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		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cebape</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cadernos EBAPE.BR</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cad. EBAPE.BR</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1679-3951</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Fundação Getulio Vargas, Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1679-395120230050</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00010</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Pirataria intelectual nas práticas de pesquisa em Administração</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Intellectual piracy in management research practices</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>Piratería intelectual en prácticas de investigación en administración</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5817-8907</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bispo</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Conceituação (Liderança)</role>
					<role>Investigação (Suporte)</role>
					<role>Escrita - rascunho original (Liderança)</role>
					<role>Escrita - revisão e edição (Igual)</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0523-3976</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vieira</surname>
						<given-names>Almir Martins</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<role>Conceituação (Suporte)</role>
					<role>Investigação (Liderança)</role>
					<role>Escrita - rascunho original (Suporte)</role>
					<role>Escrita - revisão e edição (Igual)</role>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, João Pessoa- PB, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>marcelodesouzabispo@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba(UFPB) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, João Pessoa- PB, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (UPM) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração de Empresas, São Paulo - SP, Brasil</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração de Empresas</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<email>almir.vieira@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Marcelo de Souza Bispo - Doutor em Administração de Empresas pela Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (UPM); Professor associado da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) nos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração e de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia; Líder do Núcleo de Pesquisa sobre Práticas Sociais em Educação e Organizações (PEO/CNPq). E-mail: marcelodesouzabispo@gmail.com</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Almir Martins Vieira - Doutor em Educação pela Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Professor da Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (UPM) no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração de Empresas. E-mail: almir.vieira@gmail.com</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn4">
					<p>Hélio Arthur Reis Irigaray (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brasil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-7859</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn5">
					<p>Fabricio Stocker (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brasil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6340-9127</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>20</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>22</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e2023-0050</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o conceito de pirataria intelectual e suas consequências de caráter ético-legal e formativo no campo acadêmico da Administração. Trata-se de um ensaio sobre uma prática identificada pelos autores, mas pouco discutida no meio acadêmico. A pirataria intelectual é uma modalidade sutil de plágio que normalmente não é identificada por <italic>softwares</italic>. Consiste na prática de copiar uma sistematização teórica ou ideia produzida por outra pessoa, sem citá-la. Tal prática torna-se evidente não pela cópia de palavras ou frases, mas pelo emprego de um conjunto de autores, até mesmo citações, utilizados em outro trabalho, sob a aparência de que as escolhas e a sistematização teórica são originais. Nossa contribuição está em oferecer um conceito que seja capaz de definir uma prática de plágio que ainda não está presente na literatura sobre o tema em questão. Concluímos que a pirataria intelectual não se trata apenas de um problema ético-legal, mas é também reflexo de deficiências na formação de pesquisadores em relação a aspectos como autoria, originalidade, teorização e teoria no fazer científico.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>This essay presents the concept of Intellectual Piracy and its ethical-legal and formative consequences in the academic field of Administration. This is an essay on a practice identified by the authors but little discussed in academia. Intellectual piracy is a subtle form of plagiarism usually not identified by software. It is the practice of copying a theoretical systematization or idea produced by another person without citing it. This practice becomes evident not by copying words or phrases but by using a set of authors (even citations) used in another work as if the choices and theoretical systematization were original. Our contribution is to offer a concept capable of defining a practice of plagiarism that is not yet present in the literature on the subject in question. We conclude that intellectual piracy is an ethical-legal problem and a reflection of deficiencies in training researchers concerning aspects such as authorship, originality, theorization, and theory in scientific practice.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar el concepto de Piratería Intelectual y sus consecuencias ético-jurídicas y formativas en el campo académico de la Administración. Este es un ensayo sobre una práctica identificada por los autores, pero poco discutida en la academia. La piratería intelectual es una forma sutil de plagio generalmente no identificada por softwares. Es la práctica de copiar una sistematización teórica o idea producida por otra persona sin citarla. Dicha práctica se hace evidente no al copiar palabras o frases sino al utilizar un conjunto de autores (incluso citas) utilizados en otro trabajo, como si las elecciones y la sistematización teórica fueran originales. Nuestra contribución es ofrecer un concepto capaz de definir una práctica de plagio que aún no está presente en la literatura sobre el tema en cuestión. Concluimos que la Piratería Intelectual no es sólo un problema ético-jurídico, sino también un reflejo de las deficiencias en la formación de los investigadores en aspectos como la autoría, la originalidad, la teorización y la teoría en la práctica científica.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Pirataria intelectual</kwd>
				<kwd>Plágio</kwd>
				<kwd>Má conduta acadêmica</kwd>
				<kwd>Práticas questionáveis de pesquisa</kwd>
				<kwd>Formação de pesquisadores</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Intellectual piracy</kwd>
				<kwd>Plagiarism</kwd>
				<kwd>Academic misconduct</kwd>
				<kwd>Questionable research practices</kwd>
				<kwd>Training of researchers</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Piratería intelectual</kwd>
				<kwd>Plagio</kwd>
				<kwd>Mala conducta académica</kwd>
				<kwd>Prácticas de investigación cuestionables</kwd>
				<kwd>Formación de investigadores</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="57"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>Integridade e má conduta acadêmica estão sempre presentes nos debates do campo científico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bettaieb et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Caldwell, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Fanelli et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Fraser et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Harley et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Patel, 2022</xref>). Pesquisas falsificadas por meio de fabricação de dados e distorção dos resultados, publicação de artigos com mesma base de dados de outro estudo, autoria falsa e múltiplas formas de plágio compõem o amplo espectro do que pode ser considerado prática questionável de pesquisa ou de má conduta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Harley et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Krokoscz, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Tourish &amp; Craig, 2020</xref>). Apesar dos antigos e extensos debates sobre práticas questionáveis de pesquisa e má conduta acadêmica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Caldwell, 2010</xref>), o tema continua merecendo reflexões e criando oportunidades para novas perspectivas.</p>
			<p>Neste texto, nosso foco está na prática do plágio, que pode ser entendido, de maneira geral, como o ato de copiar as ideias ou palavras de outra pessoa e apresentá-las como próprias, sem dar crédito à fonte original (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Berlinck, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Krokoscz, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bettaieb et al., 2022</xref>). O plágio é uma prática deletéria, especialmente no contexto acadêmico, no qual os pesquisadores buscam fazer progredir o conhecimento apropriando-se de obras de outros colegas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Lewis et al., 2011</xref>). Essa prática, no entanto, também alcança outras esferas da vida social. Por exemplo, os discursos anticiência colocam em xeque o conhecimento científico e a própria vida em sociedade em movimentos como o antivacina. Isso ocorre porque a prática do plágio acaba por servir como elemento justificador para o descrédito da ciência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Fernandes et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Fonseca et.al., 2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>O plágio de que tratamos aqui tem caráter sutil e costuma passar sem ser notado por pesquisadores, editores e revisores, uma vez que não é facilmente identificado em programas detectores de plágio. Trata-se do que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Irigaray (2020</xref>) denominou de pirataria intelectual, que envolve plagiar elementos sutis relacionados tanto à sequência lógica quanto ao encadeamento do raciocínio do autor, sem citá-lo.</p>
			<p>É possível notar que a pirataria intelectual não consiste em um plágio grotesco, mas refinado. Diferente do que muitos acadêmicos costumam argumentar, não se trata de um plágio cometido por estudantes ou exclusivo destes. Plágios refinados são usualmente cometidos ou liderados por pesquisadores sêniores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Honig &amp; Bedi, 2012</xref>). As justificativas para o plágio em geral, incluindo a pirataria intelectual, são diversas e abrangem fatores que vão desde aspectos individuais de caráter, até elementos relacionados a aspectos culturais e institucionais, como a falta de rigor, desatenção, o desconhecimento acerca da citação adequada, a extrema pressão que os pesquisadores enfrentam para publicar artigos de alta qualidade visando promoções acadêmicas ou financiamento de pesquisa, bem como a falta de temor em relação às possíveis consequências (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Mehregan, 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>Diante de algumas pistas apresentadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Irigaray (2020</xref>), em seu editorial, sobre essa modalidade de plágio, objetivamos apresentar uma conceituação de pirataria intelectual, bem como suas implicações para o meio acadêmico. A motivação para a escrita do presente texto está em lançar luz a uma prática de plágio corriqueira entre acadêmicos. Ressalta-se que muitos deles não se atentam para o fato de que tal prática é uma forma de plágio e má conduta de pesquisa. Soma-se a isso a demonstração de que a pirataria intelectual também aponta, em alguma medida, uma lacuna na educação de pesquisadores que frequentemente recebem um treinamento caracterizado mais pela conquista de resultados acadêmicos e menos por uma reflexão sobre as práticas de pesquisas que envolvem tal conquista.</p>
			<p>Nossa experiência como pesquisadores fez emergir a percepção de um aumento da incidência de trabalhos (artigos, dissertações e teses) que utilizam estruturas teóricas e conceituais apresentadas anteriormente por outros acadêmicos. Observamos incorporação de trechos textuais e adoção de organização de ideias da mesma forma como utilizada originalmente por um dado autor, sem menção a este, que já havia sistematizado tal conjunto de conceitos e ideias. Um dos autores deste artigo já identificou pirataria intelectual dos seus trabalhos durante revisões por pares para eventos e periódicos e, até mesmo, em uma tese de doutorado, quando foi convidado para participar da qualificação - ocasião em que identificou o plágio. Posteriormente não recebeu convite para a defesa final do trabalho, que ainda apresentava o plágio.</p>
			<p>O debate sobre pirataria intelectual é importante porque reforça que são imprescindíveis os créditos não somente aos conceitos ou ideias mais evidentes de um autor, mas também aos esforços de estruturação intelectual de um corpo teórico de conhecimento sobre determinado assunto. Tais construções teóricas demandam muito conhecimento e reflexão. Elas servem de base para que iniciantes em um determinado campo teórico sejam capazes de compreendê-lo e, consequentemente, desenvolver suas pesquisas de maneira consistente. Além disso, a pirataria intelectual pode ser utilizada como justificativa (possivelmente não a única) para uma queixa recorrente de pesquisadores brasileiros da área de Administração - ela se refere à prática pouco frequente de citação entre eles. No caso da pirataria intelectual, os pesquisadores baseiam suas obras no texto de um autor brasileiro, mas citam apenas os textos utilizados por esse autor, sem menção ao(s) texto(s) original(is) da pesquisa.</p>
			<p>Nossa contribuição central está em oferecer um conceito que seja capaz de definir uma prática de plágio que ainda não está presente na literatura, demandando reflexão, debate e ações para combatê-la, devido às consequências nefastas que provoca no meio acadêmico.</p>
			<p>Neste ensaio, inicialmente buscamos compreender o que significam práticas questionáveis de pesquisa e má conduta acadêmica, a fim de apontar o plágio como oriundo desses debates. Evidenciamos também o que encontramos na literatura sobre esses temas (especialmente em periódicos de Administração). Na sequência, buscamos aprofundar a noção de pirataria intelectual, suas características e implicações para o meio acadêmico. Ao final, formulamos algumas reflexões sobre o tema, buscando oferecer alguns caminhos práticos para mitigar esse problema.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>PRÁTICAS QUESTIONÁVEIS DE PESQUISA E MÁ CONDUTA ACADÊMICA</title>
			<p>Práticas questionáveis de pesquisa não significam, necessariamente, má conduta acadêmica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Kaiser et al., 2022</xref>). Essas práticas têm mais relação com ações não intencionais dos autores, enquanto a má conduta acadêmica é resultado de ações intencionais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Vrieze, 2021</xref>), ainda que haja autores que prefiram não fazer essa distinção (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bouter, 2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>Uma prática questionável de pesquisa, por exemplo, é a iniciativa de convidar coautores para submissão de textos a periódicos e eventos científicos apenas em virtude de uma participação mínima na elaboração do estudo (às vezes, constituindo mera sugestão teórica ou metodológica), ainda que o principal autor considere essa participação fundamental na versão final do material. No contexto acadêmico brasileiro, essa prática costuma ocorrer após a defesa de dissertações e teses. Tal situação se dá em razão dos comentários e sugestões feitos durante a defesa. Como consequência, alguns orientadores e estudantes de mestrado e doutorado acabam por convidar membros da banca para participarem como coautores em artigos oriundos dos trabalhos de dissertação e tese. Casos assim enquadram-se no debate sobre autoria científica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Domingues, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Krokoscz, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Rossoni, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Fleming, 2021</xref>) e, eventualmente, em casos considerados como prática questionável de pesquisa. Entretanto, cabe ressaltar que nem todos os convites para coautoria em situações como esta configuram prática questionável de pesquisa. Participar de uma banca de mestrado ou doutorado colaborando efetivamente na escrita do texto e na organização das ideais torna evidente a questão da autoria.</p>
			<p>Em relação à má conduta acadêmica, referimo-nos a toda ação que põe em risco o que autores como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Devine e Chin (2018</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Summers et al. (2021</xref>) chamam de integridade acadêmica. Ela consiste em um comportamento ético, baseado em ações honestas e confiáveis durante atividades de pesquisa e de educação. Em editorial publicado no Journal of Management Studies, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Harley et al. (2014</xref>) criticam práticas de manipulação de dados ou distorção de resultados de pesquisa com o objetivo de “apagar” dados “sem significância” ou que venham a comprometer a apresentação dos resultados. Os autores não apenas condenam atividades dessa natureza, como também listam ações que fazem parte da estratégia do periódico para dirimir tais práticas. O periódico, além de assegurar textos de qualidade que contribuam para a disseminação do conhecimento, deve estipular mecanismos editoriais que identifiquem risco à integridade acadêmica.</p>
			<p>Diferentes autores usam termos variados para a indicação de ações que se enquadram tanto em prática questionável de pesquisa quanto em má conduta acadêmica: fraude, trapaça, contrato de trapaça, suborno, fabricação, <italic>ghost writing</italic>, práticas desonestas, intertextualidade transgressora, falsificação, distorção, autoplágio, plágio, dentre outros termos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Drach &amp; Slobodianiuk, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Foltýnek &amp; Králíková, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Tindall et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Vaccino-Salvadore &amp; Hall Buck, 2021</xref>). Aspecto que merece registro também são os trabalhos que tratam da questão relacionada a estudantes. Os resultados apontam que percentuais elevados de discentes admitem ter participado de alguma prática questionável ou desonesta em relação às atividades acadêmicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Birks et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">McCabe et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Oliveira et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Summers et al<italic>.</italic> 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>Conforme apontado por autores de diferentes áreas, o plágio deve ser considerado um fenômeno complexo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Jereb et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Tran et al., 2022</xref>). Sua explicação não se dá de maneira reducionista, uma vez que diversos fatores influenciam o indivíduo a adotar tal comportamento. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">McCabe et al. (2001</xref>) listam a pressão acadêmica, os prazos insuficientes, as práticas semelhantes feitas pelos pares e a possibilidade mínima de punição.</p>
			<p>Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Foltýnek e Králíková (2018</xref>), o plágio ocorre quando alguém utiliza determinada fonte, independentemente da maneira como foi obtida (repositórios digitais, materiais impressos etc.), sem dar crédito à sua autoria ou adequado reconhecimento. Trata-se de crescente problema acadêmico-pedagógico global (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Birks et al., 2020</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Zejno (2018</xref>) destaca que, nesse cenário, o conhecimento passa a ser (também) considerado <italic>commodity</italic>.</p>
			<p>O plágio acontece de forma intencional, motivado por vantagens pessoais, economia de tempo, ou acidentalmente, quando o autor não tem consciência de que está infringindo normas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Gullyfer &amp; Tyson, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Sousa-Silva, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Tran et al., 2022</xref>). Entretanto, como alertam Tran et al. (2022), no âmbito da pós-graduação, supõe-se que o nível de formação e a trajetória acadêmica proporcionem à pessoa habilidades suficientes para conduzir sua carreira acadêmica de forma íntegra, seja ao expor suas ideias, seja ao relacioná-las com textos e propostas de outros autores. Esse pressuposto, no entanto, não encontra correspondência nas práticas de pesquisa e escrita científicas. Há, até mesmo, pesquisadores que julgam o plágio apenas um erro, o que é um fato preocupante, visto que possibilita a perpetuação dessa visão na relação mentor-aprendiz, gerando impactos diretos na educação de futuros pesquisadores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Vasconcelos et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>Há variadas formas de ocorrência do plágio no ambiente acadêmico. Ele se manifesta na apropriação <italic>ipsis litteris</italic> de trechos do material publicado, ou em paráfrases de ideias, argumentos ou estrutura teórica de um texto original. A detecção do plágio refinado torna-se mais difícil, uma vez que nem mesmo os <italic>softwares</italic> detectores de plágio são capazes de identificar a apropriação indevida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Krokoscz, 2022</xref>). Isso decorre do fato de que as palavras e os termos utilizados no texto plagiador são diferentes das que constam do original. No entanto, não somente a ideia, como também o argumento com base em determinado campo conceitual são os mesmos.</p>
			<p>Recentemente, os avanços nas tecnologias de Inteligência Artificial (IA) ampliaram as possibilidades de refinamento de plágio. Os chatbots são as tecnologias desenvolvidas pela IA que impactam diretamente a prática da pesquisa e escrita científica. Essas tecnologias são modelos de grande linguagem (large language model [LLM]), um sistema que aprende autonomamente por intermédio de dados e pode produzir textos sofisticados, aparentemente inteligentes, após o treinamento por meio de um extenso conjunto de dados de texto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">van Dis et al., 2023</xref>). Na utilização de IA para a escrita acadêmica por meio de chatbots, requer atenção a maneira como os textos são produzidos. Os chatbots coletam dados disponíveis na internet, não fornecem as fontes utilizadas - algo semelhante à pirataria intelectual “analógica” -, suas informações, geralmente, são imprecisas, desatualizadas ou, até mesmo, errôneas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Elali &amp; Rachid, 2023</xref>). Ou seja, no que diz respeito à escrita científica, a lógica de funcionamento dos chatbots, até o momento, é preocupante. Cabe, no entanto, ressaltar que essas ferramentas parecem promissoras em relação a outras atividades de pesquisa, como a realização de revisões de literatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Salvagno et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>A PIRATARIA INTELECTUAL</title>
			<p>A pirataria intelectual consiste em cópia da organização teórica produzida por alguém, envolvendo algum tipo de revisão conceitual ou de literatura. Portanto, não se trata da cópia de uma sequência de palavras, mas, sim, da organização de um pensamento sobre um corpo teórico. De acordo com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Irigaray (2020</xref>):</p>
			<p>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>[U]m pirata intelectual é astuto o suficiente para produzir um texto aparentemente genuíno; ou seja, não há paráfrases, as citações são bem feitas, o índice de similaridade de seu trabalho é baixo. Então, onde estaria o crime? Ele se apropria do que há de mais relevante em um estudo: a ideia, a sequência lógica, o encadeamento do raciocínio. Aí há a verdadeira violação dos direitos autorais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Irigaray, 2020</xref>, p. 3).</p>
			</disp-quote>
		</p>
			<p>Frequentemente a compreensão de algum autor, teoria ou campo teórico é complexa. Isso exige que muitos pesquisadores desenvolvam uma organização e/ou sistematização própria para oferecer um encadeamento de um raciocínio que seja capaz de otimizar ou facilitar a compreensão de algum autor, alguma teoria ou mesmo um campo teórico. Ou seja, a sistematização do pesquisador sobre um corpo científico é fruto de uma produção intelectual original, ainda que o tema tratado, eventualmente, não o seja. Na prática, a sistematização representa escolhas e construções intelectuais do pesquisador que representam uma forma de pensamento. Na pirataria intelectual, o pirata - plagiador - não copia as palavras, mas a sistematização desenvolvida por outra pessoa, sem fazer menção ao trabalho original.</p>
			<p>A pirataria intelectual manifesta-se, muitas vezes, de maneira sutil. Costuma ser percebida pelo criador da obra ou por indivíduos bem versados no trabalho deste. Em contrapartida, sistemas criados para identificar similaridade entre trabalhos acadêmicos podem não ser eficazes. Na pirataria intelectual, observa-se frequentemente a semelhança nos seguintes aspectos: a) escolha de fontes de citação; b) citações diretas e/ou indiretas; c) conceitos escolhidos para o desenvolvimento do trabalho; d) ordem da apresentação de ideias e/ou conceitos. É importante destacar que esses elementos, que serão aprofundados a seguir, surgiram de maneira indutiva ao longo de nossa experiência com a pirataria intelectual. Portanto, não se trata de uma categorização que se pretende universal ou definitiva, mas uma proposição que visa colaborar na conceituação e identificação da pirataria intelectual.</p>
			<p>A <bold>semelhança na escolha de fontes de citação</bold> parece ser o caso mais frequente de pirataria intelectual. O trabalho plagiado costuma ter uma semelhança significativa no conjunto de autores mencionados no trabalho original. Em um primeiro momento, é possível imaginar que se trata de mera coincidência ou que determinado campo de pesquisa tenha um número limitado de autores citáveis. Entretanto, em uma leitura mais minuciosa do trabalho do plagiador, é possível notar que a coincidência se trata de uma cópia das escolhas do autor original. Observa-se que o plagiador não conduziu o trabalho de escolha dos autores citados, nem os organizou de forma lógica no texto.</p>
			<p>Outro aspecto derivado do primeiro são <bold>citações diretas e/ou indiretas</bold>, no texto do plagiador, semelhantes àquelas do texto original. Com exceção de algumas passagens clássicas de algum autor reconhecido em determinado campo de pesquisa, não existe coincidência no caso de citações diretas e indiretas no mesmo padrão do texto original, às vezes, até na mesma ordem. Um olhar mais atento ao texto plagiado evidencia que, apesar das citações de autores clássicos ou famosos, a organização do texto está amparada em quem sistematizou aquele conjunto de autores e ideias, e não nos autores citados. Dependendo do nível do plágio, é possível notar que o plagiador não leu, ou não entendeu, os textos citados pelo autor original, de modo a deixar ainda mais evidente que se trata de uma leitura e/ou compreensão particular do texto e/ou autor plagiado. Em resumo, o plagiador cita textos sobre os quais pouco ou nada conhece e reproduz a organização e interpretação do autor e/ou texto plagiado, inclusive com vieses e inconsistências presentes no original.</p>
			<p> Conceitos escolhidos para o desenvolvimento do trabalho podem ser cópia de outro trabalho, com vistas a apresentar uma linha de raciocínio e sustentação de uma tese. Quando um plagiador elege o mesmo conjunto de conceitos sem fazer citação a quem apresentou aquela organização inicialmente, ignora que a sistematização realizada é originária de uma construção intelectual própria. Mesmo que os conceitos utilizados não sejam originais e façam parte do repertório de outros pesquisadores, a maneira como eles são elaborados e apresentados partem de uma construção que envolve escolhas com base em uma proposta de trabalho intelectual.</p>
			<p>Como desdobramento do ponto anterior, temos <bold>a cópia da ordem da apresentação de ideias e/ou conceitos</bold>. Ou seja, além de selecionar os mesmos conceitos do trabalho plagiado, frequentemente o plagiador utiliza uma ordem semelhante de apresentação e “articulação” dos conceitos. Reiterando, mesmo que os conceitos não sejam novos, sempre que alguém sistematiza um conjunto de conceitos em um trabalho científico está apresentando, no mínimo, um encadeamento de raciocínio que levou muito tempo para ser construído. Trata-se de um processo de autoria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Costa et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Krokoscz, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Rossoni, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Volpato, 2016</xref>) que deve ser reconhecido (citado) e não ignorado.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>MOTIVADORES DA PIRATARIA INTELECTUAL</title>
			<p>Além de apresentar o que constitui a pirataria intelectual, pensamos ser importante oferecer alguma reflexão sobre as razões que levam à ocorrência de tal fenômeno. Certamente, uma primeira ideia é relacionar a pirataria intelectual às pressões por publicação no meio acadêmico e observar o quanto a carreira do pesquisador está atrelada a esse quesito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Lewis et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Magnin et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Mendes-da-Silva &amp; Leal, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Pfleegor et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Severiano et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Silva, 2019</xref>). Entretanto, a noção de publish or perish não é suficiente para explicar isoladamente a pirataria intelectual. Vamos focar em outros elementos que costumam estar pouco presentes na literatura da Educação em Administração ou da Ética em Administração e que estão associados à pirataria intelectual. Assim, temos: a) a complexidade do pensamento científico, b) compreensão de textos em outros idiomas, c) inexistência de uma pedagogia da escrita acadêmica, e d) o papel dos orientadores no processo de escrita acadêmica. Cada um desses elementos surgiu em nossa reflexão sobre outros fatores que explicariam a pirataria intelectual.</p>
			<p>A <bold>complexidade do pensamento científico é um elemento pouco considerado entre acadêmicos diante de um contexto</bold> de <italic>publish or perish</italic>. A produção de um texto científico não é algo trivial e demanda um conjunto de conhecimentos e habilidades que se desenvolvem ao longo do tempo. A capacidade do autor de compreender os estudos já produzidos no meio acadêmico representa um primeiro passo para conseguir escrever um texto científico consistente. Ou seja, além de ler os textos, é preciso assimilar os conteúdos. Naturalmente, isso não é tarefa simples, uma vez que boa parte dos textos científicos são herméticos e demandam um nível de abstração elevado. A falta de compreensão de alguns textos, especialmente os clássicos, faz com que muitos acadêmicos lancem mão de críticos e comentadores para compreender o pensamento de alguém ou mesmo o significado de algum conceito. Essa falta de compreensão dos originais leva inúmeros autores a escreverem sobre um autor ou conceito específicos sem base no original, mas sim em outro autor e/ou texto que apresenta uma explicação “simplificada” ou mesmo personalizada do original. Essa situação pode levar à pirataria intelectual pela falta de capacidade de compreensão de textos originais. Cabe acrescentar que, de alguma maneira, plataformas como ChatGPT, Bard e Baidu aumentam as chances de pirataria intelectual. Essas ferramentas fazem varreduras na internet para construir textos sem apresentar as fontes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Elali &amp; Rachid, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Salvagno et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">van Dis et al., 2023</xref>). A preocupação com plágio é um dos principais pontos de debate na utilização de IA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Elali &amp; Rachid, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Salvagno et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">van Dis et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>Outro aspecto bem comum entre pesquisadores é a dificuldade de <bold>compreensão de textos em outros idiomas</bold>. Como resultado, o caminho mais fácil para compreender determinado assunto seria a leitura de textos no idioma do pesquisador com conteúdo explicativo sobre os textos originais (em outro idioma). Nesse caso, o problema concernente a pirataria intelectual está no fato de esses pesquisadores não assumirem que não leram o original (ou que não o compreenderam bem) e não citarem o texto que os ajudou na compreensão de determinado assunto. Agem como se tivessem lido o original diretamente, sem a ajuda de algum crítico ou comentador. Além de limitar o acesso e compreensão de determinado autor ou ideia, isso resulta na reprodução da sistematização feita por outros sobre o autor ou ideia como se fosse a representação do original.</p>
			<p><bold>A falta de uma pedagogia da escrita acadêmica</bold> no processo de formação de pesquisadores também contribui para a pirataria intelectual, uma vez que a maioria das pessoas acabam por aprender a escrever um texto científico por mimetismo e heurística. Nesse modelo de aprendizagem, pouco ou nada é apresentado para que os estudantes possam entender a importância do conhecimento original, reconhecer um pensamento original e, mais importante, construir um pensamento original (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bispo, 2022</xref>). Mais do que abordar um tema novo ou interessante, é preciso desenvolver um pensamento original sobre esse tema. A falta de preocupação pedagógica quanto a isso leva à cópia de sistematizações teóricas construídas por outros estudiosos. Aqui, novamente, as plataformas de IA, quando mal utilizadas, podem levar pessoas à criação de textos carentes de originalidade e com elementos de pirataria intelectual.</p>
			<p><bold>O papel dos orientadores no processo de escrita acadêmica</bold> também é fundamental para futuros pesquisadores no desenvolvimento de seus trabalhos. Os orientadores exercem dupla função: a primeira diz respeito ao desenvolvimento dos conhecimentos e habilidades da escrita acadêmica em si, o que envolve atenção especial para o processo de construção de um trabalho original, de modo a facilitar o caminho para um diálogo em um determinado campo acadêmico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bruno, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Falaster et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Viana &amp; Veiga, 2010</xref>). A segunda função, geralmente negligenciada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Honig &amp; Bedi, 2012</xref>), consiste em guiar os futuros pesquisadores dentro de padrões éticos, tanto na pesquisa quanto na escrita científica. Os orientadores devem atuar como o primeiro filtro da pirataria intelectual, identificando o problema durante o processo de formação e ajudando a superá-lo. Muitos orientadores costumam não ler atentamente os trabalhos de seus orientandos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Paulino, 2023</xref>), nem os artigos nos quais constam seus nomes e podem conter pirataria intelectual. Certa vez, quando um dos autores deste ensaio encontrou pirataria intelectual em uma tese de doutorado, o orientador, quando comunicado, minimizou o problema e sugeriu como “solução” a retirada do texto “” do banco de teses da instituição. Ou seja, além de não ter tomado nenhuma providência rigorosa a respeito do problema, sugeriu como solução “escondê-lo” por meio da retirada da tese do repositório institucional. Posturas como esta reforçam o problema da pirataria intelectual e do plágio, como um todo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Berlinck, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Honig &amp; Bedi, 2012</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>UM EFEITO COLATERAL DA PIRATARIA INTELECTUAL NA ÁREA DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO NO BRASIL</title>
			<p>A prática da não citação entre acadêmicos brasileiros pode ser considerada um efeito colateral da pirataria intelectual no contexto brasileiro da área de Administração. Nesta área, assim como em boa parte da ciência global, predominam publicações em língua inglesa. Da mesma forma, a maioria dos autores utilizados na construção de trabalhos acadêmicos trabalha em universidades do Norte global (com predominância dos países anglo-saxões) e os artigos mais citados são de revistas com corpo editorial com as mesmas características. É difícil encontrar trabalhos científicos em Administração nos quais a construção teórica é predominantemente de autores brasileiros ou do Sul global (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alcadipani et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Entendemos que esse contexto é fértil para a pirataria intelectual. As características e fatores motivadores mencionados nos tópicos anteriores nos ajudam a entender, em parte, esse fenômeno. Isso porque a supervalorização da produção do Norte global (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Barros &amp; Alcadipani, 2022</xref>), somada às dificuldades da complexidade do texto científico e às barreiras do idioma, leva diversos pesquisadores brasileiros a textos de concidadãos reconhecidos como conhecedores de determinado autor, abordagem ou teoria, visando compreender o fenômeno que estão estudando. Entretanto, o mesmo reconhecimento não está presente nas citações destes textos. Isso leva inevitavelmente à pirataria intelectual, uma vez que os textos dos autores do Norte global são citados pelos plagiadores brasileiros na mesma sistematização teórica criada pelo autor concidadão considerado referência. Certamente esse aspecto não deve representar o único motivo pelo qual os brasileiros não são usualmente citados, mas é relevante dentro da pirataria intelectual.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSÃO</title>
			<p>Nesta parte final do texto, vale apresentar algumas reflexões para além daquelas já muito debatidas sobre plágio, que versam sobre os problemas legais, de originalidade e de reputação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Gullyfer &amp; Tyson, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Sousa-Silva, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Tran et al., 2022</xref>). Entendemos que a pirataria intelectual envolve também outros aspectos, que recebem pouca atenção nos debates acadêmicos. Por exemplo, a responsabilidade dos orientadores na formação de futuros acadêmicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bruno, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Falaster et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Viana &amp; Veiga, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Paulino, 2023</xref>), a deficiência no reconhecimento da sistematização teórica como processo autoral, a necessidade do desenvolvimento de pedagogias que promovam o protagonismo autoral e o desenvolvimento de novas teorizações e teorias. Nesse conjunto, deve-se incluir também a necessidade do reconhecimento e da valorização da produção nacional como meio de fortalecimento em vez de subordinação à produção internacional e eurocêntrica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alcadipani et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Barros &amp; Alcadipani, 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>A pirataria intelectual, portanto, mais do que um problema ético-legal, representa também uma deficiência de formação acadêmico-científica. Ela expõe as fragilidades de um sistema de formação <italic>stricto sensu</italic> orientado para a tecnicidade e para a operacionalização de teorias, de métodos e - mais lamentável ainda - de ideias com vistas ao alcance de metas orientadas para o produtivismo acadêmico. Na prática, isso pode ser representado pelo diploma, pelo título, pelo artigo ou pelas bolsas de produtividade em pesquisa, como fins últimos da pesquisa científica e da construção intelectual.</p>
			<p>Entendemos que a mitigação da pirataria intelectual deve acontecer em dois sentidos. O primeiro sentido demanda aumento das denúncias quando o problema for identificado. Tais denúncias devem ser apuradas e punidas com rigor por orientadores (primeiro filtro), revistas científicas e associações acadêmicas. Canais de denúncias e protocolos para encaminhamento de denúncias são fundamentais para que a pirataria intelectual não fique impune. O segundo sentido passa pela necessidade de maior reflexão sobre o papel da pós-graduação, qual seja: assumir a função de formar pesquisadores, entendendo-a como anterior à realização de pesquisas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bispo, 2020</xref>). Tal papel exige o desenvolvimento de pedagogias que possibilitem o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico e, especialmente, a capacidade de construção autoral (original) por meio de sistematizações teóricas, teorizações e teorias.</p>
			<p>Os dois caminhos, denúncia e formação acadêmica, uma vez combinados, podem contribuir para a superação dessa prática, que se apresenta como desonesta em alguns casos, e, em outros, como limitação de formação acadêmica.</p>
			<p>Em parte, a desonestidade e a má formação acadêmica também provocam, como efeito colateral, a não citação de trabalhos entre brasileiros. Pela perspectiva da desonestidade, a não citação entre brasileiros reflete a intenção de demarcar um terreno inexistente, negligenciando os trabalhos nacionais já publicados devido à supervalorização da produção no Norte global. Soma-se a isso a utilização de trabalhos brasileiros como instrumento de compreensão de determinado autor, teoria ou método, bem como a criação de um texto como se o seu escritor tivesse lido e compreendido os originais sem ter passado pelo autor ou trabalho brasileiro. Pela perspectiva da má formação, os jovens pesquisadores, em razão da falta de orientação sobre autoria e originalidade, acabam por copiar uma sistematização teórica e apresentá-la como elaboração própria.</p>
			<p>A pirataria intelectual é uma prática que traz à tona problemas presentes no cotidiano da academia, pouco discutidos e sem o devido tratamento legal e formativo, de modo que o problema possa ser superado. Com o advento dos chatbots (ChatGPT, Bard, Baidu), novas reflexões sobre a pirataria intelectual e ações para mitigá-la serão necessárias.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMENTOS</title>
			<p>Agradecemos aos revisores e aos colegas que participaram do debate da versão inicial deste artigo apresentado no XLVI EnANPAD de 2022, assim como os revisores e os editores que conduziram o processo editorial do artigo nos Cadernos EBAPE.BR. Todos esses olhares nos ajudaram significativamente no aprimoramento de nossa ideia inicial.</p>
		</ack>
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			<title>DISPONIBILIDADE DE DADOS</title>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label></label>
				<p>Todo o conjunto de dados que dá suporte aos resultados deste estudo foi publicado no próprio artigo.</p>
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			<title>PARECERISTAS </title>
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			<title>RELATÓRIO DE REVISÃO POR PARES </title>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
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			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
				<label>7</label>
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	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1679-395120230050x</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTICLE</subject>
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			<title-group>
				<article-title>Intellectual piracy in management research practices</article-title>
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			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">versidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, João Pessoa - PB, Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, João Pessoa - PB, Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (UPM) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração de Empresas, São Paulo - SP, Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn9">
					<p>Marcelo de Souza Bispo - Ph.D. in Business Administration from Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (UPM); Associate professor at Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) in the Graduate Programs in Administration and Graduate Programs in Sociology; Leader of the Research Center on Social Practices in Education and Organizations (PEO/CNPq). E-mail: marcelodesouzabispo@gmail.com</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
					<p>Almir Martins Vieira - Ph.D. in Education from the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Professor at Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (UPM) in the Graduate Program in Business Administration. E-mail: almir.vieira@gmail.com</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn12">
					<p>Hélio Arthur Reis Irigaray (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-7859</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn13">
					<p>Fabricio Stocker (Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro / RJ - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6340-9127</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>This essay presents the concept of Intellectual Piracy and its ethical-legal and formative consequences in the academic field of Administration. This is an essay on a practice identified by the authors but little discussed in academia. Intellectual piracy is a subtle form of plagiarism usually not identified by software. It is the practice of copying a theoretical systematization or idea produced by another person without citing it. This practice becomes evident not by copying words or phrases but by using a set of authors (even citations) used in another work as if the choices and theoretical systematization were original. Our contribution is to offer a concept capable of defining a practice of plagiarism that is not yet present in the literature on the subject in question. We conclude that intellectual piracy is an ethical-legal problem and a reflection of deficiencies in training researchers concerning aspects such as authorship, originality, theorization, and theory in scientific practice.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Intellectual piracy</kwd>
				<kwd>Plagiarism</kwd>
				<kwd>Academic misconduct</kwd>
				<kwd>Questionable research practices</kwd>
				<kwd>Training of researchers</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Integrity and academic misconduct are always present in debates in the scientific field (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bettaieb et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Caldwell, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Fanelli et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Fraser et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Harley et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Patel, 2022</xref>). Falsified research through data fabrication and distortion of results, publication of articles with the same database as another study, false authorship and multiple forms of plagiarism make up the broad spectrum of what can be considered questionable research practices or misconduct (Harley et al., 2014; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Krokoscz, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Tourish &amp; Craig, 2020</xref>). Despite long-standing and extensive debates about questionable research practices and academic misconduct (Caldwell, 2010), the topic continues to deserve reflection and creates opportunities for new perspectives.</p>
				<p>In this text, our focus is on plagiarism practice, which can be understood, in general, as the act of copying someone else’s ideas or words and presenting them as one’s own, without giving credit to the original source (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Berlinck, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Krokoscz, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bettaieb et al., 2022</xref>). Plagiarism is a harmful practice, especially in the academic context, in which researchers seek to advance knowledge by appropriating works from other colleagues (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Lewis et al., 2011</xref>). This practice, however, also reaches other spheres of social life. For instance, anti-science speeches call into question scientific knowledge and life in society itself in movements such as anti-vaccine. This occurs because plagiarism ends up serving as a justifying element for discredit of science (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Fernandes et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Fonseca et.al., 2023</xref>).</p>
				<p>The plagiarism we deal with here is subtle in nature and usually goes unnoticed by researchers, editors, and reviewers, as it may not be easily identified in plagiarism detection programs. This is what <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Irigaray (2020</xref>) called intellectual piracy, which involves plagiarizing subtle elements related to both the logical sequence and the chain of reasoning of an author, without citing them.</p>
				<p>It is possible to note that intellectual piracy does not consist of grotesque plagiarism, but fine-grained plagiarism. Contrary to what many academics tend to argue, this is not plagiarism committed by students or exclusive to them. Fine-grained plagiarism is usually committed or led by senior researchers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Honig &amp; Bedi, 2012</xref>). The justifications for plagiarism in general, including intellectual piracy, are diverse and cover factors that range from individual aspects of character to elements related to cultural and institutional aspects, such as lack of rigor, lack of attention, lack of knowledge about adequate citation, the extreme pressure that researchers face to publish high-quality articles for academic promotions or research funding as well as lack of fear regarding possible consequences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Mehregan, 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>Given some clues presented by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Irigaray (2020</xref>), in his editorial about this type of plagiarism, we aim to present a conceptualization of intellectual piracy as well as its implications for the academic world. The motivation for writing this text is to shed light on a common practice of plagiarism among academics. It is noteworthy that many of them are not aware of the fact that this practice is a form of plagiarism and research misconduct. Added to this is the demonstration that intellectual piracy also highlights, to some extent, a gap in the education of researchers who often receive training characterized more by the achievement of academic results and less by reflection on research practices that involve such achievement.</p>
				<p>Our experience as researchers has given rise to the perception of an increased incidence of works (articles, dissertations, and theses) that use theoretical and conceptual structures previously presented by other academics. We observed the incorporation of textual excerpts and the adoption of organization of ideas in the same way as originally used by a given author, without mentioning them, who had already systematized such a set of concepts and ideas. One of the authors of this article has already identified intellectual piracy of his work during peer reviews for events and journals and even in a doctoral thesis, when he was invited to participate in the qualification - when he identified plagiarism. Subsequently, he did not receive an invitation to the final defense of the work, which still showed plagiarism.</p>
				<p>Debate on intellectual piracy is important because it reinforces that credit is essential not only for an author’s most obvious concepts or ideas, but also for efforts to intellectually structure a theoretical body of knowledge on a given subject. Such theoretical constructions demand a lot of knowledge and reflection. They serve as a basis for beginners in a given theoretical field to be able to understand it and, consequently, develop their research consistently. Furthermore, intellectual piracy can be used as a justification (possibly not the only one) for a recurring complaint from Brazilian researchers in the field of administration - it refers to the infrequent practice of citation among them. In the case of intellectual piracy, researchers base their works on the text of a Brazilian author, but only cite the texts used by that author, without mentioning the original text(s) of the research.</p>
				<p>Our central contribution is to offer a concept that is capable of defining a plagiarism practice that is not yet present in literature, demanding reflection, debate and actions to combat it, due to the harmful consequences it causes in the academic world.</p>
				<p>We initially sought to understand what questionable research practices and academic misconduct mean, in order to point out plagiarism as arising from these debates. We also highlighted what we found in the literature on these topics (especially in administration/management journals). Subsequently, we sought to delve deeper into the notion of intellectual piracy, its characteristics, and implications for academia. In the end, we formulated some reflections on the topic, seeking to offer some practical ways to mitigate this problem.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>QUESTIONABLE RESEARCH PRACTICES AND ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT</title>
				<p>Questionable research practices do not necessarily mean academic misconduct (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Kaiser et al., 2022</xref>). These practices are more related to unintentional actions by authors, while academic misconduct is the result of intentional actions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Vrieze, 2021</xref>), although there are authors who prefer not to make this distinction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bouter, 2023</xref>).</p>
				<p>A questionable research practice, for instance, is the initiative of inviting co-authors to submit texts to journals and scientific events just because of minimal participation in study preparation (sometimes constituting a mere theoretical or methodological suggestion), even if the main author considers this participation fundamental in the final version of the material. In the Brazilian academic context, this practice usually occurs after the defense of dissertations and theses. This situation occurs due to comments and suggestions made during the defense. Consequently, some supervisors and master’s and doctoral students end up inviting committee members to participate as co-authors in articles arising from dissertation and thesis work. Cases like this fit into the debate on scientific authorship (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Domingues, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Fleming, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Krokoscz, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Rossoni, 2018</xref>) and, eventually, questionable research practices. However, it is worth noting that not all invitations to co-authorship in situations like this constitute questionable research practices. Participating in a master’s or doctoral committee, effectively collaborating in writing the text and organizing ideas, makes the authorship issue evident.</p>
				<p>In relation to academic misconduct, we referred to any action that puts at risk what authors such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Devine and Chin (2018</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Summers et al. (2021</xref>) call academic integrity. It consists of ethical behavior based on honest and trustworthy actions during research and educational activities. In an editorial published in the Journal of Management Studies, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Harley et al. (2014</xref>) criticizes practices of data manipulation or distortion of research results with the aim of “erasing” data that are “without significance” or that compromise the presentation of results. The authors not only condemn activities of this nature, but also list actions that are part of the journal’s strategy to solve such practices. The journal, in addition to ensuring quality texts that contribute to dissemination of knowledge, must stipulate editorial mechanisms that identify risks to academic integrity.</p>
				<p>Different authors use different terms to indicate actions that fall under both questionable research practice and academic misconduct, such as fraud, cheating, cheating contract, bribery, fabrication, ghost writing, dishonest practices, transgressive intertextuality, falsification, distortion, self-plagiarism, plagiarism, among other terms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Drach &amp; Slobodianiuk, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Foltýnek &amp; Králíková, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Tindall et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Vaccino-Salvadore &amp; Hall Buck, 2021</xref>). An aspect that also deserves mention refers to works that deal with the issue of students. The results indicate that high percentages of students admit having participated in some questionable or dishonest practice in relation to academic activities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Birks et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">McCabe et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Oliveira et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Summers et al<italic>.</italic> 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>As pointed out by authors from different areas, plagiarism must be considered a complex phenomenon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Jereb et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Tran et al., 2022</xref>). Its explanation is not reductionist, since several factors influence individuals to adopt such behavior. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">McCabe et al. (2001</xref>) list academic pressure, insufficient deadlines, similar practices carried out by peers and the minimal possibility of punishment.</p>
				<p>For <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Foltýnek and Králíková (2018</xref>), plagiarism occurs when someone uses a certain source, regardless of how it was obtained (digital repositories, printed materials, etc.), without giving credit to its authorship or adequate recognition. This is a growing global academic-pedagogical problem (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Birks et al., 2020</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Zejno (2018</xref>) highlights that, in this scenario, knowledge is (also) considered a commodity.</p>
				<p>Plagiarism occurs intentionally, motivated by personal advantages, saving time, or accidentally, when an author is unaware that they are violating norms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Gullyfer &amp; Tyson, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Sousa-Silva, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Tran et al., 2022</xref>). However, according to Tran et al. (2022), within the scope of graduate studies, it is assumed that the level of training and the academic trajectory provide people with sufficient skills to conduct their academic career fully, whether by expressing their ideas or by relating them to texts and proposals from other authors. This assumption, however, does not find correspondence in scientific research and writing practices. There are even researchers who consider plagiarism to be just an error, which is a worrying fact, as it enables the perpetuation of this vision in the mentor-apprentice relationship, generating direct impacts on future researchers’ education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Vasconcelos et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>It manifests itself in the <italic>ipsis litteris</italic> appropriation of excerpts from published material or in paraphrases of ideas, arguments, or theoretical structure of an original text. Detecting fine-grained plagiarism becomes more difficult, since not even plagiarism detection software is capable of identifying misappropriation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Krokoscz, 2022</xref>). This arises from the fact that the words and terms used in plagiarized text are different from those in the original. However, not only the idea, but also the argument based on a given conceptual field are the same.</p>
				<p>Recently, advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have expanded the possibilities for refining plagiarism. Chatbots are technologies developed by AI that directly impact scientific research and writing practice. These technologies are large language models (LLM), a system that learns autonomously from data and can produce sophisticated, seemingly intelligent text after training on an extensive set of text data (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">van Dis et al., 2023</xref>). When using AI for academic writing through chatbots, attention needs to be paid to the way texts are produced. Chatbots collect data available on the internet; also, they do not provide the sources used - something similar to “analog” intellectual piracy - and their information is generally inaccurate, outdated or even erroneous (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Elali &amp; Rachid, 2023</xref>). In other words, with regard to scientific writing, chatbots’ operating logic so far is worrying. It is worth noting, however, that these tools seem promising in relation to other research activities, such as carrying out literature reviews (Salvagno et al., 2023).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>INTELLECTUAL PIRACY</title>
				<p>Intellectual piracy consists of copying the theoretical organization produced by someone, involving some type of conceptual or literature review. Therefore, it is not a question of copying a sequence of words, but rather of organizing a thought on a theoretical body. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Irigaray (2020</xref>):</p>
				<p>
				<disp-quote>
					<p>[A]n intellectual pirate is cunning enough to produce an apparently genuine text; that is, there are no paraphrases, citations are well done, the similarity index of their work is low. So where was the crime? It appropriates what is most relevant in a study: the idea, the logical sequence, the chain of reasoning. Then there is the true violation of copyright (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Irigaray, 2020</xref>, p. 3, own translation).</p>
				</disp-quote>
				</p>
				<p>The understanding of some author, theory or theoretical field is often complex. This requires many researchers to develop their own organization and/or systematization to offer a chain of reasoning that is capable of optimizing or facilitating the understanding of an author, a theory or even a theoretical field. In other words, the researcher’s systematization of a scientific body is the result of an original intellectual production, even if the topic addressed, eventually, is not. In practice, systematization represents the researcher’s choices and intellectual constructions that represent a form of thought. In intellectual piracy, the pirate - plagiarist - does not copy the words, but the systematization developed by another person, without mentioning the original work.</p>
				<p>Intellectual piracy often manifests itself in subtle ways. It is usually perceived by the creators of the work or by individuals well versed in their work. On the other hand, systems created to identify similarity between academic works may not be effective. In intellectual piracy, similarities are often observed in the following aspects: a) choice of citation sources; b) selection of direct and/or indirect citations; c) concepts chosen for work development; d) order of presentation of ideas and/or concepts. It is important to highlight that these elements, which will be discussed in more detail below, emerged inductively throughout our experience with intellectual piracy. Therefore, it is not a categorization that is intended to be universal or definitive, but a proposition that aims to collaborate in intellectual piracy conceptualization and identification.</p>
				<p><bold>Similarity in the choice of citation sources</bold> seems to be the most frequent case of intellectual piracy. Plagiarized work usually has a significant similarity in the set of authors mentioned in the original work. At first, it is possible to imagine that this is a mere coincidence or that a certain field of research has a limited number of citable authors. However, upon closer reading of a plagiarist’s work, it is possible to notice that the coincidence is a copy of the original author’s choices. It is observed that a plagiarist did not carry out the work of choosing the cited authors nor organized them logically in the text.</p>
				<p>Another aspect derived from the first is the <bold>selection of direct and/or indirect citations</bold> in a plagiarist’s text, similar to those in the original text. With the exception of some classic passages by a recognized author in a given field of research, there is no coincidence in the case of direct and indirect citations in the same pattern as the original text, sometimes even in the same order. A closer look at the plagiarized text shows that, despite the citations from classic or famous authors, text organization is based on who systematized that set of authors and ideas, and not on the authors cited. Depending on the level of plagiarism, it is possible to notice that the plagiarist did not read or did not understand the texts cited by the original author, in order to make it even more evident that it is a particular reading and/or understanding of the text and/or author plagiarized. In short, a plagiarist cites texts about which they know little or nothing, reproducing the organization and interpretation of the author and/or plagiarized text, including biases and inconsistencies present in the original.</p>
				<p><bold>Concepts chosen for work development</bold> can be copies of another work, with a view to presenting a line of reasoning and supporting a thesis. When a plagiarist chooses the same set of concepts without citing those who initially presented that organization, they ignore that the systematization carried out originates from their own intellectual construction. Even if the concepts used are not original and are part of the repertoire of other researchers, the way in which they are elaborated and presented is part of a construction that involves choices based on a proposal for intellectual work.</p>
				<p>As a result of the previous point, we have a <bold>copy of the order in which ideas and/or concepts are presented</bold>. In addition to selecting the same concepts from the plagiarized work, a plagiarist often uses a similar order of presentation and “articulation” of concepts. Even if concepts are not new, whenever someone systematizes a set of concepts in a scientific work, they are presenting, at the very least, a chain of reasoning that took a long time to build. It is an authorship process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Costa et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Krokoscz, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Rossoni, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Volpato, 2016</xref>) that must be recognized (cited) and not ignored.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>MOTIVATORS OF INTELLECTUAL PIRACY</title>
				<p>We think it is important to offer some reflection on the reasons that lead to the occurrence of intellectual piracy. Certainly, a first idea is to relate intellectual piracy to the pressure for publication in academia and observe how much a researcher’s career is linked to this issue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Lewis et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Magnin et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Mendes-da-Silva &amp; Leal, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Pfleegor et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Severiano et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Silva, 2019</xref>). However, the notion of publish or perish is not sufficient to explain intellectual piracy in isolation. We will focus on other elements that are rarely present in the literature on management education or management ethics and which are associated with intellectual piracy. We have: a) the complexity of scientific thinking; b) understanding texts in other languages; c) lack of an academic writing pedagogy; and d) the role of supervisors in the academic writing process. Each of these elements emerged in our reflection on other factors that would explain intellectual piracy.</p>
				<p>The <bold>complexity of scientific thought</bold> is an element little considered among academics in a publish or perish context. Producing a scientific text is not trivial and demands a set of knowledge and skills that develop over time. The author’s ability to understand studies already produced in academia represents a first step towards being able to write a consistent scientific text. In other words, in addition to reading the texts, they need to assimilate the contents. Naturally, this is not a simple task, since most scientific texts are hermetic and require a high level of abstraction. The lack of understanding of some texts, especially the classics, makes many academics turn to critics and commentators to understand someone’s thoughts or even a concept’s meaning. This lack of understanding of the original texts leads countless authors to write about a specific author or concept without based on the original, but rather on another author and/or text that presents a “simplified” or even personalized explanation of the original. This situation can lead to intellectual piracy due to the lack of ability to understand original texts. It should be added that, in some way, platforms like ChatGPT, Bard and Baidu increase the chances of intellectual piracy. These tools scan the internet to construct texts without presenting the sources (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Elali &amp; Rachid, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Salvagno et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">van Dis et al., 2023</xref>). Concern about plagiarism is one of the main points of debate in using AI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Elali &amp; Rachid, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Salvagno et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">van Dis et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
				<p>Another very common aspect among researchers is the difficulty in <bold>understanding texts in other languages</bold>. As a result, the easiest way to understand a given subject would be to read texts in the researcher’s language with explanatory content about the original texts (in another language). In this case, the problem regarding intellectual piracy lies in the fact that these researchers do not admit that they did not read the original (or that they did not understand it well) and do not cite the text that helped them understand a certain subject. They act as if they had read the original directly, without the help of any critic or commentator. In addition to limiting access and understanding of a particular author or idea, this results in the reproduction of the systematization made by others about the author or idea as if it were a representation of the original.</p>
				<p><bold>The lack of an academic writing pedagogy</bold> in the process of training researchers also contributes to intellectual piracy, since most people end up learning to write a scientific text through mimicry and heuristics. In this learning model, little or nothing is presented so that students can understand the importance of original knowledge, recognize an original thought and, most importantly, construct an original thought (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bispo, 2022</xref>). More than approaching a new or interesting topic, it is necessary to develop an original thought on that topic. The lack of pedagogical concern in this regard leads to the copying of theoretical systematizations constructed by other scholars. Here, again, AI platforms, when misused, can lead people to create texts lacking originality and with elements of intellectual piracy.</p>
				<p><bold>The role of supervisors in the academic writing process</bold> is also fundamental for future researchers in the development of their work. Supervisors perform a dual function: the first concerns the development of knowledge and skills in academic writing itself, which involves special attention to the process of constructing an original work, in order to facilitate the path to dialogue in a given academic field (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bruno, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Falaster et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Viana &amp; Veiga, 2010</xref>). The second function generally neglected (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Honig &amp; Bedi, 2012</xref>), consists of guiding future researchers within ethical standards, both in research and scientific writing. Supervisors must act as the first filter for intellectual piracy, identifying the problem during the training process and helping to overcome it. Many supervisors tend not to carefully read their students’ work (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Paulino, 2023</xref>), nor the articles in which their names appear and which may contain intellectual piracy. Once, when one of the authors of this essay found intellectual piracy in a doctoral thesis, the supervisor, when notified, minimized the problem and suggested as a “solution” the removal of the text from the institution’s thesis repository. In addition to not having taken any rigorous action regarding the problem, he suggested “hiding” it as a solution by removing the thesis from the institutional repository. Postures like this reinforce the problem of intellectual piracy and plagiarism as a whole (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Berlinck, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Honig &amp; Bedi, 2012</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>A SIDE EFFECT OF INTELLECTUAL PIRACY IN THE FIELD OF ADMINISTRATION IN BRAZIL</title>
				<p>Non-citation practice among Brazilian academics can be considered a side effect of intellectual piracy in the Brazilian context of the administration field. In this area, as in much of global science, publications in English figure prominently. Likewise, the majority of authors used in the construction of academic works work in universities in the global North (with a predominance of Anglo-Saxon countries) and the most cited articles are from journals with an editorial board with the same characteristics. It is difficult to find scientific works in administration in which the theoretical construction is predominantly by Brazilian authors or those from the global South (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alcadipani et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>We understand that this context is fertile for intellectual piracy. The characteristics and motivating factors mentioned in the previous topics help us to understand, in part, this phenomenon. This is because the overvaluation of production from the global North (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Barros &amp; Alcadipani, 2022</xref>), added to the difficulties of the complexity of scientific texts and language barriers, leads several Brazilian researchers to texts by fellow citizens recognized as knowledgeable about a certain author, approach, or theory, aiming to understand the phenomenon they are studying. However, the same recognition is not present in the citations of these texts. This inevitably leads to intellectual piracy, since texts by authors from the global North are cited by Brazilian plagiarists in the same theoretical systematization created by the fellow author considered a reference. Certainly, this aspect should not represent the only reason why Brazilians are not usually cited by each other, but it is relevant within intellectual piracy.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>In this final part of the text, it is worth presenting some reflections in addition to those already much debated about plagiarism, which deal with legal, originality and reputation issues (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Gullyfer &amp; Tyson, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Sousa-Silva, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Tran et al., 2022</xref>). We understand that intellectual piracy also involves other aspects, which receive little attention in academic debates. For instance, supervisors’ responsibility in training future academics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bruno, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Falaster et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Paulino, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Viana &amp; Veiga, 2010</xref>), the deficiency in recognizing theoretical systematization as an authorial process, the need for development of pedagogies that promote authorial role and the development of new theorizations and theories. The need for recognition and appreciation of national production as a means of strengthening rather than subordination to international and Eurocentric production must also be included (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alcadipani et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Barros &amp; Alcadipani, 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>Intellectual piracy, therefore, more than an ethical-legal problem, also represents a deficiency in academic-scientific training. It exposes the weaknesses of a graduate training system oriented towards technicality and operationalization of theories, methods and - even more regrettable - ideas, with a view to achieving goals oriented towards academic productivism. In practice, this can be represented by the diploma, title, publishing or research productivity grants, as the ultimate ends of scientific research and intellectual construction.</p>
				<p>We understand that mitigating intellectual piracy must happen in two ways. The first sense demands an increase in complaints when the problem is identified. Such complaints must be investigated and punished rigorously by supervisors (first filter), scientific journals and academic associations. Reporting channels and protocols for forwarding complaints are essential to ensure that intellectual piracy does not go unpunished. The second meaning involves the need for greater reflection on the role of graduate studies, such as taking over the role of training researchers, understanding it as prior to carrying out research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bispo, 2020</xref>). This role requires the development of pedagogies that enable critical thinking and, especially, the capacity for authorial (original) construction through theoretical systematizations, theorizations and theories.</p>
				<p>The two paths, reporting and academic training, once combined, can contribute to overcoming this practice, which appears as dishonest in some cases, and, in others, as a limitation of academic training.</p>
				<p>In part, dishonesty and poor academic training also cause, as a side effect, non-citation of works among Brazilians. From the perspective of dishonesty, non-citation among Brazilians reflects the intention of demarcating non-existent ground, neglecting national works already published due to production overvaluation in the Global North. Added to this is the use of Brazilian works as an instrument for understanding a certain author, theory or method as well as the creation of a text as if its writer had read and understood the originals without having gone through the Brazilian author or work. From the perspective of poor training, young researchers, due to the lack of guidance on authorship and originality, end up copying a theoretical systematization and presenting it as their own elaboration.</p>
				<p>Intellectual piracy is a practice that brings to light problems present in everyday academia that are rarely discussed and without due legal and training treatment so that the problem can be overcome. With the advent of chatbots (ChatGPT, Bard, Baidu), new reflections on intellectual piracy and actions to mitigate it will be necessary.</p>
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			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
				<p>We would like to thank the reviewers and colleagues who participated in the debate on the initial version of this article presented at the XLVI EnANPAD 2022 as well as the reviewers and editors who led the editorial process of the article in Cadernos EBAPE.BR. All these views helped us significantly in improving our initial idea.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="data-availability" id="fn11" specific-use="data-available">
					<label>DATA AVAILABILITY</label>
					<p>The entire dataset that supports the results of this study was published in the article itself.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<title>REVIEWERS </title>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn14">
					<label>14</label>
					<p>Regina Celi Machado Pires (Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador / BA - Brazil). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-035X</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn15">
					<label>15</label>
					<p>Three of the reviewers did not authorize the disclosure of their identities.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<title>PEER REVIEW REPORT </title>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn16">
					<label>16</label>
					<p>The peer review report is available at this URL: https://periodicos.fgv.br/cadernosebape/article/view/90536/85321</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn17">
					<label>17</label>
					<p>[Translated version] Note: All quotes in English translated by this article’s translator. </p>
				</fn>
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