardhani (2021</xref>) que dizem respeito à relação entre a diversidade de gênero e os ODS, e com os de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al. (2021</xref>), os quais evidenciaram uma relação positiva, mas insignificante, entre conselhos com diversidade de gênero e comportamento sustentável ou socialmente responsável. Assim, tal resultado refuta <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rosati e Faria (2019</xref>), que concluíram que organizações cujos conselhos de administração possuem maior proporção de mulheres são mais propensas a abordar os ODS em seus relatórios de sustentabilidade.</p>
				<p>Constata-se também que conselhos que possuem membros independentes tendem a direcionar as empresas a uma atuação mais eficaz em relação aos ODS, uma vez que membros externos trazem conhecimentos adicionais do mercado, como as questões de desenvolvimento sustentável, o que confirma a hipótese 3. De forma similar, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hussain et al. (2018</xref>) observaram que uma parcela maior de conselheiros independentes em um conselho de administração está associada a maiores desempenhos ambientais e sociais. No entanto, este resultado opõe-se ao que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit e Wardhani (2021</xref>) evidenciaram: conselheiros independentes afetaram de forma insignificante o nível de divulgação dos ODS.</p>
				<p>Nenhuma variável de controle financeira apresentou significância nos modelos. Em contrapartida, a presença do comitê de responsabilidade social corporativa apresentou um efeito positivo na divulgação dos ODS, como em <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit e Wardhani (2021</xref>). Além disso, os achados revelam que empresas que divulgam um relatório de sustentabilidade anualmente tendem a ter um maior engajamento com os ODS.</p>
				<p>Após os achados da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, os pesquisadores modificaram a natureza da variável dependente dos modelos, tornando-a binária. Dessa maneira, atribuiu-se o valor 1 a empresas que divulgaram mais que 50% dos ODS e 0 a empresas que divulgaram menos da metade dos ODS. Com isso, foi possível operacionalizar novos modelos econométricos que confirmassem os resultados obtidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Portanto, na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>, tem-se os resultados obtidos por meio do método de regressão em painel logit binário com efeitos fixos.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Tabela 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Logit com efeitos fixos</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"/>
									<th align="center">Modelo 5 Coef.</th>
									<th align="center">Modelo 6 Coef.</th>
									<th align="center">Modelo 7 Coef.</th>
									<th align="center">Modelo 8 Coef.</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">BSIZE</td>
									<td align="center">0.05**</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">0.05**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">BGENDER</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">INDEPBOARD</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">0.02*</td>
									<td align="center">0.02*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">ROA</td>
									<td align="center">1.62***</td>
									<td align="center">1.37</td>
									<td align="center">1.40</td>
									<td align="center">1.63***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">MARKCAP</td>
									<td align="center">0.04</td>
									<td align="center">0.08</td>
									<td align="center">0.08</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">REVENUE</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.16</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CSRCOM</td>
									<td align="center">1.11***</td>
									<td align="center">1.11***</td>
									<td align="center">1.13***</td>
									<td align="center">1.11***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CSREPORTS</td>
									<td align="center">2.83***</td>
									<td align="center">2.87***</td>
									<td align="center">2.85***</td>
									<td align="center">2.81***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">INDUSTRYIMP</td>
									<td align="center">-0.00</td>
									<td align="center">-0.01</td>
									<td align="center">-0.02</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Obs.</td>
									<td align="center">1230</td>
									<td align="center">1230</td>
									<td align="center">1230</td>
									<td align="center">1230</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Chi²</td>
									<td align="center">224.81***</td>
									<td align="center">220.83***</td>
									<td align="center">221.29***</td>
									<td align="center">225.50***</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>***p&lt;0.01. **p&lt;0.05. *p&lt;0.10.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Em relação às variáveis de controle, o ROA apresentou significância positiva, indicando que empresas com maior desempenho financeiro divulgam mais ODS. De fato, empresas com mais recursos financeiros têm maior capacidade de investir em assuntos que não fazem parte das operações rotineiras. Além disso, empresas com um ROA mais elevado tendem a ser de maior porte, o que aumenta as pressões dos <italic>stakeholders</italic> por todo tipo de informação, não se limitando apenas a informações tradicionais financeiras. Corroborando os resultados de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit e Wardhani (2021</xref>), os achados desta pesquisa confirmam que empresas que possuem um comitê de RSC e organizações que divulgam um relatório ambiental contribuem mais para os ODS.</p>
				<p>A primeira e a terceira hipótese da presente pesquisa foram confirmadas neste estudo, indicando uma relação entre o tamanho do conselho e sua independência com a divulgação dos ODS. Isso refuta os achados de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit e Wardhani (2021</xref>), nos quais a relação encontrada foi considerada insignificante. Faz-se necessário esclarecer, no entanto, que os contextos de pesquisa são diferentes, dado que pertencem a culturas distintas, a do Oriente e do Ocidente, o que pode ter influenciado os resultados.</p>
				<p>A hipótese 2 não foi confirmada. É importante destacar que nem sempre é possível observar de forma adequada o impacto da diversidade do conselho, por não haver diversidade suficiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>). Assim, é necessária uma representação justa, que permita às mulheres expressarem suas opiniões na sala do conselho (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al., 2021</xref>) e promoverem a divulgação dos ODS (Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise de robustez</title>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 5</xref> apresenta os resultados após a análise de robustez. Como o setor financeiro tem regras especificas próprias, isso o torna diferente dos demais. Outro fator a ser destacado é que o período de investigação foi de 2016 a 2020: neste último ano, o mundo passou por uma crise mundial provocada pela COVID-19, o que poderia afetar os resultados das análises. Em razão disso, foram operacionalizados testes adicionais para confirmar os coeficientes.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Tabela 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Resultados sem o setor financeiro e o ano 2020</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"/>
									<th align="center">Modelo 9 Coef.</th>
									<th align="center">Modelo 10 Coef.</th>
									<th align="center">Modelo 11 Coef.</th>
									<th align="center">Modelo 12 Coef.</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">BSIZE</td>
									<td align="center">0.04</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">0.04</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">BGENDER</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">-0.01</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">-0.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">INDEPBOARD</td>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="left"/>
									<td align="center">0.01***</td>
									<td align="center">0.01***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">ROA</td>
									<td align="center">2.18**</td>
									<td align="center">2.00***</td>
									<td align="center">2.10**</td>
									<td align="center">2.10***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">MARKCAP</td>
									<td align="center">-0.23</td>
									<td align="center">-0.23</td>
									<td align="center">-0.21</td>
									<td align="center">-0.21</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">REVENUE</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">-0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CSRCOM</td>
									<td align="center">1.03***</td>
									<td align="center">2.53***</td>
									<td align="center">1.02***</td>
									<td align="center">1.04***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CSREPORTS</td>
									<td align="center">2.48***</td>
									<td align="center">2.53***</td>
									<td align="center">2.43***</td>
									<td align="center">2.38***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">INDUSTRYIMP</td>
									<td align="center">2.16***</td>
									<td align="center">2.17***</td>
									<td align="center">2.18***</td>
									<td align="center">2.15***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Obs.</td>
									<td align="center">883</td>
									<td align="center">883</td>
									<td align="center">883</td>
									<td align="center">883</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">R-squared</td>
									<td align="center">0.2332</td>
									<td align="center">0.2332</td>
									<td align="center">0.2375</td>
									<td align="center">0.2407</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">F (Prob &gt; F)</td>
									<td align="center">37.88***</td>
									<td align="center">37.89***</td>
									<td align="center">38.80***</td>
									<td align="center">30.65***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">VIF</td>
									<td align="center">1.12</td>
									<td align="center">1.12</td>
									<td align="center">1.12</td>
									<td align="center">1.11</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan test</td>
									<td align="center">223.85***</td>
									<td align="center">233.47***</td>
									<td align="center">231.60***</td>
									<td align="center">229.85***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Endogeneidade</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>***p&lt;0.01. **p&lt;0.05. *p&lt;0.10.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN11">
								<p>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A presença de um maior número de membros independentes nos conselhos tem um efeito positivo na divulgação dos ODS. Na prática, isso significa que membros independentes trazem ideias adicionais que favorecem o engajamento da empresa com os ODS. Empresas com maior retorno sobre os ativos também apresentam maior probabilidade de envolvimento com os ODS. Observa-se, ainda, que empresas que possuem um comitê de RSC e divulgam relatórios voluntários anuais tendem a uma maior divulgação dos ODS.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSSÃO E IMPLICAÇÕES</title>
			<p>Os resultados da pesquisa permitem identificar que, nas organizações, o conselho de administração tem um importante papel para o alcance da Agenda 2030. Dessa forma, os achados complementam diversos estudos prévios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>), visto que demonstram que o tamanho do conselho e sua independência podem aumentar o engajamento ambiental e social das empresas sediadas na América Latina, uma região ainda com poucos estudos na literatura.</p>
			<p>Os conselhos de administração são mecanismos de governança interna relevantes, uma vez que aconselham e monitoram os gerentes na tomada de decisões que atendam aos interesses de acionistas e de outros <italic>stakeholders</italic>, como a sociedade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Toukabri &amp; Youssef, 2023</xref>). Nesse contexto, a estrutura desses conselhos tem uma influência direta sobre os ODS, já que um conselho com mais diretores e com maior independência pode unir as capacidades internas de seus diretores com as experiências dos diretores independentes visando implantar tecnologias e estratégias em prol do desenvolvimento sustentável.</p>
			<p>As experiências, os valores e a personalidade dos executivos podem influenciar de forma significativa a adoção das políticas de sustentabilidade das organizações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Arena et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Hambrick, 2007</xref>). Desse modo, empresas que desejam ter uma melhor <italic>performance</italic> ambiental devem diversificar seus conselhos em termos de participantes, incluindo diretores com diferentes formações e experiências profissionais. Apesar de a hipótese 2 não ter apresentado significância, as mulheres podem facilitar a tomada de decisão de diferentes maneiras e apoiar as causas ambientais quando possuem representatividade suficiente, segundo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">García-Sánchez et al. (2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>Mediante os resultados, esta pesquisa provê contribuições acadêmicas, gerenciais, governamentais e sociais. Em primeiro lugar, este estudo analisou como a estrutura de governança pode influenciar a adoção da Agenda 2030 por empresas da América Latina. Isso é relevante, na medida em que, consoante <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti et al. (2021)</xref>, a maioria dos estudos que relaciona estrutura de governança e ODS está concentrada em contextos desenvolvidos. Assim, são necessários estudos que investiguem regiões pouco estudadas, como a América Latina e a África. Adicionalmente, essa pesquisa amplia o poder de explicação da Teoria dos Altos Escalões, confirmando que, de fato, a alta administração tem um papel determinante no posicionamento estratégico da firma em relação a questões ambientais e sociais.</p>
			<p>Na qualidade de tomadores de decisão preponderantes, os membros do conselho de administração integram o alto escalão das organizações e, em virtude disso, estão mais bem posicionados para entender as demandas dos <italic>stakeholders</italic>, o que inclui não apenas os interesses dos acionistas. Portanto o alcance da Agenda 2030 pode ser visto como uma função dos membros do conselho, já que eles tomam decisões estratégicas. Adicionalmente, para o alcance dessa agenda, a organização deve entender que a heterogeneidade (tamanho e independência do conselho) é fundamental, uma vez que essa diversidade pode trazer diferentes visões, formações e experiências para a tomada de decisão.</p>
			<p>No nível prático ou gerencial, os resultados podem auxiliar gestores que trabalham em organizações sediadas na América Latina, bem como acionistas das empresas aqui analisadas. Os gestores devem compreender que certas características podem ajudar a empresa a atingir a Agenda 2030. Por exemplo, gestores podem implantar um comitê de responsabilidade social e investir mais recursos na elaboração de um relatório de sustentabilidade mais completo caso desejem que suas empresas sejam compromissadas com os ODS. Já os acionistas podem incentivar seus conselhos para que tenham mais membros, bem como uma quantidade maior de membros externos, a fim de aumentar a independência do conselho. Essas ações podem ser úteis para que a empresa tenha maior reputação ambiental e social, dialogando assim com as diversas partes interessadas.</p>
			<p>No nível governamental, os resultados podem guiar reguladores acerca da divulgação voluntária de informações ambientais e sociais. Na América Latina, esse tipo de divulgação não é mandatório nem existe uma lei que obrigue as empresas à difusão de suas ações ou de seus impactos ambientais e sociais. Apesar disso, legisladores podem criar regulamentos que incentivem as empresas à adoção de uma postura mais proativa em relação aos ODS. Governos também podem criar um selo de premiação para as empresas mais compromissadas com a Agenda 2030.</p>
			<p>Além disso, com base nos achados desta pesquisa, os reguladores dos países estudados são convidados a analisar a possibilidade de implementação de cotas para alcançar uma maior participação feminina nos conselhos. A variável de diversidade de gênero pode não ter apresentado significância devido à baixa presença de mulheres no conselho, sugerindo que, para que as mulheres tenham voz, deve existir uma massa crítica (um número mínimo de mulheres) capaz de influenciar as decisões estratégicas em relação à Agenda 2030.</p>
			<p>Por fim, esta pesquisa apresenta contribuições para a sociedade como um todo. Há um chamado da Organização das Nações Unidas para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas voltadas a investigar quais fatores motivam as empresas à adesão aos ODS. Assim, este estudo responde ao chamado da ONU, bem como vincula-se a diversos ODS, buscando contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável na América Latina.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSÃO</title>
			<p>Baseado na Teoria dos Altos Escalões, este artigo teve por objetivo investigar o efeito da estrutura do conselho sobre o engajamento das empresas com os ODS. Para alcançar esse objetivo, a pesquisa analisou a divulgação dos 17 ODS de 371 empresas sediadas na América Latina, bem como a estrutura de governança dessas organizações por meio de três variáveis independentes do conselho: tamanho, diversidade de gênero e independência.</p>
			<p>Os achados da pesquisa mostraram que o tamanho e a independência do conselho têm um efeito positivo na divulgação dos ODS. Na prática, isso significa que conselhos com maior quantidade de membros e maior participação de membros externos à organização aumentam o compromisso organizacional com os ODS. Os resultados alinham-se à Teoria dos Altos Escalões, na medida em que ela preconiza que as escolhas e o posicionamento estratégico da empresa são realizados pela alta administração, ou seja, pelos membros do conselho de administração. Diante disso, percebe-se que a estrutura do conselho funciona como um mecanismo importante para que as empresas possam atingir os objetivos da Agenda 2030.</p>
			<p>Os resultados deste artigo trazem importantes contribuições acadêmicas, gerenciais e governamentais, como detalhado na seção de discussão. Apesar disso, os achados devem ser interpretados com cautela, haja vista que eles não estão livres de limitações. Por exemplo, foram analisadas apenas certas características dos conselhos dentro de um espaço de tempo de cinco anos. Ademais, os dados foram coletados de uma única fonte de informações, a base de dados Thomson Reuters Eikon, bem como foi analisado somente o contexto latino-americano.</p>
			<p>Para superar essas limitações, estudos futuros devem ampliar o espaço de tempo examinado, incluindo os anos de pandemia de COVID-19. Faz-se necessário também estudar novas características de governança corporativa, que ainda não estão claras na literatura, como: idade média dos membros do conselho, formação acadêmica dos diretores e presença de estrangeiros no conselho. A pesquisa também encoraja novos estudos à elaboração de um modelo teórico que justifique as hipóteses de governança por meio de novas perspectivas teóricas.</p>
			<p>Adicionalmente, a agenda de pesquisa sobre os ODS deve incluir o desenvolvimento de uma variável que consiga mensurar efetivamente o engajamento das firmas com a sustentabilidade, a fim de evitar a prática de <italic>greenwashing</italic>, isto é, quando uma empresa aumenta seus investimentos em <italic>marketing</italic> socioambiental, mas, na verdade, não é ambientalmente responsável. Além disso, novas pesquisas devem compreender a relação entre <italic>blockchain</italic> e ODS, bem como o papel da estrutura do conselho de administração na transição para a sustentabilidade por meio dos ODS 7 e 13.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMENTOS</title>
			<p>Os autores gostariam de agradecer ao Editor Prof. Dr. Hélio Arthur Reis Irigaray e ao Editor Adjunto Prof. Dr. Fabricio Stocker pelo seu excelente suporte durante o processo de revisão e a dois revisores anônimos pelos seus valiosos comentários. Os autores também agradecem ao apoio financeiro fornecido pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).</p>
		</ack>
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	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1679-395120220308x</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Board structure as a mechanism to achieve the UN 2030 Agenda in Latin America</article-title>
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					<role> Formal Analysis (Equal)</role>
					<role>Funding acquisition (Lead)</role>
					<role> Investigation (Equal)</role>
					<role> Methodology (Equal)</role>
					<role> Project administration (Lead)</role>
					<role> Resources (Equal)</role>
					<role>Software (Equal)</role>
					<role> Supervision (Equal)</role>
					<role> Validation (Equal)</role>
					<role> Visualization (Equal)</role>
					<role>Writing - original draft (Equal)</role>
					<role>Writing - review &amp; editing (Equal)</role>
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					<role> Resources (Equal)</role>
					<role>Software (Equal); Supervision (Equal)</role>
					<role> Validation (Equal)</role>
					<role> Visualization (Equal)</role>
					<role> Writing - original draft (Equal)</role>
					<role> Writing - review &amp; editing (Equal)</role>
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					<role>Validation (Equal)</role>
					<role>Visualization (Equal)</role>
					<role>Writing - original draft (Equal)</role>
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			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Curitiba - PR, Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">NEOMA Business School, Rouen - France</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) / Departamento de Contabilidade, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) / Faculdade de Administração e Finanças, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn12">
					<p>Alan Bandeira Pinheiro - Ph.D. Candidate at the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) and a visiting researcher at Neoma Business School; Master in Administration and Controllership from the Federal University of Ceará (UFC). E-mail: alanbpinheiro@hotmail.com</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn13">
					<p>Cintia de Melo de Albuquerque Ribeiro - Adjunct Professor at the Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF); Ph.D. in Sustainable Management System from Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF); Master in Accounting Sciences from Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ); Postgraduate in Tax Auditing from Universidade Gama Filho (UGF). E-mail: cintiaalbuquerque@id.uff.br</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn14">
					<p>André Luiz Villagelim Bizerra - Master in Accounting Sciences from Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ); Postgraduate in Public Administration from Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV EBAPE). E-mail: andrevillage@gmail.com</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn17">
					<p>Hélio Arthur Reis Irigaray (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-7859</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>This study aims to investigate the effect of board structure on companies’ engagement with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The characteristics of the board of directors related to the size of the board, independence, and diversity were analyzed, as well as the disclosure of the 17 SDGs of 371 companies headquartered in Latin America from 2016 to 2020. The data were analyzed using data regression in a panel with fixed effects and regression of panel data using the logit method. Research findings showed that board size and board independence have a positive effect on SDG disclosure. The results are in line with the Upper Echelons Theory, as it advocates that the company’s strategic choices and positioning are made by senior management - the members of the board of directors. The research expands the explanation of this theory, confirming that top management is crucial for strategic positioning in environmental and social issues. Managers and shareholders must understand that certain features, such as the social responsibility committee and the preparation of a sustainability report, can also contribute to the 2030 Agenda. At the government level, the results are useful for public policy makers, as they can encourage the creation of norms for the voluntary disclosure of environmental and social information.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Board structure</kwd>
				<kwd>Sustainable development goals</kwd>
				<kwd>Agenda 2030</kwd>
				<kwd>Corporate social responsibility</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent a new global sustainability goal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>). Its achievement is critical to the well-being of both humans and the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Silva, 2021</xref>). Although the SDGs are mainly aimed at states, companies are expected to engage in sustainable practices to achieve them (Naciti, 2019; Silva, 2021). Therefore, it is necessary to integrate the SDGs into business activities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>The composition of the board of directors, which is responsible for the primary strategic management decisions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>), is one way to engage companies in sustainable practices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al., 2021</xref>). According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Schaedler et al. (2022</xref>), the board of directors is responsible for establishing a relationship with external environment through networking, reputation, and social performance.</p>
				<p>Previous research by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Chindasombatcharoen et al. (2022</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Farza et al. (2022</xref>) investigated the impact of board diversity on corporate environmental innovation. Other studies have examined the association between governance mechanisms and the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Khalid et al., 2022</xref>), the effects of board attributes on sustainability performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Disli et al., 2022</xref>) and the influence of organizational factors on the company’s decision to report SDGs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rosati &amp; Faria, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>The level of engagement of companies with the 2030 Agenda and how the company’s governance structure influences such engagement are emerging topics for research.</p>
				<p>When analyzing four Latin American countries, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Correa-Garcia et al. (2020</xref>) found some governance characteristics that influence the quality of sustainability reports. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Husted and Sousa-Filho (2019</xref>) identified the relationship between board attributes and ESG disclosure. However, there is a scarcity of studies investigating the elements that influence companies’ engagement with SDGs.</p>
				<p>As a result, it is worth asking: what effect does the board structure have on corporations’ engagement with SDGs? It is expected that there will be a relationship between board quantitative and company engagement in achieving the 2030 Agenda goals. Thus, the main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of the board structure on companies’ engagement with SDGs. A multivariate analysis of board characteristics linked to board size, independence, and diversity was undertaken using a qualitative approach. The disclosure of the 17 SDGs by 371 Latin American companies was also assessed. Data from the Thomson Reuters Eikon database from 2016 to 2020 was used for this purpose.</p>
				<p>The recognition of the board’s strength in management decisions, combined with disasters around the world, has fueled corporate governance studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Lopes &amp; Demajorovic, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al., 2021</xref>). However, few studies have investigated the relationship between governance structure and sustainability practices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>). Furthermore, the flow of SDG research in business is recent, and the literature is in its embryonic stages (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020</xref>). Thus, research that aims to explore the relationship between SDG implementation and governance structure is critical to filling the gap in the literature. There is also an insufficient number of studies on the association between business activity in low-income markets and aspects related to sustainability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Morais-da-Silva, Nobre, &amp; Orsiolli, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Thus, the findings of this study complement to the theoretical literature on corporate governance and sustainability reporting by providing empirical data on the contributions of corporate boards of directors to SDG implementation. Furthermore, this research has significant practical implications, as it is relevant for several stakeholders, including managers of Latin American companies, in identifying new strategies capable of improving the interconnections between SDG rhetoric and practice, as well as policymakers, by providing evidence to support the development of policies that encourage SDG achievement.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>THEORETICAL BACKGROUND</title>
				<sec>
					<title>2030 Agenda and the SDGs</title>
					<p>The rules and laws that govern the market are ineffectual in assuring the sustainable existence of companies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Faria, 2017</xref>). However, ethics drives businesses to be proactive and responsible, going beyond basic compliance with current regulations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Troiani et al., 2022</xref>). Thus, the social, environmental and ethical aspects of business have become essential in the 21st century (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>). To ensure that such factors are observed in business, United Nations Member States agreed to develop a global agenda for sustainable development based on 169 targets organized into 17 SDGs, which were presented in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Pinheiro et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
					<p>SDGs are a series of goals that aim to solve the world’s major challenges of environmental protection, sustainable development, poverty and inequality elimination, so as to guarantee that all people experience peace and prosperity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020</xref>). Companies with their innovative and creative capabilities play a critical role in achieving these goals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Van der Waal et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
					<p>Companies can implement sustainable strategies and operate in line with SDG targets to ensure that their business operations do not disrupt this agenda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>). The board of directors plays a critical role in assisting with the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, as the company’s leadership generally defines the organizational sustainability plan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Upper Echelon Theory</title>
					<p>Several theories have been used to support the adoption of sustainability practices, such as Stakeholder Theory<italic>,</italic> Legitimacy Theory and Signaling Theory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rosati &amp; Faria, 2019</xref>). Others are used to explain board characteristics, such as Competency Management Theory, Resource-Based View Theory, and Upper Echelon Theory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>). However, in order to understand how companies act and why they act in a certain way, the biases and dispositions of their most powerful players need to be understood. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Hambrick, 2007</xref>). Thus, this study employs the Upper Echelons Theory, which explains company success in terms of strategic decisions driven by behavioral factors and reflect the characteristics of decision-makers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Hambrick &amp; Mason, 1984</xref>).</p>
					<p>The Upper Echelons Theory’s primary premise is based on the concept that executives’ experiences, values, and personalities strongly influence their interpretation of the events they face and, as a result, their choices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Hambrick, 2007</xref>). Thus, heterogeneity within a group is important for a more thorough discussion of the issues and better-informed decision-making (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Hambrick &amp; Mason, 1984</xref>).</p>
					<p>According to the Upper Echelons Theory, the diversity of boards of directors allows for the reduction of individual and cognitive biases in the decision-making process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kanadlı et al., 2018</xref>). Therefore, in larger boards of directors, with greater female representation and greater independence, directors are more likely to use different knowledge, skills, and experiences to insert environmental and social agendas in corporate meetings.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Structure of the board of directors: research hypotheses</title>
					<p>The governance structure is viewed as a coordination tool used to lower transaction costs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Williamson, 1996</xref>). As they directly impact the company’s strategies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pizzi et al., 2021</xref>) and create sustainability reports to better inform its stakeholders (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>), boards of directors are among the most essential governance mechanisms that operate to secure stakeholder interests and achieve social and environmental results (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>).</p>
					<p>The board of directors is a collegiate body, and its members are elected by the shareholders of the company. The diversity of profiles must be guaranteed, as it allows a plurality of arguments during the decision-making process. This diversity is related to knowledge, experiences, behaviors, cultural aspects, age group and gender. Directors are classified as internal - officers or employees of the company itself -; external - directors with no commercial, employment or management relationship with the organization, but who are not independent -; and independent - external directors who do not have family, business, or any other type of relationship with company participants that significantly influence or may significantly influence their judgment, opinions, decisions or jeopardize their actions in the best interest of the organization (Instituto Brasileiro de Governança Corporativa [IBGC], <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">2015</xref>).</p>
					<p>Empirical evidence is inconclusive as to the relationship between board size and sustainability practices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hussain et al., 2018</xref>) and as it relates to information disclosures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">García-Sánchez &amp; Noguera-Gámez, 2018</xref>). On the one hand, a larger board can lead to ineffective coordination, communication and decision-making processes, with negligible impact on the dissemination of the SDGs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>). On the other hand, a higher proportion of independent directors has positive effects on the environmental and social performance of companies (Hussain et al., 2018) due to a greater diversity of ideas, values and experiences, which can lead to higher quality disclosures. Thus, in this research, the following hypothesis is assumed:</p>
					<p>H1. Organizations with a larger board of directors tend to have greater engagement with SDGs.</p>
					<p>In recent years, the board has undergone radical changes when it comes to diversification (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al., 2021</xref>). The 2030 Agenda determines that the board of directors be formed with engaged women, as well as having a minimum percentage as a proxy to assess compliance with the established goal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pizzi et al., 2021</xref>). Gender diversity on the board can contribute to diversity of opinion, positively affecting organizations’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al., 2021</xref>) and sustainability performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>). Women demand higher levels of sustainability and are more prone to moral and ethical behavior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rosati &amp; Faria, 2019</xref>). Thus, the appointment of women to the board improves the decision-making process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al. (2021</xref>) showed a positive but insignificant relationship between gender-diverse boards and sustainable or socially responsible behavior. However, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hussain et al. (2018</xref>) identified that board diversity increases the social dimension of sustainability, although they found no support for the relationship between women on the board and environmental performance. However, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti (2019</xref>) has already proved that the greater the diversity of the board, the greater the positive impact on socio-environmental performance. In addition, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rosati and Faria (2019</xref>) discovered that having a higher proportion of women on the board increases the likelihood of addressing SDGs in sustainability reports. Thus, the second research hypothesis is:</p>
					<p>H2. Organizations with greater female participation on the board tend to show greater engagement with SDGs.</p>
					<p>Independent boards have greater capacity to monitor managers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Pinheiro et al., 2023</xref>) and demonstrate greater responsibility with stakeholders, due to the absence of a monetary relationship and material bonds between them and the companies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pizzi et al., 2021</xref>). This may contribute to the achievement of sustainability goals. (Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hussain et al. (2018</xref>) observed that a higher share of independent directors on a board of directors is associated with higher environmental and social performance. Despite conflicting findings concerning the relationship between independent boards and sustainability practices (Naciti, 2019) and SDG disclosure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>), the research hypothesis is based on the understanding that an independent board has greater autonomy of action when it is more committed to sustainability issues. Thus, the third hypothesis is:</p>
					<p>H3. Organizations with more independent board members tend to have greater engagement with SDGs.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch3">Box 1</xref>presents a summary of the hypotheses tested in this study.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="ch3">
							<label>Box 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Summary of hypotheses</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0308-gch3.jpg"/>
							<attrib>Source: Elaborated by the authors.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHODS</title>
				<p>The sample selection process involved two steps. In the first stage, all Latin American companies in the Thomson Reuters Eikon database, a reliable data source used by researchers around the world, were chosen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Pinheiro et al., 2022</xref>). 1107 companies were analyzed. However, 726 companies did not list any information on SDGs, nor on corporate governance characteristics. In the second stage, these organizations were excluded from the sample. As a result, 381 companies based in 13 countries were selected.</p>
				<p>The 381-company sample was analyzed over a five-year period, from 2016 to 2020. This period was chosen due to the signing of the United Nations (UN) Global Compact in 2015, as organizations had previously been less interested in engaging with environmental and social issues (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pizzi et al., 2021</xref>). According to Pizzi et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">2021</xref>), as of 2016, companies began to consider SDGs a good communication tool with their stakeholders, which increased corporate transparency. At the time of data collection, information from 2020 was the most recent, with no data available for 2021.</p>
				<p>The sample of companies studied can be segmented into ten industry sectors and thirteen countries. As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 1</xref>, the most representative sector was the financial sector, corresponding to 18.89% of the sample, followed by discretionary consumption and material consumption, 15.22% and 13.38% respectively. The health sector had the lowest representation in the sample, only twelve companies. Brazil was the country with the largest number of companies in the sample, representing 31.23% of the total. The Bahamas, Costa Rica and Uruguay had the lowest number: only one organization per country.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Sample distribution</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Country/Sector</th>
									<th align="center">DIS</th>
									<th align="center">STA</th>
									<th align="center">ENE</th>
									<th align="center">FIN</th>
									<th align="center">HCA</th>
									<th align="center">IND</th>
									<th align="center">MAT</th>
									<th align="center">RES</th>
									<th align="center">TEC</th>
									<th align="center">UTI</th>
									<th align="center">Total</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Argentina</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">55</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Bahamas</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Brazil</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">18</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">17</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">17</td>
									<td align="center">119</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Cayman Islands</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Chile</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">43</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Colombia</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">23</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Costa Rica</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Mexico</td>
									<td align="center">18</td>
									<td align="center">16</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">21</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">89</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Panama</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Peru</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">32</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Puerto Rico</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Uruguay</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Virgin Islands</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Total</td>
									<td align="center">58</td>
									<td align="center">42</td>
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="center">72</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">46</td>
									<td align="center">51</td>
									<td align="center">23</td>
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="center">47</td>
									<td align="center">381</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN12">
								<p>Note. DIS: Consumer discretionary. STA: Consumer staples. ENE: Energy. FIN: Financial services. HCA: Health care. IND: Industrials. MAT: Materials. RES: Real estate. TEC: Technology. UTI: Utilities.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN13">
								<p>Source: Elaborated by the authors based on the data of the research</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The dependent variable of the study was the dissemination of the SDGs of the United Nations. It was continuous, ranging from 0 (when the company did not disclose any SDGs) to 17 (when the company had greater commitment to SDGs). The information was collected from the Thomson Reuters Eikon database. The variable data was obtained using the following nomenclature: “false” if the corporation did not published the SDGs, or “true” if the company did. Thus, the researchers decoded the terms into values: each true equaled 1 and each false equaled 0. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch4">Box 2</xref>presents the description of all variables used, using the Thomson Reuters Eikon database as the source of collection.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="ch4">
						<label>Box 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Description of research variables</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0308-gch4.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Source: Elaborated by the authors.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Three essential aspects of a board of directors’ structure were chosen as independent or explanatory variables: board size, gender diversity, and independent directors. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero and García-Meca (2020</xref>), these characteristics form the internal strength of the board, which leads, therefore, to the expectation of a positive sign of the effect of these independent variables on SDGs.</p>
				<p>The relationship between independent variables (board of directors’ attributes) and dependent variable (SDG disclosure) can be controlled by organizational factors, such as financial performance and the industry sector. Following previous studies, six control variables were used: return on assets, market capitalization (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>), revenue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Husted &amp; Sousa-Filho, 2019</xref>; Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021), presence of a corporate social responsibility committee (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Kılıç &amp; Kuzey, 2018</xref>; Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021), disclosure of an annual sustainability report and industry sector (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Correa-Garcia et al., 2020</xref>; Kılıç &amp; Kuzey, 2018; Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021).</p>
				<p>The variables “return on assets”, “market capitalization” and “revenue” represented the company’s performance. Organizations with higher financial performance were also expected to have greater disclosure of SDGs. The presence of a CSR committee and a sustainability report are characteristics that show the company’s engagement with environmental and social issues. Thus, a positive effect of these variables on SDGs was also assumed. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Yoon et al. (2018</xref>), there are companies operating in environmentally sensitive sectors, such as energy, utilities, materials, and manufacturing. Therefore, it is assumed that companies in these sectors do more to promote SDGs.</p>
				<p>To test whether factors associated with board of directors’ attributes and organizational level affect SDG disclosure, econometric models were developed following panel data regression. The proposed model is represented by the following equation:</p>
				<p>Models were operationalized by first analyzing each independent variable separately and then combining them with the other variables. This provides greater reliability to the model, since models with many variables can hinder the effect capture of some independent variables. The panel is the most appropriate method due to the accumulation of data over 5 years, as it is a longitudinal model that considers the effect of the year on the information supplied by the companies.</p>
				<p>The panel used displayed an imbalance because not all companies had the same number of observations for all years. The panel was initially calculated based on fixed and random effect. However, after the Hausman test, the data revealed that the best basis of estimation would be by fixed effects. To avoid multicollinearity problems, the value inflation factor (VIF) of each model was performed; to avoid homoscedasticity, the Breusch-Pagan test was performed; and, to confirm the absence of endogeneity, the generalized method of moments (GMM) was performed.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Descriptive and correlational analysis</title>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 2</xref> shows the descriptive statistics for all variables analyzed. Most variables had the same number of observations, except for the return on assets, market capitalization, and revenue, since not all companies had this information available in the database. Therefore, an imbalanced panel of data was used. The dependent variable had an average of 3.33, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 17. In practice, this means that some companies have not disclosed any actions related to the SDGs, while others have disclosed all the SDGs.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Descriptive analysis</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Variables</th>
										<th align="center">Observations</th>
										<th align="center">Mean</th>
										<th align="center">Std. Dev.</th>
										<th align="center">Min</th>
										<th align="center">Max</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">SDGOALS</td>
										<td align="center">1467</td>
										<td align="center">3.33</td>
										<td align="center">5.37</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										<td align="center">17.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">BSIZE</td>
										<td align="center">1467</td>
										<td align="center">9.83</td>
										<td align="center">3.48</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">25.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">BGENDER</td>
										<td align="center">1467</td>
										<td align="center">9.55</td>
										<td align="center">10.24</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										<td align="center">85.71</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">INDEPBOARD</td>
										<td align="center">1467</td>
										<td align="center">39.44</td>
										<td align="center">23.70</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">ROA</td>
										<td align="center">1445</td>
										<td align="center">0.03</td>
										<td align="center">0.15</td>
										<td align="center">-2.36</td>
										<td align="center">0.89</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">MARKCAP</td>
										<td align="center">1445</td>
										<td align="center">0.16</td>
										<td align="center">0.64</td>
										<td align="center">-0.09</td>
										<td align="center">11.37</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">REVENUE</td>
										<td align="center">1458</td>
										<td align="center">4.29</td>
										<td align="center">7.71</td>
										<td align="center">-0.28</td>
										<td align="center">63.73</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">CSRCOM</td>
										<td align="center">1467</td>
										<td align="center">0.55</td>
										<td align="center">0.49</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">CSREPORTS</td>
										<td align="center">1467</td>
										<td align="center">0.68</td>
										<td align="center">0.46</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">INDUSTRYIMP</td>
										<td align="center">1467</td>
										<td align="center">0.44</td>
										<td align="center">0.49</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN14">
									<p>Source: Elaborated by the authors based on the data of the research.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The independent variable “board size” had an average percentage of 9.83. In addition, the largest board in the sample had 25 members and the smallest, 1 member. Regarding the variable “gender diversity in boards”, the average was 9.55%. The percentage of the board with the highest female representation was 85.71%; at the same time there was a board of directors without female participation. The percentage of independent directors had an average of 39.44%, with a minimum of 0% and a maximum of 100% of the directors who were not part of the organization. Return on asset had an average percentage of 0.03, market capitalization, 0.16 and revenue, 4.29 respectively.</p>
					<p>Descriptive statistics was also applied to dummy variables. The presence of the corporate social responsibility committee averaged 0.55 or 55%, indicating that more than half of companies had such a committee. The data show that more than half of the sample, that is, 68% of companies disclosed a sustainability report annually. Finally, 44% of the sample was composed of companies from environmentally sensitive sectors.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 3</xref> shows the correlation matrix of the variables. The table shows that the correlation coefficients between the variables was low, which made it possible to reduce multicollinearity problems between the predictors. Although five variables had a significant relationship with the dependent variable, all coefficients had a low level of correlation.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t9">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Correlation matrix of the variables</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Variables</th>
										<th align="center">(1)</th>
										<th align="center">(2)</th>
										<th align="center">(3)</th>
										<th align="center">(4)</th>
										<th align="center">(5)</th>
										<th align="center">(6)</th>
										<th align="center">(7)</th>
										<th align="center">(8)</th>
										<th align="center">(9)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">(1) SDGOALS</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">(2) BSIZE</td>
										<td align="center">0.03</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">(3) BGENDER</td>
										<td align="center">0.11***</td>
										<td align="center">-0.00</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">(4) INDEPBOARD</td>
										<td align="center">0.11***</td>
										<td align="center">-0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.17***</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">(5) ROA</td>
										<td align="center">0.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.02</td>
										<td align="center">-0.01</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">(6) MARKCAP</td>
										<td align="center">-0.07**</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										<td align="center">-0.02</td>
										<td align="center">-0.08***</td>
										<td align="center">0.02</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">(7) REVENUE</td>
										<td align="center">-0.00</td>
										<td align="center">-0.03</td>
										<td align="center">-0.07</td>
										<td align="center">0.02</td>
										<td align="center">0.01</td>
										<td align="center">-0.00</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">(8) CSRCOM</td>
										<td align="center">0.32***</td>
										<td align="center">0.07***</td>
										<td align="center">0.09***</td>
										<td align="center">0.04*</td>
										<td align="center">0.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.08***</td>
										<td align="center">-0.02</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">(9) CSREPORTS</td>
										<td align="center">0.37***</td>
										<td align="center">0.13***</td>
										<td align="center">0.09***</td>
										<td align="center">0.11***</td>
										<td align="center">0.04</td>
										<td align="center">-0.11***</td>
										<td align="center">0.03</td>
										<td align="center">0.48***</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">(10) INDUSTRYIMP</td>
										<td align="center">0.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.03</td>
										<td align="center">-0.03</td>
										<td align="center">-0.04*</td>
										<td align="center">0.07***</td>
										<td align="center">0.02</td>
										<td align="center">-0.04*</td>
										<td align="center">0.08***</td>
										<td align="center">0.07***</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN15">
									<p>***p&lt;0.01. **p&lt;0.05. *p&lt;0.10.</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN16">
									<p>Source: Elaborated by the authors based on the data of the research.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Multivariate Analysis</title>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 4</xref> presents the results of the multivariate data analysis. Models based on fixed and random effects were operationalized. However, through the Hausman test, it was found that models based on fixed effects would be more appropriate. Outliers, autocorrelations, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and endogeneity were tested to generate reliable results.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t10">
							<label>Table 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Multivariate data analysis - method: panel with fixed effects</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center"> </th>
										<th align="center">Model 1 Coef.</th>
										<th align="center">Model 2 Coef.</th>
										<th align="center">Model 3 Coef.</th>
										<th align="center">Model 4 Coef.</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">BSIZE</td>
										<td align="center">0.06**</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.06**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">BGENDER</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.04</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">INDEPBOARD</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.08*</td>
										<td align="center">0.08*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">ROA</td>
										<td align="center">-0.26</td>
										<td align="center">-0.27</td>
										<td align="center">-0.24</td>
										<td align="center">-0.24</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">MARKCAP</td>
										<td align="center">-0.13</td>
										<td align="center">-0.13</td>
										<td align="center">-0.11</td>
										<td align="center">-0.11</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">REVENUE</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">CSRCOM</td>
										<td align="center">1.41***</td>
										<td align="center">1.41***</td>
										<td align="center">1.43***</td>
										<td align="center">1.42***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">CSREPORTS</td>
										<td align="center">3.03***</td>
										<td align="center">3.09***</td>
										<td align="center">3.05***</td>
										<td align="center">2.98***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">INDUSTRYIMP</td>
										<td align="center">0.12</td>
										<td align="center">0.13</td>
										<td align="center">0.14</td>
										<td align="center">0.13</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Obs.</td>
										<td align="center">1423</td>
										<td align="center">1423</td>
										<td align="center">1423</td>
										<td align="center">1423</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">R-squared</td>
										<td align="center">0.1706</td>
										<td align="center">0.1683</td>
										<td align="center">0.1699</td>
										<td align="center">0.1723</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">F (Prob &gt; F)</td>
										<td align="center">41.46***</td>
										<td align="center">40.78***</td>
										<td align="center">41.24***</td>
										<td align="center">32.59***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">VIF</td>
										<td align="center">1.10</td>
										<td align="center">1.10</td>
										<td align="center">1.10</td>
										<td align="center">1.10</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan test</td>
										<td align="center">234.78***</td>
										<td align="center">241.70***</td>
										<td align="center">236.20***</td>
										<td align="center">237.47***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Endogeneity</td>
										<td align="center">Não</td>
										<td align="center">Não</td>
										<td align="center">Não</td>
										<td align="center">Não</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN17">
									<p>Source: Elaborated by the authors.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The results indicated that the size of the board had a positive effect on the engagement of companies with the SDGs of the United Nations, which confirmed hypothesis 1 and diverged from what was identified by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit and Wardhani (2021</xref>), who found an insignificant relationship between the size of the board and the disclosure of the SDGs. This divergence may be due to the institutional and cultural characteristics of the regions under this study, East and West. Larger boards tend to have different perspectives and directors with different backgrounds, which contributes to enriching discussions on sustainability issues.</p>
					<p>The results of this research did not allow the confirmation of hypothesis 2, as the relationship between gender diversity and the dissemination of SDGs proved to be insignificant. This result is in line with the findings of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit and Wardhani (2021</xref>) regarding the relationship between gender diversity and the SDGs, and with those of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al. (2021</xref>), which showed a positive but insignificant relationship between boards with gender diversity and sustainable or socially responsible behavior. Thus, this result refuted <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rosati and Faria (2019</xref>), which concluded that organizations whose boards have a higher proportion of women are more likely to address the SDGs in their sustainability reports.</p>
					<p>It is also highlighted that boards with independent members tended to motivate companies to act more successfully regarding the SDGs, as external members contributed additional market information, such as sustainable development challenges, which confirmed hypothesis 3. Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hussain et al. (2018</xref>) observed that a larger share of independent directors on a board of directors was associated with higher environmental and social performance. However, this result was opposed to what <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit and Wardhani (2021</xref>) showed: independent directors insignificantly affect the level of disclosure of the SDGs.</p>
					<p>No financial control variable showed significance in the models. In contrast, the presence of the corporate social responsibility committee had a positive effect on the dissemination of the SDGs, as in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit and Wardhani (2021</xref>). In addition, the findings revealed that companies that released a sustainability report annually tend to have greater engagement with the SDGs.</p>
					<p>After the findings in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, the researchers modified the nature of the dependent variable of the models, making it binary. Thus, the value 1 was attributed to companies that disclosed more than 50% of the SDGs and 0 to companies that disclosed less than half of the SDGs. As a result, it was possible to run new econometric models that confirmed the results obtained in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 5</xref>. Therefore, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 5</xref> shows the results obtained using the regression method in a binary logit panel with fixed effects.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t11">
							<label>Table 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Logit with fixed effects</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center"> </th>
										<th align="center">Model 5 Coef.</th>
										<th align="center">Model 6 Coef.</th>
										<th align="center">Model 7 Coef.</th>
										<th align="center">Model 8 Coef.</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">BSIZE</td>
										<td align="center">0.05**</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.05**</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">BGENDER</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">INDEPBOARD</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.02*</td>
										<td align="center">0.02*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">ROA</td>
										<td align="center">1.62***</td>
										<td align="center">1.37</td>
										<td align="center">1.40</td>
										<td align="center">1.63***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">MARKCAP</td>
										<td align="center">0.04</td>
										<td align="center">0.08</td>
										<td align="center">0.08</td>
										<td align="center">0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">REVENUE</td>
										<td align="center">0.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.16</td>
										<td align="center">0.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.01</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">CSRCOM</td>
										<td align="center">1.11***</td>
										<td align="center">1.11***</td>
										<td align="center">1.13***</td>
										<td align="center">1.11***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">CSREPORTS</td>
										<td align="center">2.83***</td>
										<td align="center">2.87***</td>
										<td align="center">2.85***</td>
										<td align="center">2.81***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">INDUSTRYIMP</td>
										<td align="center">-0.00</td>
										<td align="center">-0.01</td>
										<td align="center">-0.02</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Obs.</td>
										<td align="center">1230</td>
										<td align="center">1230</td>
										<td align="center">1230</td>
										<td align="center">1230</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Chi²</td>
										<td align="center">224.81***</td>
										<td align="center">220.83***</td>
										<td align="center">221.29***</td>
										<td align="center">225.50***</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN18">
									<p>***p&lt;0.01. **p&lt;0.05. *p&lt;0.10.</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN19">
									<p>Source: Elaborated by the authors.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Regarding the control variables, ROA showed positive significance, indicating that companies with higher financial performance disclosed more SDGs. In fact, companies with more financial resources had a greater ability to invest in matters that were not part of routine operations. In addition, companies with a higher ROA tended to be larger, which increased stakeholder pressures for all types of information, not limited to traditional financial information. Corroborating the results of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit and Wardhani (2021</xref>), the findings of this research confirmed that companies that had a CSR committee and organizations that released an environmental report contributed more to SDGs.</p>
					<p>The first and third hypothesis of the present study were confirmed, indicating a relationship between the size of the board and its independence with the disclosure of the SDGs. This refuted the findings of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit and Wardhani (2021</xref>), in which the relationship found is considered insignificant. However, it is important to note that the research contexts differ because they are from distinct cultures, East and West, which may have influenced the results.</p>
					<p>Hypothesis 2 was not confirmed. It is important to note that it is not always possible to adequately observe the impact of board diversity, as there is not enough diversity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>). Thus, fair representation is needed, which allows women to express their opinions in the board room (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Singh et al., 2021</xref>) and promote the dissemination of SDGs (Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Robustness analysis</title>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 6</xref> presents the results after robustness analysis. As the financial sector has its own specific rules, that makes it different from the others. Another factor to be highlighted is that the investigation period was from 2016 to 2020: in the latter year, the world went through a global crisis caused by COVID-19, which could affect the results of the analyzes. As a result, additional tests were performed to confirm the coefficients.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t12">
							<label>Table 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Results excluding the financial sector and the year 2020</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center"> </th>
										<th align="center">Model 9 Coef.</th>
										<th align="center">Model 10 Coef.</th>
										<th align="center">Model 11 Coef.</th>
										<th align="center">Model 12 Coef.</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">BSIZE</td>
										<td align="center">0.04</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.04</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">BGENDER</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="center">-0.01</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="center">-0.01</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">INDEPBOARD</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.01***</td>
										<td align="center">0.01***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">ROA</td>
										<td align="center">2.18**</td>
										<td align="center">2.00***</td>
										<td align="center">2.10**</td>
										<td align="center">2.10***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">MARKCAP</td>
										<td align="center">-0.23</td>
										<td align="center">-0.23</td>
										<td align="center">-0.21</td>
										<td align="center">-0.21</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">REVENUE</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										<td align="center">-0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.01</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">CSRCOM</td>
										<td align="center">1.03***</td>
										<td align="center">2.53***</td>
										<td align="center">1.02***</td>
										<td align="center">1.04***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">CSREPORTS</td>
										<td align="center">2.48***</td>
										<td align="center">2.53***</td>
										<td align="center">2.43***</td>
										<td align="center">2.38***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">INDUSTRYIMP</td>
										<td align="center">2.16***</td>
										<td align="center">2.17***</td>
										<td align="center">2.18***</td>
										<td align="center">2.15***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Obs.</td>
										<td align="center">883</td>
										<td align="center">883</td>
										<td align="center">883</td>
										<td align="center">883</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">R-squared</td>
										<td align="center">0.2332</td>
										<td align="center">0.2332</td>
										<td align="center">0.2375</td>
										<td align="center">0.2407</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">F (Prob &gt; F)</td>
										<td align="center">37.88***</td>
										<td align="center">37.89***</td>
										<td align="center">38.80***</td>
										<td align="center">30.65***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">VIF</td>
										<td align="center">1.12</td>
										<td align="center">1.12</td>
										<td align="center">1.12</td>
										<td align="center">1.11</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Breusch-Pagan test</td>
										<td align="center">223.85***</td>
										<td align="center">233.47***</td>
										<td align="center">231.60***</td>
										<td align="center">229.85***</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Endogeneity</td>
										<td align="center">Não</td>
										<td align="center">Não</td>
										<td align="center">Não</td>
										<td align="center">Não</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN20">
									<p>***p&lt;0.01. **p&lt;0.05. *p&lt;0.10.</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN21">
									<p>Source: Elaborated by the authors.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The presence of a greater number of independent members on the boards had a positive effect on the dissemination of SDGs. In practice, this means that independent members bring additional ideas that favor the company’s engagement with SDGs. Companies with higher return on assets are also more likely to be involved with SDGs. It is also observed that companies that had a CSR committee and disclosed annual voluntary reports tend to have a greater disclosure of SDGs.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS</title>
				<p>The research results allow us to identify that, in organizations, the board of directors played an important role in achieving the Agenda 2030. Thus, the findings complement several previous studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez-Ferrero &amp; García-Meca, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naciti, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sekarlangit &amp; Wardhani, 2021</xref>), since they demonstrated that the size of the board and its independence can increase the environmental and social engagement of companies based in Latin America, a region with few studies in the literature.</p>
				<p>Boards of directors are relevant internal governance mechanisms, as they advise and monitor managers in making decisions that serve the interests of shareholders and other stakeholders, also the society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Toukabri &amp; Youssef, 2023</xref>). In this context, the structure of these boards had a direct influence on the SDGs, since a board with more directors and greater independence can unite the internal capacities of its directors and the experiences of independent directors to implement technologies and strategies for sustainable development.</p>
				<p>The experiences, values and personality of their executives can significantly influence the adoption of organizations’ sustainability policies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Arena et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Hambrick, 2007</xref>). Thus, companies that want to have a better environmental performance should diversify their boards in terms of participants, including directors with different backgrounds and professional experiences. Although hypothesis 2 did not present significance, women can facilitate decision making in different ways and support environmental causes when they have sufficient representation, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">García-Sánchez et al. (2023</xref>).</p>
				<p>Based on the results, this research provides academic, managerial, governmental, and social contributions. First, this study analyzed how the governance structure can influence the adoption of the 2030 Agenda by companies in Latin America. This is relevant, since, according to Naciti et al. (2021), most studies relating governance structure and SDGs are concentrated in developed countries. Thus, studies are needed to investigate understudied regions, such as Latin America and Africa. Furthermore, this study extends the Upper Echelon Theory’s explanatory power, confirming that senior management does indeed play a decisive role in the company’s strategic positioning in relation to environmental and social issues.</p>
				<p>Members of the board of directors, as important decision-makers, are at the uppermost levels of organizations and, as a result, best placed to understand the demands of stakeholders, which include interests other than the shareholders’. Therefore, the achievement of the 2030 Agenda can be seen as a role of board members, as they make strategic decisions. Additionally, to fulfill this agenda, the company must understand that heterogeneity (board size and independence) is critical, since this diversity can contribute different perspectives, training and experiences to decision making.</p>
				<p>At the practical or managerial level, the results can help managers who work in organizations based in Latin America, as well as shareholders of the companies analyzed herein. Managers must understand that certain characteristics can help the company achieve the 2030 Agenda. For example, managers can set up a social responsibility committee and invest more resources in preparing a more complete sustainability report if they want their companies to be committed to SDGs. Shareholders, on the other hand, can encourage their boards to have more members, as well as a greater number of external members, to increase board independence. These actions can be useful for the company to have a greater environmental and social reputation, thus dialoguing with the various stakeholders.</p>
				<p>At the governmental level, results can guide regulators on voluntary disclosure of environmental and social information. This form of disclosure is not required in Latin America, nor is there a law requiring companies to disclose their actions or their environmental and social impacts. Despite that, legislators can enact regulations that encourage businesses to adopt a more proactive approach to SDGs. Governments might also design an award stamp for the corporations that have demonstrated the greatest commitment to the 2030 Agenda.</p>
				<p>Furthermore, based on the findings of this study, regulators in the countries investigated are invited to consider imposing quotas to increase female board representation. The gender diversity variable may not have been significant due to the low presence of women on the board, suggesting that, for women to have a voice, there must be a critical mass (a minimum number of women) capable of influencing strategic decisions in relation to the 2030 Agenda.</p>
				<p>Finally, this research presents contributions to society as a whole. The United Nations has called for research into what factors inspire companies to adhere to SDGs. Thus, this study answers to the UN’s call, as well as links to various SDGs, with the goal of contributing to Latin America’s sustainable development.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The purpose of this study, which was based on the Upper Echelon Theory, was to explore the effect of board structure on companies’ engagement with the SDGs. To achieve this goal, the research analyzed the disclosure of the 17 SDGs of 371 companies based in Latin America, as well as the governance structure of these organizations through three independent variables of the board: size, gender diversity and independence.</p>
				<p>The findings showed that board size and independence had a positive effect on the disclosure of the SDGs. In practice, this means that larger boards with higher engagement from members outside the organization boost organizational commitment to SDGs. The findings were consistent with the Upper Echelon Theory, which recommends that the company’s decisions and strategic positioning be decided by senior management, i.e., the members of the board of directors. As a result, it is evident that the board structure serves as a key mechanism for businesses to meet the goals of the 2030 Agenda.</p>
				<p>The conclusion provides substantial academic, managerial, and governmental contributions, as indicated in the discussion section. Nonetheless, the findings should be regarded with caution, for they are not devoid of limitations. For example, only specific board properties were investigated during a five-year period. Furthermore, information was gathered from a single source, the Thomson Reuters Eikon database, and only the Latin American environment was investigated.</p>
				<p>Future studies should extend the time span analyzed to include the years of the COVID-19 epidemic to overcome these limitations. Furthermore, new corporate governance elements that are not well recognized in the literature, such as the average age of board members, academic training of directors, and the proportion of foreigners on the board, should be investigated. The study also encourages further research to construct a theoretical model that justifies governance hypotheses using fresh theoretical perspectives.</p>
				<p>Furthermore, the SDG research agenda should include the development of a variable that can accurately measure a company’s engagement with sustainability to avoid greenwashing, which occurs when a company increases its investments in socio-environmental marketing but is not environmentally responsible. In addition, more research is needed to better understand the relationship between blockchain and SDGs goals, as well as the role of the board structure in the transition to sustainability via the SDGs 7 and 13.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</title>
				<p>The authors would like to thank Editor Prof. Dr. Hélio Arthur Reis Irigaray and Prof. Dr. Fabricio Stocker for his excellent support during the review process and to two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. The authors also thank the financial support provided by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn15">
					<label>15</label>
					<p>[Translated version] Note: All quotes in English translated by this article’s translator.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="data-availability" id="fn16" specific-use="data-not-available">
					<label>DATA AVAILABILITY</label>
					<p>The dataset supporting the results of this study is not publicly available.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<title>ASSOCIATE EDITOR</title>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn18">
					<label>18</label>
					<p>Fabricio Stocker (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6340-9127</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<title>REVIEWERS</title>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn19">
					<label>19</label>
					<p>Paulo José Mendonça Ribeiro (Universidade Estácio de Sa, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9606-4863</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn20">
					<label>20</label>
					<p>Sabrina Soares da Silva (Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras / MG - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0096-4742</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn21">
					<label>21</label>
					<p>Andrea Cardoso Ventura (Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador / BA - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-632X</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<title>PEER REVIEW REPORT</title>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn22">
					<label>22</label>
					<p>The peer review report is available at this URL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://periodicos.fgv.br/cadernosebape/article/view/90536/85321">https://periodicos.fgv.br/cadernosebape/article/view/90536/85321</ext-link>
					</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>