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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cebape</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cadernos EBAPE.BR</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cad. EBAPE.BR</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1679-3951</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Fundação Getulio Vargas, Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1679-395120230013</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00006</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTIGO</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Estilo cooperativo ou competitivo de gerenciamento de conflitos? Efeitos no compartilhamento de informações e no desempenho de cooperativas agropecuárias</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Cooperative or competitive style of conflict management? Effects on information sharing and agricultural cooperatives’ performance</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>¿Estilo cooperativo o competitivo de gestión de conflictos? Efectos sobre el intercambio de información y desempeño de cooperativas agropecuarias</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2541-1511</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Renata Mendes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Administração de projeto (Igual)</role>
					<role>Supervisão (Igual)</role>
					<role>Validação (Igual)</role>
					<role>Visualização (Liderança)</role>
					<role>Escrita - rascunho original (Liderança)</role>
					<role>Escrita - revisão e edição (Igual)</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4007-6408</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Beuren</surname>
						<given-names>Ilse Maria</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Administração de projeto (Igual)</role>
					<role>Supervisão (Igual)</role>
					<role>Validação (Igual)</role>
					<role>Visualização (Suporte)</role>
					<role>Escrita - rascunho original (Suporte)</role>
					<role>Escrita - revisão e edição (Igual)</role>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) / Campus Pontal, Ituiutaba- MG, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Uberlândia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Uberlândia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ituiutaba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>renatamendes@ufu.br</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) / Programa de Pós-graduação em Contabilidade, Florianópolis- SC, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Pós-graduação em Contabilidade</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Florianópolis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>ilse.beuren@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Renata Mendes de Oliveira - Doutora em Contabilidade pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Professora do Curso de Ciências Contábeis da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU). E-mail: renatamendes@ufu.br</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Ilse Maria Beuren - Professora do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Contabilidade da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). E-mail: ilse.beuren@gmail.com</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn3">
					<p>Hélio Arthur Reis Irigaray (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brasil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-7859</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn4">
					<p>Fabricio Stocker (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brasil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6340-9127</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>20</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>22</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e2022-0013</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Este estudo examina a influência dos estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos, tanto cooperativos quanto competitivos, no compartilhamento de informações e, por sua vez, deste no desempenho organizacional. Examina-se também a mediação do compartilhamento de informações na relação entre os estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos e o desempenho organizacional. Os efeitos dos estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos foram analisados no nível intragrupo em um campo que pressupõe cooperação por meio de uma survey realizada com profissionais que atuam em cooperativas agropecuárias. Para a análise das 91 respostas válidas, utilizou-se modelagem de equações estruturais por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS-SEM). Os resultados indicam relação entre estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos e compartilhamento de informações, que é positiva para o estilo cooperativo e negativa para o estilo competitivo. Além disso, foi observada relação positiva entre compartilhamento de informações e desempenho organizacional. No entanto, não se verificou um efeito mediador do compartilhamento de informações na relação entre os estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos cooperativo e competitivo e o desempenho organizacional. Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que o estilo cooperativo de gerenciamento de conflitos promove o compartilhamento de informações e melhora o desempenho organizacional. O mesmo não foi constatado para o estilo competitivo de gerenciamento de conflitos nas cooperativas pesquisadas. Isso amplia as discussões sobre os possíveis benefícios dos conflitos nas organizações, contrastando com as abordagens sobre seus efeitos maléficos no desempenho organizacional.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title><italic>Abstract</italic></title>
				<p>This study examines the influence of conflict management styles, both cooperative and competitive, on information sharing and, in turn, on organizational performance. The mediation of information sharing in the relationship between conflict management styles and organizational performance is also examined. The effects of conflict management styles were analyzed at the intragroup level in a field that presupposes cooperation through a survey carried out with professionals who work in agricultural cooperatives. For the analysis of the 91 valid answers, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used. The results indicate a relationship between conflict management styles and information sharing, which is positive for the cooperative style and negative for the competitive style. Furthermore, a positive relationship was observed between information sharing and organizational performance. However, no mediating effect of information sharing on the relationship between cooperative and competitive conflict management styles and organizational performance was found. Based on the results, it is concluded that the cooperative style of conflict management promotes the sharing of information and improves organizational performance. The same was not found for the competitive style of conflict management in the researched cooperatives. This broadens discussions about the possible benefits of conflicts in organizations, contrasting with the approaches about their harmful effects on organizational performance.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Este estudio examina la influencia de los estilos de gestión de conflictos, tanto cooperativo como competitivo, en el intercambio de información y, a su vez, en el desempeño organizacional. También se examina la mediación del intercambio de información en la relación entre los estilos de gestión de conflictos y el desempeño organizacional. Los efectos de los estilos de gestión de conflictos se analizaron a nivel intragrupal en un campo que presupone la cooperación, a través de una encuesta realizada a profesionales que trabajan en cooperativas agropecuarias. Para el análisis de las 91 respuestas válidas se utilizó el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales por mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-SEM). Los resultados indican una relación entre los estilos de gestión de conflictos e intercambio de información, que es positiva para el estilo cooperativo y negativa para el estilo competitivo. Además, se observó una relación positiva entre intercambio de información y desempeño organizacional. Sin embargo, no se encontró un efecto mediador del intercambio de información en la relación entre los estilos cooperativo y competitivo de gestión de conflictos y el desempeño organizacional. Con base en los resultados, se concluye que el estilo cooperativo de gestión de conflictos promove el intercambio de información y mejora el desempeño organizacional, mientras que no se observó lo mismo para el estilo competitivo de gestión de conflictos en las cooperativas investigadas. Así, se amplían las discusiones sobre los posibles beneficios de los conflictos en las organizaciones, contrastando con los enfoques sobre sus efectos nocivos en el desempeño organizacional.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos</kwd>
				<kwd>Compartilhamento de informações</kwd>
				<kwd>Desempenho organizacional</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Conflict management styles</kwd>
				<kwd>Information sharing</kwd>
				<kwd>Organizational performance</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Estilos de gestión de conflictos</kwd>
				<kwd>Intercambio de información</kwd>
				<kwd>Desempeño organizacional</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group award-type="contract">
					<funding-source>Coordenação do Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior</funding-source>
					<award-id>001</award-id>
				</award-group>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="60"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>A dissonância cognitiva é importante do ponto de vista organizacional, uma vez que pode facilitar a criação de novas ideias e, com isso, contribuir para a criatividade, inovação e gerar condições de vantagem competitiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Mancini &amp; Ribiere, 2018</xref>). Essa suposição tem amparo na Teoria da Dissonância Cognitiva (TDC), a qual preconiza que indivíduos que encontram alguma divergência em seu grupo irão procurar adotar, o quanto antes, ações para reduzi-las ou eliminá-las (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Festinger, 1957</xref>). Isso indica a relevância do gerenciamento de conflitos na melhora do processo de comunicação e no estímulo de comportamentos desejáveis nos indivíduos, o que, consequentemente, leva ao incremento do desempenho organizacional.</p>
			<p>Os conflitos podem ser tanto construtivos, utilizados para desenvolver soluções de qualidade e fortalecer relacionamentos, quanto destrutivos, quando frustram a comunicação e dificultam a solução de problemas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Deutsch, 2014</xref>). Nesse sentido, o desafio está em identificar como e quando os indivíduos e grupos podem discutir e lidar com conflitos, a fim de torná-los benéficos para si e para a organização (Deutsch, 2014). Argumenta-se que, se os conflitos são geridos de forma eficaz, pode haver melhorias na qualidade da decisão e no desempenho individual e organizacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">John-Eke &amp; Akintokunbo, 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Pesquisas sobre gerenciamento de conflitos têm considerado os cinco estilos apresentados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim e Bonoma (1979</xref>): integração, acomodação, compromisso, domínio e evitação. Cada estilo de gerenciamento de conflitos pode atuar de forma distinta no compartilhamento de informações. A troca mútua e a discussão entre os indivíduos e grupos são oriundas do processo de integração, acomodação e compromisso de estilos de gestão, e podem contribuir para resoluções benéficas e ideias inovadoras, ao passo que dominar e evitar conflitos acarretariam impasses ou soluções insatisfatórias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chen et al., 2012</xref>). Presume-se que esse processo de troca proporcionaria um desempenho organizacional superior se ancorado no compartilhamento de informações.</p>
			<p>O compartilhamento de informações entre os indivíduos na organização reduz a probabilidade de uso do poder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Fisher et al., 2002</xref>). Consequentemente, isso contribui para a redução da necessidade de dominar conflitos. De um lado, o compartilhamento de informações, consubstanciado em características como qualidade, confiabilidade e precisão da informação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Moores &amp; Yuen, 2001</xref>), fornece suporte para melhorar o processo decisório dos envolvidos, o que não ocorre quando há limitações na troca de informações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Treurniet &amp; Wolbers, 2021</xref>). De outro lado, melhorias no processo decisório favorecem o compartilhamento de informações, o que proporciona condições para melhorar o desempenho organizacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Beuren et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Yang &amp; Maxwell, 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>O desempenho organizacional é abordado na literatura de diferentes maneiras, abrangendo desde resultados financeiros até o desempenho avaliado, o que leva a resultados distintos. Embora a literatura aponte conexões desse construto com diversos outros, uma lacuna é observada nos construtos aqui abordados e sua análise conjunta, o que pode trazer implicações adicionais.</p>
			<p>Assim, neste estudo examina-se a influência dos estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos, tanto cooperativos quanto competitivos, no compartilhamento de informações e, por sua vez, deste no desempenho organizacional. Examina-se, ainda, a mediação do compartilhamento de informações na relação entre os estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos e o desempenho organizacional. Foi realizada uma <italic>survey</italic> com gestores de cooperativas agropecuárias, em virtude de a gestão de conflitos ser necessária diante dos possíveis conflitos de interesses entre os agentes internos, no que tange às estratégias da organização, e conflitos de agência com os cooperados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Maciel et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Os resultados da pesquisa oferecem uma contribuição à literatura que aborda as relações aqui propostas entre estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos e compartilhamento de informações (ex.: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chen et al., 2012</xref>), compartilhamento de informações e desempenho organizacional (ex.: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Khalil et al., 2019</xref>), além do efeito mediador do compartilhamento de informações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Super et al., 2016</xref>). Outra contribuição deste estudo está em situar a literatura de conflitos de maneira mais central, uma vez que o fluxo da pesquisa aponta que conflitos têm sido abordados de forma isolada, desconexa de outros tópicos do comportamento organizacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Gelfand et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Há subsídios também para a prática gerencial, uma vez que se considera a necessidade de gerenciamento de conflitos com o fim de beneficiar a organização. Os gestores devem estar atentos às pressões internas, visto que elas podem conduzir à degeneração e perda da identidade cooperativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Oczkowski et al., 2013</xref>). Quando gerenciados adequadamente, os conflitos podem auxiliar na satisfação dos membros do grupo, contribuir para sua eficiência e desempenho organizacional, caso contrário, podem causar ineficiência organizacional e reflexos negativos nos resultados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chen et al., 2012</xref>). Pesquisas sobre gerenciamento de conflitos são importantes para a compreesnão dos relacionamentos intraorganizacionais com o intuito de torná-los mais eficazes e orientar os gestores no tratamento e solução de conflitos que podem frustrar o progresso conjunto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Tjosvold et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>BASE TEÓRICA E HIPÓTESES</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos e compartilhamento de informações</title>
				<p>O gerenciamento de conflitos é requisitado nas divergências entre os membros dos grupos, que podem ocorrer em virtude de distintas emoções ou de alguma tarefa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Desivilya et al., 2010</xref>). No entanto, a divergência do indivíduo em relação ao seu grupo não necessariamente é negativa. Tendo como suporte a TDC, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Festinger (1957</xref>) argumenta que se o conflito é gerenciado de forma que sejam adotadas ações, o quanto antes, para reduzir as divergências ou eliminá-las, pode trazer benefícios ao grupo e à organização. As dissonâncias podem, por exemplo, levar a discussões que estimulam a criatividade da equipe e a inovação e, assim, contribuir para o desempenho organizacional e a vantagem competitiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Mancini &amp; Ribiere, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Embora os conflitos possam ocorrer em todas as organizações, determinadas governanças parecem favorecer sua ocorrência. Um exemplo é o caso das cooperativas, nas quais os conflitos de agência podem advir da estrutura de cooperação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Silva et al., 2011</xref>). Os autores alertam para a necessidade de adotar boas práticas de governança a fim de prevenir conflitos que possam prejudicar a relação entre a administração e os cooperados, principalmente diante da falta de clareza de papéis. Argumenta-se que todos precisam ser responsáveis pela gestão e participar de forma efetiva, o que pressupõe um sistema de cooperação no qual todos estão centrados no alcance de objetivos comuns.</p>
				<p>A literatura apresenta diferentes abordagens para estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos, mas a conceitualização de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim e Bonoma (1979</xref>) tem sido usada sistematicamente devido à sua compatibilidade com as proposições da Teoria da Negociação de Face (<italic>Face-negotiation Theory</italic>), que explicam a influência de diferentes elementos nos estilos de conflitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Ting-Toomey et al., 2001</xref>). Essa abordagem foca em duas questões principais: a forma como os indivíduos se preocupam consigo e com os demais membros do grupo; e características que os definem como sendo cooperativos ou competitivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Rahim et al., 2000</xref>). Ambas combinam-se para criar cinco estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim &amp; Bonoma, 1979</xref>): integração, acomodação e compromisso - considerados cooperativos -; domínio e evitação - qualificados como competitivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Rahim et al., 2000</xref>).</p>
				<p>Os estilos de integração e evitação são os mais excludentes, uma vez que, no primeiro, há alta preocupação consigo e com os outros, enquanto, no segundo, há baixo grau de preocupação consigo e com os outros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim &amp; Bonoma, 1979</xref>). O estilo de integração se define pela troca de informações e avaliação das diferenças com o intuito de alcançar uma solução que seja aceitável para as partes envolvidas e de reduzir conflitos organizacionais por meio de colaboração, o que torna a estratégia mais eficaz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Gross &amp; Guerrero, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim &amp; Bonoma, 1979</xref>). Por outro lado, o estilo de evitação é associado a situações de abstenção, desvios ou evasão e tem como objetivo evitar lidar com situações de conflito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim &amp; Bonoma, 1979</xref>).</p>
				<p>No estilo de acomodação, há um baixo grau de preocupação consigo e alto grau de preocupação com os outros, na tentativa de harmonizar diferenças e semelhanças (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim &amp; Bonoma, 1979</xref>). Já no estilo de compromisso, há um moderado grau de preocupação consigo e com os outros; assim, as partes envolvidas podem desistir de algo para que seja tomada uma decisão mutuamente aceitável (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim &amp; Bonoma, 1979</xref>). Por fim, o estilo de domínio remete a um baixo grau de preocupação com os outros e alto grau de preocupação consigo, de forma que o indivíduo pode ignorar a necessidade e as expectativas de outros, tornando-se inapropriado em várias situações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Gross &amp; Guerrero, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim &amp; Bonoma, 1979</xref>).</p>
				<p>Os estilos cooperativos tendem a atuar direcionados para negociações construtivas e resolução de problemas de forma colaborativa, enquanto nos estilos competitivos há uma tendência de domínio entre parceiros, que se mostram fechados para negociações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Gelfand et al., 2012</xref>). Os estilos construtivos aprimoram o desenvolvimento de ações que permitem que os indivíduos expressem suas opiniões, além de favorecer a identificação de possíveis problemas e variedade de perspectivas para atender a necessidades existentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Desivilya et al., 2010</xref>). Os estilos de gerenciamento cooperativos parecem mais destacados na literatura, possivelmente devido à prevalência de efeitos positivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">John-Eke &amp; Akintokunbo, 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>No entanto, as divergências entre membros da equipe podem demandar diferentes estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos, desde os cooperativos até os competitivos. No gerenciamento de conflitos, é preciso considerar que dissonâncias em equipes estimulam a discussão e promovem relacionamentos cooperativos, basilares para a colaboração entre grupos e contribuições para a organização (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Tjosvold et al., 2019</xref>). Ações construtivas no gerenciamento de conflitos podem promover efeitos positivos em indivíduos ou grupos da organização, uma vez que criam condições para a utilização de recursos cognitivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Schulze et al., 2014</xref>). Isso permite análises dos problemas e propicia geração de ideias e soluções benéficas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Desivilya et al., 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>Presume-se que essas ações sejam respaldadas pelo compartilhamento de informações dentro da organização, sendo imprescindível que ele ocorra entre todos os membros da equipe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Mannes et al., 2022</xref>). Quando há compartilhamento de informações, os envolvidos passam a cooperar para que as metas comuns possam ser alcançadas, o que gera confiança e pode melhorar os resultados organizacionais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Sridharan &amp; Simatupang, 2013</xref>). Assim, ações construtivas podem se desenvolver de forma mais consistente quando apoiadas pelo compartilhamento de informações. Supõe-se, ainda, que estilos de gerenciamento cooperativos proporcionem aos indivíduos a oportunidade de ter voz e expressar suas opiniões, além de estimular percepções de uma cultura organizacional que encoraja o compartilhamento de conhecimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Kremer et al., 2019</xref>). Com esses argumentos, conjectura-se que:</p>
				<p><bold>H1a:</bold> O estilo cooperativo (integração, acomodação e compromisso) de gerenciamento de conflitos influencia direta e positivamente no compartilhamento de informações.</p>
				<p><bold>H1b:</bold> O estilo competitivo (domínio e evitação) de gerenciamento de conflitos influencia direta e negativamente no compartilhamento de informações.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Compartilhamento de informações e desempenho organizacional</title>
				<p>O desempenho organizacional pode ser avaliado com base em metas, por meio de métricas financeiras e não financeiras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Novak, 2017</xref>). Esses parâmetros também são aplicáveis às cooperativas, uma vez que precisam monitorar o desempenho de suas atividades. Mesmo que as cooperativas não tenham como objetivo a maximização de lucros, elas estão conduzindo negócios; precisam, portanto, apurar resultados e avaliar o seu desempenho, o que não as difere das organizações em geral, conforme <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Amene (2017</xref>). O autor argumenta que as cooperativas precisam fornecer bens e serviços aos seus membros a fim de alcançar um desempenho superior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Amene, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>A avaliação do desempenho em cooperativas agropecurárias é permeada de desafios, dado que, além de os associados exercerem diferentes funções, há dificuldade na obtenção de informações necessárias para os cálculos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Grashuis, 2018</xref>). A ausência de padrões específicos voltados às cooperativas levam à adoção de indicadores tradicionais de avaliação econômico-financeira e não financeira (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Soboh et al., 2009</xref>). Isso remete aos atributos “seleção” e “apresentação da informação”, que precisam ser adequados à realidade e estratégia organizacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Beuren &amp; Rengel, 2012</xref>). A relevância da informação na tomada de decisões implica tipos e fontes de informações diversificadas, no formato adequado.</p>
				<p>Nessa perspectiva, compartilhar informações pode ser importante no aprimoramento do desempenho organizacional, uma vez que informações com atributos adequados permitem melhorar a qualidade da decisão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Yang &amp; Maxwell, 2011</xref>). O compartilhamento de informações tem, ainda, a capacidade de promover condições que auxiliam no aprendizado e no processo de inovação, ao mesmo tempo que pode proporcionar maior flexibilidade e compreensão quanto ao que é pretendido pela organização, aspectos relevantes para a competitividade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Hatala &amp; Lutta, 2009</xref>). Todavia, as informações devem ser relevantes, confiáveis, precisas e oportunas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Popovič et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Buscando melhores soluções para a organização, membros de um determinado grupo tornam-se mais inclinados à ajuda recíproca, por meio de compartilhamento de informações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Argote et al., 2003</xref>). O compartilhamento de informações facilita a execução de atividades nas equipes e na organização, proporcionando maior satisfação dos envolvidos. Essa prática contribui para reduzir desperdícios e direcionar a atenção dos integrantes às suas principais competências, oferecendo benefícios de natureza financeira e não financeira (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Wu et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>Esses efeitos nos indivíduos e equipes têm reflexos no desempenho organizacional. O desempenho de uma organização depende ainda da competência de seus colaboradores, os quais representam uma parte importante desta e formam equipes que trabalham para o alcance dos objetivos organizacionais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Almatrooshi et al., 2016</xref>). O trabalho em grupo, por um lado, pode promover diferentes vantagens em relação ao processo decisório; por outro, exige compartilhamento e uso eficaz das informações por todos os membros do grupo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Xiao et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>No âmbito das cooperativas agropecuárias, a interação entre coesão e trocas internas é preponderante para que haja um desempenho superior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Ruben &amp; Heras, 2012</xref>). No entanto, o sucesso cooperativo depende de participação efetiva, habilidades de tomada de decisão e lealdade de todos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Amene, 2017</xref>). Isso reforça a necessidade de a cooperativa investir em atividades e recursos que promovam o compartilhamento e alcance dos interesses comuns e incentive o comprometimento de seus membros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Pesämaa et al., 2013</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Wang et al. (2021</xref>) apontam que as cooperativas devem, além do compartilhamento interno de informações e colaboração intragrupos, enfatizar colaborações estratégicas externas ao seu ambiente.</p>
				<p>Dessa maneira, o compartilhamento eficaz das informações pode proporcionar desempenho superior do grupo e, consequentemente, da organização, uma vez que melhora a qualidade das decisões (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bezrukova et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Shin et al., 2012</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Khalil et al. (2019</xref>) constataram em sua pesquisa que o desempenho organizacional pode ser influenciado pela qualidade do compartilhamento de informações. Mediante o exposto, presume-se que:</p>
				<p>H2: O compartilhamento de informações influencia direta e positivamente no desempenho organizacional.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Efeito mediador do compartilhamento de informações entre estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos e desempenho organizacional</title>
				<p>A maneira como os conflitos são gerenciados determina se eles se caracterizam como cooperativos (construtivos) ou competitivos (destrutivos) - (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Schulze et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Vollmer, 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Song et al. (2006</xref>) observaram que os estilos de integração, acomodação e compromisso têm influência positiva sobre o conflito construtivo, enquanto os estilos de domínio e evitação estão associados a níveis mais baixos de conflito construtivo. Portanto, os diversos estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos impactam em diferentes aspectos dos grupos e da organização.</p>
				<p>O estilo de integração permite que sejam abertas linhas de comunicação, favorecendo o compartilhamento de informações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Gross &amp; Guerrero, 2000</xref>). Além disso, a integração e o compromisso são estilos que podem contribuir para a troca mútua e discussões abertas entre os indivíduos dentro da organização, o que ajuda no desenvolvimento de soluções benéficas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chen et al., 2012</xref>). Já os estilos de domínio e evitação frustram o processo de comunicação, tendendo a desencadear soluções insatisfatórias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chen et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Em um cenário como o das cooperativas, em que a cooperação representa um princípio direcionador, o estilo cooperativo de gerenciamento de conflitos parece ser inerente à governança e busca de um melhor desempenho organizacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Ruben &amp; Heras, 2012</xref>). Essa presunção é reforçada quando se trata de cooperativas agropecuárias, as quais têm, no seu âmago, a formação de alianças com o fim de desenvolver atividades em cooperação com produtores rurais, visando assegurar sua continuidade, alcançar um melhor desempenho organizacional e obter vantagem competitiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Peñalver et al., 2018</xref>) e, ao mesmo tempo desempenhar um papel relevante no desenvolvimento social e econômico da região onde está estabelecida.</p>
				<p>A presunção é de que, no cenário descrito, o compartilhamento de informações exerça um papel interveniente. Apesar de não terem sido identificados na literatura modelos teóricos que abordem as relações propostas neste estudo, encontram-se construtos relacionados. Por exemplo, em um experimento, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Super et al. (2016</xref>) examinaram os efeitos dos incentivos de grupo no compartilhamento de informações, tanto diretamente quanto como substituto para motivadores baseados na personalidade. Os resultados demonstraram uma vinculação entre o pagamento baseado no desempenho do grupo e o aumento no compartilhamento de informações.</p>
				<p>Estudos pregressos em cooperativas também apontam evidências desses construtos em relações diversas. Por exemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Beuren et al. (2020</xref>) analisaram o efeito do compartilhamento de informações na responsabilidade social de cooperativas; Beuren et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">2019</xref>), no desempenho da aliança estratégica de cooperativas; e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Ruben e Heras (2012</xref>), no desempenho de cooperativas de café da Etiópia. Embora não tenham analisado o efeito mediador, sinalizam efeitos do compartilhamento de informações. Diante do exposto, postula-se que:</p>
				<p><bold>H3a:</bold> O compartilhamento de informações medeia a relação entre o estilo cooperativo de gerenciamento de conflitos e o desempenho organizacional.</p>
				<p><bold>H3b:</bold> O compartilhamento de informações medeia a relação entre o estilo competitivo de gerenciamento de conflitos e o desempenho organizacional.</p>
				<p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, ilustra-se o fluxo das relações propostas entre os construtos.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Modelo teórico da pesquisa</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0013-gf1.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Nota: A linha tracejada indica relação das variáveis independentes com a dependente, mediadas pelo compartilhamento de informações.</attrib>
						<attrib>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Conjectura-se que os estilos de cooperação (H1a) e competição (H1b) de gerenciamento de conflitos têm efeito no compartilhamento de informações. Postula-se, ainda, que o desempenho organizacional é impactado pelo compartilhamento de informações (H2). Por fim, conjectura-se o efeito mediador do compartilhamento de informações na relação entre estilo cooperativo de gerenciamento de conflito e desempenho organizacional (H3a), bem como entre estilo competitivo e desempenho organizacional (H3b). Os estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos foram segregados, uma vez que, no estilo cooperativo, o compartilhamento de informações será maior em comparação ao competitivo. Além disso, foram inseridas duas variáveis de controle do modelo.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>População e amostra</title>
				<p>Foi conduzida uma <italic>survey</italic> com profissionais que atuam em cooperativas agropecuárias. Estas cooperativas são constituídas com o propósito de proporcionar ao cooperado acesso a mercados, obtenção de preços melhores, agregação de valor aos produtos e socialização de novas tecnologias; além disso buscam conferir desenvolvimento econômico e social aos cooperados e na região onde atuam (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Mariano &amp; Albino, 2019</xref>). Assim, a opção pelas cooperativas agropecuárias decorre do alinhamento das suas características com o escopo desta pesquisa e pela sua representatividade em comparação aos demais segmentos.</p>
				<p>Para a identificação dos profissionais que atuam no ambiente interno das cooperativas, foi realizada uma busca pelos cargos de “presidente”, “vice-presidente”, “diretor(a)” e “gerente” na rede profissional <italic>LinkedIn</italic>. Foram selecionados até três respondentes por cooperativa. Para solicitar participação na rede de contatos, foram enviados 908 convites, dentre os quais 401 foram aceitos. Após o aceite do convite, foi encaminhado o <italic>link</italic> de acesso ao questionário na plataforma <italic>QuestionPro</italic>. Com o intuito de aumentar a amostra, o <italic>link</italic> da pesquisa ainda foi enviado para 693 profissionais de cooperativas agropecuárias brasileiras listadas no <italic>site</italic> da Organização de Cooperativas Brasileiras (OCB).</p>
				<p>Com esses procedimentos, foram registradas 91 respostas válidas no período de agosto a outubro de 2021. Para averiguar a adequação do tamanho da amostra, consideraram-se os parâmetros propostos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Faul et al. (2009</xref>). Na realização do cálculo, foi utilizado o <italic>software G*Power</italic>. Assim, a adoção dos parâmetros - efeito médio de 0,15, nível de significância de <italic>α=0,05</italic> e poder da amostra de 1-β=0,8 - indicou a necessidade de um mínimo de 68 respostas. Com base nesses parâmetros, as 91 respostas obtidas demonstram-se suficientes para testar o modelo da pesquisa.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Construtos e instrumento de pesquisa</title>
				<p>O modelo teórico da pesquisa compõe-se de três construtos: estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos, compartilhamento de informações e desempenho organizacional. O instrumento de pesquisa (Apêndice) foi elaborado por meio de assertivas em escala tipo Likert de sete pontos, que variam de 1 (= discordo totalmente) a 7 (= concordo totalmente). Exceção houve no construto “compartilhamento de informações”, no qual a escala original foi mantida para as assertivas, variando de 1 (= pouca ou nenhuma extensão) a 7 (= extensão muito grande). No questionário, foram incluídas questões sobre as organizações nas quais os respondentes atuam.</p>
				<p>Para estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos, considerou-se a escala Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II (ROCI-II), adaptada da pesquisa de Rahim e Magner (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">1995</xref>). Essa escala compõe-se de 28 assertivas, utilizadas para a avaliação de cinco estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos e estão distribuídas da seguinte maneira: integração (7), acomodação (6), domínio (5), evitação (6) e compromisso (4). As assertivas originais, voltadas ao supervisor, foram adaptadas de acordo com o estilo de gerenciamento de conflitos do respectivo grupo a que pertence o respondente.</p>
				<p>O construto “compartilhamento de informações” foi mensurado levando-se em conta seis assertivas adaptadas da pesquisa de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahmad e Huvila (2019</xref>). Foram feitas adaptações para o contexto de grupo, uma vez que esses autores investigaram o compartilhamento de informações no âmbito organizacional, com superiores hierárquicos, colegas juniores e consigo. Assim, no presente estudo, a investigação deu-se no âmbito do grupo que o respondente integra na organização.</p>
				<p>O construto “desempenho organizacional” foi aferido por meio de dez assertivas elaboradas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">López-Nicolás e Meroño-Cerdán (2011</xref>). Tais assertivas questionavam o desempenho da organização nos últimos três anos em comparação com os principais concorrentes. Embora investigado sob o ponto de vista financeiro, de processos e interno, foi considerado como um <bold>único</bold> construto, denominado desempenho organizacional.</p>
				<p>O instrumento de pesquisa foi submetido a um pré-teste com três profissionais da área, que sugeriram apenas algumas alterações semânticas antes da aplicação aos profissionais das cooperativas agropecuárias. Além disso, por conta da coleta de dados realizada por método único e pelo fato de os indivíduos responderem questões relativas a todas as variáveis, a fim de evitar problemas de viés do método comum (<italic>Common Method Bias</italic> [CMB]), foi incluído um texto inicial de esclarecimento do propósito da pesquisa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Podsakoff &amp; Organ, 1986</xref>). Ainda, destacou-se que: a pesquisa segue procedimentos éticos, não há respostas certas ou erradas, o anonimato dos respondentes é assegurado.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Variáveis de controle</title>
				<p>No modelo da pesquisa foram incluídas duas variáveis de controle, quais sejam: tempo de atuação no mercado e tamanho da organização. A mensuração do tempo de atuação no mercado consistiu em avaliar a duração (em anos) do exercício da atividade da organização. Essa variável foi tratada como <italic>dummy</italic>, onde “1” representa organizações com no mínimo 20 anos e “0”, aquelas com menos de 20 anos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bedford, 2015</xref>). O tamanho da organização foi mensurado pelo logaritmo natural do número de profissionais que atuam diretamente nas cooperativas investigadas, conforme realizado na pesquisa de Bedford (2015). Essas informações foram coletadas por meio de questões abertas e são apresentadas na seção destinada à caracterização da organização.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Técnicas e procedimentos de análise de dados</title>
				<p>Análise fatorial foi aplicada nas assertivas do instrumento de pesquisa, uma vez que permite simplificar ou reduzir uma grande quantidade de variáveis por meio da determinação de fatores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>). As assertivas apresentaram índices de confiabilidade satisfatórios após a supressão de algumas cuja carga fatoriorial era inferior a 0,60, o mínimo recomendado para pesquisas mais exploratórias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>). Retirou-se do modelo uma assertiva do construto “estilo de gerenciamento de conflitos”, denominada integração (assertiva 5), uma assertiva do construto “compartilhamento de informações” (assertiva 6) e duas do construto “desempenho organizacional” (assertivas 1 e 2).</p>
				<p>O teste das hipóteses foi realizado por meio da modelagem de equações estruturais (<italic>structural equations modeling</italic> [SEM]), estimada a partir dos mínimos quadrados parciais (<italic>partial least squares</italic> [PLS]), com auxílio do <italic>software</italic> SmartPLS 3.0. A SEM <italic>é</italic> uma técnica de análise multivariada, que combina métodos de análise fatorial e de regressão múltipla, utilizada para examinar a estrutura das inter-relações entre os construtos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>). No modelo, o construto “estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos” foi implementado como de segunda ordem (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>), que compõe-se de estilos cooperativos (integração, acomodação e compromisso) e estilos competitivos (domínio e evitação).</p>
				<p>Para análise do modelo de mensuração e da significância das relações entre as variáveis latentes, foram considerados o <italic>bootstrapping</italic> com 5.000 reamostragens, o intervalo de confiança <italic>bias-corrected and accelerated</italic> e o teste bicaudal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>DESCRIÇÃO E ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Os respondentes da pesquisa atuam em cooperativas agropecuárias dos segmentos de: bens de fornecimento e insumos (42%); produtos industrializados de origem animal (18%); e produtos industrializados de origem vegetal (18%). Algumas cooperativas, no entanto, operam em mais de um segmento. Estão localizadas principalmente nas regiões Sul (46%) e Sudeste (31%). Em tempo de atuação no mercado, apresentam variação de 6 a 96 anos, com uma média de 34 anos. A maioria caracteriza-se por ser de grande porte, visto que 68% possuem acima de 100 funcionários.</p>
			<p>O perfil demográfico dos respondentes do instrumento de pesquisa indicou que 91% são do sexo masculino. Em relação à faixa etária, há uma variação entre 23 e 70 anos, com uma média amostral de 47 anos. Quanto a cargo ou função que ocupam na cooperativa, 5% apontaram presidência ou vice-presidência, 8% diretoria e 87%, gerência. O cargo ou função que ocupam na cooperativa sugere que os respondentes reúnem as condições necessárias para responder ao questionário.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Modelo de mensuração</title>
				<p>O primeiro passo na análise do modelo de mensuração compreende a verificação da confiabilidade, para medir a consistência interna dos itens de cada construto, e da validade, para avaliar o grau de mensuração dos itens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os valores em dois painéis, segregando os construtos de primeira e segunda ordens. As variáveis latentes foram modeladas considerando a repetição dos indicadores das variáveis de primeira ordem na variável de segunda ordem.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Confiabilidade e validade convergente</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col span="5"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="5">Painel A - Confiabilidade e validade convergente - Construtos de 1ª ordem </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Variáveis</th>
									<th align="center"><bold>Alfa de <italic>Cronbach</italic>
</bold></th>
									<th align="center">rho_A</th>
									<th align="center">CR</th>
									<th align="center">AVE</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">1. Integração</td>
									<td align="center">0,794</td>
									<td align="center">0,800</td>
									<td align="center">0,853</td>
									<td align="center">0,492</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">2. Acomodação</td>
									<td align="center">0,863</td>
									<td align="center">0,875</td>
									<td align="center">0,896</td>
									<td align="center">0,592</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">3. Compromisso</td>
									<td align="center">0,751</td>
									<td align="center">0,764</td>
									<td align="center">0,843</td>
									<td align="center">0,574</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">4. Dominio </td>
									<td align="center">0,838</td>
									<td align="center">0,860</td>
									<td align="center">0,885</td>
									<td align="center">0,610</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5. Evitação</td>
									<td align="center">0,846</td>
									<td align="center">0,850</td>
									<td align="center">0,887</td>
									<td align="center">0,567</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="5">Painel B - Confiabilidade e validade convergente - Construtos principais e de 2ª ordem </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Variáveis</td>
									<td align="center">Alfa de <italic>Cronbach</italic></td>
									<td align="center">rho_A</td>
									<td align="center">CR</td>
									<td align="center">AVE</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">1. Estilos cooperativos de gerenciamento de conflitos </td>
									<td align="center">0,867</td>
									<td align="center">0,875</td>
									<td align="center">0,827</td>
									<td align="center">0,615</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">2. Estilos competitivos de gerenciamento de conflitos </td>
									<td align="center">0,833</td>
									<td align="center">0,842</td>
									<td align="center">0,787</td>
									<td align="center">0,649</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">3. Compartilhamento de informações</td>
									<td align="center">0,774</td>
									<td align="center">0,818</td>
									<td align="center">0,844</td>
									<td align="center">0,524</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">4. Desempenho organizacional</td>
									<td align="center">0,898</td>
									<td align="center">0,907</td>
									<td align="center">0,918</td>
									<td align="center">0,584</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><bold>Nota: Alfa de <italic>Cronbach</italic> (&gt;0,70); rho_A (&gt;0,70); CR = <italic>Composite Reliability</italic> (&gt;0,70); AVE = <italic>Average Variance Extracted</italic> (&gt;0,50).</bold></p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Fonte: Dados da pesquisa.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>O modelo da pesquisa apresenta validade e confiabilidade, com as cargas de alfa de <italic>Cronbach</italic>, rho_A e <italic>composite reliability (CR)</italic> superiores a 0,70 para todos os construtos, tanto de primeira, quanto de segunda ordem. Na validade convergente, aferida pelos valores da <italic>average variance extracted</italic> (AVE), o construto de primeira ordem, denominado integração, obteve a menor carga de validade convergente; entretanto, seu valor próximo a 0,50 possibilita a validação. Dentre os construtos de segunda ordem, o compartilhamento de informações foi o que obteve menor valor. A análise da validade discriminante foi realizada pelos critérios Fornell-Larcker e é apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Correlações e resultados da validade discriminante</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col span="7"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="7">Painel A - Correlações e validade discriminante - Construtos de 1ª ordem </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Variáveis</th>
									<th align="center">1</th>
									<th align="center">2</th>
									<th align="center">3 </th>
									<th align="center">4 </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">5</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">1. Integração</td>
									<td align="center">0,702</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> 
 </td>
									<td align="left"> 
 </td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">2. Acomodação</td>
									<td align="center">0,439</td>
									<td align="center">0,769</td>
									<td align="left"> 
 </td>
									<td align="left"> 
 </td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">3. Compromisso</td>
									<td align="center">0,414</td>
									<td align="center">0,430</td>
									<td align="center">0,758 </td>
									<td align="left"> 
 </td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">4. Domínio </td>
									<td align="center">-0,097</td>
									<td align="center">0,264</td>
									<td align="center">0,195 </td>
									<td align="center">0,781 </td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5. Evitação</td>
									<td align="center">-0,037</td>
									<td align="center">0,232</td>
									<td align="center">0,258 </td>
									<td align="center">0,300 </td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">0,753</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="7">Painel B - Correlações e validade discriminante - Construtos principais e de 2ª ordem </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Variáveis</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">1. Estilos cooperativos de gerenciamento de conflitos </td>
									<td align="center">0,784</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">2. Estilos competitivos de gerenciamento de conflitos </td>
									<td align="center">0,201</td>
									<td align="center">0,805</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">3. Compartilhamento de informações</td>
									<td align="center">0,399</td>
									<td align="center">-0,099</td>
									<td align="center">0,724</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">4. Desempenho organizacional</td>
									<td align="center">0,249</td>
									<td align="center">-0,039</td>
									<td align="center">0,339</td>
									<td align="center">0,764</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5. Tempo de atuação no mercado</td>
									<td align="center">-0,063</td>
									<td align="center">0,071</td>
									<td align="center">-0,153</td>
									<td align="center">-0,149</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">6. Tamanho da organização</td>
									<td align="center">-0,036</td>
									<td align="center">-0,154</td>
									<td align="center">-0,090</td>
									<td align="center">-0,006</td>
									<td align="center">0,409</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Nota: Os valores em negrito representam as raízes quadradas da AVE; a diagonal inferior indica as correlações para acesso ao critério Fornell-Larcker.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Fonte: Dados da pesquisa.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A validade discriminante demonstra que os pressupostos do critério Fornell-Larcker foram atendidos, uma vez que a raiz quadrada da AVE é superior à correlação entre os construtos de primeira e segunda ordens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>). Os resultados dos testes do modelo de mensuração, tanto da confiabilidade e validade convergente, quanto da validade discriminante, permitem prosseguir nas análises do modelo estrutural e testar as hipóteses.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Modelo estrutural</title>
			<p>Com o auxílio do <italic>software</italic> SmartPLS, foram estimados os coeficientes de caminho para o modelo proposto. Os resultados são demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Resultados do modelo estrutural - Efeitos diretos</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Hipóteses </th>
								<th align="center">Beta (β)</th>
								<th align="center">Valor t</th>
								<th align="center">Valor p</th>
								<th align="center">F<sup>2</sup></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">H1a</td>
								<td align="left">Estilos cooperativos de gerenciamento de conflitos ? Compartilhamento de informações</td>
								<td align="center">0,436</td>
								<td align="center">3,733</td>
								<td align="center">0,000***</td>
								<td align="center">0,226</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">H1b</td>
								<td align="left">Estilos competitivos de gerenciamento de conflitos ? Compartilhamento de informações</td>
								<td align="center">-0,186</td>
								<td align="center">1,774</td>
								<td align="center">0, 081*</td>
								<td align="center">0,041</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">H2</td>
								<td align="left">Compartilhamento de informações ? Desempenho organizacional</td>
								<td align="center">0,267</td>
								<td align="center">1,787</td>
								<td align="center">0,074*</td>
								<td align="center">0,066</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="left">Tempo de atuação no mercado ? Desempenho organizacional</td>
								<td align="center">-0,127</td>
								<td align="center">1,105</td>
								<td align="center">0,269</td>
								<td align="center">0,015</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="left">Tamanho da organização ? Desempenho organizacional</td>
								<td align="center">0,072</td>
								<td align="center">0,587</td>
								<td align="center">0,557</td>
								<td align="center">0,005</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>Nota 1: *p&lt;0,10; **p&lt;0,05; ***p&lt;0,01.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p>Nota 2: R<sup>2</sup>: Compartilhamento de informações = 0,187; Desempenho organizacional = 0,190. Q<sup>2</sup>: Desempenho organizacional = 0,094. VIF: Valor mínimo = 1,000 e Valor máximo = 1,232.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN7">
							<p>Fonte: Dados da pesquisa.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>O construto “estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos” foi segregado em H1a, que prevê relação direta e positiva entre estilos cooperativos de gerenciamento de conflitos e compartilhamento de informações, e em H1b, que prevê relação direta e negativa entre estilos competitivos de gerenciamento de conflitos e compartilhamento de informações. Em ambas as hipóteses, H1a (p&lt;0,01) e H1b (p&lt;0,10), há suporte para não rejeitá-las. Na H2, que prevê relação do compartilhamento de informações com o desempenho organizacional, observa-se significância (p&lt;0,10), o que sustenta a não rejeição da hipótese. As variáveis de controle, tempo de atuação no mercado e tamanho da organização parecem não influenciar o desempenho organizacional.</p>
			<p>Além dos coeficientes de caminho, na avaliação do modelo estrutural foi feita a verificação dos valores de <italic>variance inflation factor</italic> (VIF), para os quais recomenda-se valores inferiores a 3,0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>). Os valores de VIF dos construtos atenderam ao critério estabelecido, indicando ausência de multicolinearidade. A análise da variância explicada (R<sup>2</sup>) indicou um efeito médio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Ringle et al., 2014</xref>) em relação ao construto “desempenho organizacional” (19,0%). A relevância preditiva (Q<sup>2</sup>) apresentou valor superior a zero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>), o que indica relevância preditiva para o construto desempenho organizacional.</p>
			<p>O teste de tamanho do efeito (F<sup>2</sup>) foi analisado com base na redundância (módulo <italic>Blindfolding</italic>). Os resultados do teste F<sup>2</sup> indicam um efeito médio para a relação entre estilos cooperativos de gerenciamento de conflitos e compartilhamento de informações, e pequeno para as demais relações propostas. Para essa avaliação, considerou-se o estabelecido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Cohen (1988</xref>): um F<sup>2</sup> igual a 0,02 indica efeito pequeno; igual a 0,15, efeito médio; e igual a 0,35 efeito grande.</p>
			<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta os resultados da análise dos efeitos indiretos do modelo estrutural.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabela 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Resultados do modelo estrutural - Efeitos indiretos</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center"> </th>
								<th align="center">Hipóteses</th>
								<th align="center">Beta (β)</th>
								<th align="center">Valor t</th>
								<th align="center">Valor p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">H3a</td>
								<td align="left">Estilo cooperativo de gerenciamento de conflitos ? Compartilhamento de informações ? Desempenho organizacional </td>
								<td align="center">0,116</td>
								<td align="center">1,604</td>
								<td align="center">0,109</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">H3b</td>
								<td align="left">Estilo competitivo de gerenciamento de conflitos ? Compartilhamento de informações ? Desempenho organizacional</td>
								<td align="center">-0,05</td>
								<td align="center">1,185</td>
								<td align="center">0,236</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN8">
							<p>Nota: *p&lt;0,10; **p&lt;0,05; ***p&lt;0,01</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN9">
							<p>Fonte: Dados da pesquisa.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Os efeitos indiretos revelam que o estilo cooperativo de gerenciamento de conflitos não influencia o desempenho organizacional por meio do compartilhamento de informações (β=0,116, p-<italic>value</italic>=0,109). Na mesma linha, o estilo competitivo de gerenciamento de conflitos não apresentou significância. Assim, há base para rejeitar as hipóteses H3a e H3b.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>DISCUSSÃO DOS RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>A discussão dos resultados foi pautada nas hipóteses da pesquisa. No caso da H1a, que previa relação positiva entre estilos cooperativos de gerenciamento de conflitos e compartilhamento de informações, há respaldo para não rejeitá-la (β=0,430; p&lt;0,01). Esse resultado está alinhado com o apresentado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Desivilya et al. (2010</xref>), no qual a integração das equipes no gerenciamento de conflitos desempenha um papel importante em sua capacidade de mitigar o efeito adverso do conflito de relacionamento e de maximizar os ganhos potenciais do conflito de tarefas. No âmbito dos estilos cooperativos de gerenciamento de conflitos, os respondentes atribuíram valores maiores para assertivas de integração em comparação com as de acomodação e compromisso. O papel do estilo “integração no compartilhamento de informações” é manifestado em assertivas como “troco informações precisas com os membros do meu grupo para resolver problemas de forma conjunta” e “eu colaboro com os membros do meu grupo para chegar a decisões aceitáveis para nós”.</p>
			<p>A H1b, que previa relação negativa entre estilos competitivos de gerenciamento de conflitos e compartilhamento de informações, encontrou suporte (β=-0,187; p&lt;0,10), portanto, não foi rejeitada. O efeito negativo encontrado na H1b, em contraste com o efeito positivo na H1a, é compatível com o resultado do estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim e Bonoma (1979</xref>), em que os estilos “integração” (cooperativo) e “evitação” (competitivo) figuram como os mais excludentes. Nas cooperativas investigadas, os gestores atribuíram valores menores para os estilos competitivos de gerenciamento de conflitos em comparação aos competitivos, e nos estilos de evitação houve menos destaque em relação ao de domínio. Os valores menores observados neste estilo, em assertivas como “uso minha influência para fazer com que minhas ideias sejam aceitas” e “às vezes, uso meu poder para vencer uma situação competitiva”, sinalizam que os respondentes não utilizam sua influência e poder em benefício próprio. Disso se deduz que costumam ouvir e compartilhar informações com os membros do grupo.</p>
			<p>As evidências permitem inferir, dado o suporte para que não se rejeite a H1, que os estilos cooperativos de gerenciamento de conflitos impactam positivamente o compartilhamento de informações nas cooperativas agropecuárias, enquanto os estilos competitivos impactam negativamente. Em consonância com a literatura, os estilos cooperativos de gerenciamento de conflitos proporcionam menos conflitos aos grupos, devido ao gerenciamento de ameaças e redução de frustrações decorrentes de equívocos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Esbati &amp; Korunka, 2021</xref>). Para esses autores, isso pode decorrer do incentivo à comunicação, visto que ela permite a verbalização das discordâncias de maneira útil e menos obstrutiva. Em contrapartida, os estilos competitivos de gerenciamento de conflitos podem aumentar as discordâncias emocionais e prejudicar as relações interpessoais e a união do grupo, levando os indivíduos a contribuírem menos no trabalho e, com isso, impactar os resultados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chen et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>A H2 previa relação direta e positiva entre compartilhamento de informações e desempenho organizacional, o que foi confirmado (β=0,262; p&lt;0,05), não havendo razão para rejeitá-la. Este achado está em linha com os estudos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bezrukova et al. (2009</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Khalil et al. (2019</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Shin et al. (2012</xref>), de acordo com os quais o compartilhamento de informações pode proporcionar condições para a melhoria do desempenho organizacional. No entanto, é necessário observar e gerenciar os padrões de interação do grupo, uma vez que eles podem estimular ou inibir a maneira como ocorre o compartilhamento de informações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Super et al., 2016</xref>). Nas cooperativas agropecuárias, o compartilhamento de informações pode ser determinante em termos de desempenho, em virtude de esse comportamento grupal constituir um potencial incentivo para que o agricultor acesse novos mercados e tecnologias, preços mais atraentes e maior valor agregado, além de reforçar os princípios cooperativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Mariano &amp; Albino, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Os resultados da pesquisa indicam um alto grau de concordância entre os gestores de topo das cooperativas quanto à relevância do compartilhamento de informações com todos os membros do grupo e com superiores e juniores. Isso se deve à sua percepção de que, dessa maneira, suas organizações alcançam maior crescimento e lucratividade comparativamente aos concorrentes. Esse cenário pode ser ilustrado com assertivas como “compartilho informações relacionadas ao trabalho com os demais membros do meu grupo” e “os membros do meu grupo compartilham muitas informações relacionadas ao trabalho comigo”. Desse modo, o compartilhamento de informações impulsiona o grupo a buscar soluções superiores, o que proporciona vantagens e condições de alavancar o seu desempenho, otimizar as tarefas e a organização (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Super et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Yang &amp; Maxwell, 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>Além das relações diretas, os efeitos indiretos também foram analisados. No entanto, não foram confirmados os efeitos mediadores do compartilhamento de informações na relação entre estilos cooperativo e competitivo de gerenciamento de conflitos e desempenho organizacional. Assim, as hipóteses H3a e H3b não encontraram respaldo. Esta constatação contrasta com pesquisas em cooperativas que evidenciaram o efeito do compartilhamento de informações na responsabilidade social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Beuren et al., 2020</xref>), no desempenho da aliança estratégica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Beuren et al., 2019</xref>) e no desempenho organizacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Ruben &amp; Heras, 2012</xref>). Esses estudos, no entanto, não averiguaram o efeito mediador, aspecto que foi acrescentado no modelo desta pesquisa.</p>
			<p>As variáveis de controle “tempo de atuação no mercado” e “tamanho da organização”, inseridas no modelo, não apresentaram evidências estastisticamente significativas da relação com o desempenho organizacional. Esses achados não estão completamente alinhados com os de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bedford (2015</xref>), que observou relevância no tempo de atuação no mercado. Conjectura-se que a falta de significância estatística das variáveis de controle pode decorrer do fato de as cooperativas agropecuárias investigadas evidenciarem características comuns: a maioria (68%) é de grande porte e atua no mercado há mais de 20 anos, com uma média de 34 anos. Organizações que atuam no mercado há mais tempo e possuem uma maior estrutura tendem a obter desempenho superior em comparação às organizações menores e menos estabelecidas (Bedford, 2015; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Detthamrong et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Os achados da pesquisa encontram amparo nas proposições da TDC, que destacam a necessidade de gerenciamento de conflitos para reduzir seus efeitos negativos no ambiente organizacional. Em um ambiente de cooperação, são estabelecidas as condições que viabilizam o compartilhamento de informações e, consequentemente, potencializam o desempenho organizacional. No âmago das cooperativas, está a busca por objetivos comuns, o que pode ser determinante para a coesão interna e o desempenho organizacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Ruben &amp; Heras, 2012</xref>). Isso reforça a necessidade de uma gestão cooperativa que estimule o compartilhamento de informações, como a expressão de conflitos por meio de debates, a fim de gerar resultados benéficos e aumentar o compartilhamento de informações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Tsai &amp; Bendersky, 2016</xref>). Assim, é necessário criar uma estrutura de governança que permita o gerenciamento dos conflitos entre todos os agentes envolvidos, gestores ou cooperados, detentores ou não de conhecimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Maciel et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSÃO E IMPLICAÇÕES</title>
			<p>O presente estudo examinou a influência dos estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos, tanto cooperativos quanto competitivos, no compartilhamento de informações e, por sua vez, deste no desempenho organizacional. Além disso, examinou a mediação do compartilhamento de informações na relação entre os estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos e o desempenho organizacional. Os resultados mostraram que os estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos influenciam o compartilhamento de informações, sendo essa relação positiva para os estilos cooperativos (integração, acomodação e compromisso) e negativa para os estilos competitivos (domínio e evitação). O compartilhamento de informações apresentou efeito direto no desempenho organizacional. Porém, os efeitos mediadores do compartilhamento de informações na relação entre estilos cooperativo e competitivo de gerenciamento de conflitos e desempenho organizacional não foram confirmados. Por fim, as evidências estatísticas não confirmaram efeito das variáveis de controle no desempenho organizacional, sinalizando que o tempo de atuação no mercado e o tamanho da organização não parecem ser determinantes em termos de desempenho das cooperativas.</p>
			<p>Face aos resultados, conclui-se que o gerenciamento cooperativo dos conflitos tem condições de promover o compartilhamento de informações e, consequentemente, melhorar o desempenho organizacional, o que não acontece no gerenciamento competitivo. Estudos apontam que a eficácia no gerenciamento de conflitos pode melhorar o desempenho pessoal e corporativo, porém alertam para a necessidade de observar os diferentes contextos situacionais, pois cada estilo de gerenciamento é apropriado para circunstâncias específicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chen et al., 2012</xref>). O caráter contributivo dos estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos cooperativos está implícito. Isso estimula a adoção desses estilos no ambiente das cooperativas, para facilitar o compartilhamento de informações e promover um melhor desempenho organizacional.</p>
			<p>Os resultados desta pesquisa apresentam implicações à literatura que aborda a relação entre estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos e compartilhamento de informações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Desivilya et al., 2010</xref>). Nesse aspecto, confirma resultados de pesquisas que observaram associação entre compartilhamento de informações e desempenho organizacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bezrukova et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Shin et al., 2012</xref>). Além de corroborar os resultados de estudos prévios, o presente estudo contribui ao oferecer novas perspectivas no que concerne às relações propostas. Importante destacar que diversas pesquisas que trataram de aspectos cooperativos e compartilhamento de informações consideraram o contexto de cadeias de suprimentos (ex.: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nazifa &amp; Ramachandran, 2019</xref>). Em contrapartida, esta pesquisa contribui ao ampliar perspectivas de observação do compartilhamento de informações para além do contexto de relações externas, focando o ambiente interno de cooperativas agropecuárias.</p>
			<p>Os resultados também contribuem para a prática gerencial. Destaca-se a importância de estimular conflitos benéficos e adotar estratégias de gerenciamento de conflitos que levem ao melhor desempenho dos grupos e da organização como um todo, evitando que os conflitos se tornem forças destrutivas dentro dos grupos. Além disso, são necessárias ações que estimulem o compartilhamento de informações para ampliar a competitividade e melhorar o desempenho organizacional. O compartilhamento de informações possibilita melhorias na eficiência, aprendizado, inovação e compreensão dos objetivos organizacionais, atua como um impulsionador do desempenho (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Hatala &amp; Lutta, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Yang &amp; Maxwell, 2011</xref>). Nessa linha, as cooperativas costumam formar alianças para cooperação em projetos voltados a obtenção de vantagem competitiva e melhora no desempenho (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Peñalver et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>As limitações deste estudo podem representar <italic>insights</italic> para novas pesquisas. A necessidade de exclusão de assertivas dos construtos “estilo de gerenciamento de conflitos”, “compartilhamento de informações” e “desempenho organizacional” na análise fatorial pode decorrer da transposição das assertivas originais para o contexto desta pesquisa. Assim, recomenda-se a utilização de outros instrumentos de pesquisa que já tenham sido validados em contextos semelhantes. Nesta pesquisa, os estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos foram agrupados em cooperativos e competitivos. Pesquisas futuras podem analisar os estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos de forma segregada e investigar outro segmento de cooperativas. Há possibilidade também de acrescentar variáveis que relacionem características dos gestores com os estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos. Apesar das medidas tomadas para dirimir problemas de viés do método comum, recomenda-se que futuras pesquisas considerem outras formas de aferir empiricamente os construtos, como estudos longitudinais e em profundidade, que, por sua vez, também podem auxiliar a contornar limitações advindas de <italic>surveys</italic>
 <bold>,</bold> tais como o respondente considerar uma situação desejada e que não necessariamente representa a realidade situacional, ou possuir uma percepção enviesada do fenômeno sob investigação.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMENTOS</title>
			<p>Agradecemos aos avaliadores ad hoc do manuscrito e ao editor da Cadernos EBAPE.BR por seus comentários construtivos e orientação. Agradecemos também os comentários úteis recebidos dos participantes da XXII USP International Conference in Accounting. Renata Mendes de Oliveira reconhece o apoio recebido da Coordenação do Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código Financeiro 001. Ilse Maria Beuren reconhece o apoio financeiro recebido do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq, Chamada CNPq/SESCOOP Nº 11/2022- Linha 4 - Desenvolvimento organizacional e promoção da prática cooperativista / Cenário jurídico do cooperativismo, processo 404195/2022-9.</p>
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		<fn-group>
			<title>DISPONIBILIDADE DE DADOS</title>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn19">
				<p>O conjunto de dados que dá suporte aos resultados deste estudo não está disponível publicamente.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<title>PARECERISTAS</title>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
				<p>Luiz Carlos Marques dos Anjos (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife / PE - Brasil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-540X</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<title>RELATÓRIO DE REVISÃO POR PARES</title>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
				<p>O relatório de revisão por pares está disponível neste URL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://periodicos.fgv.br/cadernosebape/article/view/90536/85321">https://periodicos.fgv.br/cadernosebape/article/view/90536/85321</ext-link>
				</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
				<label>6</label>
				<p>Vilmar Rodrigues Moreira (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba / PR - Brasil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1796-6752</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
				<label>7</label>
				<p>Diógenes de Souza Bido (Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo / SP - Brasil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8525-5218</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<app-group>
			<app id="app1">
				<label>APÊNDICE - QUESTIONÁRIO</label>
				<p>1. Estilos de gerenciamento de conflitos (Rahim &amp; Magner, 1995)</p>
				<p>Indique até que ponto cada uma das assertivas abaixo caracteriza o estilo de gerenciamento de conflitos no grupo do qual você faz parte em sua organização. Escala de 1 (discordo totalmente) a 7 (concordo totalmente).</p>
				<p>Integração</p>
				<p>1. Tento investigar problemas com os membros do meu grupo para encontrar soluções aceitáveis para nós.</p>
				<p>2. Tento integrar minhas ideias com os membros do meu grupo para chegar a uma decisão conjunta.</p>
				<p>3. Tento trabalhar com os membros do meu grupo para encontrar soluções para um determinado problema, de modo a satisfazer nossas expectativas.</p>
				<p>4. Troco informações precisas com os membros do meu grupo para resolver problemas de forma conjunta.</p>
				<p>5. Tento trazer todas as nossas preocupações abertamente para que os problemas possam ser resolvidos da melhor maneira possível. (*)</p>
				<p>6. Eu colaboro com os membros do meu grupo para chegar a decisões aceitáveis para nós.</p>
				<p>7. Tento trabalhar com os membros do meu grupo para uma adequada compreensão de determinado problema.</p>
				<p>Acomodação</p>
				<p>8. Geralmente tento satisfazer as necessidades dos membros do meu grupo.</p>
				<p>9. Geralmente acomodo os desejos dos membros do meu grupo.</p>
				<p>10. Eu cedo aos desejos dos membros do meu grupo.</p>
				<p>11. Geralmente permito concessões para os membros do meu grupo.</p>
				<p>12. Costumo seguir as sugestões dos membros do meu grupo.</p>
				<p>13. Tento satisfazer as expectativas dos membros do meu grupo.</p>
				<p>Domínio</p>
				<p>14. Uso minha influência para que minhas ideias sejam aceitas.</p>
				<p>15. Uso minha autoridade para tomar decisões a meu favor.</p>
				<p>16. Uso minha experiência para tomar decisões a meu favor.</p>
				<p>17. Em geral, sou firme em seguir meu lado da questão.</p>
				<p>18. Às vezes, uso meu poder para vencer uma situação competitiva.</p>
				<p>Evitação</p>
				<p>19. Tento evitar ser “posto na berlinda” e tento manter meu conflito com os membros do meu grupo para mim.</p>
				<p>20. Geralmente evito discussões abertas sobre minhas diferenças com os membros do meu grupo.</p>
				<p>21. Tento evitar desentendimentos com os membros do meu grupo.</p>
				<p>22. Evito me contrapor (bater de frete) com os membros do meu grupo.</p>
				<p>23. Tento manter minha discordância com os membros do meu grupo para mim, a fim de evitar ressentimentos.</p>
				<p>24. Tento evitar trocas desagradáveis com os membros do meu grupo.</p>
				<p>Compromisso</p>
				<p>25. Tento encontrar um meio-termo para resolver um impasse.</p>
				<p>26. Normalmente proponho um meio-termo para quebrar impasses.</p>
				<p>27. Eu negocio com os membros do meu grupo para que um acordo possa ser alcançado.</p>
				<p>28. Eu uso a sagacidade de “dar e receber” para que um acordo possa ser feito.</p>
				<p>2. Compartilhamento de informações (Ahmad &amp; Huvila, 2019)</p>
				<p>Indique até que ponto cada uma das assertivas abaixo caracteriza o compartilhamento de informações no grupo do qual você faz parte em sua organização. Escala de 1 (pouca ou nenhuma extensão) a 7 (extensão muito grande).</p>
				<p>1. Compartilho informações relacionadas ao trabalho com os demais membros do meu grupo.</p>
				<p>2. Compartilho informações relacionadas ao trabalho com os membros superiores do meu grupo.</p>
				<p>3. Compartilho informações relacionadas ao trabalho com membros juniores do meu grupo.</p>
				<p>4. Os membros do meu grupo compartilham muitas informações relacionadas ao trabalho comigo.</p>
				<p>5. Os membros juniores do meu grupo compartilham muitas informações comigo.</p>
				<p>6. Os membros superiores do meu grupo compartilham muitas informações relacionadas ao trabalho comigo. (*)</p>
				<p>3. Desempenho organizacional (López-Nicolás &amp; Meroño-Cerdán, 2011)</p>
				<p>Indique até que ponto cada uma das assertivas abaixo caracteriza o desempenho da sua organização nos últimos três anos em comparação com os principais concorrentes. Escala de 1 (discordo totalmente) a 7 (concordo totalmente).</p>
				<p>1. Está crescendo mais rapidamente. (*)</p>
				<p>2. É mais lucrativa. (*)</p>
				<p>3. Alcança maior satisfação dos clientes.</p>
				<p>4. Fornece produtos e/ou serviços de maior qualidade.</p>
				<p>5. É mais eficiente no uso de recursos.</p>
				<p>6. Tem processos internos voltados à qualidade.</p>
				<p>7. Entrega os pedidos mais rapidamente.</p>
				<p>8. Possui funcionários mais satisfeitos.</p>
				<p>9. Possui funcionários mais qualificados.</p>
				<p>10. Possui funcionários mais criativos e inovadores.</p>
				<p>Obs: (*) Assertivas retiradas pelo fato de terem apresentado carga fatorial inferior a 0,60.</p>
			</app>
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	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1679-395120230013x</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cooperative or competitive style of conflict management? Effects on information sharing and agricultural cooperatives’ performance</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2541-1511</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Renata Mendes de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
					<role>Project administration (Equal)</role>
					<role>Supervision (Equal)</role>
					<role>Validation (Equal)</role>
					<role>Visualization (Lead)</role>
					<role>Writing - original draft (Lead)</role>
					<role>Writing - review &amp; editing (Equal)</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4007-6408</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Beuren</surname>
						<given-names>Ilse Maria</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
					<role>Project administration (Equal)</role>
					<role>Supervision (Equal)</role>
					<role>Validation (Equal)</role>
					<role>Visualization (Supporting)</role>
					<role>Writing - original draft (Supporting)</role>
					<role>Writing - review &amp; editing (Equal)</role>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) / Campus Pontal, Ituiutaba - MG, Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) / Programa de Pós-graduação em Contabilidade, Florianópolis - SC, Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn9">
					<p>Renata Mendes de Oliveira - Ph.D. in Accounting from the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC); Professor in the Accounting Sciences Department at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU). E-mail: renatamendes@ufu.br</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
					<p>Ilse Maria Beuren - Professor in the Postgraduate Program in Accounting at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC). E-mail: ilse.beuren@gmail.com</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn11">
					<p>Hélio Arthur Reis Irigaray (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-7859</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn12">
					<p>Fabricio Stocker (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6340-9127</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title><italic>Abstract</italic></title>
				<p>This study examines the influence of conflict management styles, both cooperative and competitive, on information sharing and, in turn, on organizational performance. The mediation of information sharing in the relationship between conflict management styles and organizational performance is also examined. The effects of conflict management styles were analyzed at the intragroup level in a field that presupposes cooperation through a survey carried out with professionals who work in agricultural cooperatives. For the analysis of the 91 valid answers, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used. The results indicate a relationship between conflict management styles and information sharing, which is positive for the cooperative style and negative for the competitive style. Furthermore, a positive relationship was observed between information sharing and organizational performance. However, no mediating effect of information sharing on the relationship between cooperative and competitive conflict management styles and organizational performance was found. Based on the results, it is concluded that the cooperative style of conflict management promotes the sharing of information and improves organizational performance. The same was not found for the competitive style of conflict management in the researched cooperatives. This broadens discussions about the possible benefits of conflicts in organizations, contrasting with the approaches about their harmful effects on organizational performance.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Conflict management styles</kwd>
				<kwd>Information sharing</kwd>
				<kwd>Organizational performance</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Cognitive dissonance is important from an organizational point of view, as it can facilitate the creation of new ideas and thus contribute to creativity, innovation and generate conditions for competitive advantage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Mancini &amp; Ribiere, 2018</xref>). This assumption is supported by the Cognitive Dissonance Theory (CDT), which advocates that individuals who find some divergence in their group will seek to adopt actions to reduce or eliminate it as soon as possible (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Festinger, 1957</xref>). This indicates the importance of conflict management in improving the communication process and stimulating desirable behavior in individuals, which consequently leads to an increase in organizational performance.</p>
				<p>Conflicts can be both constructive, used to develop quality solutions and strengthen relationships, and destructive, when they frustrate communication and make it difficult to solve problems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Deutsch, 2014</xref>). In this regard, the challenge lies in identifying how and when individuals and groups can discuss and deal with conflicts in order to make them beneficial for themselves and the organization (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Deutsch, 2014</xref>). It is argued that if conflicts are managed effectively, there can be improvements in decision quality and individual and organizational performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">John-Eke &amp; Akintokunbo, 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>Research on conflict management has considered the five styles presented by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim and Bonoma (1979</xref>): integrating, obliging, compromising, dominating and avoiding. Each conflict management style can act differently when it comes to sharing information. Mutual exchange and discussion between individuals and groups stem from the process of integrating, obliging and compromising of management styles, and can contribute to beneficial resolutions and innovative ideas, whereas dominating and avoiding conflicts would lead to deadlocks or unsatisfactory solutions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chen et al., 2012</xref>). This exchange process is assumed to provide superior organizational performance if anchored in information sharing.</p>
				<p>Information sharing among individuals in an organization reduces the likelihood of the use of power (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Fisher et al., 2002</xref>). Consequently, this contributes to reducing the need to dominate conflicts. On the one hand, information sharing, embodied in characteristics such as quality, reliability and accuracy of information (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Moores &amp; Yuen, 2001</xref>), provides support to improve the decision-making process of stakeholders, which does not occur when there are limitations in the exchange of information (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Treurniet &amp; Wolbers, 2021</xref>). On the other hand, improvements in the decision-making process favor information sharing, which provides conditions for improving organizational performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Beuren et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Yang &amp; Maxwell, 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>Organizational performance is approached in the literature in different ways, ranging from financial results to evaluated performance, which leads to different results. Although the literature points to connections between this construct and several others, there is a gap in the constructs addressed here and their joint analysis, which may have additional implications.</p>
				<p>Therefore, this study examines the influence of conflict management styles, both cooperative and competitive, on information sharing and, in turn, on organizational performance. It also examines the mediation of information sharing in the relationship between conflict management styles and organizational performance. We conducted a survey with managers of agricultural cooperatives, since conflict management is necessary in the face of possible conflicts of interest between internal agents, with regard to the organization’s strategies, and agency problems with cooperative members (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Maciel et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>The results of the research provide a contribution to the literature that addresses the relationships proposed here between conflict management styles and information sharing (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chen et al., 2012</xref>), information sharing and organizational performance (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Khalil et al., 2019</xref>), as well as the mediating effect of information sharing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Super et al., 2016</xref>). Another contribution of this study is to position the conflict literature more centrally, as the research flow indicates that conflicts have been addressed in an isolated manner, disconnected from other topics in organizational behavior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Gelfand et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>There are also benefits for management practice, since the need to manage conflicts in order to benefit the organization is considered. Managers should be aware of internal pressure, as it can lead to degeneration and loss of cooperative identity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Oczkowski et al., 2013</xref>). When managed properly, conflicts can help to satisfy group members, contribute to their efficiency and organizational performance, otherwise they can cause organizational inefficiency and negative effects on results (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chen et al., 2012</xref>). Research on conflict management is important for understanding intra-organizational relationships in order to make them more effective and to guide managers in dealing with and resolving conflicts that can frustrate joint progress (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Tjosvold et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESES</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Conflict management styles and information sharing</title>
					<p>Conflict management is required for disagreements between group members, which can occur due to different emotions or a task (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Desivilya et al., 2010</xref>). However, an individual’s divergence from his or her group is not necessarily negative. Supported by the CDT, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Festinger (1957</xref>) argues that if conflict is managed in such a way that action is taken as soon as possible to reduce or eliminate disagreements, it can bring benefits to the group and the organization. Dissonance can, for example, lead to discussions that stimulate team creativity and innovation and thus contribute to organizational performance and competitive advantage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Mancini &amp; Ribiere, 2018</xref>).</p>
					<p>Although conflicts can occur in all organizations, certain governance systems seem to favor their occurrence. One example is cooperatives, where agency problems can arise from the cooperation structure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Silva et al., 2011</xref>). The authors point out the need to adopt good governance practices in order to prevent conflicts that could jeopardize the relationship between management and cooperative members, especially in the face of unclear roles. It is argued that everyone needs to be responsible for management and participate effectively, which presupposes a system of cooperation in which everyone is focused on achieving common goals.</p>
					<p>The literature presents different approaches to conflict management styles, but <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim and Bonoma’s (1979</xref>) conceptualization has been used systematically due to its compatibility with the propositions of Face-Negotiation Theory, which explain the influence of different elements on conflict styles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Ting-Toomey et al., 2001</xref>). This approach focuses on two main issues: the way individuals care about themselves and other members of the group; and characteristics that define them as cooperative or competitive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Rahim et al., 2000</xref>). Both combine to create five conflict management styles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim &amp; Bonoma, 1979</xref>): integrating, obliging and compromising - considered cooperative -; dominating and avoiding - qualified as competitive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Rahim et al., 2000</xref>).</p>
					<p>The integrating and avoiding styles are the most mutually exclusive, since in the former there is a high degree of concern for oneself and others, while in the latter there is a low degree of concern for oneself and others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim &amp; Bonoma, 1979</xref>). The integrating style is defined by the exchange of information and assessment of differences in order to reach a solution that is acceptable to the parties involved and to reduce organizational conflicts through collaboration, which makes the strategy more effective (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Gross &amp; Guerrero, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Rahim &amp; Bonoma, 1979</xref>). On the other hand, the avoiding style is associated with situations of abstention, detour or evasion and aims to avoid dealing with conflict situations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim &amp; Bonoma, 1979</xref>).</p>
					<p>In the accommodation style, there is a low degree of concern for oneself and a high degree of concern for others, in an attempt to harmonize differences and similarities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim &amp; Bonoma, 1979</xref>). In the compromising style, on the other hand, there is a moderate degree of concern for oneself and others; thus, the parties involved may give up something so that a mutually acceptable decision can be made (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim &amp; Bonoma, 1979</xref>). Finally, the dominating style refers to a low degree of concern for others and a high degree of concern for oneself, so that an individual can ignore the needs and expectations of others, becoming inappropriate in various situations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Gross &amp; Guerrero, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim &amp; Bonoma, 1979</xref>).</p>
					<p>Cooperative styles tend to be geared towards constructive negotiations and collaborative problem-solving, while in competitive styles there is a tendency towards domination among partners, who are closed to negotiations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Gelfand et al., 2012</xref>). Constructive styles enhance the development of actions that allow individuals to express their opinions, as well as favoring the identification of potential problems and a variety of perspectives to meet existing needs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Desivilya et al., 2010</xref>). Cooperative management styles seem to be prominent in the literature, possibly due to the prevalence of positive effects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">John-Eke &amp; Akintokunbo, 2020</xref>).</p>
					<p>However, disagreements among team members can require different styles of conflict management, from cooperative to competitive. In conflict management, it is necessary to consider that disagreements in teams stimulate discussion and promote cooperative relationships, which are essential for collaboration between groups and contributions to the organization (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Tjosvold et al., 2019</xref>). Constructive actions in conflict management can promote positive effects on individuals or groups in an organization, since they create conditions for the use of cognitive resources (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Schulze et al., 2014</xref>). This enables problem analysis and the generation of beneficial ideas and solutions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Desivilya et al., 2010</xref>).</p>
					<p>These actions are presumably supported by the sharing of information within the organization, and it is essential that this occurs among all team members (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Mannes et al., 2022</xref>). When information is shared, stakeholders begin to cooperate in order to achieve common goals, which generates trust and can improve organizational results (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Sridharan &amp; Simatupang, 2013</xref>). Thus, constructive actions can develop more consistently when supported by information sharing. It is also assumed that cooperative management styles provide individuals with the opportunity to have a voice and express their opinions, as well as stimulating perceptions of an organizational culture that encourages knowledge sharing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Kremer et al., 2019</xref>). With these arguments, we conjecture that:</p>
					<p>H1a: The cooperative conflict management style (integrating, obliging, and compromising) has a direct and positive influence on information sharing.</p>
					<p>H1b: The competitive conflict management style (dominating and avoiding) has a direct and negative influence on information sharing.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Information sharing and organizational performance</title>
					<p>We can assess organizational performance based on goals, using financial and non-financial metrics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Novak, 2017</xref>). These parameters are also applicable to cooperatives, since they need to monitor the performance of their activities. Even if cooperatives do not aim to maximize profits, they conduct business; therefore, they need to calculate results and evaluate their performance, which does not make them any different from organizations in general, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Amene (2017</xref>). The author argues that cooperatives need to provide goods and services to their members in order to achieve superior performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Amene, 2017</xref>).</p>
					<p>Evaluating performance in agricultural cooperatives is fraught with challenges, since not only do members perform different functions, but it is also difficult to obtain the information needed for calculations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Grashuis, 2018</xref>). The lack of specific standards for cooperatives leads to the adoption of traditional economic-financial and non-financial evaluation indicators (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Soboh et al., 2009</xref>). This refers to the “selection” and “presentation of information” attributes, which need to be adapted to the organizational reality and strategy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Beuren &amp; Rengel, 2012</xref>). The relevance of information in decision-making implies diversified types and sources of information, in a proper format.</p>
					<p>From this perspective, sharing information can be important in improving organizational performance, since information with the right attributes improves the quality of decisions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Yang &amp; Maxwell, 2011</xref>). Information sharing also has the capacity to promote conditions that help learning and the innovation process, while at the same time providing greater flexibility and understanding of what the organization wants, which are relevant aspects for competitiveness (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Hatala &amp; Lutta, 2009</xref>). However, the information must be relevant, reliable, accurate and timely (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Popovič et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>Seeking better solutions for the organization, members of a given group become more inclined to help each other by sharing information (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Argote et al., 2003</xref>). Sharing information facilitates the execution of activities in teams and in the organization, providing greater satisfaction for those involved. This practice helps to reduce waste and direct employees’ attention to their core competencies, offering financial and non-financial benefits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Wu et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
					<p>These effects on individuals and teams have an impact on organizational performance. The performance of an organization also depends on the competence of its employees, who represent an important part of it and form teams that work towards achieving organizational goals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Almatrooshi et al., 2016</xref>). Teamwork, on the one hand, can promote different advantages in relation to the decision-making process; on the other hand, it requires effective sharing and use of information by all group members (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Xiao et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>In the context of agricultural cooperatives, the interaction between cohesion and internal exchanges is key to superior performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Ruben &amp; Heras, 2012</xref>). However, cooperative success depends on effective participation, decision-making skills and loyalty from everyone (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Amene, 2017</xref>). This reinforces the need for the cooperative to invest in activities and resources that promote sharing and achievement of common interests and encourage the commitment of its members (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Pesämaa et al., 2013</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Wang et al. (2021</xref>) point out that cooperatives should, in addition to internal information sharing and intra-group collaboration, focus on strategic collaborations external to their environment.</p>
					<p>Thus, the effective sharing of information can provide superior performance for the group and, consequently, for the organization, since it improves the quality of decisions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bezrukova et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Shin et al., 2012</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Khalil et al. (2019</xref>) found, in their research, that organizational performance can be influenced by the quality of information sharing. Based on the above, we assume that:</p>
					<p>H2: Information sharing has a direct and positive influence on organizational performance.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>The mediating effect of information sharing between conflict management styles and organizational performance</title>
					<p>The way conflicts are managed determines whether they are characterized as cooperative (constructive) or competitive (destructive) - (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Schulze et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Vollmer, 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Song et al. (2006</xref>) observed that integrating, obliging and compromising have a positive influence on constructive conflict, while dominating and avoiding are associated with lower levels of constructive conflict. Therefore, the different conflict management styles have an impact on different aspects of groups and organizations.</p>
					<p>The integrating style allows lines of communication to be opened, favoring the sharing of information (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Gross &amp; Guerrero, 2000</xref>). In addition, integrating and compromising are styles that can contribute to mutual exchange and open discussions among individuals within the organization, which helps in the development of beneficial solutions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chen et al., 2012</xref>). Dominating and avoiding styles, on the other hand, frustrate the communication process and tend to trigger unsatisfactory solutions (Chen et al., 2012).</p>
					<p>In a scenario such as that of cooperatives, where cooperation represents a guiding principle, the cooperative style of conflict management seems to be inherent to governance and the search for better organizational performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Ruben &amp; Heras, 2012</xref>). This assumption is reinforced in the case of agricultural cooperatives, which have, at their core, the formation of alliances with the aim of developing activities in cooperation with rural producers, in order to ensure their continuity, achieve better organizational performance and gain competitive advantage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Peñalver et al., 2018</xref>) while, at the same time, playing a relevant role in the social and economic development of the region where they are established.</p>
					<p>The assumption is that, in the scenario described, information sharing plays an intervening role. Although we have not identified any theoretical models in the literature that address the relationships proposed in this study, there are related constructs. For example, in an experiment, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Super et al. (2016</xref>) examined the effects of group incentives on information sharing, both directly and as a substitute for personality-based motivators. The results showed a link between payment based on group performance and increased information sharing.</p>
					<p>Previous studies on cooperatives have also shown evidence of these constructs in various relationships. For example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Beuren et al. (2020</xref>) analyzed the effect of information sharing on the social responsibility of cooperatives; Beuren et al. (2019), on the performance of the strategic alliance of cooperatives; and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Ruben and Heras (2012</xref>), on the performance of coffee cooperatives in Ethiopia. Although they did not analyze the mediating effect, they indicate effects of information sharing. In light of the above, we propose that:</p>
					<p><bold>H3a:</bold> Information sharing mediates the relationship between the cooperative conflict management style and organizational performance.</p>
					<p><bold>H3b:</bold> Information sharing mediates the relationship between the competitive conflict management style and organizational performance.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the flow of the proposed relationships between the constructs.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f2">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Theoretical research model</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="1679-3951-cebape-22-01-e2022-0013-gf2.jpg"/>
							<attrib>Note: The dashed line indicates a relationship between the independent and dependent variables, mediated by information sharing.</attrib>
							<attrib>Source: Elaborated by the authors.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>We conjecture that the cooperation (H1a) and competition (H1b) conflict management styles have an effect on information sharing. We also postulate that organizational performance is impacted by information sharing (H2). Finally, we conjecture the mediating effect of information sharing on the relationship between the cooperative conflict management style and organizational performance (H3a), as well as between the competitive style and organizational performance (H3b). Conflict management styles have been segregated, given that, in the cooperative style, information sharing is greater compared to the competitive style. In addition, we added two control variables to the model.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Population and sample</title>
					<p>We conducted a survey with professionals working in agricultural cooperatives. These cooperatives aim to give members access to markets, obtain better prices, add value to products and socialize new technologies; they also seek to bring economic and social development to their members and the region where they operate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Mariano &amp; Albino, 2019</xref>). Thus, the choice of agricultural cooperatives stems from the alignment of their characteristics with the scope of this research and their representativeness in comparison to the other segments.</p>
					<p>To identify the professionals working in the cooperatives’ internal environment, we searched for the positions of “president”, “vice-president”, “director” and “manager” on the professional network LinkedIn. We selected up to three respondents per cooperative. To request participation in the network, we sent 908 invitations, 401 of which were accepted. After accepting the invitation, a link was sent to access the questionnaire on the QuestionPro platform. In order to increase the sample, the survey link was also sent to 693 professionals from Brazilian agricultural cooperatives listed on the website of the Organization of Brazilian Cooperatives (OCB).</p>
					<p>With these procedures, there were 91 valid responses between August and October 2021. To assess the adequacy of the sample size, we considered the parameters proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Faul et al. (2009</xref>). For the calculation, we used the G*Power software. Thus, the adoption of the parameters - average effect of 0.15, significance level of <italic>α</italic>=0.05 and power of 1-<italic>β</italic>=0.8 - indicated the need for a minimum of 68 responses. Based on these parameters, the 91 obtained responses proved sufficient to test the research model.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Constructs and research instrument</title>
					<p>The theoretical model of the research consists of three constructs: conflict management styles, information sharing and organizational performance. The research instrument (Appendix) was designed using seven-point Likert scale statements, ranging from 1 (= strongly disagree) to 7 (= strongly agree). An exception was the “information sharing” construct, in which the original scale was maintained for the statements, ranging from 1 (= to little or no extent) to 7 (= to a very large extent). The questionnaire included questions about the organizations in which the respondents work.</p>
					<p>For conflict management styles, we used the Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II (ROCI-II) scale, adapted from the research by Rahim and Magner (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">1995</xref>). This scale consists of 28 statements, used to assess five conflict management styles and are distributed as follows: integrating (7), obliging (6), dominating (5), avoiding (6) and compromising (4). The original statements, aimed at supervisors, were adapted according to the conflict management style of the respective group to which the respondent belongs.</p>
					<p>We measured the “information sharing” construct using six statements adapted from the research by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahmad and Huvila (2019</xref>). It was necessary to make adaptations for the group context, as these authors investigated information sharing in the organizational scope, with hierarchical superiors, junior colleagues, and oneself. Thus, in this study, the investigation took place in the context of the group that the respondent is part of in the organization.</p>
					<p>For measuring the “organizational performance” construct, we used ten statements by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">López-Nicolás and Meroño-Cerdán (2011</xref>). These statements were related to the organization’s performance over the last three years in comparison with its main competitors. Although investigated from a financial, process and internal point of view, it was considered as a single construct, called organizational performance.</p>
					<p>The research instrument was pre-tested with three professionals in the field, who suggested only a few semantic changes before using it with professionals from agricultural cooperatives. In addition, because data collection used a single method and because individuals answered questions relating to all the variables, in order to avoid common method bias (CMB), we included an initial text clarifying the purpose of the research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Podsakoff &amp; Organ, 1986</xref>). In addition, we emphasized that: the research follows ethical procedures, there are no right or wrong answers, and the anonymity of the respondents is guaranteed.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Control variables</title>
					<p>Two control variables were included in the research model: length of time in the market and organizational size. Measuring the length of time the organization has been active in the market consisted of evaluating the duration (in years) of the organization’s activity. This variable was considered a dummy, where “1” represents organizations that are at least 20 years old and “0” those that are less than 20 years old (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bedford, 2015</xref>). The organizational size was measured by the natural logarithm of the number of professionals working directly in the cooperatives investigated, as in Bedford’s research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">2015</xref>). This information was collected through open-ended questions and is presented in the section that characterizes the organization.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Data analysis techniques and procedures</title>
					<p>We applied factor analysis to the statements in the research instrument, since it makes it possible to simplify or reduce a large number of variables by determining factors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>). The statements showed satisfactory reliability indices after removing some whose factor loading was less than 0.60, the minimum recommended for exploratory research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>). We removed one statement from the “conflict management style” construct, called integrating (statement 5), one statement from the “information sharing” construct (statement 6) and two from the “organizational performance” construct (statements 1 and 2).</p>
					<p>We used structural equations modeling (SEM), estimated using partial least squares (PLS), to test the hypotheses, using SmartPLS 3.0. SEM is a multivariate analysis technique, which combines factor analysis and multiple regression methods, used to examine the structure of the relationships between constructs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>). In the model, the construct “conflict management styles” was implemented as a second-order construct (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>), which consists of cooperative styles (integrating, obliging, and compromising) and competitive styles (dominating and avoiding).</p>
					<p>To analyze the measurement model and the significance of the relationships between the latent variables, we considered bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples, the bias-corrected and accelerated confidence interval and the two-tailed test (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS</title>
				<p>The survey respondents work in agricultural cooperatives in the following segments: supply goods and inputs (42%); industrial products of animal origin (18%); and industrial products of plant origin (18%). However, some cooperatives operate in more than one segment. They are mainly located in the South (46%) and Southeast (31%). In terms of length of time in the market, it varies between 6 and 96 years, with an average of 34 years. The majority are large companies, as 68% have more than 100 employees.</p>
				<p>The demographic profile of the respondents indicated that 91% were male. The age range varied between 23 and 70 years, with a sample average of 47 years. Regarding the position or role they hold in the cooperative, 5% indicated presidency or vice-presidency, 8% directorship, and 87% management. The position or role they hold in the cooperative suggests that the respondents meet the necessary conditions to answer the questionnaire.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Measurement model</title>
					<p>The first step in analyzing the measurement model is to assess reliability, to measure the internal consistency of the items in each construct, and validity, to assess the degree to which the items are measurable (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref> shows the values in two panels, segregating the first- and second-order constructs. Modeling of the latent variables considered the repetition of the indicators of the first-order variables in the second-order variable.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Reliability and convergent validity</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col span="5"/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" colspan="5">Panel A - Reliability and convergent validity - 1st order constructs </th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Variables</th>
										<th align="center">Cronbach’s alpha</th>
										<th align="center">rho_A</th>
										<th align="center">CR</th>
										<th align="center">AVE</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">1. Integrating</td>
										<td align="center">0.794</td>
										<td align="center">0.800</td>
										<td align="center">0.853</td>
										<td align="center">0.492</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">2. Obliging</td>
										<td align="center">0.863</td>
										<td align="center">0.875</td>
										<td align="center">0.896</td>
										<td align="center">0.592</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">3. Compromising</td>
										<td align="center">0.751</td>
										<td align="center">0.764</td>
										<td align="center">0.843</td>
										<td align="center">0.574</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">4. Dominating </td>
										<td align="center">0.838</td>
										<td align="center">0.860</td>
										<td align="center">0.885</td>
										<td align="center">0.610</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">5. Avoiding</td>
										<td align="center">0.846</td>
										<td align="center">0.850</td>
										<td align="center">0.887</td>
										<td align="center">0.567</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" colspan="5">Panel B - Reliability and convergent validity - Main and 2nd order constructs</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Variables</td>
										<td align="center">Cronbach’s alpha</td>
										<td align="center">rho_A</td>
										<td align="center">CR</td>
										<td align="center">AVE</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">1. Cooperative conflict management styles </td>
										<td align="center">0.867</td>
										<td align="center">0.875</td>
										<td align="center">0.827</td>
										<td align="center">0.615</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">2. Competitive conflict management styles </td>
										<td align="center">0.833</td>
										<td align="center">0.842</td>
										<td align="center">0.787</td>
										<td align="center">0.649</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">3. Information sharing</td>
										<td align="center">0.774</td>
										<td align="center">0.818</td>
										<td align="center">0.844</td>
										<td align="center">0.524</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">4. Organizational performance</td>
										<td align="center">0.898</td>
										<td align="center">0.907</td>
										<td align="center">0.918</td>
										<td align="center">0.584</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN10">
									<p>Note: Cronbach’s Alpha (&gt;0.70); rho_A (&gt;0.70); CR = Composite Reliability (&gt;0.70); AVE = Average Variance Extracted (&gt;0.50).</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN11">
									<p>Source: Research data.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The research model shows validity and reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha, rho_A and composite reliability (CR) greater than 0.70 for all constructs, both first and second order. As for convergent validity, measured by the average variance extracted (AVE), the first-order construct, called integrating, had the lowest convergent validity; however, since its value is close to 0.50, it enables validation. Among the second-order constructs, information sharing had the lowest value. For the discriminant validity analysis, we used the Fornell-Larcker criteria, and it is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Correlations and results of discriminant validity</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col span="7"/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" colspan="7">Panel A - Correlations and discriminant validity - 1st order constructs </th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Variables</th>
										<th align="center">1</th>
										<th align="center">2</th>
										<th align="center">3</th>
										<th align="center">4</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">5 </th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">1. Integrating</td>
										<td align="center">0.702</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left" colspan="2"> 
 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">2. Obliging</td>
										<td align="center">0.439</td>
										<td align="center">0.769</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left" colspan="2"> 
 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">3. Compromising</td>
										<td align="center">0.414</td>
										<td align="center">0.430</td>
										<td align="center">0.758</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left" colspan="2"> 
 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">4. Dominating </td>
										<td align="center">-0.097</td>
										<td align="center">0.264</td>
										<td align="center">0.195</td>
										<td align="center">0.781</td>
										<td align="left" colspan="2"> 
 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">5. Avoiding</td>
										<td align="center">-0.037</td>
										<td align="center">0.232</td>
										<td align="center">0.258</td>
										<td align="center">0.300</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="2">0.753 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" colspan="7">Panel B - Correlations and discriminant validity - Main and 2nd order constructs </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Variables</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="center">3</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">5</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">1. Cooperative conflict management styles </td>
										<td align="center">0.784</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">2. Competitive conflict management styles </td>
										<td align="center">0.201</td>
										<td align="center">0.805</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">3. Information sharing</td>
										<td align="center">0.399</td>
										<td align="center">-0.099</td>
										<td align="center">0.724</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">4. Organizational performance</td>
										<td align="center">0.249</td>
										<td align="center">-0.039</td>
										<td align="center">0.339</td>
										<td align="center">0.764</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">5. Length of time in the market</td>
										<td align="center">-0.063</td>
										<td align="center">0.071</td>
										<td align="center">-0.153</td>
										<td align="center">-0.149</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">6. Organizational size</td>
										<td align="center">-0.036</td>
										<td align="center">-0.154</td>
										<td align="center">-0.090</td>
										<td align="center">-0.006</td>
										<td align="center">0.409</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN12">
									<p>indicates the correlations for access to the Fornell-Larcker criterion.</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN13">
									<p>Source: Research data.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Discriminant validity shows that the assumptions of the Fornell-Larcker criterion have been met, since the square root of the AVE is greater than the correlation between the first- and second-order constructs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>). The results of the tests of the measurement model for reliability and convergent validity, as well as discriminant validity, allow us to proceed with the analysis of the structural model and test the hypotheses.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Structural model</title>
					<p>We estimated the path coefficients for the proposed model using the SmartPLS software. The results are in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Results of the structural model - Direct effects</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col span="2"/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">Hypotheses </th>
										<th align="center">Beta (β)</th>
										<th align="center">t-statistic</th>
										<th align="center">p-value</th>
										<th align="center">F<sup>2</sup></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">H1a</td>
										<td align="left">Cooperative conflict management styles ? Information sharing</td>
										<td align="center">0.436</td>
										<td align="center">3.733</td>
										<td align="center">0.000***</td>
										<td align="center">0.226</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">H1b</td>
										<td align="left">Competitive conflict management styles ? Information sharing</td>
										<td align="center">-0.186</td>
										<td align="center">1.774</td>
										<td align="center">0.081*</td>
										<td align="center">0.041</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">H2</td>
										<td align="left">Information sharing ? Organizational performance</td>
										<td align="center">0.267</td>
										<td align="center">1.787</td>
										<td align="center">0.074*</td>
										<td align="center">0.066</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="left">Length of time in the market ? Organizational performance</td>
										<td align="center">-0.127</td>
										<td align="center">1.105</td>
										<td align="center">0.269</td>
										<td align="center">0.015</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="left">Organizational size ? Organizational performance</td>
										<td align="center">0.072</td>
										<td align="center">0.587</td>
										<td align="center">0.557</td>
										<td align="center">0.005</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN14">
									<p>Note 1: *p&lt;0.10; **p&lt;0.05; ***p&lt;0.01.</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN15">
									<p>Note 2: R<sup>2</sup>: Information sharing = 0.187; Organizational performance = 0.190. Q<sup>2</sup>: Organizational performance = 0.094. VIF: Minimum value = 1.000 and Maximum value = 1.232.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Source: Research data.</p>
					<p>The construct “conflict management styles” was separated into H1a, which predicts a direct and positive relationship between cooperative conflict management styles and information sharing, and H1b, which predicts a direct and negative relationship between competitive conflict management styles and information sharing. In both hypotheses, H1a (p&lt;0.01) and H1b (p&lt;0.10), there is support for not rejecting them. H2, which predicts a relationship between information sharing and organizational performance, shows significance (p&lt;0.10), which supports the non-rejection of the hypothesis. The control variables, length of time in the market and organizational size, do not seem to influence organizational performance.</p>
					<p>In addition to the path coefficients, when evaluating the structural model, we assessed the variance inflation factor (VIF) values, for which values below 3.0 are recommended (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hair et al., 2017</xref>). The VIF values of the constructs met the established criteria, indicating the absence of multicollinearity. The analysis of explained variance (R<sup>2</sup>) indicated a medium effect (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Ringle et al., 2014</xref>) in relation to the “organizational performance” construct (19.0%). The predictive relevance (Q<sup>2</sup>) showed a value greater than zero (Hair et al., 2017), which indicates predictive relevance for the organizational performance construct.</p>
					<p>The effect size test (F<sup>2</sup>) was based on redundancy (Blindfolding module). The results of the F<sup>2</sup> test indicate a medium effect for the relationship between cooperative conflict management styles and information sharing, and a small effect for the other proposed relationships. For this evaluation, we followed <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Cohen’s (1988</xref>) guidelines: an F<sup>2</sup> equal to 0.02 indicates a small effect; equal to 0.15, a medium effect; and equal to 0.35, a large effect.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref> shows the results of the analysis of the indirect effects of the structural model.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label>Table 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Results of the structural model - Indirect effects</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center"> </th>
										<th align="center">Hypotheses</th>
										<th align="center">Beta (β)</th>
										<th align="center">t-statistic</th>
										<th align="center">p-value</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">H3a</td>
										<td align="left">Cooperative conflict management style ? Information sharing ? Organizational performance </td>
										<td align="center">0.116</td>
										<td align="center">1.604</td>
										<td align="center">0.109</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">H3b</td>
										<td align="left">Competitive conflict management style ? Information sharing ? Organizational performance</td>
										<td align="center">-0.05</td>
										<td align="center">1.185</td>
										<td align="center">0.236</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN16">
									<p>Note: *p&lt;0.10; **p&lt;0.05; ***p&lt;0.01</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN17">
									<p>Source: Research data.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The indirect effects reveal that the cooperative conflict management style does not influence organizational performance through information sharing (β=0.116, p-value=0.109). Similarly, the competitive conflict management style was not significant. Thus, it is reasonable to reject hypotheses H3a and H3b.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION OF RESULTS</title>
				<p>The discussion was based on the research hypotheses. In the case of H1a, which predicted a positive relationship between cooperative conflict management styles and information sharing, there is support for not rejecting it (β=0.430; p&lt;0.01). This result is in line with the findings of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Desivilya et al. (2010</xref>), in which the integration of teams in conflict management plays an important role in the ability to mitigate the adverse effect of relationship conflict and maximize the potential gains from task conflict. In the context of cooperative conflict management styles, the respondents assigned higher values to the integrating statements than to the obliging and compromising statements. The role of “integrating” in information sharing is manifested in statements such as “I exchange accurate information with my group members so we can solve a problem together” and “I collaborate with my group members to come up with decisions acceptable to us”.</p>
				<p>H1b, which predicted a negative relationship between competitive conflict management styles and information sharing, was supported (β=-0.187; p&lt;0.10) and, therefore, not rejected. The negative effect found in H1b, in contrast to the positive effect in H1a, is compatible with the results of the study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rahim and Bonoma (1979</xref>), in which the “integrating” (cooperative) and “avoiding” (competitive) styles were the most mutually exclusive. In the investigated cooperatives, managers attributed lower values to competitive conflict management styles compared to cooperative styles, and avoiding styles were less prominent than dominating styles. The lower values observed in this style, in statements such as “I use my influence to get my ideas accepted” and “I sometimes use my power to win a competitive situation”, indicate that the respondents do not use their influence or power for their own benefit. It follows that they usually listen to and share information with group members.</p>
				<p>The evidence allows us to infer, given the support for not rejecting H1, that cooperative conflict management styles have a positive impact on information sharing in agricultural cooperatives, while competitive styles have a negative impact. In line with the literature, cooperative conflict management styles lead to fewer conflicts in groups, due to the management of threats and reduction of frustrations arising from misunderstandings (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Esbati &amp; Korunka, 2021</xref>). For these authors, this may be due to the encouragement of communication, since it allows disagreements to be verbalized in a useful and less obstructive way. On the other hand, competitive conflict management styles can increase emotional disagreements and damage interpersonal relationships and the union of the group, leading individuals to contribute less at work and thus impact results (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chen et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>H2 predicted a direct and positive relationship between information sharing and organizational performance, which was confirmed (β=0.262; p&lt;0.05), with no reason to reject it. This finding is in line with the studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bezrukova et al. (2009</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Khalil et al. (2019</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Shin et al. (2012</xref>), according to which information sharing can provide conditions for improving organizational performance. However, it is necessary to observe and manage the group’s interaction patterns, since they can stimulate or inhibit the way information sharing occurs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Super et al., 2016</xref>). In agricultural cooperatives, sharing information can be decisive in terms of performance, since this group behavior is a potential incentive for farmers to access new markets and technologies, more attractive prices and greater added value, as well as reinforcing cooperative principles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Mariano &amp; Albino, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>The results of the research indicate a high degree of agreement among the top managers of the cooperatives regarding the importance of sharing information with all members of the group and with senior and junior managers. This is due to their perception that, in this way, their organizations can achieve greater growth and profitability compared to their competitors. This scenario can be illustrated through statements such as “I share work-related information with the other members of my group” and “the members of my group share a lot of work-related information with me”. Thus, sharing information drives the group to seek superior solutions, which provides advantages and conditions to leverage their performance, optimize tasks and the organization (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Super et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Yang &amp; Maxwell, 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>In addition to direct relationships, we also analyzed indirect effects. However, the mediating effects of information sharing on the relationship between cooperative and competitive conflict management styles and organizational performance were not confirmed. Thus, hypotheses H3a and H3b were not supported. This finding contrasts with studies on cooperatives that have shown the effect of information sharing on social responsibility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Beuren et al., 2020</xref>), strategic alliance performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Beuren et al., 2019</xref>) and organizational performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Ruben &amp; Heras, 2012</xref>). However, these studies did not investigate the mediating effect, which was added to the model in this study.</p>
				<p>The control variables “length of time in the market” and “organizational size”, included in the model, did not show statistically significant evidence of a relationship with organizational performance. These findings are not completely in line with those of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bedford (2015</xref>), who noted the importance of the length of time in the market. We conjecture that the lack of statistical significance of the control variables may be due to the fact that the investigated agricultural cooperatives share common characteristics: the majority (68%) are large and have been operating in the market for more than 20 years, with an average of 34 years. Organizations that have been active in the market for a long time and have a larger structure tend to outperform smaller, less established organizations (Bedford, 2015; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Detthamrong et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>The propositions of the CDT support the research findings, as they highlight the need to manage conflicts in order to reduce their negative effects on the organizational environment. In a cooperative environment, there are conditions that enable information sharing and, consequently, boost organizational performance. At the heart of cooperatives is the pursuit of common goals, which can be a determining factor for internal cohesion and organizational performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Ruben &amp; Heras, 2012</xref>). This reinforces the need for cooperative management that encourages information sharing, such as expressing conflicts through debates, in order to generate beneficial results and increase information sharing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Tsai &amp; Bendersky, 2016</xref>). Therefore, it is necessary to create a governance structure that allows for the management of conflicts among all the agents involved, managers or cooperative members, whether they have any knowledge or not (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Maciel et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS</title>
				<p>This study assessed the influence of conflict management styles, both cooperative and competitive, on information sharing and, in turn, on organizational performance. It also assessed the mediation of information sharing in the relationship between conflict management styles and organizational performance. The results showed that conflict management styles influence information sharing, with this relationship being positive for cooperative styles (integrating, obliging and compromising) and negative for competitive styles (dominating and avoiding). Information sharing had a direct effect on organizational performance. However, the mediating effects of information sharing on the relationship between cooperative and competitive conflict management styles and organizational performance were not confirmed. Finally, the statistical evidence did not confirm the effect of the control variables on organizational performance, indicating that the length of time in the market and organizational size do not seem to be determining factors in the performance of cooperatives.</p>
				<p>Based on the results, we conclude that cooperative conflict management is able to promote information sharing and, consequently, improve organizational performance, which is not the case with competitive management. Studies show that effective conflict management can improve personal and organizational performance, but point out the need to observe the different situational contexts, as each management style is appropriate for a specific circumstance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chen et al., 2012</xref>). The contributory nature of cooperative conflict management styles is implicit. This encourages the adoption of these styles in the cooperative environment, to facilitate information sharing and promote better organizational performance.</p>
				<p>The results of this research present implications for the literature that addresses the relationship between conflict management styles and information sharing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Desivilya et al., 2010</xref>). In this respect, it confirms the results of studies that observed an association between information sharing and organizational performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bezrukova et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Shin et al., 2012</xref>). In addition to corroborating the results of previous studies, this study offers new perspectives on the proposed relationships. It is noteworthy that several studies that addressed cooperative aspects and information sharing have considered the context of supply chains (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Nazifa &amp; Ramachandran, 2019</xref>). On the other hand, the contribution of this research is to broaden the perspective of observing information sharing beyond the context of external relations, focusing on the internal environment of agricultural cooperatives.</p>
				<p>The results also contribute to management practice. We emphasize the importance of encouraging beneficial conflicts and adopting conflict management strategies that lead to the best performance of groups and the organization as a whole, preventing conflicts from becoming destructive forces within the groups. In addition, actions to encourage information sharing are necessary, in order to increase competitiveness and improve organizational performance. Sharing information enables improvements in efficiency, learning, innovation and understanding of organizational goals, and contributes to improving performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Hatala &amp; Lutta, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Yang &amp; Maxwell, 2011</xref>). In this context, cooperatives often form alliances to cooperate on projects aimed at gaining competitive advantage and improving performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Peñalver et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>The limitations of this study may provide insights for further research. The need to exclude statements from the constructs “conflict management style”, “information sharing” and “organizational performance” in the factor analysis may be due to the transposition of the original statements to the context of this research. Therefore, we recommend using other research instruments that have already been validated in similar contexts. In this research, we grouped conflict management styles into cooperative and competitive. Future research can analyze conflict management styles separately and investigate another cooperative segment. There is also the possibility of adding variables relating managers’ characteristics to conflict management styles. Despite the measures taken to overcome the problems of common method bias, it is recommended that future research consider other ways of empirically measuring the constructs, such as longitudinal and in-depth studies. This can also help to overcome limitations arising from surveys<bold>,</bold> such as the respondents considering a desired situation that does not necessarily represent the situational reality, or having a biased perception of the phenomenon under investigation.</p>
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			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
				<p>We would like to thank the ad hoc reviewers of the manuscript and the editor of Cadernos EBAPE.BR for their constructive comments and guidance. We would also like to thank the participants of the XXII USP International Conference in Accounting for their helpful comments. Renata Mendes de Oliveira acknowledges the support received from the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Brazil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. Ilse Maria Beuren acknowledges the financial support received from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq, CNPq/SESCOOP Call No. 11/2022 - Line 4 - Organizational development and promotion of cooperative practices / Legal scenario of cooperativism, process 404195/2022-9.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="data-availability" id="fn18" specific-use="data-not-available">
					<label>DATA AVAILABILITY</label>
					<p>The dataset supporting the results of this study is not publicly available.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<title>REVIEWERS </title>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn13">
					<label>13</label>
					<p>Luiz Carlos Marques dos Anjos (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife / PE - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-540X</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn14">
					<label>14</label>
					<p>Vilmar Rodrigues Moreira (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba / PR - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1796-6752</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn15">
					<label>15</label>
					<p>Diógenes de Souza Bido (Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo / SP - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8525-5218</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<title>PEER REVIEW REPORT </title>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn16">
					<label>16</label>
					<p>The peer review report is available at this URL: https://periodicos.fgv.br/cadernosebape/article/view/90536/85321</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn17">
					<label>17</label>
					<p>[Translated version] Note: All quotes in English translated by this article’s translator.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<app-group>
				<app id="app2">
					<label>APPENDIX - QUESTIONNAIRE</label>
					<p>1. Conflict management styles (Rahim &amp; Magner, 1995)</p>
					<p>Indicate to what extent each of the statements below characterizes the conflict management style of the group you belong to in your organization. Scale from 1 (totally disagree) to 7 (totally agree).</p>
					<p>Integrating</p>
					<p>1. I try to investigate an issue with my group members to find a solution acceptable to us.</p>
					<p>2. I try to integrate my ideas with those of my group members to come up with a decision jointly.</p>
					<p>3. I try to work with my group members to find solutions to a problem that satisfies all our expectations.</p>
					<p>4. I exchange accurate information with my group members so we can solve a problem together.</p>
					<p>5. I try to bring all our concerns out in the open so that the issues can be resolved in the best possible way. (*)</p>
					<p>6. I collaborate with my group members to come up with decisions acceptable to us.</p>
					<p>7. I try to work with my group members to develop a proper understanding of the task.</p>
					<p>Obliging</p>
					<p>8. I generally try to satisfy the needs of my group members.</p>
					<p>9. I usually accommodate the wishes of my group members.</p>
					<p>10. I give in to the wishes of my group members.</p>
					<p>11. I usually concede to my group members.</p>
					<p>12. I often go along with the suggestions of my group members.</p>
					<p>13. I try to satisfy the expectations of my group members.</p>
					<p>Dominating</p>
					<p>14. I use my influence to get my ideas accepted.</p>
					<p>15. I use my authority to get my ideas accepted.</p>
					<p>16. I use my expertise to help my group members make a decision in my favor.</p>
					<p>17. I am usually firm in pursuing my side of an issue.</p>
					<p>18. I sometimes use my power to win a competitive situation.</p>
					<p>Avoiding</p>
					<p>19. I attempt to avoid being “put on the spot” and try to keep my conflict with my group members to myself.</p>
					<p>20. I usually avoid open discussion of my differences with my group members.</p>
					<p>21. I try to stay away from disagreeing with my group members.</p>
					<p>22. I avoid clashing with my group members.</p>
					<p>23. I try to keep any disagreement with my group members to myself in order to avoid hard feelings.</p>
					<p>24. I avoid any unpleasant exchanges with my group members.</p>
					<p>Compromising</p>
					<p>25. I try to find a middle course to resolve an impasse my group has reached.</p>
					<p>26. I usually propose a middle ground for breaking deadlocks.</p>
					<p>27. I negotiate with my group members so we can reach a compromise.</p>
					<p>28. I “give and take” so a compromise can be made.</p>
					<p>2. Information sharing (Ahmad &amp; Huvila, 2019)</p>
					<p>Indicate to what extent each of the statements below characterizes information sharing in the group you belong to in your organization. Scale from 1 (little or no extent) to 7 (very large extent).</p>
					<p>1. I share work-related information with the other members of my group.</p>
					<p>2. I share work-related information with the superiors of my group.</p>
					<p>3. I share work-related information with the junior members of my group.</p>
					<p>4. My group members share a lot of work-related information with me.</p>
					<p>5. My junior group members share a lot of information with me.</p>
					<p>6. My superior group members share a lot of work-related information with me. (*)</p>
					<p>3. Organizational performance (López-Nicolás &amp; Meroño-Cerdán, 2011)</p>
					<p>Indicate to what extent each of the statements below characterizes your organization’s performance over the last three years in comparison with its main competitors. Scale from 1 (totally disagree) to 7 (totally agree).</p>
					<p>1. It is growing faster. (*)</p>
					<p>2. It is more profitable. (*)</p>
					<p>3. It achieves higher customer satisfaction.</p>
					<p>4. It provides higher quality products and/or services.</p>
					<p>5. It is more efficient in using resources.</p>
					<p>6. It has internal processes oriented to quality.</p>
					<p>7. It delivers orders more quickly.</p>
					<p>8. It has more satisfied employees.</p>
					<p>9. It has more qualified employees.</p>
					<p>10. It has more creative and innovative employees.</p>
					<p>Note: (*) Statements removed because their factor loading was less than 0.60.</p>
				</app>
			</app-group>
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