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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cebape</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cadernos EBAPE.BR</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cad. EBAPE.BR</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1679-3951</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Fundação Getulio Vargas, Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1679-395120220313</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00004</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTIGO</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Inovação ou progresso social? Uma análise dos fatores preditores para o avanço mundial da igualdade de gênero</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Innovation or social progress? An analysis of the predictors for worldwide advancement of gender equality</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>¿Innovación o progreso social? Un análisis de los factores predictivos del avance global de la igualdad de género</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4916-0454</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cunha</surname>
						<given-names>Victoria Barboza de Castro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Conceituação (Liderança)</role>
					<role>Curadoria de dados (Liderança)</role>
					<role> Análise formal (Liderança)</role>
					<role> Investigação (Liderança)</role>
					<role> Metodologia (Liderança)</role>
					<role> Software (Liderança)</role>
					<role>Visualização (Liderança)</role>
					<role> Escrita - rascunho original (Liderança)</role>
					<role> Escrita - revisão e edição (Liderança)</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5452-8965</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nascimento</surname>
						<given-names>Thiago Cavalcante</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Conceituação (Suporte)</role>
					<role> Análise formal (Suporte)</role>
					<role> Investigação (Suporte)</role>
					<role> Metodologia (Suporte)</role>
					<role> Escrita - revisão e edição (Suporte)</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4539-2568</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo Alves</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1c"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Análise formal (Suporte)</role>
					<role>Metodologia (Suporte)</role>
					<role> Software (Igual).</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Departamento de Gestão e Economia, Curitiba- PR, Brasil</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Departamento de Gestão e Economia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          	<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					 <email>victoriacunha@alunos.utfpr.edu.br</email>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff1b">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Departamento de Gestão e Economia, Curitiba- PR, Brasil</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Departamento de Gestão e Economia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          	<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					 <email>thiagoc@utfpr.edu.br</email>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff1c">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Departamento de Gestão e Economia, Curitiba- PR, Brasil</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Departamento de Gestão e Economia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          	<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					 <email>alvesr@utfpr.edu.br</email>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Victoria Barboza de Castro Cunha - Mestra em Administração pela Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (PPGA/UTFPR). E-mail: victoriacunha@alunos.utfpr.edu.br</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Thiago Cavalcante Nascimento - Doutor em Administração pela Universidade Federal do Paraná (PPGADM/UFPR); Professor Associado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR). E-mail: thiagoc@utfpr.edu.br</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
					<p>Rodrigo Alves Silva - Pós-doutor em Economia Aplicada (Esalq/USP); Doutor em Administração de Organizações pela Universidade de São Paulo (FEARP/USP); Professor Associado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR). E-mail: alvesr@utfpr.edu.br</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn5">
					<p>Hélio Arthur Reis Irigaray (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brasil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-7859</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn6">
					<p>Fabricio Stocker (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brasil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6340-9127</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>20</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>22</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e2022-0313</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O presente artigo visa verificar a relação entre inovação e progresso social para o avanço da igualdade de gênero em esfera global. Para tanto, dados secundários foram coletados no Índice Global de Inovação (GII), no Índice de Progresso Social (SPI) e no Índice Global de Igualdade de Gênero (GGGI) dos anos de 2020 e 2021. Na análise quantitativa, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão linear múltipla por meio do <italic>software</italic> de código aberto R Studio. Os resultados evidenciaram que o progresso social afeta positiva e significativamente a igualdade de gênero, embora não se tenha encontrado nenhuma correlação entre esta e a inovação. Ao fornecer uma estrutura compreensível para avaliar os fatores relacionados à diminuição das lacunas globais de gênero, este estudo serve como um catalisador para uma maior conscientização pública a respeito do tema, além de representar uma importante fonte de informação aos formuladores de políticas públicas e demais públicos de interesse.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>This paper aims to verify the relationship between innovation and social progress for the advancement of gender equality on a global level. Secondary data were collected on the Global Innovation Index (GII), the Social Progress Index (SPI), and the Global Gender Equality Index (GGGI) for the years 2020 and 2021. In the quantitative analysis, the multiple linear regression model was used in the open-source software R Studio. The results highlighted that social progress positively and significantly affects gender equality, although no correlation was found between it and innovation. By providing a comprehensive framework for evaluating factors related to closing the global gender gap, this study catalyzes increased public awareness of the issue and an important source of information for policymakers and stakeholders.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>El presente artículo pretende verificar la relación entre innovación y progreso social para el avance de la igualdad de género en la esfera mundial. Para ello, se recopilaron datos secundarios del Índice Global de Innovación (GII), el Índice de Progreso Social (SPI) y el Índice Global de Igualdad de Género (GGGI) de los años 2020 y 2021. En el análisis cuantitativo, se utilizó el modelo de regresión lineal múltiple en el <italic>software</italic> de código abierto R Studio. Los resultados pusieron de relieve que el progreso social afecta positiva y significativamente a la igualdad de género, aunque no se encontró ninguna correlación entre esta y la innovación. Al proporcionar un marco exhaustivo para evaluar los factores relacionados con la disminución de la brecha mundial de género, este estudio sirve de catalizador para una mayor concienciación pública sobre el tema, así como de importante fuente de información para los formuladores de políticas públicas y otras partes interesadas.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Igualdade de Gênero</kwd>
				<kwd>Inovação</kwd>
				<kwd>Progresso Social</kwd>
				<kwd>Análise de Regressão Múltipla</kwd>
				<kwd>R Studio</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Gender Equality</kwd>
				<kwd>Innovation</kwd>
				<kwd>Social Progress</kwd>
				<kwd>Multiple Regression Analysis</kwd>
				<kwd>R Studio</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Igualdad de género</kwd>
				<kwd>Innovación</kwd>
				<kwd>Progreso social</kwd>
				<kwd>Análisis de regresión múltiple</kwd>
				<kwd>R Studio</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="3"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="108"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>A pauta internacional passou a incorporar o debate de gênero nos planos desenvolvimentistas desde a criação da carta fundante da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) do ano de 1945 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">Sardenberg, 2018</xref>). De lá para cá, principalmente em virtude da criação dos 17 Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentáveis (ODSs) da ONU, em 2015, o que se tem verificado denota uma tendência à transversalização do gênero (<italic>gender mainstreaming</italic>) em discussões envolvendo o desenvolvimento global, principalmente em prol de uma agenda que dissolva paulatinamente os laços de desigualdade entre homens e mulheres construídos social, histórico e economicamente (Sardenberg, 2018). Ocorre que, diante do agravamento dessa desigualdade após o impacto da pandemia pelo novo coronavírus no crescimento econômico mundial, um potente discurso a favor de uma maior participação do público feminino nos negócios ressurgiu como um fator essencial não apenas para a recuperação econômica após cenários de crise e instabilidade global (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">Sajjad et al., 2020</xref>; World Economic Forum [WEF], <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">2021</xref>), mas também para o avanço social e cultural necessário a um desenvolvimento sustentável de longo prazo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Azcona &amp; Bhatt, 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Tal discurso traz implicações diretas para o campo da Administração e para as práticas de gestão envolvendo políticas públicas de gênero (Marcondes, 2019; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Öjehag-Pettersson, 2017</xref>). Na literatura científica, tem-se enaltecido o papel da inovação e do progresso social no aumento da igualdade nesse âmbito, embora este ainda seja um tema relativamente recente na área de Estudos Organizacionais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Bleijenbergh et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Ferreira et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Grosser &amp; Moon, 2019</xref>). Há que se considerar, no entanto, que o que predomina nas pesquisas publicadas até o presente momento ecoa esse fenômeno maior da transversalização de gênero encontrado no discurso institucionalizado de entidades e órgãos internacionais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Mariano &amp; Molari, 2022</xref>), a despeito das patentes consequências catastróficas de modelos de desenvolvimento tradicionais, que tentam incorporar a ótica de gênero sem considerar sua interface com tecnologia, identidade, ciência e sociedade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Anderson et al., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Figueiredo et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Haraway, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway &amp; Kunzru, 2000</xref>).</p>
			<p>Desse modo, a fim de não incorrer no “perigo de uma histórica única” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Adichie, 2019</xref>) nem na produção de saberes localizados que se privilegiam de uma perspectiva parcial acerca da real relação entre igualdade de gênero, inovação e progresso social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway, 1988</xref>), o presente artigo visa verificar a relação entre esses dois últimos conceitos e o avanço da igualdade de gênero numa perspectiva macro-organizacional, conforme recomendam <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Alsos et al. (2013</xref>). Para tanto, dados secundários recuperados do Índice Global de Inovação (World Intellectual Property Organization [WIPO], <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">2020</xref>), Índice de Progresso Social (Social Progress Imperative [SPI], <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">2021</xref>) e Índice Global de Igualdade de Gênero (GGGI) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">WEF, 2021</xref>) foram analisados em uma abordagem quantitativa que fez uso de um modelo de regressão linear múltipla por meio do <italic>software</italic> de código aberto R Studio.</p>
			<p>Metodologicamente, esta pesquisa preenche a carência por modelos quantitativos que utilizem dados empíricos atualizados pelos principais índices socioeconômicos mundiais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Ballesta et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Meyer &amp; Jongh, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">Zhu et al., 2019</xref>), haja vista que a maioria dos trabalhos científicos tem sido conduzida em uma perspectiva micro-organizacional centrada em regiões específicas do globo, por meio do desenho de estudo de caso único ou estudo comparativo de casos múltiplos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Alsos et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Laudano et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Pinkovetskaia et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Ribes-Giner et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Em termos de contribuição teórico-prática, distingue-se o papel das mulheres nos tipos de inovação intra e organizacional, revelando que a tríade temática que inspirou esta pesquisa acha-se imbricada em relações estruturais de poder e quadros normativos que tendenciam as concepções de gênero nas práticas de gestão do desenvolvimento da atualidade. Torna-se imperioso, portanto, que os formuladores de políticas elaborem planos de desenvolvimento social alinhados às novas abordagens metodológicas e às novas operacionalizações da inovação, orientados pela perspectiva de gênero pós-colonial e macro-organizacional, vislumbrada no presente trabalho.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>REVISÃO DE LITERATURA</title>
			<p>Os estudos sobre igualdade de gênero nas Ciências Sociais Aplicadas começaram a tomar forma com os trabalhos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Acker (1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">1992</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Alvesson e Billing (1992</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Brown (1976</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Hearn e Parkin (1983</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Mills (1988</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">Wolff (1977</xref>), remontando às raízes do movimento feminista da década de 1960, visando denunciar questões de divisão do trabalho, poder, autoridade e sexualidade dentro das organizações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Nkomo &amp; Rodriguez, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">Wilson, 1996</xref>). Com o passar do tempo, essa tendência de tentar explicar os padrões estruturais que corroboravam a desigualdade de gênero nos níveis micro e macro-organizacionais avançou para o debate interseccional de temas relativos a raça, classe, minorias étnicas, diversidade sexual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Bleijenbergh et al<italic>.</italic>, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Holvino, 2008</xref>), religião (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Arifeen &amp; Gatrell, 2013</xref>), relações trabalho-família na inserção da mulher no mundo do trabalho (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Ferreira et al<italic>.</italic>, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Linstead, 2000</xref>) e, mais recentemente, à influência desses temas sobre cultura e responsabilidade corporativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Grosser &amp; Moon, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Segundo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway (1988</xref>), gênero pode ser definido como um produto de práticas culturais e tecnológicas e, não, como um fato natural ou biológico. A autora delineou de forma crítica uma primeira aproximação entre o que se entende hoje por inovação tecnológica e a formação do gênero focando na figura do ciborgue. Este engloba uma categoria fluida e dinâmica, moldada pelas experiências, desejos e interações dos sujeitos no mundo, os quais, sendo mediados pela tecnologia e pelo conhecimento técnico-científico produzido com a criação das máquinas, passam a ter o poder de desafiar (ou reforçar) papéis e identidades de gênero tradicionais, oferecendo novas possibilidades de autoexpressão e transformação social ou de reificação dos papéis consolidados dos sujeitos genderizados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway &amp; Kunzru, 2000</xref>).</p>
			<p>Tal perspectiva pós-colonial alinha-se à evolução na discussão sobre gênero e desenvolvimento que surgiu na década de 1990, em que se abriu mão do termo “mulheres” com o intuito de enfatizar a construção cultural e histórica dos gêneros baseada na divisão sexual do trabalho (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Hirata, 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">2018</xref>). Esta refere-se às relações de poder que organizam as sociedades em torno da desigualdade, não se atendo às relações de classe entre homens e mulheres e seus respectivos impactos no desenvolvimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Mariano &amp; Molari, 2022</xref>). Enquanto a perspectiva anterior “mulheres e desenvolvimento” trazia uma orientação marxista que obliterava a construção social de gênero em detrimento da luta entre classes - que afeta indistintamente homens e mulheres -, a de “gênero e desenvolvimento” passou a indagar por que e como as relações sociais entre os sexos posicionam os homens na esfera produtiva e as mulheres ora na esfera reprodutiva, ora na esfera produtiva subalterna (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Mariano &amp; Molari, 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>No contexto que norteia este trabalho, caberia questionar por que se atribui aos homens um papel de maior importância para o desenvolvimento, enquanto as mulheres, mesmo inseridas em quadros corporativos e participando ativamente do progresso econômico, permanecem invisibilizadas perante alguns setores da sociedade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Paradis, 2019</xref>). Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Haraway e Kunzru (2000</xref>), a solução desse enigma residiria justamente na figura híbrida do ciborgue, na medida em que a tecnologia e a ciência ofereceriam um espaço de resistência a ser usado para desafiar as formas dominantes de poder e controle, mobilizando sistemas opressivos e criando possibilidades de transformação social.</p>
			<p>Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Haraway et al. (2000</xref>, p. 149, tradução nossa), o termo “ciborgue” diz respeito a “[...] um organismo cibernético, um híbrido de máquina e organismo, uma criatura da realidade social, bem como uma criatura da ficção”. Os autores argumentam que há dois níveis ontológicos de construção do ciborgue: um literal, isto é, o ciborgue materializado, configurado por meio do complexo tecno científico, e outro metafórico, criado pelas narrativas contemporâneas com o intuito de desafiar papéis binários, sendo, portanto, politicamente progressista e oposicionista. Para Haraway (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">1988</xref>), nenhum corpo ou ser humano é estável ou natural, na medida em que ele é construído no hibridismo e na liminaridade das relações do ser com outros seres, humanos e não humanos (tecnologias e/ou máquinas e animais, por exemplo). Nesse sentido, os corpos humanos são vistos como configurações complexas e dinâmicas de massa biológica, corpos de outras pessoas, discursos, práticas, ideias e objetos materiais: cada elemento contribui para o outro de maneira interdependente. Em outras palavras, entendemos nossos corpos e nós mesmos por meio das tecnologias, assim como nossos corpos e nós mesmos também dão significado e configuram as tecnologias por meio das encenações da vida cotidiana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Lupton, 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Destarte, o ciborgue é revisitado neste trabalho como um meio de enfatizar a interconexão entre as colaborações da tecnociência, cujo subproduto direto reside na inovação técnico-industrial, e os conjuntos corporais que ela configura, os quais afetam o bem-estar e o progresso social com relação à igualdade de gênero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway, 1988</xref>; Haraway et al., 2000). Enquanto o ciborgue permanecer como um ícone da tecnofilia agressiva e masculinizada, isto é, tal qual um produto “imparcial” e inevitável dos modelos de inovação que vemos hoje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Jensen 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Squires, 2000</xref>), sua liminaridade transgressora perderá a chance de desafiar os mitos da tecnociência em seu projeto de desestabilizar as narrativas em torno do corpo perfeito e completo, frequentemente masculinizado, e de contestar a reprodução de oposições binárias culturais como se fossem essenciais e naturais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway &amp; Kunzru, 2000</xref>).</p>
			<p>Tal visão acha-se no cerne da transversalização de gênero impulsionada pela transição dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM) para os ODS, a qual desvinculou a ideia de mulher como mera beneficiária do desenvolvimento promovido pelos homens e passou a associar o conceito de gênero a outros problemas sociais, remetendo à interseccionalidade debatida anteriormente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Fukuda-Parr, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Mariano &amp; Molari, 2022</xref>). O conceito de progresso social ganha, então, a conotação de gênero em virtude do alcance da justiça social em diversos âmbitos de interesse geral da sociedade, os quais, reconhecidamente, afetam mais as mulheres, visto que ocorre a desvalorização do trabalho de cuidado familiar e comunitário não remunerado desempenhado por elas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Paradis, 2019</xref>). Desse modo, além do direito à terra, combate à pobreza, da desnutrição e fome, luta contra a degradação ambiental e crise habitacional, observam-se também problemas intrinsecamente imbricados na discussão de gênero, tais como o casamento infantil, a gravidez precoce ou forçada, a violência sexual, entre outros. De modo geral, Mariano e Molari (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">2022</xref>, p. 831) defendem que “[...] os feminismos do Sul Global têm contribuído para incorporar visões de justiça de gênero no escopo do desenvolvimento humano”, seguindo uma abordagem que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Azcona e Bhatt (2020</xref>) denominaram <italic>inequality, gender, and sustainable development</italic> (desigualdade, gênero e desenvolvimento sustentável).</p>
			<p>A literatura empírica sobre o tema parece acompanhar essa abordagem. Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Bando (2019</xref>), por exemplo, a igualdade de gênero promove o desenvolvimento social, na medida em que coíbe a desigualdade de renda entre homens e mulheres. Similarmente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Falk e Hermle (2018</xref>) afirmaram que uma disponibilização mais equânime de recursos materiais entre homens e mulheres concorreria para um maior desenvolvimento econômico e social em 76 países através das preferências individuais relacionadas a questões de gênero no aproveitamento de recursos produtivos. Em estudo anterior, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Tesch-Römer et al. (2007</xref>) descobriram que há uma estreita relação entre a sensação de bem-estar social experimentada por cidadãos de mais de 50 países e valores culturais que contribuíam para um acesso mais inclusivo a recursos financeiros e educacionais entre homens e mulheres. Graças a isso, muitos autores modernos atribuem uma maior percepção do progresso social ao avanço das políticas públicas das esferas local, regional e global, em diferentes países, que objetivam assegurar um ingresso mais equitativo das mulheres no ensino superior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Clavero &amp; Galligan, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Cruz, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Laoire et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">O’Connor &amp; Irvine, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">Silva &amp; Prestes, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Diante de tais achados, apresentamos a primeira hipótese que o modelo estatístico adotado neste estudo propôs-se a testar:</p>
			<p><bold>H1.</bold> Existe uma relação positiva e significativa entre progresso social e igualdade de gênero.</p>
			<p>Consoante a isso, para além dessa relação inicial entre igualdade de gênero e progresso social, estudos empíricos vêm confirmando as impressões originais de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway (1988</xref>) sobre a interseção entre estes e os avanços da inovação tecnológica. Apresentada na literatura como sendo uma preditora para aumentar o crescimento econômico nas indústrias, a inovação é um fenômeno estudado principalmente no nível intraorganizacional como um recurso estratégico capaz de assegurar a manutenção da vantagem competitiva das empresas ao longo do tempo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Alsos et al., 2016</xref>). Todavia, considerando os potenciais impactos negativos decorrentes da inovação da firma, o papel das mulheres tem sido particularmente enaltecido como uma forma de atuar sobre os grandes desafios da sociedade e repensar as organizações na transição de modelos produtivos obsoletos que não acompanham os esforços de preservação ambiental e bem-estar social na busca desenfreada pela transformação técnica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">TM &amp; Joseph, 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>O primeiro trabalho acadêmico sobre transformação técnica foi atribuído a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Schumpeter (1959</xref>), que se voltou para grandes invenções como propulsoras do desenvolvimento econômico das nações. Baseando-se em seu trabalho, a inovação é definida como novas combinações de fatores de produção para entrega de bens ou serviços à sociedade, o que pode ocorrer por meio da introdução de novos processos produtivos, da abertura de novos mercados, da exploração de novas fontes de matérias-primas ou da reestruturação de uma indústria inteira (Schumpeter, 1959). Provavelmente a maior contribuição do autor para a discussão do tema ora proposto encerre-se na ampliação que promoveu em relação aos clássicos pressupostos econômicos que norteavam o estudo do empreendedorismo na década de 1930 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Vale, 2014</xref>), ao incluir os agentes responsáveis pela inovação no entendimento de toda e qualquer vantagem competitiva que se pudesse obter; afinal, desconsiderar os indivíduos como atores nos processos, organizações e sistemas que direcionam a inovação acaba por invisibilizar as questões de gênero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Alsos et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Assim, vários estudos têm avançado na discussão da relação entre igualdade de gênero e inovação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Alsos et al<italic>.</italic>, 2013</xref>), sugerindo que a presença de mulheres em quadros de liderança provou-se relevante na disseminação de uma cultura corporativa voltada à inovação tanto em países desenvolvidos quanto em desenvolvimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Dai et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Ritter-Hayashi et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">Wu et al., 2021</xref>), bem como no direcionamento de estratégias voltadas à inovação sustentável (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Nadeem et al., 2020</xref>) e no combate das mudanças climáticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Loarne-Lemaire et al., 2021</xref>). Ainda, o incentivo a políticas públicas de promoção da igualdade de gênero em nações desenvolvidas como Canadá e Suécia resultou igualmente num impacto significativo sobre a alavancagem de macroecossistemas de inovação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Rowe, 2018</xref>) e sobre a inovação no meio científico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Nielsen et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Otero-Hermida &amp; García-Melón, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Todos esses trabalhos estabeleceram que o avanço da equidade de gênero reflete-se no esforço de inovação empreendido por empresas e países. Desse modo, a segunda hipótese que esta pesquisa procurou testar foi a seguinte:</p>
			<p><bold>H2.</bold> Existe uma relação positiva e significativa entre inovação e igualdade de gênero.</p>
			<p>Vale ressaltar que, apesar do alinhamento dos estudos supracitados com a discussão proposta entre “gênero e desenvolvimento”, vista em <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway (1988</xref>), há também visões divergentes que põem em xeque a relação positiva entre as variáveis indicadas. Isso ocorre em virtude das crescentes críticas envolvendo os efeitos perversos da inovação tecnológica no meio ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Figueiredo et al<italic>.</italic>, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway, 2015</xref>), bem como no que diz respeito ao agravamento dos problemas sociais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">Vergès, 2020</xref>), posto que ambos ratificam uma visão colonialista e instrumentalizada da mulher face às políticas assistencialistas rumo ao desenvolvimento mundial. Além disso, há evidências de que as próprias mulheres reproduzem práticas de exclusão e violência em ambientes corporativos com alta demanda por produtividade e inovação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Moura &amp; Santos, 2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>Assim, considerando a existência de tais tensionamentos na literatura sobre o tema - o que enfatiza ainda mais a relevância desta pesquisa ao buscar esclarecer os dissensos na correlação entre os constructos abordados nesta seção -, e reconhecendo já haver um índice validado para predizer e explicar <italic>outputs</italic> de inovação em esfera nacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Galdino, 2019</xref>; C. B. D. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">Souza et al., 2023</xref>), a próxima seção justifica a escolha dos materiais que compõem o modelo estatístico deste trabalho e elucida acerca da metodologia aplicada para sua manipulação.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Materiais</title>
				<p>O Índice de Inovação Global ou GII visa mensurar a capacidade de inovação e os níveis de eficiência de cada país, tomando como base um conjunto de dados coletados anualmente conforme uma série de determinantes de inovação (entradas e saídas) - WIPO (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">2020</xref>). Enquanto as entradas referentes a inovação são compostas por cinco pilares representantes de características econômicas que favorecem atividades inovadoras - instituições; pesquisa e capital humano; infraestrutura; sofisticação de mercado; sofisticação de negócios -, as saídas relativas a inovação correspondem aos resultados dessas atividades e estão distribuídas em dois pilares, quais sejam: conhecimento e tecnologia; criatividade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">WIPO, 2020</xref>). Cada pilar possui mais três subíndices, os quais são compostos também por indicadores específicos, perfazendo um total de 80 no relatório de 2020.</p>
				<p>Esse índice foi escolhido como variável independente neste estudo por oferecer registros atualizados de atividades laborais executadas por mulheres em cargos elevados por meio do indicador <italic>females employed with advanced degrees</italic>, que faz parte da entrada de inovação “sofisticação de negócios” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">WIPO, 2020</xref>), conforme O <xref ref-type="table" rid="ch1">Quadro 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="ch1">
						<label>Quadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Dimensões do GII</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0313-gch1.png"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores com base no WIPO (2020).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				  </table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Já o Índice de Progresso Social ou SPI vem sendo publicado desde 2013 pelo Social Progress Imperative, uma organização sem fins lucrativos que tenta estimular melhorias e direcionar ações utilizando 51 indicadores sociais e ambientais para medir 149 países, o que inclui 98% da população mundial (E. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">Souza, 2020</xref>). Seus indicadores são distribuídos em três dimensões de progresso social: necessidades humanas básicas, suporte ao bem-estar e oportunidade. Para fins de elucidação, ver o <xref ref-type="table" rid="ch2">Quadro 2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="ch2">
						<label>Quadro 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Dimensões do SPI</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0313-gch2.jpg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores com base no SPI (2021).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				  </table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Observa-se que esse índice abrange quatro categorias fundamentais para o objeto de investigação desta pesquisa, a saber: I) a existência de indicadores sociais e ambientais exclusivos que não se atêm a aspectos meramente econômicos; II) inclusão do quesito “resultados” em vez de “insumos” (conforme visto no índice anterior), para medir efetivamente o alcance de qualidade de vida e não apenas os esforços empreendidos pelos países nesse sentido; III) sua finalidade prática, o que torna seus dados úteis para líderes de governo, profissionais, empresas e sociedade civil na implementação de políticas públicas em prol do bem-estar coletivo (SPI, 2021).</p>
				<p>Por fim, o GGGI foi projetado pelo Fórum Econômico Mundial (World Economic Forum WEF) em 2006 com a finalidade de comparar quais países têm conseguido sanar os principais entraves à baixa participação das mulheres tanto na política e no setor público quanto na iniciativa privada (WEF, 2021).</p>
				<p>Sua maior vantagem em relação a outros índices advém do fato de sua metodologia neutralizar a pontuação de indicadores que favorecem as mulheres em relação aos homens, a exemplo do aumento da taxa mundial de natalidade de mulheres (WEF, 2021). Ademais, 13 das 14 variáveis utilizadas para criar o índice são oriundas de dados brutos disponibilizados publicamente por diversos órgãos internacionais, como a Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), o Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD) e a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Isso permite desvendar, por meio de um cálculo robusto e multi-dimensional, como os países dividem seus recursos e oportunidades entre a população masculina e feminina, independentemente dos níveis gerais desses recursos e oportunidades (WEF, 2021). Um resumo dos principais indicadores utilizados no GGGI pode ser encontrado no <xref ref-type="table" rid="ch3">Quadro 3</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="ch3">
						<label>Quadro 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Dimensões do GGGI</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0313-gch3.jpg"/>
						<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores com base no WEF (2021).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				  </table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Para compor o modelo estatístico proposto neste trabalho, optou-se por utilizar apenas os valores agregados de cada índice, a fim de atingir o objetivo do estudo: gerar uma análise macro-organizacional e não localizada ou comparativa entre as diversas dimensões de inovação e progresso social em cada país presente nos índices. Igualmente, em nosso corte temporal seccional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Kumar, 2014</xref>) para a seleção desses anos nos índices de referência, levou-se em conta as dificuldades que a pandemia pelo novo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2 impôs ao avanço das políticas contra a desigualdade de gênero no mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Madgavkar et al., 2020</xref>), período em que houve relatos de maior violência doméstica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">O’Donnell et al., 2021</xref>), mais casos de feminicídio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">Weil, 2020</xref>), maior taxa de desemprego para esse público em comparação com o masculino (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">Profeta, 2021</xref>) e maior incidência de problemas psicológicos, como depressão pós-parto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">Stepowicz et al., 2020</xref>) e síndrome do <italic>burnout</italic> entre profissionais do sexo feminino da área de saúde (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">Tuna &amp; Özdin, 2021</xref>) e de educação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Copková, 2021</xref>), além da sobrecarga emocional pela divisão desproporcional no trabalho doméstico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Bahn et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>A abordagem metodológica adotada nesta pesquisa foi de cunho quantitativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Bryman &amp; Bell, 2015</xref>), de caráter dedutivo e descritivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Kumar, 2014</xref>), e se valeu do método de regressão linear múltipla, por este permitir a avaliação do comportamento de uma variável em relação com outras sem incorrer em qualquer relação determinística de causa e efeito e por ser apropriado quando há mais de uma variável explicativa interferindo no comportamento da dependente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>). Determinou-se como variável dependente o GGGI e como variáveis independentes, também denominadas “explicativas” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>), o SPI e o GII. Em razão de o primeiro índice apresentar como base de mensuração uma variação de 0 (zero) a 1 (um) para cada país avaliado, foram necessários ajustes para a padronização dos valores na escala de 0 (zero) a 100 (cem).</p>
			<p>Os dados foram tratados no Microsoft Excel<italic>,</italic> com o intuito de padronizar os nomes dos países descritos nas diferentes fontes e retirar da base de componentes agregados aqueles que continham dados faltantes (N/A). Para fins de generalização, os 129 países que apresentaram dados para os três índices foram incluídos no modelo estatístico inferencial, sem diferenciação quanto ao seu nível de desenvolvimento.</p>
			<p>Posteriormente, como ferramenta para análise estatística dos dados de corte transversal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Kumar, 2014</xref>), utilizou-se o <italic>software</italic> R Studio, com o suporte dos pacotes <italic>lmtest, car, dplyr, rstatix, ggpur, QuantPsyc, psych</italic> e <italic>scatterplot3D</italic>, este último para gerar um <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch5">gráfico</xref>3D que ilustrasse o modelo. Uma síntese dos testes empregados para validação dos pressupostos do modelo de regressão linear múltipla encontra-se no <xref ref-type="table" rid="ch4">Quadro 4</xref>.</p>
			<p>Para a validação das bases e do método escolhido, foram necessárias, primeiramente, a identificação da normalidade da distribuição de resíduos e a estimativa da correlação entre as variáveis do estudo. Utilizou-se o teste Shapiro-Francia para atestar a normalidade dos dados, visto ser mais adequado para a dimensão desta amostra (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>A fim de garantir a ausência de multicolinearidade, foi aplicado o teste estatístico do fator de inflação de variância ou <italic>Variance Inflation Factor</italic> (VIF). A multicolinearidade ocorre quando as variáveis explicativas possuem índices de correlação muito elevados, a ponto de a relação entre as variáveis chegar a ser linear. Para testar a incidência deste fenômeno, de modo geral, considera-se como valor de referência uma estatística VIF menor ou igual a 10 (dez), ficando condicionada a existência de multicolinearidade para valores acima deste limite (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Hair et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Já para verificar a inexistência de heterocedasticidade após a suposição de normalidade, foi utilizado o teste de Breusch-Pagan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>). Segundo os autores, a homocedasticidade dos resíduos trata da constância na variância destes ao longo da variável explicativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>). Os resultados e as análises oriundas de cada teste são apresentados na seção seguinte.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="ch4">
					<label>Quadro 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Síntese dos pressupostos do modelo</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0313-gch4.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores com base em <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero e Belfiori (2017</xref>).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				  </table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>APRESENTAÇÃO DOS RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO</title>
			<p>O primeiro modelo contendo as três variáveis apresentou alta linearidade, com distribuição normal dos resíduos (<italic>p-value</italic> = 0.9139; confirmando H0 para uma distribuição normal com um <italic>p-value</italic> superior a 0,05) - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero e Belfiore (2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="ch5">
					<label>Gráfico 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title><bold>Análise gráfica do modelo utilizando os pacotes <italic>PAR (MFROW = C(2,2))</italic> e <italic>PLOT (MOD)</italic>
</bold></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0313-gch5.jpg"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Pela função <italic>summary(rstandard(mod))</italic>, verificou-se a inexistência de <italic>outliers</italic> e pontos influentes no modelo, pois o valor mínimo calculado foi de -2.6833749 (o mínimo permitido: -3) e o máximo, 2.8030416 (máximo permitido: +3). O valor da mediana próximo de 0 (0.0269819) também confirmou a inexistência de <italic>outliers</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Em sequência, foi adotado o teste de Breusch-Pagan, em virtude de a distribuição ser normal. O valor retornado foi de 0.4497, confirmando H0 para um <italic>p-value</italic> maior do que 0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>). Já o teste de Durbin-Watson, que mede a autocorrelação dos dados, retornou um valor de <italic>p-value</italic> de 0.206, também dentro do esperado para confirmar H0. Até então, todos esses pressupostos são similares aos da regressão linear simples, diferenciando-se apenas em relação à análise adicional da multicolinearidade, que pressupõe uma colinearidade muito forte entre as variáveis independentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>). Duas variáveis independentes não podem apresentar uma relação muito forte entre si; isso deve ocorrer somente em relação à variável dependente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>). Ao checá-la através do VIF, obteve-se 3.956507 para a variável GII e 3.956507 para a variável SPI, mantendo-se o aceitável para uma nota de corte 10 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="ch6">
					<label>Gráfico 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title><bold>Índice de correlação de Pearson, complementar ao VIF, pelo pacote <italic>PAIRS.PANELS(DADOS)</italic>
</bold></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0313-gch6.jpg"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Em seguida, passou-se a se concentrar no valor do R quadrado ajustado, a fim de obter a porcentagem da variação dos dados passível de ser explicada pelo modelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>). Segundo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Field et al. (2012</xref>), o R quadrado ajustado apresenta confiabilidade suficiente, pois aumenta à medida que mais variáveis são adicionadas ao modelo, mesmo que não sejam relevantes, o que torna necessário corroborar sua análise com os testes AIC e BIC. Ainda assim, Fávero e Belfiore (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">2017</xref>) comentam que o R quadrado ajustado é o mais indicado para a análise de regressão múltipla, pois ele consegue avaliar modelos com quantidades de variáveis independentes diferentes, admitindo-se que o modelo mais confiável será aquele com R quadrado ajustado maior. No caso, o primeiro modelo com duas variáveis independentes (GII e SPI) retornou um R quadrado ajustado de 0.3307 e o segundo, que manteve somente o SPI numa análise de regressão simples, resultou em 0.3354, sugerindo, portanto, que este modelo seria o ideal.</p>
			<p>Em contrapartida, pelos testes AIC e BIC, quanto menor for o resultado, melhor, logo, ambos os testes também privilegiaram o modelo 2, apenas com a variável “progresso social”. Ver valores no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch6">Gráfico 3</xref>.</p>
			<p>Consoante a isso, o coeficiente padronizado (função <italic>lm.beta</italic>, do pacote <italic>QuantPsyc</italic>) sinalizou qual das variáveis teve maior impacto no modelo como preditor da variável independente, retornando 0.54251095 para o SPI e 0.04755909 para o GII: o maior valor mais associado à variável dependente.</p>
			<p>Como é de praxe elaborar um gráfico para a visualização dos dados ao final do modelo de regressão linear simples, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Field et al. (2012</xref>) recomendam fazer o mesmo com o modelo de regressão linear múltipla. Entretanto, como não se trata apenas de duas variáveis, uma independente e outra dependente, como ocorre no modelo simples, o que se pode criar é um <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch7">gráfico 3</xref>D (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Field et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="ch7">
					<label>Gráfico 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Visualização gráfica do modelo de regressão linear múltipla contendo as três variáveis função Graph &lt;- SCATTERPLOT3D(DADOS$GGGI ~ DADOS$GII + DADOS$SPI, PCH = 16, ANGLE = 30, COLOR = “STEELBLUE”, BOX = FALSE, XLAB=”GII”, YLAB=”SPI”, ZLAB=”GGGI”) GRAPH$PLANE3D(MOD, COL=”BLACK”, DRAW_POLYGON = TRUE)</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0313-gch7.jpg"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Por fim, utilizou-se a função <italic>stepAIC,</italic> do pacote <italic>MASS,</italic> com o objetivo de verificar quais variáveis seriam excluídas do modelo por não serem tão significativas para predizer a variável dependente. Conforme os testes anteriores sugeriram, o modelo de regressão linear simples relacionando apenas a variável GGGI ao SPI foi o que permaneceu.</p>
			<p>Diante disso, confirmou-se a H1 proposta neste trabalho (“Existe uma relação positiva e significativa entre progresso social e igualdade de gênero”), enquanto a H2 (“Existe uma relação positiva significativa entre a inovação e igualdade de gênero”) foi refutada, prevalecendo a hipótese nula. Na tentativa de explicar a relação positiva e significativa entre progresso social e igualdade de gênero (primeira hipótese do presente estudo), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">Shilling (1991</xref>) já antecipava, com seus apontamentos seminais, o quanto as desigualdades sociais são construídas pelos e nos corpos genderizados. Apropriando-se dos três tipos principais de capital debatidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Bourdieu (1986</xref>) - a saber, capitais econômico, social e cultural -, Shilling (1991) acrescenta o “capital corporificado” (<italic>embodied capital</italic>, tradução própria) como mais do que um mero subtipo de recurso cultural investido no corpo humano (Bourdieu, 1986). Para Shilling (1991), o capital corporificado condicionaria a própria capacidade de agência na produção de capital cultural e econômico de um indivíduo, além de orientar a conquista e manutenção de seu <italic>status</italic>, tornando-se, pois, o principal constituinte de sua habilidade de intervenção na esfera social e na própria vida cotidiana.</p>
			<p>No caso do gênero, o autor pontua que há uma relação dialógica na construção dos corpos feminino e masculino no decorrer do tempo e espaço, uma vez que a produção de um capital físico ocorre em momentos de esporte e de lazer, em atividades que circunscrevem as classes a determinadas localidades, as quais apresentam valores simbólicos partilhados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">Shilling, 1991</xref>). Por “locais” (<italic>locations</italic>, tradução própria), Shilling (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">1991</xref>) entende as circunstâncias materiais que contextualizam a vida dos indivíduos, de maneira a distanciá-los em maior ou menor grau das necessidades econômico-financeiras e aproximá-los da “vontade” material ou financeira (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Bourdieu, 1986</xref>). De acordo com as localidades, portanto, os sujeitos passam a ter acesso a oportunidades desiguais para adquirir o capital físico que é mais valorizado na sociedade, haja vista que sua acumulação inicial requer um investimento de seu tempo livre e de seu capital econômico. O progresso social constituiria, então, uma possibilidade de contornar a desigualdade estrutural inerente a esses “locais”, de modo a reduzir o tempo de necessidade econômica e possibilitar algum início de acumulação entre ambos os sexos.</p>
			<p>Para além disso, uma reversão das localidades desiguais interferiria também na conversão desse capital físico por meio dos três tipos de capitais já conhecidos, uma vez que a outra face desse processo dialógico ratifica a participação de outros corpos humanos, nas mesmas atividades pré-configuradas, como pertencentes a um gênero ou classe social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">Shilling, 1991</xref>). Isso significa, por exemplo, que a participação das mulheres na sociedade não é apenas construída discursivamente, como em políticas desenvolvimentistas analisadas sob uma perspectiva fenomenológica, mas espacial e fisicamente, na medida em que esse grupo social tem suas possibilidades de construção de capital econômico segregadas a determinados mercados de produtos ou serviços; seu capital cultural se acha limitado ao modelo de educação formal que recebe; e seu capital social muitas vezes se acha condicionado às relações que familiares ou os tipos anteriores de capital permitiram que estabelecesse fora do seu círculo de contato imediato.</p>
			<p>Em linha com tais proposições, teóricos modernos como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">Sajjad et al. (2020</xref>) defendem que, além de tais aspectos contribuírem para denegrir a condição de trabalho feminino diante do masculino rumo ao desenvolvimento, as diferenças de gênero também acabariam sendo transferidas para distinções de classe entre as próprias mulheres, pois aquelas que pertencem às classes média e alta passariam a reproduzir os padrões de desigualdade de gênero, tentando ocultar parcialmente sua subordinação via mercantilização do trabalho doméstico, executado majoritariamente por outras mulheres racializadas de classes mais baixas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Ávila &amp; Ferreira, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Carvalho &amp; Santos, 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>Nesse contexto, é necessário aprofundar em que medida o progresso social, retendo uma relação positiva e significativa com a igualdade de gênero, pode realmente atuar nas desigualdades geradas também por mulheres de classes distintas. Conforme se observa nos índices agregados empregados neste estudo, existem dimensões no GGGI (destaque para as dimensões primárias 1 e 2) e no SPI (destaque para as dimensões secundárias 5, 6, 10 e 12) que reproduzem locais de privilégio: enquanto novas mulheres aumentam as estatísticas pelo acesso a recursos básicos, em virtude da carência de progresso, outras aumentam os índices de acesso a posições de liderança e participação política. Em ambos os casos, houve progresso social, embora não de forma equânime, o que amplia o debate em torno de uma “economia feminista” em prol da construção de um capital corporificado menos desigual entre o próprio gênero. Esta economia teria como prioridade a ressignificação da responsabilidade social do cuidado, mediante a criação de uma rede de solidariedade em torno da valorização de bens essenciais à vida como forma de fomento ao desenvolvimento sustentável (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Azcona &amp; Bhatt, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Manea et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>Já a prevalência de H1 no modelo estatístico também lança luz sobre uma consequência direta da atual corporificação do capital, qual seja, o fenômeno cada vez mais crescente de feminização da pobreza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Bradshaw et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Chant, 2020</xref>). Nesse sentido, questiona-se até que ponto o progresso social não fomenta uma maior equidade de gênero tão somente em razão de as mulheres constituírem o maior contingente populacional em vulnerabilidade e não porque recebem uma atenção diferenciada das atuais políticas de desenvolvimento praticadas pela maioria dos países (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Madgavkar et al., 2020</xref>). A respeito disso, sabe-se que elas são as mais afetadas por crises globais, conflitos armados, mudanças climáticas e precariedades sanitárias no atendimento a direitos sexuais e reprodutivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">O’Donnell et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">Profeta, 2021</xref>). Todavia, conquanto se observe na atualidade uma excessiva instrumentalização do “feminino” em políticas voltadas ao bem-estar social, não se pode afirmar, ao certo, se o progresso social ora conquistado ultrapassa a perspectiva de “desenvolvimento familiar” - sob a qual as mulheres seriam apenas beneficiárias do desenvolvimento - ou se ultrapassa a perspectiva de “mulheres em desenvolvimento” - até então centralizada nas relações de classe estabelecidas no ambiente de trabalho -, para, enfim, incorporar legitimamente as relações de poder que organizam os trabalhos desempenhados por homens e mulheres com base no gênero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Mariano &amp; Molari, 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>O que se pode afirmar, de fato, é que a consolidação do desenvolvimento global passa por um processo de transversalização de gênero, por meio do qual os fatores sociais tornam-se fundamentais para a obtenção de condições de vida menos desiguais na sociedade como um todo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Labrecque, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Mariano &amp; Molari, 2022</xref>). Tal processo ocorre de maneira direta, já que necessariamente as ações sociais são endereçadas a questões de gênero que reconhecidamente se revertem numa corporificação mais igualitária do capital físico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Azcona &amp; Bhatt, 2020</xref>), bem como de maneira indireta, uma vez que a maioria da população em posição de subalternidade dentro da divisão sexual do trabalho continua sendo do sexo feminino e é inevitavelmente beneficiada por ações sociais de interesse geral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Hirata, 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>De todo modo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Fukuda-Parr (1999</xref>, p. 3, tradução nossa) já havia comentado que, mais do que os aspectos econômicos, a desigualdade de gênero afeta “[...] os resultados humanos em termos de escolhas e oportunidades que uma pessoa possui”, o que se coaduna com os levantamentos apontados na literatura consultada. De fato, uma real equidade transcenderia, em grande medida, aquilo que se entende por reversão da desigualdade salarial entre homens e mulheres (ou <italic>gender pay gap reversal</italic>, em tradução nossa). Enquanto o referido conceito sugere uma equidade econômica advinda da desresponsabilização feminina pelas funções de cuidado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Waite, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">Winchester &amp; Browning, 2015</xref>) e de relações de trabalho mais justas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Bahn et al., 2020</xref>), a equidade de gênero envolveria, na realidade, uma mobilização de estruturas sociais por meio da cooperação internacional, de parcerias locais e de investimentos destinados à reforma de sistemas que ainda legitimam a vulnerabilidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">Stepowicz et al<italic>.</italic>, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">Tuna &amp; Özdin, 2021</xref>), na medida em que não desenvolvem mecanismos de redistribuição de recursos tangíveis e intangíveis que intervenham de maneira eficaz nessas mesmas estruturas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Copková, 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>Destarte, assim como previu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway (1988</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">2015</xref>), o progresso social não se trata de um objetivo linear ou uma noção unidimensional de avanço, posto que isso apenas reforçaria as noções de dominação, exploração e exclusão presentes no arranjo das localidades que condicionam uma corporificação desigual do capital físico contemporâneo. O desenvolvimento social necessita, pois, vir acompanhado de uma “ficção especulativa” e de um “conhecimento situado”, mediante a criação de narrativas corpóreas alternativas que desafiam as normas e estruturas existentes, sem deixar de considerar, por seu turno, a importância das perspectivas e experiências de diferentes grupos sociais. Em resumo, para Haraway e Kunzru (2000), o progresso social não significa simplesmente avançar em direção a um futuro predeterminado, pois a desconstrução das bases da desigualdade intenta questionar e reimaginar constantemente as estruturas com base na figura do ciborgue, isto é, promovendo a ética do cuidado entre seres humanos e não humanos como um dos norteadores fundamentais para uma abordagem de “companheirismo” e colaboração entre as novas formas de viver e habitar o mundo.</p>
			<p>A refutação de H2, por sua vez, significa que, embora diversos estudiosos tenham recentemente sinalizado que a igualdade de gênero contribui para o aumento da inovação dos países (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Dai et al<italic>.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Manea et al<italic>.</italic>, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Nadeem et al<italic>.</italic>, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Nielsen et al<italic>.</italic>, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Otero-Hermida &amp; García-Melón, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Ritter-Hayashi et al<italic>.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">Wu et al<italic>.</italic>, 2021</xref>), aspectos culturais, políticos e sociais ainda podem impedir que nações com investimento massivo em inovação digital e infraestrutura de apoio ao desenvolvimento tecnológico usufruam de um mesmo nível de equidade de gênero encontrado em países que investem em políticas sociais, mesmo sem possuir um ecossistema de negócios voltado à inovação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Ghosh &amp; Ramanayake, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Østby et al., 2016</xref>). Relatórios internacionais recentes confirmam tal achado e indicam que, mesmo em nações com um sistema político aberto, a exemplo de Japão, França e Hungria, dentre os maiores fatores exógenos que acabam se tornando inibidores da equidade de gênero, estão aqueles atinentes ao ecossistema de inovação nesses países, principalmente pela falta de acesso a financiamento e crédito para abertura de <italic>startups</italic> por mulheres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Mastercard, 2020</xref>). Isso explica, em parte, o fato de o progresso social dos últimos três anos ter ocorrido mais rapidamente entre os países em desenvolvimento que efetuaram iniciativas de fomento à maior inserção de mulheres na economia local, como Gâmbia, Serra Leoa, Tunísia, Etiópia e Nepal (E. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">Souza, 2020</xref>). Somente algumas pequenas variações positivas foram observadas em outras economias em desenvolvimento que não adotaram medidas relacionadas à igualdade de gênero como resposta ao período pandêmico. É o caso do Egito, que apresentou uma variação geral de 4,1%, em 2019, para 4,3%, em 2020, e de Bangladesh, que saiu de 4,3%, em 2019, para 4,5%, em 2020 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Mastercard, 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Os achados corroboram, ainda, uma contestação do discurso hegemônico tão presente em sistemas políticos abertos de economia neoliberal, qual seja: a “[...] inovação representa uma solução para o progresso econômico e social da sociedade”; ou, ainda: “[...] o progresso econômico induz necessariamente ao progresso social”. Tal discurso se provaria incoerente diante de economias de regimes políticos fechados que, apesar de economicamente avançadas, ainda possuem uma cultura restritiva quanto ao acesso a recursos básicos de educação, saúde e inserção no mundo do trabalho àquelas que, de fato, poderiam alavancar um desenvolvimento econômico mais inclusivo, contribuindo para o bem-estar social, conforme destacaram os estudos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Falk e Hermle (2018</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Tesch-Römer et al. (2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>Outra questão revelada pelos achados se refere à desigualdade estrutural de gênero no acesso a programas voltados à inovação, uma vez que, no melhor dos cenários, nessas mesmas sociedades as mulheres de negócios são constantemente associadas mais à inovação intraorganizacional e menos à inovação organizacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Chen et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Filculescu, 2016</xref>). Esse contexto também se verifica na dimensão contemplada pelo GII, por meio do indicador <italic>females employed with advanced degrees,</italic> que apresenta a força de trabalho feminina com qualificação profissional tal qual um ativo das empresas inovadoras. Isso se torna um agravante em regiões de países em desenvolvimento, a exemplo do Brasil e da China, onde a distribuição desigual entre mão de obra feminina e masculina também pode influenciar o nível de inovação que as indústrias conseguem atingir, sem, no entanto, gerar qualquer contraprestação social para que uma maior inserção das mulheres no mercado de trabalho técnico resulte em melhora na qualidade de vida desse público ou de suas famílias, conforme bem ilustrou o estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Chen et al<italic>.</italic> (2021)</xref>. Tal estudo demonstrou uma tendência a uma maior inovação em indústrias com o uso intensivo de força de trabalho feminina em locais da China onde não havia um contingente populacional significativo de mão de obra masculina que pudesse substituí-la. O autor, assim, extrapolou relações de trabalho para explicar como a ideologia de gênero em torno da inovação intraorganizacional também está vinculada à teoria da mudança organizacional, ou seja, demonstrou quem, de fato, dentro das organizações, pode ser responsável por participar das mudanças rumo à inovação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Chen et al<italic>.</italic>, 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>Em paralelo, a divisão social do trabalho, historicamente marcada na civilização ocidental por um sistema tecnicista, capitalista e patriarcal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Hirata, 2009</xref>, 2018), ainda contribui para a baixa inserção do contingente feminino em segmentos que exigem maior conhecimento na área de STEM (<italic>Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Corneille et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Jebsen et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">O’Connell &amp; McKinnon, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Saucerman &amp; Vasquez, 2014</xref>); por exemplo, a inovação de produtos tecnológicos para a criação de patentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Tahmooresnejad &amp; Turkina, 2022</xref>) ou mesmo fundação de <italic>startups</italic> ligadas diretamente à área de tecnologia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">Shinnar et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">Villaseca et al., 2020</xref>). Nesse processo de inserção feminina em áreas especializadas da inovação organizacional, não é raro encontrar mulheres que necessitam permanecer casadas para conseguir investimentos com alta percepção de risco, devido à visão generalizada de que o empreendimento de um casal (<italic>copreneurship</italic>) passa uma maior confiança a investidores predominantemente masculinos quanto à capacidade de liderança e da própria gestão da inovação para alavancar resultados e produzir um crescimento acelerado que se reverta em rápido retorno ao capital inicial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Kuschel &amp; Lepeley, 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Similarmente, não é raro que mulheres oriundas de contextos de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica de países em desenvolvimento, a exemplo de mulheres da zona rural de baixa renda da Etiópia, sejam motivadas a ingressar nesse tipo de inovação organizacional por causa de um discurso maior em torno do “empreendedorismo para o desenvolvimento”, a despeito das inúmeras barreiras de entrada interpostas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Cummings &amp; Lopez, 2022</xref>). Nesse caso, mesmo obtendo benefícios pessoais com seus negócios - independência financeira, empoderamento e reconhecimento social -, não deixam de arcar com as consequências negativas de sua ousadia, tais como pressões emocionais relacionadas à incerteza envolvendo sua segurança pessoal, estresse, vida social limitada e medo de endividamento e da pobreza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Cummings &amp; Lopez, 2022</xref>). Assim, observa-se que uma nova faceta da inovação organizacional que coíbe a igualdade de gênero reside no próprio custo emocional implicado na iniciativa pró-inovação, posto que, mesmo apresentando resultados bem-sucedidos e promovendo avanços nas esferas pessoal e supostamente social, a mulher empreendedora em países emergentes apenas reforça os papéis de gênero estipulados pela lógica de poder dominante, mascarando e fortificando lugares de fragilidade onde deveria haver emancipação. Esse modo de instrumentalização da mulher é semelhante àquele discutido na inovação intraorganizacional, na medida em que as mulheres são convocadas a ocupar posições ditas “altamente estratégicas” para os planos de desenvolvimento internacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Labrecque, 2010</xref>), que as levam à ilusão de satisfazer necessidades imediatas de inserção de gênero, embora terminem por reproduzir mecanicamente os modelos de organização social excludentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Moura &amp; Santos, 2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>Consequentemente, tais aspectos estruturais estão no cerne das desigualdades que impossibilitam o acesso das mulheres à inovação entendida em sua forma tradicional <bold>-</bold> hegemônica, mercantilizada e excludente, porém econômica e produtiva. De modo que não se pode esperar que ela surta efeitos sobre a disparidade de gênero, contrariando a interlocução proposta entre as variáveis no início do estudo, com base na figura do ciborgue de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Haraway e Kunzru (2000</xref>). Convém considerar, pois, os perigos que um possível reforço dessas práticas institucionalizadas na macroestrutura social representa para o desenvolvimento do capital humano de gerações futuras de mulheres. Ou seja, elas poderão experimentar uma maior igualdade entre os pares do sexo masculino mediante o progresso social, porém, não o poderão fazer via avanço da inovação, uma vez que esta ainda representa um sistema de dominação demarcado pelas interações e fluxos de conhecimento técnico de interesse global, fomentados pelos avanços da tecnologia de informação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">Shearmur, 2012</xref>). Logo, as mulheres submetidas ao tipo de inovação intraorganizacional terminarão por condicionar novos contingentes deste grupo a não fazer parte do tipo de inovação admitido como aquele que supostamente alavanca as sociedades modernas em direção aos ODSs <bold>-</bold> qual seja, a inovação organizacional <bold>-</bold>, o que configura como a segunda grande provocação teórica que esta pesquisa permitiu entrever. Recorrendo a esta provocação, intentou-se valorizar não só o que já foi conquistado com a presença das mulheres no ambiente organizacional, mediante a longa luta por direitos materiais e morais do movimento feminista e da própria literatura organizacional à luz da perspectiva de gênero, mas também evidenciar o que ainda pode ser mudado para que tais barreiras não limitem o curso que a inovação pode tomar em direção a sociedades mais igualitárias, sustentáveis e economicamente prósperas.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS</title>
			<p>Com este estudo, intentou-se verificar se a inovação e o progresso social poderiam ser considerados fatores preditores para o avanço da igualdade de gênero em escala global, o que se provou verdadeiro apenas para a segunda variável independente, qual seja, o progresso social. Tal resultado permitiu inferir que países que investem em uma robusta infraestrutura de inovação não estão necessariamente contribuindo para legitimar maiores oportunidades de atuação e emancipação feminina ante o desenvolvimento econômico e social mundial. Este fato mostra-se relevante na orientação de políticas públicas mais direcionadas à inserção do público feminino na macroestrutura organizacional e no debate de certos discursos hegemônicos de que o incentivo indiscriminado à inovação inevitavelmente conduziria a sociedades mais igualitárias e inclusivas. Alternativamente, também se coloca em xeque a contribuição dos avanços da inovação para o próprio progresso social, o qual está atrelado à perspectiva atual de “gênero e desenvolvimento”, conforme discutido ao longo da seção dedicada ao referencial teórico.</p>
			<p>Como limitação, este estudo, devido a sua orientação generalista, não atentou para os possíveis efeitos das variações entre as diversas dimensões constantes nos índices sobre a variável dependente, o que talvez pudesse contribuir para uma análise mais detalhada de quais fatores relativos ao progresso social mais contribuem para a igualdade de gênero, muito embora essa limitação não tenha invalidado os achados relatados. Um dos encaminhamentos futuros desta pesquisa consiste justamente numa análise individual dos componentes de cada índice e de testes de seus efeitos na variável dependente. Nesse contexto, também seria interessante avaliar se há relação positiva e significativa entre as variáveis independentes “progresso social” e “inovação” e, em caso negativo, analisar como os indicadores dialogam com as discussões de “gênero e desenvolvimento”.</p>
			<p>Ampliando essa proposta, recomenda-se que outras variáveis agregadas futuramente componham modelos de estudos quantitativos por macrorregiões do globo, a fim de redimensionar as diferenças de gênero entre Norte e Sul global mediante análise comparativa com dados em painel. Conforme indicou <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Connell (2014</xref>), existem diferenças sensíveis entre os feminismos desenvolvidos por cada hemisfério, sendo o do Sul global aquele que mais tem contribuído para incorporar a justiça social nos planos de desenvolvimento internacional. Por conseguinte, devem ser desvendados os quadros normativos e os fatores estruturais em jogo nas relações de poder observadas na produção de conhecimento sobre gênero, de maneira a evitar que os feminismos “ocidentais” em si reverberem uma produção monolítica da mulher do “Primeiro Mundo” em contraposição à do “Terceiro Mundo”, e de se incorrer, mais uma vez, no perigo de uma história única ou parcial a respeito da relação entre as variáveis trazidas aqui.</p>
			<p>Por fim, ressalta-se que o modelo quantitativo operacionalizado por este trabalho oferece uma estrutura válida para a análise dos fatores relacionados à diminuição das lacunas globais de gênero. Ele serve como um catalisador para uma maior conscientização pública a respeito do tema, além de representar uma importante fonte de informação a formuladores de políticas públicas e outros <italic>stakeholders,</italic> acrescentando à literatura sobre inovação uma ótica genderizada que permite debater acerca de uma aparente dualidade existente na representatividade feminina segregada, ainda, à inovação no seio intraorganizacional.</p>
		</sec>
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			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<p>Todo o conjunto de dados que dá suporte aos resultados deste estudo foi disponibilizado no repositório Zenodo e pode ser acessado em <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8370557">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8370557</ext-link>
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			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
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			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn9">
				<label>8</label>
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	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1679-395120220313x</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Innovation or social progress? An analysis of the predictors for worldwide advancement of gender equality</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4916-0454</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cunha</surname>
						<given-names>Victoria Barboza de Castro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
					<role>Conceptualization (Lead)</role>
					<role>Data curation (Lead)</role>
					<role>Formal Analysis (Lead)</role>
					<role>Investigation (Lead)</role>
					<role>Methodology (Lead)</role>
					<role>Software (Lead)</role>
					<role>Visualization (Lead)</role>
					<role>Writing - original draft (Lead)</role>
					<role> Writing - review &amp; editing (Lead)</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5452-8965</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nascimento</surname>
						<given-names>Thiago Cavalcante</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
					<role>Conceptualization(Supporting)</role>
					<role> Formal Analysis (Supporting)</role>
					<role> Investigation (Supporting)</role>
					<role> Methodology (Supporting)</role>
					<role>Writing - review &amp; editing(Supporting)</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4539-2568</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo Alves</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
					<role>Formal Analysis (Supporting)</role>
					<role> Methodology (Supporting)</role>
					<role>Software (Equal)</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Departamento de Gestão e Economia, Curitiba - PR, Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
					<p>Victoria Barboza de Castro Cunha - M.Sc. in Business Administration from the Federal University of Technology - Paraná (PPGA/UTFPR). E-mail: victoriacunha@alunos.utfpr.edu.br</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn11">
					<p>Thiago Cavalcante Nascimento - PhD in Business Administration from the Federal University of Paraná (PPGADM/UFPR); Associate Professor at the Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR). E-mail: thiagoc@utfpr.edu.br</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn12">
					<p>Post-doctorate in Applied Economics (Esalq/USP); PhD in Organisational Management from the University of São Paulo (FEARP/USP); Associate Professor at the Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR). E-mail: alvesr@utfpr.edu.br</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>This paper aims to verify the relationship between innovation and social progress for the advancement of gender equality on a global level. Secondary data were collected on the Global Innovation Index (GII), the Social Progress Index (SPI), and the Global Gender Equality Index (GGGI) for the years 2020 and 2021. In the quantitative analysis, the multiple linear regression model was used in the open-source software R Studio. The results highlighted that social progress positively and significantly affects gender equality, although no correlation was found between it and innovation. By providing a comprehensive framework for evaluating factors related to closing the global gender gap, this study catalyzes increased public awareness of the issue and an important source of information for policymakers and stakeholders.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Gender Equality</kwd>
				<kwd>Innovation</kwd>
				<kwd>Social Progress</kwd>
				<kwd>Multiple Regression Analysis</kwd>
				<kwd>R Studio</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The international agenda has been incorporating the gender debate into development plans since the United Nations (UN) founding charter in 1945 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">Sardenberg, 2018</xref>). Since then, mainly due to the creation of the UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, there has been a trend towards gender mainstreaming in discussions involving global development, particularly in favour of an agenda that gradually dissolves the social, historical and economically constructed bonds of inequality between men and women (Sardenberg, 2018). As this inequality has worsened following the impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic on global economic growth, a powerful discourse in favour of greater female participation in business has re-emerged as an essential factor not only for economic recovery after scenarios of crisis and global instability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">Sajjad et al., 2020</xref>; World Economic Forum [WEF], 2021) but also for the social and cultural advancement necessary for long-term sustainable development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Azcona &amp; Bhatt, 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>Such discourse brings direct implications to the Administration field and management practices involving public gender policies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Öjehag-Pettersson, 2017</xref>; Marcondes, 2019). In the scientific literature, while the role of innovation and social progress in increasing equality has been praised, this is still a relatively recent topic in the field of Organisational Studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Bleijenbergh et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Ferreira et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Grosser &amp; Moon, 2019</xref>). However, what predominates in the research published to date echoes this major phenomenon of gender mainstreaming found in the institutionalised discourse of international entities and bodies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Mariano &amp; Molari, 2022</xref>) despite the obvious catastrophic consequences of traditional development models, which attempt to incorporate a gender perspective without considering its interface with technology, identity, science and society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Anderson et al., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Figueiredo et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Haraway, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway &amp; Kunzru, 2000</xref>).</p>
				<p>Thus, in order not to incur the “danger of a single history” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Adichie, 2019</xref>) or the production of localised knowledge that privileges a partial perspective on the actual relationship between gender equality, innovation and social progress (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway, 1988</xref>), this article aims to verify the relationship between these last two concepts and the advancement of gender equality from a macro-organisational perspective, as recommended by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Alsos et al. (2013</xref>). To this end, secondary data retrieved from the Global Innovation Index (World Intellectual Property Organization [WIPO], <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">2020</xref>), the Social Progress Index (SPI, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">2021</xref>) and the Global Gender Equality Index (GGGI) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">WEF, 2021</xref>) were analysed in a quantitative approach that made use of a multiple linear regression model run in the open-source software R Studio.</p>
				<p>Methodologically, this research fills the need for quantitative models that use empirical data updated by the world’s leading socioeconomic indices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Ballesta et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Meyer &amp; de Jongh, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">Zhu et al., 2019</xref>), given that most scientific work has been conducted from a micro-organisational perspective centred on specific regions of the globe, using a single-case study design or a comparative study of multiple cases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Alsos et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Laudano et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Pinkovetskaia et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Ribes-Giner et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>In terms of theoretical and practical contributions, the role of women in intra-organisational and organisational types of innovation could be distinguished, revealing that the thematic triad that inspired this research is imbricated in structural power relations and normative frameworks that bias gender conceptions in today’s development management practices. Therefore, policymakers must draw up social development plans in line with the new methodological approaches and new operationalisations of innovation, guided by the post-colonial and macro-organisational gender perspective glimpsed in this work.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>LITERATURE REVIEW</title>
				<p>Studies on gender equality in the Applied Social Sciences began to take shape with the work of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Acker (1990</xref>, 1992), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Alvesson and Billing (1992</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Brown (1976</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Hearn and Parkin (1983</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Mills (1988</xref>), and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">Wolff (1977</xref>), going back to the roots of the feminist movement of the 1960s. This movement aimed at denouncing issues of division of labour, power, authority and sexuality within organisations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Nkomo &amp; Rodriguez, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">Wilson, 1996</xref>). Over time, this trend of trying to explain the structural patterns that corroborated gender inequality at the micro- and macro-organisational levels has moved on to the intersectional debate of issues relating to race, class, ethnic minorities and sexual diversity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Bleijenbergh et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Holvino, 2008</xref>), religion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Arifeen &amp; Gatrell, 2013</xref>), work-family relations in the insertion of women into the world of work (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Ferreira et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Linstead, 2000</xref>) and, more recently, the influence of these issues on corporate culture and responsibility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Grosser &amp; Moon, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway (1988</xref>), gender can be defined as a product of cultural and technological practices, not as a natural or biological fact. The author critically outlined a first approximation between what is understood today as technological innovation and the formation of gender, focussing on the cyborg figure. This encompasses a fluid and dynamic category shaped by subjects’ experiences, desires, and interactions. These subjects, while being mediated by technology and the technical-scientific knowledge produced with the creation of machines, have the power to challenge (or reinforce) traditional gender roles and identities, offering new possibilities for self-expression and social transformation, or the reification of genderised subjects’ consolidated roles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway &amp; Kunzru, 2000</xref>).</p>
				<p>Such a post-colonial perspective is in line with the evolution of the discussion on gender and development that emerged in the 1990s, in which the term “women” was dropped to emphasise the cultural and historical construction of gender based on the sexual division of labour (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Hirata, 2009</xref>, 2018). The latter refers to the power relations that organise societies around inequality, without focusing on class relations between men and women and their respective impacts on development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Mariano &amp; Molari, 2022</xref>). Whereas the previous “women and development” perspective had a Marxist orientation that obliterated the social construction of gender to the detriment of the struggle between classes - which affects men and women indistinctly -, the “gender and development” perspective began to investigate why and how social relations between the sexes place men in the productive sphere and women either in the reproductive sphere or in the subordinate productive sphere (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Mariano &amp; Molari, 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the context of this work, it is worth questioning why men are given a more critical role in development while women, even though they are part of corporate boards and actively participate in economic progress, remain invisible to some sectors of society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Paradis, 2019</xref>). For <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Haraway and Kunzru (2000</xref>), the solution to this conundrum lies precisely in the hybrid figure of the cyborg insofar as technology and science offer a space of resistance to be used to challenge dominant forms of power and control, mobilising oppressive systems and creating possibilities for social transformation.</p>
				<p>For <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Haraway et al. (2000</xref>, p. 149), the term “cyborg” refers to “[...] a cybernetic organism, a hybrid of machine and organism, a creature of social reality as well as a creature of fiction.” The authors argue that there are two ontological levels of construction of the cyborg: one literal, i.e. the materialised cyborg, configured through the techno-scientific complex, and the other metaphorical, created by contemporary narratives with the intention of challenging binary roles, thus being politically progressive and oppositional. For Haraway (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">1988</xref>), no human body or being is stable or natural, as it is constructed in the hybridity and liminality of the being’s relations with other beings, human and non-human (technologies and/or machines and animals, for example). In this sense, human bodies are seen as complex and dynamic configurations of biological mass, other people’s bodies, discourses, practices, ideas, and material objects - each element contributing to the other in an interdependent way. In other words, we understand our bodies and ourselves through technologies, just as our bodies and ourselves also give meaning to and configure technologies through the enactments of everyday life (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Lupton, 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>Hence, the cyborg is revisited in this work as a means of emphasising the interconnection between the collaborations of technoscience, whose direct by-product lies in technical-industrial innovation, and the body assemblages it shapes, which affect well-being and social progress concerning gender equality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway, 1988</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Haraway et al., 2000</xref>). As long as the cyborg remains an icon of aggressive and masculinised technophilia, i.e. as an “impartial” and inevitable product of the models of innovation we see today (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Jensen, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Squires, 2000</xref>), its transgressive liminality will lose the chance to challenge the myths of technoscience in its project to destabilise the narratives around the perfect and complete body, often masculinised, and to challenge the reproduction of cultural binary oppositions as if they were essential and natural (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Haraway &amp; Kunzru, 2000</xref>).</p>
				<p>Driven by the transition from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the SDGs, this view is at the heart of gender mainstreaming, which disconnected the idea of women as mere beneficiaries of development promoted by men and began to associate the concept of gender with other social problems, referring to the intersectionality discussed earlier (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Fukuda-Parr, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Mariano &amp; Molari, 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>The concept of social progress then takes on a gender connotation due to the achievement of social justice in various areas of general interest to society, which admittedly affects women the most, since the unpaid family and community care work they perform is devalued (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Paradis, 2019</xref>). Thus, in addition to the right to land, the fight against poverty, malnutrition and hunger, the fight against environmental degradation and the housing crisis, there are also problems intrinsically intertwined in the gender debate, such as child marriage, early or forced pregnancy, sexual violence, among others. In general, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Mariano and Molari (2022</xref>, p. 831) argue that “[...] feminisms from the Global South have contributed to incorporating visions of gender justice into the scope of human development”, following an approach that <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Azcona and Bhatt (2020</xref>) have called inequality, gender, and sustainable development.</p>
				<p>The empirical literature on the subject follows this approach. For <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Bando (2019</xref>), for example, gender equality promotes social development by curbing income inequality between men and women. Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Falk and Hermle (2018</xref>) stated that a more equal availability of material resources between men and women would contribute to greater economic and social development in 76 countries through gender-related individual preferences in the utilisation of productive resources. In a previous study, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Tesch-Römer et al. (2007</xref>) found a close relationship between the sense of social well-being experienced by citizens in more than 50 countries and cultural values towards more inclusive access to financial and educational resources between men and women. Thanks to this, many modern authors attribute a greater perception of social progress to the advancement of public policies at local, regional, and global levels in different countries, which aim to ensure a more equitable entry of women into higher education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Clavero &amp; Galligan, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Cruz, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Laoire et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">O’Connor &amp; Irvine, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">Silva &amp; Prestes, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Given these findings, we present the first hypothesis that the statistical model adopted in this study set out to test:</p>
				<p>H1. There is a positive and significant relationship between social progress and gender equality.</p>
				<p>Accordingly, beyond the initial relationship between gender equality and social progress, empirical studies have confirmed <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway’s (1988</xref>) original impressions of the intersection between these two and advances in technological innovation. Presented in the literature as a predictor of increased economic growth in industries, innovation is a phenomenon studied mainly at the intra-organisational level as a strategic resource capable of ensuring the maintenance of companies’ competitive advantage over time (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Alsos et al., 2016</xref>). However, considering the potential negative impacts resulting from firms’ innovation, the role of women has been particularly praised as a way of acting on society’s grand challenges and rethinking organisations in the transition from obsolete production models that do not keep pace with efforts to preserve the environment and social well-being in the unbridled pursuit of technical transformation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">TM &amp; Joseph, 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>The first academic work on technical transformation was attributed to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Schumpeter (1959</xref>), who focused on great inventions as the driving force behind the economic development of nations. His work defines innovation as new combinations of production factors to deliver goods or services to society, which can occur by introducing new production processes, opening up new markets, exploiting new sources of raw materials or restructuring an entire industry (Schumpeter, 1959). The author’s most outstanding contribution to the discussion is his expansion of the classic economic assumptions guiding the study of entrepreneurship in the 1930s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Vale, 2014</xref>). He included the agents responsible for innovation in the understanding of any competitive advantage that could be obtained and, after all, disregarding individuals as actors in the processes, organisations and systems that drive innovation ends up making gender issues invisible (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Alsos et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Hence, several studies have advanced the discussion of the relationship between gender equality and innovation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Alsos et al., 2013</xref>), suggesting that the presence of women in leadership roles has proven to be relevant in the dissemination of a corporate culture geared towards innovation in both developed and developing countries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Dai et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Ritter-Hayashi et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">Wu et al., 2021</xref>). The same applies to directing strategies aimed at sustainable innovation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Nadeem et al., 2020</xref>) and combating climate change (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Loarne-Lemaire et al., 2021</xref>). Furthermore, the encouragement of public policies to promote gender equality in developed nations, such as Canada and Sweden, has also had a significant impact on leveraging innovation macro-ecosystems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Rowe, 2018</xref>) and on innovation in the scientific environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Nielsen et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Otero-Hermida &amp; García-Melón, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>All these studies have established that the advancement of gender equality is reflected in the innovation efforts undertaken by companies and countries. Thus, the second hypothesis that this research sought to test was the following:</p>
				<p><bold>H2.</bold> There is a positive and significant relationship between innovation and gender equality.</p>
				<p>It is worth noting that, despite the alignment of the aforementioned studies with the proposed discussion between “gender and development”, as seen in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway (1988</xref>), there are also divergent views that call into question the positive relationship between the variables indicated. This is due to the growing criticism of the perverse effects of technological innovation on the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Figueiredo et al., 2020</xref>; Haraway, 2015), as well as the worsening of social problems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">Vergès, 2020</xref>), since both ratify a colonialist and instrumentalised view of women in the face of welfare policies towards global development. In addition, there is evidence that women themselves reproduce practices of exclusion and violence in corporate environments with high demands for productivity and innovation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Moura &amp; Santos, 2023</xref>).</p>
				<p>Therefore, considering the existence of such tensions in the literature on the subject - which further emphasises the relevance of this research in seeking to clarify the disagreements in the correlation between the constructs addressed in this section - and recognising that there is already a validated index for predicting and explaining innovation outputs at the national level (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Galdino, 2019</xref>; C. B. D. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">Souza et al., 2023</xref>), the following section justifies the choice of materials that make up this paper’s statistical model and elucidates the methodology employed for its manipulation.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials</title>
					<p>The Global Innovation Index or GII aims to measure each country’s innovation capacity and efficiency levels based on a set of data collected annually according to a series of innovation determinants (inputs and outputs) - WIPO (2020). While innovation inputs are made up of five pillars representing economic characteristics that favour innovative activities - institutions, research and human capital, infrastructure, market sophistication, and business sophistication -, innovation outputs correspond to the results of these activities and are distributed across two pillars, namely: knowledge and technology, and creativity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">WIPO, 2020</xref>). Each pillar has three other sub-indices, also made up of specific indicators, totalling 80 in the 2020 report.</p>
					<p>This index was chosen as an independent variable in this study because it provides up-to-date records of labour activities performed by women in senior positions through the “females employed with advanced degrees” indicator, which is part of the “business sophistication” innovation input (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">WIPO, 2020</xref>), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch8">Box 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="ch8">
							<label>Box 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>GII dimensions</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0313-gch8.png"/>
							<attrib>Source: Elaborated by the authors based on WIPO (2020).</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>In turn, the Social Progress Index or SPI has been published since 2013 by the Social Progress Imperative. This non-profit organisation tries to stimulate improvements and direct actions towards 51 social and environmental indicators to measure social progress among 149 countries, which includes 98% of the world’s population (E. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">Souza, 2020</xref>). Its indicators are divided into three dimensions: basic human needs, support for well-being and opportunity. For clarification, see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch9">Box 2</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="ch9">
							<label>Box 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>SPI Dimensions</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0313-gch9.jpg"/>
							<attrib>Source: Elaborated by the authors based on the SPI (2021).</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>This index covers four categories that are fundamental to the subject of this research, namely: I) the existence of exclusive social and environmental indicators that do not focus on purely economic aspects; II) the inclusion of the item “results” instead of “inputs” (as seen in the previous index) to measure the achievement of quality of life effectively and not just the efforts made by countries in this regard; and III) its practical purpose, which makes its data useful for government leaders, professionals, companies and civil society in implementing public policies in favour of collective well-being (Social Progress Imperative, 2021).</p>
					<p>Finally, the GGGI was designed by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 2006 to compare which countries have managed to overcome the main obstacles to the low participation of women in politics and the public sector, as well as in private enterprise (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">WEF, 2021</xref>).</p>
					<p>Its most significant advantage over other indices comes from its methodology neutralising the scoring of indicators favouring women over men, such as the increase in the world birth rate for women (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">WEF, 2021</xref>). Moreover, 13 of the 14 variables used to create the index come from raw data made publicly available by various international bodies, such as the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). Through a robust and multi-dimensional calculation, this makes it possible to uncover how countries divide their resources and opportunities between the male and female population, regardless of the general levels of these resources and opportunities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">WEF, 2021</xref>). A summary of the main indicators used in the GGGI can be found in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch10">Box 3</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="ch10">
							<label>Box 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>GGGI dimensions</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0313-gch10.jpg"/>
							<attrib>Source: Elaborated by the authors based on WEF (2021).</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>We chose to use only the aggregate values of each index to compose the statistical model proposed in this paper, in order to achieve the objective of the study, i.e., to generate a macro-organisational analysis, instead of a localised or comparative analysis of the various dimensions of innovation and social progress in each country present in the indices. Likewise, we took into account the difficulties that the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic imposed on the progress of policies against gender inequality in the world (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Madgavkar et al., 2020</xref>) in the cross-sectional time orientation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Kumar, 2014</xref>) that guided the selection of years in the reference indices. These years were marked by greater domestic violence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">O’Donnell et al., 2021</xref>), more cases of femicide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">Weil, 2020</xref>), a higher unemployment rate for this group compared to men (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">Profeta, 2021</xref>) and a higher incidence of psychological problems, such as postpartum depression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">Stepowicz et al., 2020</xref>), burnout syndrome among female health professionals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">Tuna &amp; Özdin, 2021</xref>) and education professionals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Copková, 2021</xref>), as well as emotional overload due to the disproportionate division of domestic labour (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Bahn et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHODS</title>
				<p>The methodological approach adopted in this research was quantitative (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Bryman &amp; Bell, 2015</xref>), deductive and descriptive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Kumar, 2014</xref>), and used the multiple linear regression method, as it allows the behaviour of one variable to be assessed in relation to others without incurring in any deterministic cause and effect relationship. This is particularly appropriate when there is more than one explanatory variable interfering in the behaviour of the dependent one (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>). The dependent variable was the GGGI, and the independent variables, also called “explanatory” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>), were the SPI and the GII. Since the first index is based on a range of 0 (zero) to 1 (one) for each country assessed, adjustments were needed to standardise the values on a scale of 0 (zero) to 100 (one hundred).</p>
				<p>The data was processed in Microsoft Excel, aiming to standardise the names of the countries described in the different sources and remove from the aggregated component base those that contained missing data (N/A). For generalisation, the 129 countries that submitted data for the three indices were included in the inferential statistical model, without differentiating their level of development.</p>
				<p>Subsequently, as a tool for statistically analysing cross-sectional data (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Kumar, 2014</xref>), the R Studio software was used, with the support of the lmtest, car, dplyr, rstatix, ggpur, QuantPsyc, psych and scatterplot3D packages. The latter was employed to generate a 3D graph to illustrate the model. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch11">Table 4</xref> summarises the tests used to validate the assumptions of the multiple linear regression model.</p>
				<p>To validate the bases and the method chosen, it was first necessary to identify the normality of the residuals distribution and estimate the correlation between the study variables. The Shapiro-Francia test was used to certify the normality of the data, as it is more appropriate for the size of this sample (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>The variance inflation factor (VIF) statistical test was applied to ensure the absence of multicollinearity. Multicollinearity occurs when the explanatory variables have very high correlation indices to the point where the relationship between the variables becomes linear. To test the incidence of this phenomenon, in general, a VIF statistic of less than or equal to 10 (ten) is considered a reference value, with the existence of multicollinearity being conditioned for values above this limit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Hair et al., 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>To check for the absence of heteroscedasticity after the assumption of normality, the Breusch-Pagan test was used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>). According to the authors, the homoscedasticity of the residuals is the constancy of their variance along the explanatory variable (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>). The results and analyses from each test are presented in the following section.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="ch11">
						<label>Box 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Summary of model assumptions</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0313-gch11.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Source: Elaborated by the authors based on <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero and Belfiori (2017</xref>).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS</title>
				<p>The first model containing the three variables showed high linearity, with a normal distribution of the residuals (p-value = 0.9139; confirming H0 for a normal distribution with a p-value greater than 0.05) - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero and Belfiore (2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="ch12">
						<label>Graph 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Graphical analysis of the model using the PAR (MFROW = C(2,2)) and PLOT (MOD) packages</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0313-gch12.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Source: Elaborated by the authors.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The summary(rstandard(mod)) function showed that there were no outliers or influential points in the model, as the minimum value calculated was -2.6833749 (minimum allowed: -3) and the maximum was 2.8030416 (permitted maximum: +3). The median value close to 0 (0.0269819) also confirmed the absence of outliers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>Next, the Breusch-Pagan test was used, as the distribution was normal. The yielded value was 0.4497, confirming H0 for a p-value greater than 0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>). The Durbin-Watson test, which measures the autocorrelation of the data, returned a p-value of 0.206, also within the expected range to confirm H0. So far, all these assumptions are similar to those of simple linear regression, differing only in relation to the additional analysis of multicollinearity, which presupposes very strong collinearity between the independent variables (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>). Two independent variables cannot have a very strong relationship with each other; this should only occur in relation to the dependent variable (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>). Checking this using the VIF, we obtained 3.956507 for the GII variable and 3.956507 for the SPI variable, which is acceptable for a cut-off score 10 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="ch13">
						<label>Graph 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Pearson correlation index, complementary to VIF, by PAIRS.PANELS(DATA) package</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0313-gch13.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Source: Elaborated by the authors.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The next step was to focus on the value of the adjusted R square to obtain the percentage of the variation in the data that can be explained by the model (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fávero &amp; Belfiore, 2017</xref>). According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Field et al. (2012</xref>), the adjusted R square has sufficient reliability, as it increases as more variables are added to the model, even if they are irrelevant, making it necessary to corroborate its analysis with the AIC and BIC tests. Even so, Fávero and Belfiore (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">2017</xref>) comment that the adjusted R square is the most suitable for multiple regression analysis, as it can assess models with different numbers of independent variables, assuming that the most reliable model will be the one with the highest adjusted R square. In this case, the first model with two independent variables (GII and SPI) returned an adjusted R square of 0.3307. The second, which kept only SPI in a simple regression analysis, resulted in 0.3354, thus suggesting that this model would be ideal.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, according to the AIC and BIC tests, the lower the result, the better, so both tests also favoured model 2, with only the “social progress” variable. See values in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch14">Graph 3</xref>.</p>
				<p>Accordingly, the standardised coefficient (lm.beta function, from the QuantPsyc package) signalled which of the variables had the greatest impact on the model as a predictor of the independent variable, returning 0.54251095 for SPI and 0.04755909 for GII: the higher value being more associated with the dependent variable.</p>
				<p>As a graph is usually drawn up to visualise the data at the end of the simple linear regression model, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Field et al. (2012</xref>) recommend doing the same with the multiple linear regression model. However, as there are not just two variables, one independent and the other dependent, as in the simple model, what can be created is a 3D graph (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Field et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="ch14">
						<label>Graph 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Graphical display of the multiple linear regression model containing the three function variables Graph &lt;- SCATTERPLOT3D(DATA$GGI ~ DATA$GII + DATA$SPI, PCH = 16, ANGLE = 30, COLOR = “STEELBLUE”, BOX = FALSE, XLAB=”GII”, YLAB=”SPI”, ZLAB=”GGGI”) GRAPH$PLANE3D(MOD, COL=”BLACK”, DRAW_POLYGON = TRUE)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0313-gch14.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Source: Elaborated by the authors.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Finally, the MASS package’s stepAIC function was used to check which variables would be excluded from the model because they were less significant in predicting the dependent variable. As the previous tests suggested, the simple linear regression model relating only the GGGI variable to the SPI was the one that remained.</p>
				<p>As a result, H1 (“There is a positive and significant relationship between social progress and gender equality”) was confirmed. At the same time, H2 (“There is a significant positive relationship between innovation and gender equality”) was refuted, with the null hypothesis prevailing. In an attempt to explain the positive and significant relationship between social progress and gender equality (the first hypothesis of this study), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">Shilling (1991</xref>) had already anticipated, with his seminal notes, the extent to which social inequalities are constructed by and in genderised bodies. Based on the three main types of capital discussed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Bourdieu (1986</xref>) - namely economic, social, and cultural capital - Shilling (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">1991</xref>) adds “embodied capital” as more than just a sub-type of cultural resource invested in the human body (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Bourdieu, 1986</xref>). For Shilling (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">1991</xref>), embodied capital would condition an individual’s agency capacity in the production of cultural and economic capital, as well as guide the achievement and maintenance of their status, thus becoming the main constituent of their ability to intervene in the social sphere and in everyday life itself.</p>
				<p>When it comes to gender, the author points out that there is a dialogical relationship in the construction of female and male bodies over time and space since the production of physical capital takes place in moments of sport and leisure, in activities that confine classes to certain localities, which have shared symbolic values (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">Shilling, 1991</xref>). By “locations”, Shilling (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">1991</xref>) means the material circumstances that contextualise individuals’ lives in such a way as to distance them to a greater or lesser extent from economic and financial needs and bring them closer to material or financial “will” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Bourdieu, 1986</xref>). Depending on the locality, therefore, individuals have access to unequal opportunities to acquire the physical capital that is most valued in society, given that its initial accumulation requires an investment of their free time and economic capital. Social progress would then be a way of circumventing the structural inequality inherent in these “locations”, so as to reduce the time of financial need and make it possible for both sexes to start accumulating.</p>
				<p>Furthermore, a reversal of unequal localities would also interfere with the conversion of this physical capital along the three types of capital already known, since the other side of this dialogical process ratifies the participation of other human bodies in the same preconfigured activities as belonging to a given gender or social class (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">Shilling, 1991</xref>). This means, for example, that women’s participation in society is not only constructed discursively, as in development policies analysed from a phenomenological perspective, but also spatially and physically, to the extent that this social group has its possibilities for building economic capital segregated to certain product or service markets. Women’s cultural capital is limited to the formal education model they receive, and their social capital are often conditioned by the relationships that family members or previous types of capital have allowed them to establish outside their immediate circle of contact.</p>
				<p>In line with these propositions, modern theorists such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">Sajjad et al. (2020</xref>) argue that, in addition to these aspects helping to denigrate the condition of women’s work in relation to men’s work towards development, gender differences also end up being transferred to class distinctions between women themselves, as those who belong to the middle and upper classes reproduce patterns of gender inequality, trying to partially hide their subordination through the commodification of domestic work, which is mainly carried out by other racialised women from lower classes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Ávila &amp; Ferreira, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Carvalho &amp; Santos, 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this context, it is necessary to dig deeper into the extent to which social progress can act on the inequalities generated by women from different classes while retaining a positive and significant relationship with gender equality. As seen in the aggregate indices used in this study, there are dimensions in the GGGI (especially in primary dimensions 1 and 2) and the SPI (especially in secondary dimensions 5, 6, 10, and 12) that reproduce places of privilege. While new women increase statistics for having access to basic resources, others increase indices’ rates for having access to leadership positions and political participation due to a need for more progress. In both cases, despite not equally, social progress has been made, which broadens the debate around a “feminist economy” in favour of building a less unequal embodied capital between genders. The priority of this economy would be to re-signify the social responsibility of care by creating a network of solidarity around the valorisation of essential goods for life as a way of promoting sustainable development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Azcona &amp; Bhatt, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Manea et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>Conversely, the prevalence of H1 in the statistical model also sheds light on a direct consequence of the current embodiment of capital, namely the growing phenomenon of the feminisation of poverty (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Bradshaw et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Chant, 2020</xref>). In this sense, it is questionable whether social progress does not foster greater gender equality simply because women constitute the largest vulnerable population contingent and not because they receive differentiated attention from the current development policies practised by most countries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Madgavkar et al., 2020</xref>). In this regard, it is known that they are the most affected by global crises, armed conflicts, climate change and poor health in terms of sexual and reproductive rights (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">O’Donnell et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">Profeta, 2021</xref>). Although there is currently an excessive instrumentalisation of the “feminine” in social welfare policies, it is debatable whether the social progress that has now been achieved falls under the perspective of “family development” - under which women would only be beneficiaries of development - or whether it reflects the perspective of “women in development” - until then centred on class relations established in the workplace - to finally legitimately incorporate the gendered power relations that organise the work performed by men and women (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Mariano &amp; Molari, 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>What can be stated, in fact, is that the consolidation of global development involves a process of gender mainstreaming, whereby social factors become fundamental to achieving less unequal living conditions in society as a whole (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Labrecque, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Mariano &amp; Molari, 2022</xref>). This process occurs straightforwardly once social actions are necessarily addressed to gender issues, thus resulting in a more equal embodiment of physical capital (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Azcona &amp; Bhatt, 2020</xref>), as well as indirectly, since the majority of the population in a subordinate position within the sexual division of labour remains female and inevitably benefits from social actions of general interest (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Hirata, 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>In any case, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Fukuda-Parr (1999</xref>, p. 3) had already commented that, more than the economic aspects, gender inequality affects “[...] human outcomes in terms of the choices and opportunities a person has,” which is in line with the findings in the consulted literature. In fact, a real gender equality would essentially transcend what is understood as the reversal of the pay gap between men and women (or gender pay gap reversal). While this concept suggests that economic equity arises from women not being responsible for care duties (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Waite, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">Winchester &amp; Browning, 2015</xref>) and from fairer labour relations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Bahn et al., 2020</xref>), gender equity would actually involve mobilising social structures through international cooperation, local partnerships and investments aimed at reforming systems that still legitimise vulnerability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">Stepowicz et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">Tuna &amp; Özdin, 2021</xref>), insofar as they do not develop mechanisms for redistributing tangible and intangible resources that effectively intervene in these same structures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Copková, 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>Hence, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Haraway (1988</xref>, 2015) predicted, social progress is not a linear objective or a one-dimensional notion of advancement, since this would only reinforce the ideas of domination, exploitation, and exclusion present in the arrangement of localities that condition an unequal embodiment of contemporary physical capital. Social development, therefore, needs to be accompanied by “speculative fiction” and “situated knowledge” through the creation of alternative corporeal narratives that challenge existing norms and structures, while also considering the importance of the perspectives and experiences of different social groups. In a nutshell, for Haraway and Kunzru (2000), social progress does not simply mean moving towards a predetermined future, because deconstructing the foundations of inequality aims to constantly question and reimagine structures based on the figure of the cyborg. In other words, promoting the ethics of care between human and non-human beings is one of the fundamental guiding principles for an approach of “companionship” and collaboration between new ways of living and inhabiting the world.</p>
				<p>The refutation of H2, in turn, means that although several scholars have recently signalled that gender equality contributes to an increase in innovation in countries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Dai et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Manea et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Nadeem et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Nielsen et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Otero-Hermida &amp; García-Melón, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Ritter-Hayashi et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">Wu et al., 2021</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">2021</xref>), cultural, political, and social aspects can still prevent nations that support technological development with massive investment in digital innovation and infrastructure from enjoying the same level of gender equity found in countries that invest in social policies, even without an innovation-orientated business ecosystem (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Ghosh &amp; Ramanayake, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Østby et al., 2016</xref>). Recent international reports confirm this finding and indicate that, even in nations with an open political system, such as Japan, France, and Hungary, the innovation ecosystem found in these countries are among the most significant exogenous factors that end up inhibiting gender equality, mainly due to the lack of access to funding and credit for women to open start-ups (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Mastercard, 2020</xref>). This partly explains that social progress over the last three years has occurred more quickly in developing countries that have taken initiatives to encourage the greater inclusion of women in the local economy, such as Gambia, Sierra Leone, Tunisia, Ethiopia, and Nepal (E. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">Souza, 2020</xref>). Only minor positive variations were observed in other developing economies that did not adopt measures related to gender equality in response to the pandemic. This is the case of Egypt, which showed an overall change from 4.1 per cent in 2019 to 4.3 per cent in 2020, and Bangladesh, which went from 4.3 per cent in 2019 to 4.5 per cent in 2020 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Mastercard, 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>The findings also corroborate a challenge to the hegemonic discourse found in open political systems with a neoliberal economy stating that “Innovation represents a solution for the economic and social progress of society” or even that “Economic progress necessarily leads to social progress.” Such a discourse would prove incoherent in the face of economies with closed political regimes which, despite being economically advanced, still have a restrictive culture in terms of access to essential resources such as education, health and entry into the world of work for those who, in fact, could leverage more inclusive economic development, contributing to social well-being, as highlighted in the studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Falk and Hermle (2018</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Tesch-Römer et al. (2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>Another issue revealed by our findings refers to the structural gender inequality in access to innovation programmes. In the best-case scenario, in these same societies, businesswomen are more constantly associated with intra-organisational innovation and less with organisational innovation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Chen et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Filculescu, 2016</xref>). This context can also be seen in the dimension covered by the GII, through the “females employed with advanced degrees” indicator, which presents the female workforce with professional qualifications as an asset of innovative companies. This is aggravating in developing countries, such as Brazil and China, where the unequal distribution between female and male labour can also influence the level of innovation that industries can achieve without, however, generating any social return so that greater inclusion of women in the technical labour market results in an improvement to this group’s, or their families, quality of life, as the study by Chen et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">2021</xref>) illustrates. This study showed a tendency towards greater innovation in female-intensive industries in Chinese regions where there was no significant population contingent of male labour to replace them. The author thus extrapolated work relations to explain how gender ideology around intra-organisational innovation is also linked to the theory of organisational change, i.e. he demonstrated who, in fact, can be responsible for participating in transitions towards innovation within organisations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Chen et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>At the same time, the social division of labour, historically marked in Western civilisation by a technicist, capitalist and patriarchal system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Hirata, 2009</xref>, 2018), still contributes to the low inclusion of women in segments that require greater knowledge in the area of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Corneille et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Jebsen et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">O’Connell &amp; McKinnon, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Saucerman &amp; Vasquez, 2014</xref>). As an example, we cite the innovation of technological products for the creation of patents (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Tahmooresnejad &amp; Turkina, 2022</xref>) or even the creation of startups directly linked to the area of technology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">Shinnar et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">Villaseca et al., 2020</xref>). In this process of women entering specialised areas of organisational innovation, it is not uncommon to find women who need to remain married to obtain investments with a high perception of risk due to the widespread view that a couple’s venture (copreneurship) gives predominantly male investors greater confidence in females’ ability to lead and manage innovation in order to leverage results and produce accelerated growth that results in a rapid return on initial capital (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Kuschel &amp; Lepeley, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Similarly, it is not uncommon for women from socio-economically vulnerable backgrounds in developing countries, such as low-income rural women in Ethiopia, to be motivated to enter this type of organisational innovation because of a larger discourse around “entrepreneurship for development”, despite the numerous barriers of entry (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Cummings &amp; Lopez, 2022</xref>). In this case, even though they obtain personal benefits from their business - financial independence, empowerment, and social recognition -, they still bear the negative consequences of their “boldness”, such as emotional pressures related to the uncertainty surrounding their security, stress, limited social life and fear of debt and poverty (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Cummings &amp; Lopez, 2022</xref>). Thus, a new facet of organisational innovation that hinders gender equality lies in the emotional cost involved in the pro-innovation initiative since, even if they present successful results and promote progress in the personal and supposedly social spheres, women entrepreneurs in emerging countries only reinforce the gender roles stipulated by the dominant logic of power, masking, and fortifying places of fragility where there should be emancipation. This way of instrumentalising women is similar to that discussed in intra-organisational innovation, in that women are called upon to occupy so-called “highly strategic” positions for international development plans (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Labrecque, 2010</xref>), which leads them to the illusion of satisfying immediate gender insertion needs. However, they end up mechanically reproducing exclusionary models of social organisation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Moura &amp; Santos, 2023</xref>).</p>
				<p>Consequently, these structural aspects are at the heart of the inequalities that make it impossible for women to access innovation in its traditional form - hegemonic, commercialised, and exclusionary, albeit economic and productive. This means that this cannot be expected to have an effect on gender disparity, contrary to the dialogue proposed between the variables at the beginning of the study, based on <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Haraway and Kunzru’s figure of the cyborg (2000</xref>). It is therefore worth considering the dangers that a possible reinforcement of these institutionalised practices in the social macrostructure represents for the development of the human capital of future generations of women. In other words, they will be able to experience greater equality with their male peers through social progress; however, they will not be able to do so through the advancement of innovation since this still represents a system of domination demarcated by the interactions and flows of technical knowledge and global interest, fuelled by advances in information technology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">Shearmur, 2012</xref>). Therefore, women subjected to the intra-organisational type of innovation will end up conditioning new contingents of this group not to be part of the type of innovation accepted as the one that supposedly drives modern societies towards the SDGs - namely organisational innovation -, which is the second major critical reflection that this research has allowed to unveil. In this reflection, the aim was not only to highlight what has already been achieved with the presence of women in the organisational environment through the long struggle for material and moral rights by the feminist movement. As with the organisational literature interpreted from a gender perspective, we highlight what can still be changed so that these barriers do not limit the course that innovation can take towards more egalitarian, sustainable and economically prosperous societies.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
				<p>This study aimed to check whether innovation and social progress could be considered predictors of the advancement of gender equality on a global scale, which proved true only for the second independent variable, i.e., social progress. This result led to the inference that countries investing in a robust innovation infrastructure are not necessarily helping to legitimise greater opportunities for female participation and emancipation in global economic and social development. This fact is relevant in guiding public policies that are more geared towards the inclusion of women in the organisational macro-structure and in debating certain hegemonic discourses whose indiscriminate encouragement of innovation would inevitably lead to more egalitarian and inclusive societies. Alternatively, the contribution of advances in innovation to social progress itself, linked to the current perspective of “gender and development,” is also called into question, as discussed in the section dedicated to the theoretical framework.</p>
				<p>As a limitation, due to its generalist orientation, this study did not look at the possible effects of variations between the various dimensions contained in the indices on the dependent variable, which could perhaps contribute to a more detailed analysis of which factors relating to social progress contribute most to gender equality. However, this limitation did not invalidate the findings reported. One of this research’s future directions is to analyse each index’s components individually and test their effects on the dependent variable. In this context, it would also be interesting to assess whether there is a positive and significant relationship between the independent variables “social progress” and “innovation” and, if not, to analyse how the indicators dialogue with discussions on “gender and development.”</p>
				<p>Expanding on this proposal, it is recommended that other aggregate variables be included in future quantitative study models by macro-regions of the world, in order to re-dimension the gender differences between the global North and South through comparative analysis with panel data. As <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Connell (2014</xref>) pointed out, there are significant differences between the feminisms developed by each hemisphere, with the Global South being the one that has contributed most to incorporating social justice into international development plans. The normative frameworks and structural factors at play in the power relations observed in the production of knowledge on gender must, therefore, be unravelled to avoid “Western” feminisms themselves reverberating a monolithic production of women from the “First World” as opposed to those from the “Third World”, and once again incurring the danger of a single or partial story regarding the relationship between the variables discussed here.</p>
				<p>Finally, it should be noted that the quantitative model operationalised by this work offers a valid framework for analysing the factors related to closing the global gender gap. It serves as a catalyst for greater public awareness of the issue, as well as representing an important source of information for public policymakers and other stakeholders, adding a genderised perspective to the literature on innovation that allows us to debate the apparent duality that exists in the segregation of female representation in intra-organisational innovation.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn19">
					<label>19</label>
					<p>[Translated version] Note: All quotes in English translated by this article’s translator.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="data-availability" id="fn13" specific-use="data-available">
					<label>DATA AVAILABILITY</label>
					<p>he entire dataset supporting this study’s results has been made available in the Zenodo repository and can be accessed at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8370557">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8370557</ext-link>
					</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<title>EDITOR-IN-CHIEF</title>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn14">
					<label>14</label>
					<p>Hélio Arthur Reis Irigaray (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-7859</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<title>ASSOCIATE EDITOR</title>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn15">
					<label>15</label>
					<p>Fabricio Stocker (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6340-9127</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<title>REVIEWERS</title>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn16">
					<label>16</label>
					<p>Rebeca de Moraes Ribeiro de Barcellos (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis / SC - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9302-7285</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn17">
					<label>17</label>
					<p>Rafael Fernandes de Mesquita (Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Piauí, Piripiri / PI - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4953-4885</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<title>PEER REVIEW REPORT</title>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn18">
					<label>18</label>
					<p>The peer review report is available at this URL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://periodicos.fgv.br/cadernosebape/article/view/90536/85321">https://periodicos.fgv.br/cadernosebape/article/view/90536/85321</ext-link>
					</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>