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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vh</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Varia Historia</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Varia hist.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0104-8775</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1982-4343</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Pós-Graduação em História, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0104-87752025v41e25004</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00003</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>DOSSIÊ: ESCRAVIDÃO, COTIDIANO E DINÂMICAS DE MESTIÇAGENS NOS MUNDOS IBÉRICOS (SÉCULOS XVI-XVIII): ESPAÇOS, MOBILIDADE, ACORDOS E CONFLITOS</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Capitão Luciano Gomes Ribeiro. A elite escravista era parda (N. S. do Pilar do Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, c. 1770-1810)</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Captain Luciano Gomes Ribeiro. The slave-owning elite was <italic>parda</italic> (N. S. do Pilar do Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, c. 1770-1810)</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5500-084X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>GUEDES</surname>
						<given-names>ROBERTO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8409-0271</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SOARES</surname>
						<given-names>MOISÉS PEIXOTO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>**</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>*</label>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>robertoguedesferreira@gmail.com</email>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, Km 7, Zona Rural, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brasil robertoguedesferreira@gmail.com</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>**</label>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<email>peixoto_moises@yahoo.com.br</email>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, Km 7, Zona Rural, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brasil peixoto_moises@yahoo.com.br</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável:</label>
					<p>Ely Bergo de Carvalho</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>41</volume>
			<elocation-id>e25004</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>8</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>4</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMO</title>
				<p>Voltado para a paróquia de N. S. do Pilar do Iguaçu, no recôncavo da capitania do Rio de Janeiro, em torno do período de 1770 a 1810, o artigo analisa como um pardo forro, Luciano Gomes Ribeiro, tornou-se senhor de um engenho com 155 escravos, constituindo-se em elite escravista. Portanto, a elite escravista era parda mestiça. Além disso, o trabalho ressalta que o pardo forro governava terras nas quais residiam lavradores senhores de poucos escravos amiúde também desprovidos de terras. A ascendência familiar do capitão de tropas auxiliares de pardos libertos lhe viabilizou o governo de sua casa e o da comunidade política do Pilar do Iguaçu. Ele era o mais desigual daquela sociedade ancorada no mar da desigualdade da escravidão de antigo regime. Para realizar o estudo, utilizamos registros paroquiais de batismo e óbito, e alguns testamentos e documentos administrativos.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>This article focuses on the parish of N. S. do Pilar do Iguaçu, situated in the Recôncavo area of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, during the period from 1770 to 1810. It examines how Luciano Gomes Ribeiro, a mestizo freedman, ascended to become the owner of a mill along with 155 slaves, thereby integrating into the slave-owning elite. This case study reveals that the slave-owning elite included individuals of mixed ancestry. Additionally, the analysis highlights that Ribeiro governed lands where farmers, who typically owned slaves, resided. The family background of Ribeiro, serving as a captain of troops and an auxiliary to freed mestizo individuals, enabled him to manage both his household and the political community of Pilar do Iguaçu effectively. He emerged as the most prominent figure in a society deeply entrenched in the inequalities characteristic of the old-regime slavery system. The methodology for this study encompassed an examination of parish baptism and death records, alongside various wills and administrative documents.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Pardos forros</kwd>
				<kwd>escravidão</kwd>
				<kwd>família</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Pardo freedmen and women</kwd>
				<kwd>slavery</kwd>
				<kwd>family</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="62"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Entre 1774 e 1809, Luciano Gomes Ribeiro fez batizar 43 escravos na paróquia de Nossa Senhora do Pilar do Iguaçu, no fundo do recôncavo da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Nas cerimônias, Luciano foi reconhecido como capitão, às vezes como senhor de engenho, outras como morador no Engenho da Posse. Capitão era uma importante patente militar e senhor de engenho um título de distinção social daquela sociedade escravista de antigo regime tropical. Entre aqueles 43 batismos, não havia adultos de origem africana que comumente eram batizados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro ou em suas paróquias rurais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Soares, 2000</xref>). Batizar apenas inocentes, todavia, não significa que Luciano não frequentasse o próspero mercado atlântico de cativos entre fins do século XVIII e inícios do XIX, contexto da análise. Então, a cidade carioca, a cerca de 25 quilômetros do Pilar, abrigava o maior porto de desembarque de cativos africanos das Américas e era a principal praça mercantil da monarquia portuguesa. Portanto, Pilar e as demais paróquias guanabarinas estavam perfeitamente integradas ao mercado atlântico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Demetrio, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Florentino, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Fragoso, 1992</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Machado, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Sampaio, 2003</xref>).</p>
		<p>Por volta de 1775, Luciano recebeu carta patente de capitão dos auxiliares de homens pardos libertos. Porém, em Pilar do Iguaçu, entre 1770 e 1809, quase não se disse que ele era um pardo liberto. Embora amiúde houvesse mestiços egressos do cativeiro entre senhores que mandavam batizar escravos, os padres redatores de assentos de batismo tendiam, a depender do tempo de vida em liberdade, das relações de parentesco e da inserção social etc., a ocultar o antepassado escravo se a pessoa constasse no batismo na condição senhorial. Por isso, Luciano não estava pardo em nenhuma daquelas vezes em que fora assinalado como senhor de escravos. Na localidade, esse ocultamento fora acintoso em seu caso porque ele era diferenciado por ser capitão, senhor de engenho e de muitos escravos, e, principalmente, pela família que integrava.</p>
		<p>Todavia, em 24 de julho de 1802, na mesma freguesia do Pilar, tornou-se padrinho de Justiniano, filho de Xavier de Nação e de Eva Crioula, escravos de Manoel Antônio Vieira. Nessa circunstância, como padrinho e compadre de escravos, Luciano foi registrado pelo vigário como “pardo livre”. Sua proeminência social não foi óbice para que fosse chamado de pardo e se acompadrasse com um escravo africano e uma crioula. Senhor de escravos pretos e pardos, crioulos e africanos, padrinho e compadre escravos de outro senhor, como o imponente Luciano lidava com os sacramentos batismais e matrimoniais de seus escravos, com a escravidão e com a liberdade? Como se tornou elite escravista? O que a trajetória de um homem oriundo da escravidão e de uma importante família pode nos dizer sobre outros pardos mestiços?</p>
		<p>A nossa hipótese é que ser um Gomes Ribeiro e governar escravos e outros subalternos forros ou livres fizeram toda diferença. Luciano integrou uma linhagem que estava presente na capitania desde fins do século XVI, encabeçada entre meados do século XVII e inícios do XVIII pelo capitão-mor reinol Francisco Gomes Ribeiro (doravante Francisco I).<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">1</xref></sup> Esse capitão-mor era tio de seu homônimo reinol (doravante Francisco II), homônimo que era apenas capitão, não capitão-mor. O sobrinho, provavelmente chegado ao Rio de Janeiro em inícios dos setecentos e falecido solteiro em 1763, é o pai do pardo Luciano Gomes Ribeiro e de outros mestiços pardos forros tidos com diferentes mulheres: Isabel Joaquina de Santana, Jacob e Timóteo.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">2</xref></sup> Em fins dos setecentos, coube a Luciano, em grande parte, dar continuidade à linhagem senhorial, seguindo, efetivamente, o projeto de seu pai Francisco II. Sendo assim, pardos egressos da escravidão filhos de elites agrárias modelaram uma hierarquia social costumeira fundada em laços parentais, clientelares, na escravidão e na posse de terras e de engenhos. Os senhores pardos participaram de tudo isso porque também foram construtores da escravidão e das desigualdades.</p>
		<p>Vistas as questões a serem contempladas neste artigo, para realizá-lo utilizamos cinco livros de registros de batismo de escravos, quatro de livres e dois de óbito da aludida freguesia, além de alguns documentos administrativos. Oriundos do acervo documental do Arquivo da Diocese de Petrópolis, os livros paroquiais não contêm numeração regular de páginas e, por isso, além da referência documental em notas de pé de página, as datas aludidas no corpo do texto e no próprio rodapé também servem de referência documental. Os livros manuseados são os de registros de batismo de escravos para os anos de 1719 a 1752, 1760 a 1772, 1772 a 1783, 1784 a 1795 e 1791 a 1809.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3">3</xref></sup> Os de batismo de livres manuseados são os dos anos de 1714 a 1756, 1751 a 1766, 1766 a 1772 e 1786 a 1807.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4">4</xref></sup> Os de óbito abarcam os períodos de 1759 a 1771 e 1793 a 1808.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5">5</xref></sup></p>
		<sec>
			<title>SENHOR DE ENGENHO, DE 155 ESCRAVOS E DESCENDENTE DA NOBREZA DA TERRA</title>
			<p>Luciano diferenciou-se da grande maioria dos “pardos”, “pretos”, “brancos”, “mulatos”, entre outros agentes sociais assim categorizados em sua época,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn6">6</xref></sup> livres ou libertos, porque ele era de uma importante família, senhor de engenho, de terras e de muitos escravos. Mas ele tinha consciência desses atributos sociais, em especial o de que ser senhor de vários escravos o colocava no topo daquela sociedade ancorada na escravidão?</p>
			<p>Em 1778, em requerimento à rainha de Portugal, o “capitão Luciano Gomes Ribeiro e seus sócios” disseram que possuíam um engenho “chamado do Coito, sito no Recôncavo do Rio de Janeiro”. O engenho estava em terras que “há 126 anos lhes foram concedidas por carta de sesmaria dada a seus antepossuidores, em 5 de maio de 1650”. Porém, certo Romão de Bastos Caldas teria afirmado que havia terras devolutas no engenho que poderiam lhe ser cedidas. Com esse argumento, em 1771, Caldas pedira e recebera uma nova sesmaria ao vice-rei do Estado do Brasil. Por essa razão, continua a alegação de Luciano Gomes Ribeiro, fez-se medição nas terras sem respeitar seus “verdadeiros rumos e todos os mais termos recomendados em Direito”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>As alegações de Luciano também lembraram à rainha de que ele era senhor de uma “laboriosa e importante fábrica do Engenho (...) de 155 escravos de trabalho, 244 cabeças de gado vacum [sic.] e 17 de cavalar”. “Visivelmente”, a fábrica de engenho necessitava “de uma grande extensão de terras, e principalmente de matos”, sem os quais não era possível às “semelhantes fazendas na América” terem “substância alguma”, cabendo à rainha “proteger” os matos e reservas necessários ao labor e à expansão dos engenhos. A percepção de Luciano sobre os engenhos como partes inerentes à totalidade da América escravista dava relevo a sua própria fábrica, cujas atividades evitavam a “decadência” e o “prejuízo do Real contrato dos dízimos”, pois a sua unidade recolheu, “só no decurso de 8 anos, nos trapiches daquela cidade” do Rio de Janeiro, “343 caixas líquidas do dízimo com 10.857 arrobas de açúcar branco e fino e 2.389 arrobas do inferior”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Na verdade, o engenho, como disse o pai de Luciano em testamento, tinha, na margem de um rio, “um guindaste” para embarcar suas “caixas” que mandava pelo “rio abaixo para se carregarem” à cidade do Rio. Economicamente, o engenho constituía um complexo de produção-escoamento desde a época da compra original. Antes de ser de Francisco II, o padre Marcos Gomes Ribeiro realizara a compra do engenho, cedendo-o ao irmão. Destarte, enfaticamente, Luciano afirmou no requerimento que “aquelas terras” não “podiam considerar-se devolutas”, como erroneamente informaram ao “vice-rei”, o que o levou a recorrer à rainha.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn9">9</xref></sup> Como é possível observar, Gomes Ribeiro concebia os frutos do seu engenho como um serviço geracional prestado à manutenção da monarquia e, em troca, esperava receber mercê.</p>
			<p>Para atingir seu intento, acrescentou outros atos de fala a seu favor. Salientou que, além das prestações de serviço do seu engenho do Coito, também chamado Engenho da Posse<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn10">10</xref></sup>, as terras também eram “ocupadas pelos numerosos lavradores, que foram expulsos das mesmas” devido à petição de Caldas ao vice-rei. Para reforçar esse ponto, Luciano reportou-se ao “maior interesse e pública utilidade da sua fábrica, a que Vossa Majestade quis atender na Ord. do Livro 4, título 43, δ 14 [...] mandando literalmente = [sic.] haver respeito ao dar roças, que por pouco proveito particular, e de pouca dura [duração], não se faça dano geral aos <bold>moradores</bold> dos lugares, ou a algum deles em particular”. Nessa alegação, que sublinhava a expulsão de lavradores, ele realçava o “dano geral dos <bold>moradores</bold>”, tendo em mente os vários produtores de cana e de alimentos que povoavam as terras dos engenhos, inclusive o seu que estava ali há tempos. Por exemplo, em 13 de abril 1722 e 31 de agosto de 1723, dois casais de índios livres eram “assistentes na fazenda do capitão-mor” Francisco I. Uma das madrinhas foi a escrava parda Branca, que, em 18 de julho de 1723, batizara um filho escravo do mesmo “capitão-mor”. Por sua vez, entre os 61 legados testamentais que deixou, Francisco II dirigiu 20 a paroquianos do Pilar, inclusive viúvas e outros moradores no bairro do Couto, isto é, em terras ou adjacências do engenho.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Assim, o pedido de Luciano chamava atenção à má interferência de Caldas em uma comunidade política secular cujo epicentro era o engenho encabeçado por ele em fins do Setecentos. Obviamente, o pardo sabia que engenhos com fábricas eram muito mais do que meros exemplares produtivos à moda fabril capitalista, eram arraiais regidos por regras costumeiras de acesso à terra assentadas em laços clientelares e parentais que envolviam escravos, lavradores forros e livres, pardos, pretos, reinóis etc.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn12">12</xref></sup> Luciano era senhor das terras ao redor das quais giravam as relações sociais (de produção) dos moradores com ou sem escravos. Ele recobrava o aval da coroa para exercer, no Pilar, a autoridade que lhe foi investida sobre a população pelo cargo de capitão dos homens pardos e descendente de capitão. Resumindo, o requerimento também era um apelo ao respaldo real para com a ordem social local abalada por Caldas.</p>
			<p>Com efeito, Luciano seguiu o projeto de seu pai, construído no decorrer dos setecentos. Em 1763, Francisco II deixou em testamento 1% do valor líquido de sua grande fortuna para ser repartido entre missas para as almas do purgatório e ornamentos para o convento do Carmo do Rio de Janeiro. Era o pagamento de uma promessa, pois, quando veio ao Brasil, Francisco pediu para que “Nosso Senhor” lhe “alcançasse de dinheiro” e lhe fizesse “ser bem-sucedido nos meus negócios”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn13">13</xref></sup> Demonstrando que fé e economia andavam juntas, a promessa também atesta que Francisco não viera com muito dinheiro de Portugal e o acumulou no Brasil. As terras do engenho derivam de um investimento de longo prazo. O irmão de Francisco II, o padre Marcos Gomes Ribeiro, comprara ao capitão Antônio Correia Pimenta e à sua mulher Dona Cecília da Silva 1.100 braças de terras, cedendo-as ao irmão. Essas terras localizavam-se no “Rio do Couto acima à margem direita”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Depois da compra, por 22 anos, entre 1737 e 1759, Francisco II, pai de Luciano, adquiriu “a vários donos” “terras místicas” (fronteiriças) àquelas 1.100 braças. Mais importante, essas terras místicas provinham da herança deixada por Francisco I, tido de Francisco II, a seus descendentes, que as venderam. Como o mercado de terras dos engenhos guanabarinos e alhures não era impessoal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Fragoso, 2001</xref>, p. 63-68; Levi, 1988, p. 131-168, p. 160; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Machado, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Sampaio, 2003</xref>), mas familiar, a compra de terras pelo sobrinho Francisco II foi um mecanismo de transmissão e preservação patrimonial entre os Gomes Ribeiro e seus afins. No total, Francisco II realizou seis compras, quatro a herdeiros de Francisco I e uma ao seu próprio tio. Embora não saibamos a medida de uma das terras adquiridas, em suas compras Francisco II acresceu 890 braças àquelas 1.100, quase dobrando, pelo menos, a extensão de suas terras. O engenho extrapolava a freguesia porque Francisco II afirmou que o guindaste estava “acima da freguesia” do Pilar e uma das terras compradas se localizava no “Sertão” da freguesia de “Inhomirim”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Em fins dos setecentos, todo o histórico do patrimônio familiar em terras e relações sociais dos que as habitavam estava nas mãos do pardo Luciano. Este que, efetivamente, deu prosseguimento, até certo momento, ao projeto de Francisco II voltado à manutenção da ordenação social em torno do engenho:</p>
			<p><disp-quote>
				<p>Declaro que minha mente e intenção é que se conservem em ser o meu engenho com os escravos, terra, e tudo mais que assistir ao tempo de meu falecimento, assim porque não há de haver quem o compre e pague, como porque, conservando-se os ditos bens, é o meio mais seguro e sólido para meus filhos e herdeiros poderem viver e passar sem virem pelo tempo adiante a experimentar a miséria, que de ordinário experimentam aqueles que vendem os bens que lhes ficam de seus pais, por se gastar o dinheiro com pouca consideração, sem lembrarem as misérias a que se expõem para o futuro.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn16">16</xref></sup></p>
			</disp-quote></p>
			<p>No requerimento de 1776, Luciano defendeu o projeto paterno de futuro, mas sua argumentação mais contundente, para que não se permitisse que seu adversário permanecesse nas terras, evocou o passado imemorial das posses de sua família:</p>
			<p><disp-quote>
				<p>Principalmente, sendo certo não ter o suplicado [Caldas] mais do que sete escravos para cultivar uma légua de terras [...] nem o conhecimento necessário e experiência, que inculcou ter da sua cultura por viver naquela cidade [do Rio], exercitando o ofício de carpinteiro [...]. Ponderando, outrossim, os mesmos suplicantes que, ainda quando se achasse verdadeiramente devoluta essa porção de terras; <bold>ainda quando a sua inteira propriedade se lhes não devesse julgar contra o Capítulo da Ordenação [...]; nem deviam ser inquietados da sua imemorial posse por um hóspede que não vinha a plantar e beneficiar como eles; mas a destruir e derrubar os matos do seu engenho para se locupletar com o seu estrago</bold> [...].<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn17">17</xref></sup></p>
			</disp-quote></p>
			<p>Contraposta a “morador lavrador”, a palavra “hóspede” provavelmente fora usada no sentido de desprovido de terra própria e desrespeitoso dos direitos costumeiros, mas Caldas estava na freguesia como padrinho pelo menos desde 1766. Mesmo ano que, coincidentemente, Luciano aparece pela primeira vez na documentação ao apadrinhar um filho livre do pardo forro João Gomes Ribeiro.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn18">18</xref></sup> Caldas podia ser hóspede, mas não chegara ali ontem e pleiteava terra, o que significa que um senhor de engenho da estirpe de Luciano pôde ser afrontado por alguém, em sua avaliação, abaixo de sua estatura.</p>
			<p>Desconhecemos seu oponente, mas, para responder àquela pergunta a respeito da consciência de Luciano sobre sua posição social, importa grifar a contraposição que ele próprio fez entre, de um lado, um experiente senhor de engenho com 155 escravos, ainda que em sociedade, e, de outro, um carpinteiro com sete escravos morador na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, inculcado de senhor. Ao delimitar essa fronteira, Luciano alardeava a sua posição social privilegiada, não apenas de senhor de engenho com conhecimento no negócio, mas de membro da elite escravista, isto é, colocando-se no topo da sociedade, diferenciando-se dos demais livres por ser senhor de engenho e, principalmente, de homens. Mais do que outros senhores, ser senhor de engenho e de muitos mancípios propiciava a extração de renda extra do trabalho escravo, <italic>status</italic>, proeminência social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Finley, 1991</xref>), enfim, ele era distinto, não só dos escravos, mas, principalmente, de senhores de poucos escravos. Afinal, uma das funções da escravidão era hierarquizar os livres.</p>
			<p>Além disso, ele tinha maior poder de barganha junto à rainha porque a escravidão em seu engenho era um pilar de sustentação da monarquia portuguesa na América, já que dava dízimos ao erário régio. Nesse sentido, almejando favor real, ele asseverou que em seu engenho havia, não quaisquer escravos, mas 155 “escravos de trabalho”. Destarte, ele reforçou sua justificativa de direito à terra invocando, muito além de bois e cavalos, o seu enorme contingente de escravos para os padrões de época, gerador de riquezas. Exceto pelos escravos de ordens religiosas e de um ou outro senhor de milhares de escravos, Luciano seria elite escravista em qualquer seara do Brasil. Ele estava ciente de que a grande maioria dos senhores no Brasil não tinha mais do que cinco escravos.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Essencialmente, ele requeria a manutenção da hierarquia escravista porque esta era o que dava parâmetro de ordenamento social para senhores, escravos, livres, libertos, plantadores de cana sem-terra, agricultores de alimentos, pardos, pretos, brancos etc. Fincados nas orientações valorativas da escravidão e do antigo regime, que se casaram muito bem (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Lara, 2005</xref>, p. 21-38; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Mattos, 2001</xref>, p. 141-162; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Schwartz, 1988</xref>, p. 209-223), todos eram desiguais e naturalizavam a desigualdade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Fragoso, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Levi, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Hespanha, 2010</xref>). Como não poderia deixar de ser, isso significa que Luciano pensava conforme instrumentos cognitivos de uma sociedade escravista alicerçada na desigualdade, não como dono de uma fábrica mecanizada do século XX, pois sabia que os escravos não eram vendedores de força de trabalho. Sabia que o que compelia os seus escravos ao trabalho eram fatores de alçada política e moral.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn20">20</xref></sup> Luciano, muito mais do que proprietário de uma fábrica, era “senhor” de escravos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alves, 2012</xref>) porque o “ser senhor de engenho” trazia consigo o “ser servido, obedecido e respeitado de muitos”. E se fosse, qual deveria “ser, homem de cabedal e governo”, pois governo dos escravos implicava poder moral e respaldo social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Castro, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Demetrio, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Machado, 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Mas o ser senhor de engenho e de escravos não explicava tudo, e talvez não o principal para Luciano. Sua primeira alegação foi a de que, há 126 anos, as terras foram concedidas por carta de sesmaria aos “antepossuidores” do engenho, em 5 de maio de 1650. Igualmente, no desfecho da petição à rainha, ele deu relevo à “imemorial posse” da sesmaria. Dessa maneira, suas alegações primeira e última sublinharam a precedência da posse da terra e o passado memorialmente evocado, mas não somente. Precisamente, ao que e a quem ele aludia?</p>
			<p>Ele reportava-se à continuidade do pacto secular entre reis e súditos manifesto nos serviços e mercês,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn21">21</xref></sup> em seu caso materializado nas sesmarias dadas aos possuidores do Engenho do Coito. Ele rememorou à rainha que, secularmente, a posse e a ocupação da terra provinham da parentela dos ascendentes e parentes de seu pai. Sabendo que havia muitos homens sem-terra, embora senhores de escravos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Fragoso, 2024</xref>), ele estava cumprindo o projeto paterno e reatualizando a memória de uma tradição patrimonial dos Gomes Ribeiro. Em suma, o requerimento tocava no ponto central: o governo atrelado à preservação das hierarquias costumeiras, inclusive o governo moral.</p>
			<p>Nesse último aspecto, Monsenhor Pizarro realizou visitas pastorais no recôncavo do Rio de Janeiro na década de 1790,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn22">22</xref></sup> aliás, deixando sua marca em um livro de batismo de escravos da freguesia do Pilar, em 1795.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn23">23</xref></sup> O visitador afirmou que a paróquia possuía apenas três capelas sujeitas à matriz: a de N. S. do Rosário, das Neves e a de “Santa Rita, no lugar da Posse ou do Coito”. Esta terceira capela foi fundada pelo testamenteiro do “capitão Francisco Gomes Ribeiro”, o pai de Luciano, Antônio Ribeiro de Avelar (sobrinho de Francisco II). Os documentos sobre a ereção da capela desaparecem por descuido do falecido “vigário Alberto Caetano Álvares de Barros, depois da visita daquele tempo”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn24">24</xref></sup> Padre Alberto assentou centenas de registros paroquiais nos livros da freguesia entre 1773 e 1792,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn25">25</xref></sup> mas, depois de sua morte, não se encontraram os documentos sobre a capela “entre os seus papéis, como me informou” – escreveu Pizarro – “o capitão Luciano Gomes Ribeiro, herdeiro do dito capitão Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, senhor que foi da fazenda e administrador da capela”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn26">26</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O testamento de Francisco II, devoto de Santa Rita, confirma as palavras de Pizarro, mas acrescenta um detalhe sobre o governo moral católico:</p>
			<p><disp-quote>
				<p>Declaro que por devoção que sempre tive com a Bem-aventurada Santa Rita, determinei fazer-lhe uma capela na minha fazenda da Posse, onde ao presente está o oratório para nele se colocar a imagem da Santa, e a de Santo Antônio das Almas, e de S. Miguel, Seu Protetor, a qual determino, se Deus for servido, fazer ainda em minha vida, mas quando o mesmo Senhor dispor o contrário, mando a meu testamenteiro a faça [ilegível] <bold>com a grandeza que desejo, com a capacidade necessária para nela se celebrar o Santo sacrifício da missa.</bold><sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn27">27</xref></sup></p>
			</disp-quote></p>
			<p>Na capela administrada por Luciano, portanto, celebravam-se missas, ou seja, um rito crucial à educação moral católica. Luciano, em síntese, era filho herdeiro do fundador <italic>post-mortem</italic> da capela, o capitão Francisco II, capela que fora construída entre 1766 e 1768 no “mesmo lugar” onde estava o “oratório” de Francisco I. Todavia, houve, de acordo com Pizarro, desleixo por parte do “herdeiro e administrador” Luciano Gomes Ribeiro, que, ainda na década dos anos 1790, vendeu a “fazenda” com sua capela ao capitão Manoel José Moreira, que consertara o templo.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn28">28</xref></sup> Ou bem ou mal, Luciano manteve o governo do arraial através da moral católica. Administrou o templo, deu chãos para as missas, batizou e casou escravos ali, assim como faziam os livres. Todos moralmente governados em sua capela.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>OS GOMES RIBEIRO</title>
			<p>Qual o peso e quem eram os Franciscos Gomes Ribeiro antecessores do engenho herdado por Luciano? A nobreza da terra era o grupo político-social que exercia poder de mando na república desde primórdios da ocupação do Rio de Janeiro, por direito de conquista (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Fragoso, 2000</xref>). Essa nobreza espraiou-se por diferentes paróquias da capitania. Nesse espraiamento, em N. S. do Pilar, no decorrer do século XVIII, os sobrenomes Gomes Ribeiro moldaram o lugar. Ainda em 5 de novembro de 1720, o capitão-mor Francisco I já constava como senhor de Felipe Ribeiro, pai de um inocente batizado na freguesia, mas mesmo antes ele apadrinhara um livre em 15 de agosto de 1716. Francisco I ainda pegou a época em que se chamava escravos africanos de tapanhunos, a exemplo de dois “tapanhunos escravos” de um capitão em 4 de abril de 1720. Um próprio escravo de Francisco (talvez o I) serviu de padrinho de um filho de um casal de índios em 7 de setembro de 1719.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn29">29</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Os termos “índios” e “tapanhunos” foram sumindo dos livros batismais, mas os Gomes Ribeiro permaneceram. Entre 1722 e 1809, os diferentes Gomes Ribeiro mandaram batizar 120 escravos em Pilar,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn30">30</xref></sup> sem contar suas posses de pais, mães, padrinhos e madrinhas.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn31">31</xref></sup> Entre os senhores de batizados estavam Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, um homônimo de alcunha “Moço”, Raimundo, Antônio, Jacob, João, Estevão, Sebastião, e Luciano e seu irmão Timóteo. Assim, o muito bem aparentado Luciano compunha a casa Gomes Ribeiro. Para os antecessores, Francisco, se era “Moço”, nunca foi referido como capitão-mor no Pilar. Para complicar ainda mais, havia, como senhor de padrinhos, Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, “o Velho” (provável Francisco I), em 1731. Mais: um pardo forro Francisco Gomes Ribeiro batizou um escravo em 19 de abril de 1805. Excluído o pardo forro,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn32">32</xref></sup> quem poderiam ser Francisco Gomes Ribeiro e os homônimos “o Moço” e “o Velho” nos documentos paroquiais?</p>
			<p>Esperança Mina foi batizada em 14 de março de 1730 “na fazenda de Francisco Gomes Ribeiro”, mas “o Moço”, o primeiro a mandar batizar escravos, só o fez quatro vezes entre 1722 e 1732, e consta como senhor de uma madrinha em 1729, ao passo que Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, sem alcunha, batizou 45 escravos entre 1723 e 1763. Em 1763, ano do testamento do Francisco II, Francisco I já era morto. Assim, pode ser que, depois de morto “o Velho” (Francisco I), “o Moço” (Francisco II) amadureceu e se tornou apenas “Francisco Gomes Ribeiro”, deixando de ser moço. Mas, em 15 de agosto de 1716, quando Francisco I era “o Moço”, ele e sua mulher, Dona Elena da Silva, foram padrinhos de um livre. Três anos depois, em 7 de setembro de 1719, um Francisco já era capitão-mor em um batismo de livre. Já havia um capitão-mor Francisco Gomes Ribeiro desde 1722, que era Francisco I, porque Francisco II nunca se casou.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn33">33</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Por seu lado, Francisco I casou-se duas vezes, e, aparentemente, não teve filhos homens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Rheingantz, 1967</xref>, p. 271). No século XVIII, portanto, até 1763, quem herdou o <italic>título</italic> Francisco Gomes Ribeiro foi o sobrinho homônimo, conduzindo o nome, a casa, o governo das terras, dos homens e do engenho, do escoamento, legando da capela aos paroquianos, mesmo tendo vindo sem grandes recursos de Portugal. Em resumo, Francisco Gomes Ribeiro (Francisco I), às vezes o Moço e às vezes o Velho nas fontes paroquiais, madurara e morrera e, depois, o homônimo Moço, em alusão a Francisco II, amadurecera, carregando no Setecentos o nome da família da nobreza da terra e o título de capitão. Embora nem sempre haja certeza sobre quem era quem nos batismos, entre 1763 (ano da morte de Francisco II) e 1805 não há mais Franciscos entre os Gomes Ribeiro que batizaram cativos na freguesia, havia apenas Raimundo Gomes Ribeiro com um escravo sacramentado em 1764, Antônio com três entre 1765 e 1767, Jacob com três entre 1765 e 1773, João com cinco entre 1766 e 1771, Estevão com 12 entre 1774 e 1797, Sebastião com dois entre 1771 e 1802, Luciano e seu irmão Timóteo com 43 entre 1774 e 1809, outro Francisco Gomes Ribeiro com um em 1805 e um de um Gomes Ribeiro, morador no Rio de Janeiro, de nome ilegível, em 1796.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn34">34</xref></sup> Ser Gomes Ribeiro trazia consigo ser senhor de escravos, pelo menos.</p>
			<p>Um dos Gomes Ribeiro egresso do cativeiro e da nobreza da terra, Luciano, não esqueçamos, podia ser tido por pardo, pois era, de fato, mestiço. Tudo muito normal porque, como ressaltado, principais moradores e nobres da terra se aparentavam com escravos e forros, transmitindo-lhes em herança e/ou legado patrimônios, cargos e títulos, inclusive cargos eclesiásticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Fragoso, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Guedes, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Oliveira, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguiar, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Oliveira, 2020</xref>). Evidentemente, bens imateriais, como nomes e sobrenomes, também faziam parte da herança (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Levi, 2000</xref>), identidades desejadas e usufruídas por senhores mestiços egressos do cativeiro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Guedes, 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>É o que se nota nas práticas de nomeação pelo uso de nomes e sobrenomes senhoriais. Além dos nobres da terra e seus afins, havia os pardos livres ou forros, Luciano, Timóteo, Estevão, as filhas de Estevão, que eram Gomes Ribeiro ou com apenas um dos sobrenomes. Porém, a nomeação da casa Gomes Ribeiro iniciava-se antes mesmo de os escravos receberem alforria. Francisco Gomes Ribeiro (I ou II) dera o seu sobrenome a alguns de seus escravos, a exemplo de Felipe Ribeiro, em 1720, e de Felix e Inácio Gomes Ribeiro, em 1752.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn35">35</xref></sup> Tempos depois, o senhor Luciano e seu irmão Timóteo reproduziram a prática de deixar seus escravos usarem seus sobrenomes. O escravo Manoel Ribeiro recebeu o Ribeiro de seu senhor Timóteo Gomes Ribeiro, em 1792. Marcelo Ribeiro e Venâncio Gomes seriam escravos de Luciano e de seu irmão.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn36">36</xref></sup> Na verdade, Venâncio Gomes e sua mulher, Maria Gomes, constam como escravos de João Gomes Ribeiro, em 1766, e, posteriormente, de Luciano e seu irmão Timóteo, em 1775 e 1779.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn37">37</xref></sup> Talvez esse Venâncio fosse o mesmo homem alforriado em 1763 por Francisco II.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn38">38</xref></sup> Sendo assim, em 1792 a alforria ainda não teria sido cumprida, o que não faria tanta diferença, porque os forros deveriam ficar na casa dos Gomes Ribeiro, não na de estranhos, como sublinharemos adiante.</p>
			<p>Luciano apadrinhou um filho do pardo forro João Gomes Ribeiro em 1766.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn39">39</xref></sup> A coincidência dos nomes e sobrenomes de senhores, forros e escravos sugere que João era parente, talvez um irmão alforriado, de Luciano ou de Timóteo, e que a posse escrava dos Gomes Ribeiro era familiar. Até o engenho era em sociedade e os escravos de capitão pardo eram também de Timóteo, e o próprio Luciano requereu à rainha em seu nome e nos de seus sócios.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn40">40</xref></sup> Destarte, amalgamando os nomes parentais senhoriais, inclusive dos forros e escravos, a escravidão era uma relação de poder pessoalizada na órbita familiar, não individualista. Tratava-se de famílias senhoriais sob as quais giravam as escravas, bem como as de alforriados e nascidos livres, senhores ou não. Todos integravam uma casa hierarquizada encabeçada por um <italic>pater</italic>, que, em fins do Setecentos, era o pardo Luciano, e dar sobrenomes senhoriais aos escravos era um exercício costumeiramente compartilhado pelos Gomes Ribeiro para propagar a posição elevada de sua casa, tal como fizeram outros senhores. No mesmo sentido da ampliação da casa, repetiam-se os homônimos senhoriais ao longo das gerações familiares, ao que os padres anotavam “o Moço”, “o Velho”. Em suma, parentelas poderosas propagavam o aumento de suas casas através da nomeação de seus escravos, decerto dirigida a poucos escravos, dos forros e de si próprias.</p>
			<p>A propósito, fazer os forros e os livres desprovidos de terras se enraizarem na casa senhorial, não na de estranhos, também foi projeto de Francisco II. Além de deixar legados a várias pessoas na freguesia do Pilar que habitavam suas terras ou terras contíguas, Francisco II asseverou:</p>
			<p><disp-quote>
				<p>Declaro que entre os escravos que possuo ao presente é bem assim quatro pardos chamados Venâncio, Estevão, João e Valério, e uma parda chamada Rita,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn41">41</xref></sup> dos quais todos cinco, pelos bons serviços que me têm feito, e pelo amor de Deus, quero, e é minha vontade, que por minha morte fiquem libertos e forros como se o fossem de seu nascimento, aos quais desejo que seu irmão <bold>Jacob</bold> favoreça e conserve em sua companhia, qual família lhe pode ser útil para que <bold>se não vejam precisados a ganhar o sustento à casa de estranhos</bold>.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn42">42</xref></sup></p>
			</disp-quote></p>
			<p>Ora, Jacob é um dos filhos que Francisco II reconheceu em testamento. Logo, se Jacob era irmão dos libertos por Francisco II, das duas, uma: ou Francisco II também é pai deles, ou todos eram irmãos de Jacob apenas por parte de uma mãe escrava que se relacionou com outros homens antes e/ou depois de Francisco II, ou durante. De todo modo, se foram alforriados, a mãe ou as mães eram escravas, isto é, Francisco II matinha relações sexuais-afetivas com suas e/ou outras escravas e reconhecia e/ou alforriava seus filhos paridos na escravidão. O governo moral católico não era avesso à procriação ilegítima entre senhores e escravas. Amoral seria deixá-los em escravidão porque o poder do disse-me-disse era fortíssimo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Godoy, 2017</xref>, cap. 5).</p>
			<p>Uma vez alforriados, os libertos conduziam o <italic>status</italic> dos sobrenomes dos seus antigos pais e/ou senhores, que, reciprocamente, perpetuavam-se nos egressos do cativeiro. As relações políticas também se perpetuavam. Por exemplo, Estevão, escravo de Francisco II, o Moço, foi batizado em 2 de janeiro de 1732, filho de uma escrava Isabel Mina solteira.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn43">43</xref></sup> Estevão fora alforriado em 1763 por Francisco II<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn44">44</xref></sup> e, em 1788 e 1789, por volta dos seus 57 anos de idade, “Estevão Gomes Ribeiro”, como senhor de dois batizados, estava “pardo forro”, morador, escreveu um padre, “na terra do Engenho da Posse”,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn45">45</xref></sup> engenho na ocasião ainda governado por Luciano.</p>
			<p>Em 23 de novembro de 1800, falecera a viúva de Estevão Gomes Ribeiro, a “parda” Ana Correa dos Santos.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn46">46</xref></sup> Em partilha amigável com os herdeiros de seu marido, Ana ficou com sete escravos, um sítio e plantações no engenho do capitão Manoel José Moreira Barbosa. Este Manoel é o homem que comprara a fazenda ao capitão pardo Luciano, como atestou Pizarro. Logo, sendo Estevão e Ana membros da antiga parentela do senhor de engenho Luciano, sua permanência na terra após a venda do engenho demonstra que os laços políticos e de amizades pretéritos e os usos e costumes locais sustentaram os moradores nos engenhos, embora as fábricas e terras mudassem de senhores.</p>
			<p>Ademais, o laço político e/ou de amizade entre os antigos (vendedores) e os novos (compradores) de engenhos e terras talvez fosse uma condição para a própria venda, porque não se tratava um mercado impessoal. Gerações precedentes a Luciano, as de Francisco I e II, fizeram isso a partir da alienação de terras entre parentes, mas, como desconhecemos os elos entre Luciano e o comprador (talvez seu genro), outro modo de perscrutar essa aliança é pelo compadrio escravo. Pesquisas indicam (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Vargas, 2015</xref>) que, se os senhores fossem inimigos políticos, seus respectivos escravos não estabeleciam ligações compadrescas uns com os outros. Os compadrios ficavam restritos à órbita senhorial e/ou à de seus aliados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Vargas, 2015</xref>). No sentido inverso, se senhores fossem amigos, parentes ou aliados, podemos supor que era permitido o estabelecimento de elos compadrescos mútuos entre seus escravos. Eis que o comprador do engenho do Coito (ou da Posse), Manoel José Moreira, e o vendedor, Luciano Gomes Ribeiro<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn47">47</xref></sup>, novamente ataram suas casas por intermédio do compadrio de seus escravos. Em 23 de novembro de 1798, Manoel, filho de um casal de forros, recebeu como padrinhos Ângelo, escravo crioulo do capitão Manuel José Moreira, e Marta, escrava crioula do capitão Luciano Gomes.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn48">48</xref></sup> Essa foi uma das raras vezes em que escravos apadrinharam filhos de forros, mas o caso nada tinha a ver com escravidão, e sim com continuidade de laços pretéritos no engenho. Os senhores capitães estavam vinculados antes e depois da venda do engenho.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>O que a ligação entre senhores tem a ver com os mestiços pardos?</title>
				<p>Confiante nas amizades senhoriais e no direito costumeiro de acesso à terra, a viúva do pardo forro Estevão Gomes Ribeiro, a parda Ana Correa, tinha segurança sobre seus bens que estavam em terras de um engenho de um novo senhor, talvez não mais de um membro da parentela Gomes Ribeiro. Ela deixou seus bens em legado a seus sobrinhos, filhos de seus irmãos. Além disso, legou à Rosaura Gomes, filha do “defunto meu marido” Estevão Gomes Ribeiro, 40 mil réis, e à sua irmã paterna, Luciana Gomes, 20 mil réis.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn49">49</xref></sup> Ana dos Santos era viúva de um Gomes Ribeiro e madrasta de duas Gomes. Os Gomes egressos do cativeiro multiplicavam-se no Pilar, conservando os sobrenomes seculares de suas famílias e das dos antigos senhores nos mesmos engenhos, como o do Coito, mesmo que os engenhos mudassem de donos.</p>
				<p>Posteriormente à morte do sobrinho do “nobre da terra”, Francisco II, em 1763, e mesmo depois da venda do engenho a Manoel José Moreira, os Gomes Ribeiro vindos da escravidão continuaram fincados nas mesmas terras de posse imemorial, a exemplo do capitão Luciano, de seu irmão Timóteo, de Estevão, mas também de Sebastião, Francisco, todos assinalados como pardos ao menos uma vez na freguesia do Pilar. Portanto, os forros e demais egressos do cativeiro não precisavam migrar para afirmar a liberdade. Faziam-no, além da condição senhorial, pelos nomes e sobrenomes reatualizados como herança imaterial de seus antigos senhores, por regras consuetudinárias de permanência na terra. O parentesco geracional entre si, mas também com seus antigos senhores e os filhos destes, respaldava-os nos locais em que eram nascidos. Francisco II, sobrinho da “nobreza da terra”, gerou pardos forros na freguesia, dando-lhes laços políticos, terras e nomes. Em reciprocidade, os oriundos da escravidão perpetuaram o nome de sua casa, sem esquecer que ninguém era batizado com sobrenome porque o ato de nomear era uma construção social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Hameister, 2006</xref>) levado a cabo também por mestiços com (ante)passado escravo. Encarnados em si mesmos, os pardos forros mestiços Gomes Ribeiro reatualizaram poderosos nomes senhoriais imemoriais em Pilar.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>SENHORES PARDOS MESTIÇOS</title>
			<p>Vimos que, nos batismos de seus 12 escravos, Estevão Gomes Ribeiro foi considerado pardo forro em dois.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn50">50</xref></sup> Nos demais não se apontou que era pardo. Quando ditou testamento de 10 de junho de 1799, sua viúva Ana Correa dos Santos disse que fez partilha amigável com os herdeiros de seu marido. Se a partilha foi igualitária, o casal tinha 14 escravos, estando acima da imensa maioria das famílias senhoriais da paróquia do Pilar. Ana Correa pronunciou ser viúva de Estevão, filha da falecida Josefa Correa e de pai incógnito, sem filhos, e que, naquela partilha amigável, couberam a ela “sete escravos de nomes José, Joaquim, Maria, Mariana, Feliciana crioula, Angélica e Izabel crioulas”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn51">51</xref></sup> As escravas Feliciana, Mariana Angola e Maria Benguela (ou do gentio da Guiné) eram as mães dos 12 cativos que Estevão mandara batizar entre 1774 e 1796, e entre os bebês havia uma Angélica; todas provavelmente eram as mesmas escravas presentes nos dois tipos de fonte; e ainda havia João, um padrinho escravo de Estevão.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn52">52</xref></sup></p>
			<p>No mesmo sentido da hierarquia escravista, os senhores pardos habitualmente também não se tornavam compadres de seus escravos, pois, como se sabe, senhores quase não os apadrinhavam, delegando tal função a parentes e afins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Brügger, 2007</xref>, cap. 4; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Fragoso, 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">2010</xref>; Gudeman, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Schwartz, 1988</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Guedes, 2008</xref>). Por outro lado, em 1795, o próprio Estevão, assim como procedeu o senhor de engenho pardo Luciano, apadrinhara um escravinho de outro senhor, filho de uma crioula, em 20 de outubro de 1795.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn53">53</xref></sup> Não foi caracterizado como pardo talvez por ter sido padrinho por procuração apresentada por um terceiro. Mas, mesmo sendo senhor no batismo, ele foi tido por pardo duas vezes, talvez por não ser um senhor do porte do capitão Luciano. De todo modo, Estevão era mais um pardo forro senhor de escravos aparentado espiritualmente no cativeiro.</p>
			<p>Estar aparentado no cativeiro, todavia, não impediu pessoas de passado escravo de imputar “qualidade da escravidão” (preto, mulato, negro, crioulo etc.)<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn54">54</xref></sup> a seus escravos. Comumente, os senhores atribuíam qualidades de escravidão a seus escravos mas não a si mesmos, pelo simples fato de serem senhores. Além disso, quando arrogam a si qualidades, quase nunca eram as mesmas com as quais definiam seus escravos. Era uma forma de exercer poder por atribuições que associavam seus subordinados à escravidão (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Paiva, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Guedes, 2017</xref>). A viúva de Estevão, Ana, tida por parda pelo padre, não usou esse termo para si própria, mas chamou seus escravos de crioulos, crioulas ou crioulinhas. Em Pilar, nos assentos de batismo, o termo mais usual dirigido a escravos nascidos no Brasil era crioulo, quase não havia pardos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Quadro 3</xref>, supra).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Quadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>: Naturalidade e qualidades de escravidão das mães dos batizados inocentes (1719-1809)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="9%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Naturalidade</th>
								<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Total de batismos com informação sobre naturalidade</th>
								<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Filhos de Mães do Brasil</th>
								<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Sem informação sobre naturalidade<sup>(c)</sup></th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Filhos de mães africanas</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Filhos de mães do Brasil</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Filhos de pardas</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Filhos de crioulas</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Décadas ajustadas</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">N<sup>o</sup></th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">%</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">N<sup>o</sup></th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">%</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">N<sup>o</sup></th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">N<sup>o</sup></th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">%</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">N<sup>o</sup></th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">%</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">N<sup>o</sup></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>1719 a 1725*</td>
								<td align="center">56</td>
								<td align="center">75,7</td>
								<td align="center">18</td>
								<td align="center">24,3</td>
								<td align="center">74</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
								<td align="center">50,0</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
								<td align="center">50,0</td>
								<td align="center">34</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1726 a 1732*</td>
								<td align="center">134</td>
								<td align="center">77,0</td>
								<td align="center">40</td>
								<td align="center">23,0</td>
								<td align="center">174</td>
								<td align="center">16</td>
								<td align="center">40,0</td>
								<td align="center">24</td>
								<td align="center">60,0</td>
								<td align="center">27</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1761 a 1770</td>
								<td align="center">157</td>
								<td align="center">58,6</td>
								<td align="center">111</td>
								<td align="center">41,4</td>
								<td align="center">268</td>
								<td align="center">17</td>
								<td align="center">15,3</td>
								<td align="center">94</td>
								<td align="center">84,7</td>
								<td align="center">92</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1771 a 1780</td>
								<td align="center">165</td>
								<td align="center">56,1</td>
								<td align="center">129</td>
								<td align="center">43,9</td>
								<td align="center">294</td>
								<td align="center">32</td>
								<td align="center">24,8</td>
								<td align="center">97</td>
								<td align="center">75,2</td>
								<td align="center">149</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1781 a 1790</td>
								<td align="center">302</td>
								<td align="center">60,5</td>
								<td align="center">197</td>
								<td align="center">39,5</td>
								<td align="center">499</td>
								<td align="center">40</td>
								<td align="center">20,3</td>
								<td align="center">157</td>
								<td align="center">79,7</td>
								<td align="center">76</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1791 a 1800</td>
								<td align="center">202</td>
								<td align="center">49,4</td>
								<td align="center">207</td>
								<td align="center">50,6</td>
								<td align="center">409</td>
								<td align="center">41</td>
								<td align="center">19,8</td>
								<td align="center">166</td>
								<td align="center">80,2</td>
								<td align="center">300</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1801 a 1809</td>
								<td align="center">281</td>
								<td align="center">48,3</td>
								<td align="center">301</td>
								<td align="center">51,7</td>
								<td align="center">582</td>
								<td align="center">54</td>
								<td align="center">17,9</td>
								<td align="center">247</td>
								<td align="center">82,1</td>
								<td align="center">88</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Total geral</td>
								<td align="center">1.358<sup>(a)</sup></td>
								<td align="center">57,2</td>
								<td align="center">1.016<sup>(b)</sup></td>
								<td align="center">42,8</td>
								<td align="center">2.374</td>
								<td align="center">210</td>
								<td align="center">20,7</td>
								<td align="center">806</td>
								<td align="center">79,3</td>
								<td align="center">869</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib>Fonte: ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719 a 1752; LRBEFNSPI, 1760 a 1772; LRBEFNSPI, 1772 a 1783;</attrib>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>LRBEFNSPI, 1784 a 1795; e LRBEFNSPI, 1791 a 1809.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>(a) Inclui 51 pretas (b) Inclui 56 cabras e três mulatas</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>(c) Desconsiderados nos cálculos percentuais das demais colunas.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p>* Dividimos o período de 1719 a 1732 em dois por abarcar 14 anos e por haver lacunas de anos para as décadas de 1710 e 1730.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN7">
							<p>Excluímos o período 1744 a 1753 porque há 103 casos sem informação e apenas 23 com informação.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Apartando-se dos crioulos, senhores cientes de si, os pardos mestiços, que eram muitos,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn55">55</xref></sup> também sustentaram a hierarquia escravista. Reforçaram a escravidão porque escravizar implicava em subjugar seus escravos pelo uso das palavras. A viúva parda de Estevão deixou “liberta a crioula Feliciana”, bem como o “crioulo Joaquim”, caso este pagasse por si quatro doblas em “coartação” (alforria a prazo), “e também a crioula Angélica”, por “três doblas”, no prazo de dois anos. Instituiu sua sobrinha Rita, filha da sua irmã Mônica, como herdeira, mas querendo que, entre o remanescente de seus bens, coubesse à sua sobrinha, “em espécie, a crioulinha Isabel”. Depois do falecimento da sobrinha, a crioulinha seria “liberta, não passando a outra escravidão mais”. Ela alforriou, portanto, quatro de seus sete escravos. Os demais três, inclusive as escravas Maria e Mariana, com 12 filhos batizados no Pilar, deviam ser vendidos.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn56">56</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Nomear e imputar qualidades de escravidão aos escravos, escolher suas escravidões, doá-los, vendê-los e/ou alforriá-los eram prerrogativas do poder senhorial, como as exerceu a senhora parda viúva de Estevão Gomes Ribeiro. Alforriando em testamento como se fosse um ato litúrgico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Soares, 2009</xref>; Guedes, Soares, 2015, p. 80-124), a senhora parda pediu missas para salvar sua alma e a de seu falecido marido senhor pardo forro, pagando pelas missas com recursos da venda e da alforria de seus crioulos. Como as almas de todas as qualidades precisavam de salvação, vender e alforriar gente crioula, mulata, preta, mulatinha, entre outras, para pagamento de missas era algo absolutamente naturalizado e cotidiano. Faziam-no senhores reinóis, naturais do Brasil, da Índia, nascidos em Angola, vindos da Costa da Mina, pardos, pretos, brancos, homens, mulheres etc. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Guedes, 2018</xref>). A escravidão católica na monarquia portuguesa de antigo regime era comum a todos os senhores.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>DE PAI PARA FILHOS: GOMES RIBEIRO NO GOVERNO DE ESCRAVOS</title>
			<p>O caso de Estevão Gomes Ribeiro e de sua esposa parda, filha de pai incógnito, demonstra que egressos do cativeiro podiam prosperar como senhores, reatualizando os sobrenomes familiares imemoriais herdados de seus antigos senhores. O forro Estevão foi um filho natural ou “ilegítimo” (filho de pais não casados) como o era a sua esposa Ana Correa. Igualmente, Luciano Gomes Ribeiro era um filho natural. Em um registro de batismo de livres de 21 de janeiro de 1771, consta que Luciano Gomes Ribeiro e Ana Maria do Nascimento eram casados e pais de Maria, ele natural do Pilar e ela da freguesia de Inhaúma, uma paragem rural do Rio de Janeiro. A menina Maria era <bold>“neta por parte paterna de Isabel Gomes, Preta Mina, solteira, escrava de Francisco Gomes Ribeiro”</bold>.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn57">57</xref></sup> Em bom resumo, Luciano era filho de uma preta Mina com um reinol ligado a uma família de nobres da terra. Seu irmão Timóteo, idem, ou era apenas irmão paterno de Luciano. Isabel Gomes, que, mesmo escrava, já gozava de sobrenome senhorial, devia ser a mesma mãe daquele pardo forro Estevão Gomes Ribeiro (filho de “Isabel Mina”), batizado, em 2 de janeiro de 1732, como escravo de Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, o Moço, que talvez fosse Francisco II.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn58">58</xref></sup> Assim, Francisco II seria pai não só de Rita, Jacob, Luciano e Timóteo, mas talvez também de Estevão, pois, lembremos, Jacob era irmão de Estevão e de outros alforriados não reconhecidos como herdeiros por Francisco II.</p>
			<p>Nem sempre era conveniente reconhecer filhos naturais ou no cativeiro. Francisco II era cavaleiro da Ordem de Cristo, o que lhe conferia certo grau de nobreza, mas as Ordenações Filipinas só permitiam que filhos naturais de homem nobre tivessem direito à herança se não houvesse filhos legítimos.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn59">59</xref></sup> Não era o caso do solteirão Francisco II, mas, por outro lado, tornar-se cavaleiro colocou obstáculos à transmissão patrimonial por herança a seus filhos naturais nascidos depois da investidura no título, obstáculos que o pai contornou. Afirmou que teve Jacob quando ainda “não era Cavaleiro”, mas sabia que “os outros dois, havidos depois, não podiam herdar”. O pai solicitou ao filho Jacob, emancipado primeiro, que de “espontânea vontade” concordasse “em que os outros dois irmãos com ele igualmente herdassem”. O pai e Jacob celebraram uma escritura em nota cartorial para dirimir qualquer dúvida sobre a partilha igualitária entre os reconhecidos filhos naturais herdeiros do cavaleiro e do cativeiro. Sagazmente, Francisco nem disse que eram filhos de escravas,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn60">60</xref></sup> apenas de mulheres, pois ocultar a condição escrava das mães legitimava ainda mais o <italic>status</italic> dos filhos. <italic>Pater</italic>, ele protegeu sua descendência e a continuidade de sua casa.</p>
			<p>Luciano não auferiu pouca coisa em herança como cabeça dos irmãos pardos forros, até mais do que eles. Era comum os pais que transformaram seus filhos do cativeiro em herdeiros e/ou legatários privilegiarem um deles visando a não dispersão do patrimônio e a consequente manutenção da casa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguiar, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Guedes, 2008</xref>, capítulo 5; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Oliveira, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">2020</xref>). Que herança ou legado? Para várias pessoas, Francisco II deixou um total de 6.652:200 réis, sendo 4.031:800 em legados pessoais e 2.620:400 em disposições pias. Como esse valor se aproxima de sua terça, sua fortuna beirava os 18 contos de réis em 1763. Porém, não se incluem no valor dos legados de Francisco II os gastos com a construção de uma capela.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn61">61</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Francisco II mandou, ainda, que suas disposições pias fossem pagas com o rendimento do engenho, dando dez anos de prazo para as constas do testador. Suas vontades seriam pagas com os rendimentos porque era preciso manter o engenho e “mais mistérios da casa”, incluindo “roças donde se tiram mantimentos, e escravos para se repartirem por uns e outros trabalhos”. Os herdeiros ficariam obrigados a entregar ao testamenteiro, anualmente, o rendimento líquido dos “asucres” vendidos na cidade do Rio, “ou vindo eles pessoalmente fazer esta diligência”. Se não seguissem essas instruções, os herdeiros “conhecerão depois o seu erro”, para o qual não haveria “remédio”. Cabia ao pai testador apenas “dar-lhes espera suficiente”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn62">62</xref></sup> Pai Francisco II queria tempo e bom governo para o futuro da casa, para poder pagar seus legados sem deixar os filhos na miséria e os forros em casa estranha. Os herdeiros mestiços conseguiram governar, pois Luciano dissera à rainha, em 1778, que o arraial dava bons rendimentos em impostos à fazenda real.</p>
			<p>Luciano recebeu escravos além do engenho e da fazenda, mas não qualquer fazenda. A paragem era um ponto mercantil nodal porque a capela erigida por Francisco II, conforme Pizarro, fora edificada “à face da Estrada Geral, que segue para as Minas Gerais”, onde havia “ranchos para as tropas, além de muitas casas que formam um pequeno arraial”. Logo, a fazenda com o engenho e os ranchos para tropeiros formavam um pequeno arraial. Era muito útil à capela e ao arraial que houvesse “sempre um reverendo sacerdote aí presente para socorrer com parte espiritual aos moradores daquelas vizinhanças e território, desde o meio da fazenda até suas extremidades”. Os caminhos pela fazenda, que iam de duas e meia a três léguas de distância, eram “péssimos”, quer na estação chuvosa ou “no tempo seco”, dificultando a assistência das necessidades espirituais. Mas a razão maior para a constante presença de um padre na capela era que “aquele território” era “o mais povoado” da freguesia do Pilar, como o próprio Pizarro viu “pela imensidade do povo que concorreu à missa nesta capela no dia em que a visitei; e da continuação da mesma concorrência em todo ano”, como o visitador foi “igualmente informado”. Na ocasião da visita de Pizarro, em 1795, na capela residia o reverendo João Caetano da Fonseca, que estava lá desde 1791, dando pão espiritual. Por tudo isso, a capela devia “ser enobrecida com exercício de curada”, isto é, com cura permanente para respaldar o governo moral.</p>
			<p>A descrição do visitador Pizarro revela aspectos importantes. Com muitos ranchos, a fazenda arraial mais povoada do Pilar do Iguaçu estava localizada em uma encruzilhada do amplo comércio entre Rio e Minas Gerais. Assim, como uma miríade de livres, forros e escravos habitavam os engenhos com práticas costumeiras centenárias, era necessário governo no arraial. Sabemos que usos compartilhados das terras, respeito aos costumes etc., faziam parte do bom governo de uma casa senhorial nos arraiais, especificamente, no que nos interessa no momento, o governo dos escravos, embora Luciano talvez recebesse foro e pagamento de lavradores e plantadores de cana de partido sem terras, engenho etc.</p>
			<p>Como, então, Luciano governava seus escravos? Primeiramente, atentemos para a população que habitava seu engenho. A freguesia do Pilar era “uma das mais antigas” do recôncavo do Rio de Janeiro. Baseado em um rol de desobriga, Pizarro afirmou que, em 1793, havia 55 fogos (domicílios) e 2.770 almas, entre “maiores e menores”, mas em 1794 eram 567 domicílios e 2.932 habitantes, refluindo para 555 domicílios em 1795, porém com 3.026 almas.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn63">63</xref></sup> Não estavam incluídos os habitantes que se ocultavam pelos matos. Por esses dados, apenas os 155 escravos do Engenho do Coito, em 1778, do capitão pardo Luciano, representariam 5,6% de toda a população da freguesia de 16 anos antes. Por outra estimativa, em 1779/89, a freguesia contaria 3.895 habitantes, dos quais 1.868 (48% do total) eram escravos.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn64">64</xref></sup> Aqueles 155 escravos de Luciano e seu irmão correspondiam a 8,3% do contingente mancípio da freguesia. Realmente era preciso governar os cativos e, em fins dos oitocentos, esse governo, em grande parte, coube à elite escravista do Pilar, que era parda.</p>
			<p>O governo escravista do capitão Luciano repousou sobre uma grande escravaria, cuja posse aferida em registros de batismo confirma a estatura senhorial de um Gomes Ribeiro com 155 escravos em sociedade. Como ele chegou até aí? Apesar da lacuna para certos anos, dispomos de batismos de escravos da paróquia do Pilar para os anos de 1719 a 1809. Para não distorcer os resultados, elegemos as mães para analisar a distribuição da escravaria entre os senhores. Não optamos pelos pais (homens) porque há muitos filhos naturais sem o registro paterno e, no caso dos padrinhos e madrinhas, muitos eram livres ou forros. Também não medimos a distribuição da escravaria pelo número de batizados por senhor porque uma mesma escrava podia gerar vários filhos.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn65">65</xref></sup> Por exemplo, Maria crioula e seu marido, Teodósio Benguela, tiveram nove filhos batizados entre 13 de dezembro de 1767 e 16 de abril de 1785.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn66">66</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Ainda sobre cálculo da posse de mães como indicador de distribuição da escravaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Góes, 1993</xref>), dividimos o século XVIII em três grandes fases, 1719 a 1753, 1761 a 1780, e de 1781 a 1809. Se determinado senhor consta em mais de um período, contabilizamos seu número de mães para cada momento, inclusive se uma mesma mãe se repete em mais de uma fase. Aquela Maria crioula, esposa de Teodósio Benguela, foi contada uma vez para 1761-1780 e outra para 1781-1890. Em 1761-1780 ela era uma das quatro mães daquele senhor, ao passo que, na fase seguinte, só havia ela e mais uma.</p>
			<p>Mortes, alforrias e eventuais sub-registros de batismo alteravam o <italic>quantum</italic> de mães de uma fase para outra, assim como se alterava o contingente de senhores por falecimentos, migrações etc. Em resumo, baseados na posse de mães, analisamos mudanças e permanências na distribuição da escravaria no tempo, com o objetivo de – por aproximação, sem exatidão – contemplar três gerações senhoriais ou três conjunturas. A técnica permite, ainda, aferir a efemeridade e a perenidade de certas casas senhoriais, lembrando que muitas unidades escravistas estavam em terras alheias e que não há séries de inventários <italic>post-mortem</italic> para o Rio de Janeiro setecentista. Porém, diferentes de inventários, os assentos batismais deixam ver a posse de escravos ao longo da vida de determinado senhor ou de famílias senhoriais, e não apenas no fim de suas vidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Matheus, 2016</xref>, capítulo 4).</p>
			<p>Embora os registros e a técnica empregada não absorvam todos os escravos batizados, constatamos que os Gomes Ribeiro sobreviveram no cume da elite escravista, ao menos no que tange ao senhorio sobre mães. Francisco I ou II foi quem mais senhoreou mães no primeiro período e Luciano o fez no último, mas não foi só isso. O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Quadro 1</xref> (infra) parece lacunar sobre a posse de escravos à luz de outras pesquisas que atestam a concentração da escravaria, pois sabemos que a maior parte era masculina e avaliamos a posse apenas pelas mães – no entanto, essa dominância masculina precisa ser confirmada para os setecentos. Por outro lado, é possível sugerir que o contingente de senhores em Pilar quase triplicou entre a primeira e a terceira fases. Esse aumento é explicado não apenas pelo fato de o terceiro período abarcar mais anos corridos (29), mas igualmente porque o impacto do comércio atlântico de cativos naquele momento elevou o número de senhores, o que vinha ocorrendo desde a segunda fase (1761 a 1780). Esse recrudescimento deve ter sido uma tendência linear progressiva no desenrolar dos setecentos por causa do constante aumento do volume de cativos africanos desembarcados no porto do Rio. Em suma, podemos afirmar que muitos senhores do Pilar chegaram à paróquia a partir dos anos 1760, principalmente após os idos de 1780.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Quadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>: Posse de mães escravas (Pilar do Iguaçu, 1719-1809)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="20%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th colspan="4">1719 a 1753 (21 anos corridos)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th colspan="2">Senhores</th>
								<th colspan="2">Mães</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Número de mães</th>
								<th>N</th>
								<th>%</th>
								<th>N</th>
								<th>%</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>1</td>
								<td align="center">93</td>
								<td align="center">60,0</td>
								<td align="center">93</td>
								<td align="center">32,5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2 a 4</td>
								<td align="center">55</td>
								<td align="center">35,5</td>
								<td align="center">134</td>
								<td align="center">46,9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>5 a 10</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">3,9</td>
								<td align="center">39</td>
								<td align="center">13,6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mais de 10</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0,6</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">7,0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">155</td>
								<td align="center">100,0</td>
								<td align="center">286</td>
								<td align="center">100,0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="4"><bold>1761 a 1780 (20 anos correntes)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>Senhores</bold></td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>Mães</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Número de mães</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>N</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>%</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>N</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>%</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1</td>
								<td align="center">129</td>
								<td align="center">59,2</td>
								<td align="center">129</td>
								<td align="center">30,1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2 a 4</td>
								<td align="center">71</td>
								<td align="center">32,6</td>
								<td align="center">184</td>
								<td align="center">42,9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>5 a 10</td>
								<td align="center">16</td>
								<td align="center">7,3</td>
								<td align="center">91</td>
								<td align="center">21,2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mais de 10</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">0,9</td>
								<td align="center">25</td>
								<td align="center">5,8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">218</td>
								<td align="center">100,0</td>
								<td align="center">429</td>
								<td align="center">100,0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="4"><bold>1781 a 1809 (29 anos correntes)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>Senhores</bold></td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>Mães</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Número de mães</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>N</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>%</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>N</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>%</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1</td>
								<td align="center">227</td>
								<td align="center">51,0</td>
								<td align="center">227</td>
								<td align="center">22,3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2 a 4</td>
								<td align="center">171</td>
								<td align="center">38,4</td>
								<td align="center">437</td>
								<td align="center">43,0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>5 a 10</td>
								<td align="center">39</td>
								<td align="center">8,8</td>
								<td align="center">246</td>
								<td align="center">24,2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mais de 10</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">1,8</td>
								<td align="center">107</td>
								<td align="center">10,5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">445</td>
								<td align="center">100,0</td>
								<td align="center">1.017</td>
								<td align="center">100,0</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib>Fonte: ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719 a 1752; LRBEFNSPI, 1760 a 1772; LRBEFNSPI, 1772 a 1783; LRBEFNSPI, 1784 a 1795; e LRBEFNSPI, 1791 a 1809. (O quadro desconsidera senhores de nomes e/ou sobrenomes total ou parcialmente ilegíveis).</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>O trato atlântico de gente não apenas trouxe milhões de cativos, também fez milhares e talvez milhões de senhores. Mas, diferente dos senhores neófitos, a casa Gomes Ribeiro era antiga e com muita escravaria. Aquele senhor de mais de dez mães no período 1719-1753 era um dos Franciscos Gomes Ribeiro, ou eles juntos. Além dos 18 adultos no período, eles sacramentaram 31 inocentes.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn67">67</xref></sup> Ora, batizar implicava em fazer-se senhor pelo registro da posse escrava no livro batismal, convertendo os cativos em escravos com nomes cristãos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bôscaro; Guedes, 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>As Ordenações Filipinas, de 1609, ordenavam que os senhores batizassem os escravos para tomar posse deles, sob pena de perda do domínio, e as orientações canônicas das Constituições Primeiras do Arcebispado da Bahia, de 1720, eram enfáticas sobre batismos de escravos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Guedes; Soares, 2023</xref>). Senhor cristão, o capitão-mor Francisco sabia que a legislação respaldava a conversão dos cativos em escravos e que era preciso batizar, não registrar em cartório, para fazer-se senhor. Em 1730, mandou batizar um “filho de uma escrava sua ainda pagã que se chamará Josepha Mina”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn68">68</xref></sup> Assim, tal como imputar qualidades de escravidão, escravizar o cativo pelo nome cristão de batismo atribuído pelo senhor era algo elementar no governo (moral) da escravaria.</p>
			<p>Porém, sendo isso comum a todos os senhores, muito deles só começaram a se tornar senhores na freguesia a partir de meados ou fins do século XVIII, sobretudo depois de 1779, enquanto o pardo Luciano evocou a posse imemorial de suas terras escravistas há 126 anos. Talvez o engenho fosse mais recente, mas, mesmo assim, sua família era antiga na paróquia. Só a capela, onde antes havia um oratório, remontava há 1766-68. Por seu lado, como vimos, o primeiro batismo de um escravo de um Gomes Ribeiro, Francisco I ou II, ocorreu em 1720, pelo menos. Um Francisco Gomes Ribeiro já dispunha de um capelão desde 1730, pois um sacerdote que registrou o batismo de uma escrava sua afirmou que a inocente foi batizada por um padre capelão “do dito” senhor.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn69">69</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Em fins dos setecentos, Luciano, conforme disse Pizarro, ainda usufruía de um capelão.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn70">70</xref></sup> Transformar cativos em escravos pelo batismo era comum aos senhores, mas ser ou descender da nobreza da terra e dispor de um capelão na paróquia era para pouquíssimos. A nobre casa de Luciano cristãmente escravizava há muito tempo, mas muitos outros senhores eram recém-arrivistas. A esse respeito, na petição à rainha, Luciano referiu-se à legislação que prevenia a “pouca dura”<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn71">71</xref></sup> (duração) dos hóspedes que, como Caldas, vinham de fora e se inculcavam de senhor. Para o pardo, senhor mesmo era quem estava ali há muito tempo e vinha de proeminente linhagem, não era somente uma questão do tamanho da escravaria.</p>
			<p>As demografias dos escravos dos Franciscos e de Luciano atestam a antiguidade e a reordenação da casa Gomes Ribeiro em Pilar. É o que se percebe também para o conjunto da freguesia ao se analisar, por décadas ajustadas, os batismos de adultos vindos d’África e de inocentes nascidos na paróquia, sem esquecer que o conceito de adulto dos padres não era necessariamente etário, mas religioso, a exemplo Custódio Mina, “adulto de seis anos” de idade vindo de terras gentílicas, ou de “Francisco mouro escravo”, a quem bastou ser mouro para não ser inocente, ambos batizados em 1719. O mesmo critério de fé consta para um escravo do capitão-mor Francisco I ou II, batizado em 1730, “Faustino Mina, adulto da idade de quatro anos”, filho daquela escrava “pagã” que se chamaria Josefa Mina.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn72">72</xref></sup> Além de Josefa, Francisco I ou II batizou quatro filhos de mães “ainda pagãs” em 1730 e 1731. Ele devia estar montando ou renovando a escravaria de sua fazenda, ou mesmo o seu engenho. Entre 1722 e 1731, batizou 17 adultos de origem africana<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn73">73</xref></sup>, seguindo a tendência da freguesia.</p>
			<p>Nesse sentido, o <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Quadro 2</xref> (infra) demonstra que, na primeira década setecentista, a proporção de batismos de adultos de origem africana era próxima a dos de inocentes na freguesia, mas os adultos chegaram a ínfimos 0,9% dos sacramentados entre 1801 e 1809. Porém, seria errôneo supor que, depois de certo momento, a escravidão na paróquia se ampliou apenas por reprodução natural. Como a cidade do Rio de Janeiro redistribuía cativos novos vindos d’África, parcela substancial deles se dirigia para outras searas. Com efeito, apesar da tendência decrescente e embora houvesse poucos batismos de adultos no Pilar, a maior parte dos inocentes veio do ventre de mães africanas entre 1719 e 1790, com índices oscilantes entre 77% e 56,1% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Quadro 3</xref> infra). Os filhos de mães nascidas no Brasil (crioulas) só superaram os rebentos de africanas entre 1791 e 1809, em pequena proporção e com muitos casos sem informação entre 1791 e 1800. Houve, portanto, uma leve tendência ao crescimento de filhos gerados por crioulas, vetor acentuado a partir dos anos 1760, desconsiderando os dados escassos dos anos de 1744 a 1753. No geral, pode-se dizer que prevaleceram filhos de mães de origem africana até 1790.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Quadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>: Batismos de Adultos, Inocentes, Naturais e Legítimos (1719-1809)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="10%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th colspan="4">Classificação</th>
								<th rowspan="2">Total de batismos</th>
								<th colspan="4">Inocentes</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="2">Adultos</th>
								<th colspan="2">Inocentes</th>
								<th colspan="2">Naturais</th>
								<th colspan="2">Legítimos</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Décadas ajustadas</th>
								<th>#</th>
								<th>%</th>
								<th>#</th>
								<th>%</th>
								<th>#</th>
								<th>#</th>
								<th>%</th>
								<th>#</th>
								<th>%</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>1719 a 1725*</td>
								<td align="center">77</td>
								<td align="center">41,6</td>
								<td align="center">108</td>
								<td align="center">58,4</td>
								<td align="center">185</td>
								<td align="center">71</td>
								<td align="center">65,7</td>
								<td align="center">37</td>
								<td align="center">34,3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1726 a 1732*</td>
								<td align="center">71</td>
								<td align="center">26,1</td>
								<td align="center">201</td>
								<td align="center">73,9</td>
								<td align="center">272</td>
								<td align="center">130</td>
								<td align="center">64,7</td>
								<td align="center">71</td>
								<td align="center">35,3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1744 a 1753**</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">6,0</td>
								<td align="center">126</td>
								<td align="center">94,0</td>
								<td align="center">134</td>
								<td align="center">83</td>
								<td align="center">65,9</td>
								<td align="center">43</td>
								<td align="center">34,1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1761 a 1770</td>
								<td align="center">19</td>
								<td align="center">5,0</td>
								<td align="center">360</td>
								<td align="center">95,0</td>
								<td align="center">379</td>
								<td align="center">39</td>
								<td align="center">10,8</td>
								<td align="center">321</td>
								<td align="center">89,2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1771 a 1780</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">1,6</td>
								<td align="center">443</td>
								<td align="center">98,4</td>
								<td align="center">450</td>
								<td align="center">180</td>
								<td align="center">40,6</td>
								<td align="center">263</td>
								<td align="center">59,4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1781 a 1790</td>
								<td align="center">15</td>
								<td align="center">2,5</td>
								<td align="center">575</td>
								<td align="center">97,5</td>
								<td align="center">590</td>
								<td align="center">317</td>
								<td align="center">55,1</td>
								<td align="center">258</td>
								<td align="center">44,9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1791 a 1800</td>
								<td align="center">13</td>
								<td align="center">1,8</td>
								<td align="center">709</td>
								<td align="center">98,2</td>
								<td align="center">722</td>
								<td align="center">368</td>
								<td align="center">51,9</td>
								<td align="center">341</td>
								<td align="center">48,1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1801 a 1809</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">0,9</td>
								<td align="center">670</td>
								<td align="center">99,1</td>
								<td align="center">676</td>
								<td align="center">406</td>
								<td align="center">60,6</td>
								<td align="center">264</td>
								<td align="center">39,4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Total geral</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>216</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>6,3</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>3.192</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>93,7</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>3.408</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>1.594</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>49,9</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>1.598</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>50,1</bold></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib>Fonte: ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719 a 1752; LRBEFNSPI, 1760 a 1772; LRBEFNSPI, 1772 a 1783; LRBEFNSPI, 1784 a 1795; e LRBEFNSPI, 1791 a 1809.</attrib>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>* Dividimos o período de 1719 a 1732 em dois por abarcar 14 anos e por haver lacunas de anos para as décadas de 1710 e 1730.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>** O período 1744 a 1753 é lacunar e, por isso, agregamos os anos.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>As naturalidades das mães dos escravos dos capitães Francisco I ou II e Luciano Gomes Ribeiro pardo acompanharam a orientação majoritária de filhos de africanas na freguesia do Pilar até 1790. Porém, os Franciscos I e II, em montagem ou remontagem de sua escravaria, batizaram 18 adultos africanos. Esses adultos e 20 mães foram registrados até 1760, e só duas mães entre 1761 e 1763. No total, de suas 23 mães, 12 eram de procedência africana, cinco eram nascidas no Brasil (pardas e crioulas) e para as demais cinco não foi possível identificar a origem. Entre todas as mães, apenas dez eram casadas.</p>
			<p>Esses batismos ocorreram até 1763, seguindo o vetor mais acentuado de filhos de mães africanas e de filhos gerados fora do casamento cristão até 1753. Por sua vez, a demografia da escravaria de Luciano e de seu irmão Timóteo acompanhou a mudança de direção da freguesia a partir dos anos 1760. Nessa década, provavelmente por ação clerical, elevaram-se sobremaneira os batismos de filhos legítimos, mesmo que refluíssem nas décadas seguintes. Dito de modo diferente, os índices de nupcialidade (casamento escravo) e legitimidade (filhos gerados por pais casados) entre escravos eram maiores a partir de 1761, época de Luciano, do que na de seus antecessores, até 1760. O mesmo índice pode ser observado em relação aos filhos de mães naturais da África e de mães naturais do Brasil. Os inocentes paridos por crioulas superaram os filhos de africanas a partir de 1790.</p>
			<p>Por isso, entre 1774 e 1809, além de não batizarem adultos, os inocentes senhoreados por Luciano e seu irmão Timóteo foram gerados por 19 diferentes escravas, das quais apenas seis eram africanas, dez crioulas e três sem identificação. Onze mães eram casadas. Estruturalmente, na época de Luciano, pós 1760, os índices de casamento escravo no Pilar eram maiores do que na época dos Franciscos. Essa crioulização (no sentido da naturalidade) da escravaria de Luciano fornece sólidas indicações de que ele pode ter herdado escravos de Francisco I, logo, herdou também relações costumeiras no trato da escravaria, entre as quais muito provavelmente, além de doar seus sobrenomes a escravos, o respeito às regras de parentesco moldadas pelos próprios escravos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Góes; Florentino, 1997</xref>). Para contemplar os laços familiares dos escravos, cabe saber seu tempo mínimo de escravidão, evidentemente como estimativa.</p>
			<p>Os assentos de batismo dos escravos dos Franciscos abrangem 43 anos de casa senhorial na freguesia (1720 a 1763) e sua continuação reordenada, na época de Luciano e Timóteo Gomes Ribeiro, 35 anos (1774 a 1809). Por outro lado, os batismos abarcam menos tempo de vida de seus escravos. Mortes e alforrias, eventuais fugas, com certeza interferiram no tempo de permanência dos escravos no engenho do Coito. Infelizmente, ainda há lapsos documentais para os anos de 1723 a 1733, 1746 a 1750 e 1757 a 1759, impedindo a observação da longevidade da escravaria na época dos Franciscos. O que nos resta, portanto, é uma ideia aproximada da estabilidade do governo dos escravos no Coito entre 1774 e 1809.</p>
			<p>Apesar da lacuna, parece que certos escravos atravessaram gerações de senhores Gomes Ribeiro. Em 1761, Venâncio, pardo, casado com uma mulher de nome ilegível, ambos escravos de Francisco I ou II. Francisco II alforriara um Venâncio em testamento em 1763, mas em 1766, Venâncio Gomes, pardo forro, era casado com Maria Rodrigues, escrava de João Gomes Ribeiro. Em 1775, Venâncio Gomes, escravo de Luciano e Timóteo, continuava casado com Maria Gomes. Talvez por erro do padre ele foi tido por escravo em 1775, mas, em 1779, ainda ajustado com Maria “crioula”, novamente se reconheceu que Venâncio era pardo forro, mas ela ainda era escrava. Destarte, com casamento estável, Maria e Venâncio Gomes foram senhoreados por quatro Gomes Ribeiro da mesma casa senhorial: João, Francisco, Luciano e Timóteo. O governo dos escravos de uma casa antiga era de foro familiar geracional. Embora Venâncio Gomes já não fosse escravo em 1766, e sim pardo forro, ele e sua mulher circundaram a órbita dos senhores Gomes Ribeiro por 19 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn74">74</xref></sup></p>
			<p>No período senhorial de Luciano e Timóteo, Marcelo Crioulo e Maria Rebolo/Angola mantiveram laços em seu casório de nove anos e cinco filhos, entre março de 1783 e agosto de 1792.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn75">75</xref></sup> Os exemplos de casais estáveis seriam multiplicados entre os escravos dos Gomes Ribeiro, podendo chegar a, pelo menos, 13 anos. Porém, a solteirice das mães de modo algum significava instabilidade (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 4</xref> abaixo). Mariana Angola, escrava do pardo Estevão Gomes Ribeiro, viveu solteira com esse senhor entre 1774 e 1796, 22 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn76">76</xref></sup> Depois de 26 anos, em 1800, Mariana foi vendida em testamento pela mulher de Estevão, a parda Ana Correa Soares. Recordemos que a viúva libertou a crioula Feliciana, solteira, mãe de Florentino batizado em 15 de abril de 1797. A senhora deixou a “crioulinha” Isabel à herdeira Rita, mas, depois do falecimento da sobrinha, a “crioulinha” seria liberta. Esta foi batizada em 16 de novembro de 1794 e era filha de uma escrava preta solteira.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn77">77</xref></sup> Em suma, mães escravas solteiras também permaneceram na mesma casa por tempo considerável e viram seus filhos alforriados se tornarem potenciais senhores pardos, a exemplo de Sebastião, Estevão e Luciano, entre tantos outros pardos forros mestiços que reproduziram a escravidão.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Quadro 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>: Casais, Mães Solteiras, Número de Filhos e Tempo Mínimo de Escravidão dos Escravos de Luciano Gomes Ribeiro (1787-1809)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="2">Casais, Mães Solteiras e datas</th>
								<th>Filhos Batizados</th>
								<th>Período mínimo (anos) em escravidão</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="4">Casais</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Isabel Angola e Antônio Gentio da Costa</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">27/11/1774 a 01/04/1787</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">4</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">13</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Rosa Angola, com filhos de pai incógnito em 1774, e casada com Roque entre 1777 e 1785</td>
								<td align="center">10/01/1774 a 17/09/1785</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">11</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Maria Rebolo/Angola e Marcelo Ribeiro, crioulo</td>
								<td align="center">23/03/1783 a 21/08/1792</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Maria Gomes, crioula, e Venâncio Gomes, pardo forro</td>
								<td align="center">09/10/1775 a 30/10/1779</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Jerônima crioula e Leandro crioulo</td>
								<td align="center">17/08/1796 a 11/09/1804</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Paula e Francisco Benguela</td>
								<td align="center">10/10/1774</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Salvador e Teresa</td>
								<td align="center">02/07/1776</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Andressa e Mateus, ambos do gentio da Costa.</td>
								<td align="center">10/07/1782</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Rosa casada com André</td>
								<td align="center">20/12/1787</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="4"><bold>Escravas solteiras</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ana Parda ou Crioula</td>
								<td align="center">18/01/1779 a 21/05/1794</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">15</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Josefa Parda ou Cabra</td>
								<td align="center">27/03/1786 a 24/06/1793</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Rosa Bambuíla ou Angola</td>
								<td align="center">24/06/1782 a 17/09/1787</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Bernarda de nação</td>
								<td align="center">14/05/1806 a 22/01/1809</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Joana Crioula</td>
								<td align="center">06/08/1802 a 11/09/1804</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Luzia Cabra</td>
								<td align="center">24/05/1788 a 04/10/1789</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ana Angola</td>
								<td align="center">12/02/1775</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Lourença Crioula</td>
								<td align="center">[16]/11/1779</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Maria Crioula</td>
								<td align="center">03/05/1780</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Vitoriana Crioula</td>
								<td align="center">29/06/1786</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mãe de nome ilegível</td>
								<td align="center">20/01/1793</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib>Fonte: ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772 a 1783; LRBEFNSPI, 1784 a 1795; e LRBEFNSPI, 1791 a 1809.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Sumariando, a demografia dos escravos de Luciano e Timóteo era diferente da geração senhorial que a precedeu. Mas as “gerações do cativeiro”, belo título de autoria de Ira <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Berlin (2006)</xref>, não contemplava apenas escravos, também os senhores. Os Franciscos povoaram sua escravaria com africanos. Em um único dia, dois de março de 1731, fizeram sacramentar 11 escravos adultos, totalizando 18 desde o dia 24 de março de 1722.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn78">78</xref></sup> Certamente, Luciano e Timóteo herdaram “gerações do cativeiro”. A montagem das suas atividades agrárias antecede ao mês de junho de 1778, quando Luciano aludira aos 155 escravos do seu engenho e, obviamente, esse contingente não apareceu de supetão.</p>
			<p>A petição de Luciano e seus sócios remonta a 1778 e, não à toa, antes desse ano, entre 1774 e 1777, as atas batismais de seus escravos mencionavam apenas o seu nome como senhor. Somente depois do requerimento, a partir de 1779, os escravos eram “do capitão Luciano Gomes Ribeiro e de seu irmão Timóteo Gomes Ribeiro”. Nos sacramentos dos escravos de ambos, a sociedade foi reconhecida até 20 de março de 1791. Depois, Timóteo só batizou mais um escravo, em 21 de agosto de 1792, pois, entre janeiro de 1793 e janeiro de 1809, ele não consta mais como senhor das mães dos batizados, apenas o capitão Luciano. Pode ter morrido ou desfeito a sociedade com seu irmão.</p>
			<p>Durante a vigência da parceria dos irmãos, em parte substancial daqueles batismos os padres afirmavam que os senhores eram “moradores no Engenho da Posse”, mas Timóteo, como Luciano, nos três batismos em que não se mencionou a posse conjunta dos cativos, também foi enunciado como “senhor de engenho”. Às vezes se anotava que batizados, pais, mães, padrinhos e madrinhas eram “escravos do Engenho da Posse do capitão Luciano Gomes Ribeiro e de seu irmão Timóteo Gomes Ribeiro”. Nos assentos de batismo, Luciano – e/ou seu irmão Timóteo – consta como senhor de engenho até 1786, e Pizarro, que silenciara sobre Timóteo, afirmara, em 1795, que o engenho já havia sido vendido. O comprador mandou batizar 19 escravos entre 1793 e 1808, e em um sacramento de 20 de abril de 1798 afirmou-se que os pais eram “escravos do engenho do capitão Manoel José Moreira”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn79">79</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Como da venda do engenho não necessariamente derivou a venda da escravaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Lima, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Machado, 2020</xref>), Luciano casou quatro escravos em nove de janeiro de 1796.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn80">80</xref></sup> Deixara de ser senhor de engenho em 1795, mas não de escravos, e já devia estar envelhecido, conforme os padrões da época. Antes de 1776, ele afirmara que, devido a uma ordem que instituiu novas tropas de auxiliares e ordenanças “em 22 de março de 1766”, o vice-rei Conde do Lavradio o havia nomeado ao posto de capitão do terço de auxiliares de infantaria dos “homens pardos libertos”. Então, solicitou patente de confirmação real, no que foi atendido em 17 de abril de 1776. Não há data na carta patente emitida por Lavradio, mas em nove de outubro de 1775 Luciano já era referido como capitão em um batismo de escravos. Em 1794 ele estava reformado do posto,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn81">81</xref></sup> embora, até 1809, fosse considerado capitão nos batismos de seus escravos. O pardo filho de escrava preta e reformado manteve a majestade de capitão e o <italic>status</italic> de senhor, mesmo que não fosse mais senhor de engenho.</p>
			<p>Não sabemos as idades exatas de Luciano no decorrer de momentos de sua trajetória de vida, mas, sendo reformado em meados dos anos 1790 e padrinho em 1766, primeiro ano em que consta em um batismo na freguesia, no último ano mencionado nos livros batismais, 1809, ele já era um homem para lá de seus 50 anos de idade, talvez na casa dos 60 ou mais. O pardo forro Estevão, talvez seu irmão, e sua esposa já estavam mortos em 1800<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn82">82</xref></sup>, sua geração de senhores forros estava indo embora. Antes de partir, a viúva parda de um Gomes Ribeiro alforriou em testamento crioulos que talvez empardecessem socialmente depois. Bem antes disso, Jacob, irmão mais velho de Gomes Ribeiro, em 22 de fevereiro de 1767, mandou batizar sua escrava Rosália, filha de Teodósia crioula, e, em um de março do mesmo ano, foi à igreja dar alforria de pia batismal à criança. Como sabia escrever, Jacob assinou a alforria.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn83">83</xref></sup> O dar alforria e escolher sua modalidade também eram parte do governo cristão dos escravos. Era costume secular dos Gomes Ribeiro.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>PALAVRAS FINAIS</title>
			<p>Em 1774 registraram-se os três primeiros assentos de batismo de escravos de Luciano. No terceiro deles, em 27 de novembro, Isabel e seu marido tiveram um filho batizado. Até primeiro de abril de 1787, o casal teve mais três meninos batizados. Nos dois primeiros, em 1774 e 1775, os padres não mencionaram a procedência dos pais, mas em 1782 Antônio e Isabel eram do “gentio da Costa”, e Isabel era “Angola” em 1787.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn84">84</xref></sup> Depois de 13 anos de escravidão junto ao senhor, o casal não mais teve assinalados registros de batismo na freguesia. Nesses batismos, como afirmamos, Luciano não era pardo. A primeira evidência na freguesia de que ele era oriundo da escravidão consta no batismo de sua filha, no qual se anotou, em 1771, como vimos, que a menina era neta paterna da escrava preta Mina Isabel, mãe de Luciano, mas sem se afirmar que este era pardo. A segunda evidência explícita à pardice de Luciano está no sacramento daquele escravo de outro senhor em que ele servira de padrinho, em 24 de julho de 1802, quando o padre Joaquim Soares de Oliveira lhe imputou a qualidade de “pardo livre”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn85">85</xref></sup> Em 8 de janeiro de 1803, ele e a esposa eram ambos “pardos livres”, no batismo de seu filho Manoel. Por fim, em nove de julho de 1804, Luciano e sua esposa, Mariana Rodrigues dos Santos, “pardos livres”<italic>,</italic> novamente batizaram outra filha, Inácia, com Santa Rita, a da capela, servindo de madrinha, como anotou o padre Oliveira.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn86">86</xref></sup> Ou seja, a maior parte do tempo em que habitou os cotidianos registros paroquiais de escravos na freguesia, Luciano não era visto como pardo livre; aliás, livre, não forro.</p>
			<p>Em 89 dos 623 registros que lançou nos livros entre 1797 e 1809, o mesmo sacerdote caracterizou os padrinhos como forros, fossem pardos, pretos, crioulos ou cabras, mas só 21 inocentes eram afilhados de “pardos livres”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn87">87</xref></sup> Se naquele mundo das mil e uma desigualdades havia alguma diferença para o sacerdote entre ser pardo livre ou pardo forro, Luciano estava entre os primeiros. Há outro detalhe sobre o vigário. Sua primeira anotação em um livro de batismo de escravos data de 29 de setembro de 1797, como vigário encomendado, ou seja, vindo de fora por vacância de um vigário na matriz.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn88">88</xref></sup> Curiosamente, em seis de agosto de 1802, o mesmo vigário que um mês antes empardecera Luciano, ao batizar um escravo deste, referiu-se a ele apenas pelo prenome, pelos sobrenomes imemoriais e pelo <italic>status</italic> de “capitão”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn89">89</xref></sup> Não parou aí, entretanto. Em quatro de setembro de 1803, o mesmo padre novamente afirmou que Luciano era pardo livre ao assentar o batismo de um filho de “Vicente, crioulo, escravo de Domingos Ribeiro, e de Emerenciana Maria, crioula forra”.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn90">90</xref></sup> Enfim, em 16 de março de 1804, no batismo de uma filha de um casal de pardos livres, os padrinhos Luciano e sua esposa Mariana não foram imputados por pardos pelo padre.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn91">91</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Resumindo, para o vigário colado, que foi quem mais atribuiu qualidade de escravidão a Luciano, o capitão só era pardo livre quando apadrinhava filhos de escravos, um capricho desse padre. Outro padre do Pilar, o coadjutor Antônio Goncalves Grandão, anunciou Luciano apenas como capitão em dois batismos de livres em 10 de janeiro e 25 de março de 1789, mesmo sendo pardo livre um dos pais do batizado.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn92">92</xref></sup> Padre Grandão também não assinalou Estevão Gomes Ribeiro como pardo forro quando ele se acompadrou de um casal de pardos forros pais de um inocente livre em cinco de maio de 1788.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn93">93</xref></sup> Ser pardo, enfim, depende de circunstâncias relacionais.</p>
			<p>A última evidência sobre o fato de o capitão ser egresso da escravidão é vista na “escritura de liberdade” que deu “o capitão Luciano Gomes Ribeiro a sua escrava Isabel Congo”, que talvez fosse aquela mesma Isabel Angola, passada em 28 de agosto de 1793 na cidade do Rio. Na ocasião, “pareceu presente Luciano Gomes Ribeiro Capitão do Terço dos Homens Pardos, assistente na Freguesia do Pilar de Iguaçu”. Luciano possuía, entre muitas outras escravas,</p>
			<p><disp-quote>
				<p><bold>uma preta de nação Congo por nome Isabel e pelos bons serviços que da mesma tem recebido até o presente e juntamente por lhe ter dado a quantia de [32.000] réis em dinheiro corrente que adquiriu por esmola que lhe deram para efeito de se libertar, nunca faltando a obrigação de seu serviço; portanto disse o dito Capitão Luciano Gomes Ribeiro</bold> que ele, muito de sua livre vontade [...] lhe dava [...] alforria e carta de liberdade à referida preta Isabel Congo [...].<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn94">94</xref></sup></p>
			</disp-quote></p>
			<p>Nem se disse que ele era pardo, era apenas capitão do Terço dos Homens Pardos. Mais uma vez Luciano exercitou seu poder senhorial dando continuidade à casa Gomes Ribeiro. Senhores de muitos escravos tendiam a alforriar menos mancípios e com menos frequência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Guedes, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Paiva, 2001</xref>). Ele assim se comportava porque era desigual em relação não apenas a seus mancípios, mas também a senhores de poucos escravos. Foi assim que ele diminuiu o inculcado de senhor Bastos Caldas, que só possuía sete. Destarte, é improvável que os oficiais de milícia pretos e pardos pleiteassem “direitos iguais” aos oficiais brancos, como se tem sugerido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Kraay, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Souza, 2020</xref>), e até havia pardos e forros em regimentos vindos do reino (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ferreira, 2023</xref>, p. 52-56), porque não imperava a ideia fixa de raça.</p>
			<p>Ora, Luciano descendia de um capitão sobrinho de um capitão-mor da nobreza da terra conquistadora, o que significa afirmar que ocupar postos nas ordenanças, mesmo de pardos, guardava relação com a família a que se pertencia e com a rede relacional. Os pardos em questão tinham estirpe e posição social para pleitear “direitos iguais”. Lembravam os privilégios imemoriais de seus antepassados ainda vigentes na segunda metade dos setecentos. Logo, os virtuais direitos iguais evocados pelos egressos do cativeiro dirigiam-se, no máximo, apenas aos oficiais das tropas de pardos e pretos, não a todos os pardos e pretos, e ninguém nem se lembrava dos mulatos, negros, mamelucos, cafuzos etc. No antigo regime, a palavra direito evocava privilégios, não igualdade. Sabia disso Luciano quando, em seu requerimento à rainha, pediu os privilégios às terras imemoriais dos Gomes Ribeiro. O senhor pardo capitão também arrogou a si o direito de dar liberdade do modo que desejasse à sua escrava de nação Congo; direito que era um privilégio senhorial, inclusive o de chamá-la de preta, posto que escrava. A elite escravista era parda e sabia que estava no topo da hierarquia social iguaçuana da América portuguesa.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMENTO</title>
			<p>Agradecemos ao professor João Fragoso pela leitura prévia e por todas as informações sobre nobreza da terra e à professora Ana Machado por conceder registros paroquiais da freguesia do Pilar. Somos gratos também aos alunos participantes daqueles projetos, a saber: Ana Melo, Caio Carvalho, Daniel Soares, Gabriel Borges, João Silva, Juliano Mello, Kevin Wetter, Larissa Fragoso, Lethicia Marinho, Mateus Nóbrega, Paolo Simas e Victória Baudson.</p>
		</ack>
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					<publisher-loc>Curitiba</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Appris</publisher-name>
					<year>2015</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p> Trata-se do capitão-mor Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, casado, em cerca de 1680, com Antônia de Azevedo. Ver: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Rheingantz, 1967</xref>, p. 271.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>2</label>
				<p> ARQUIVO DA DIOCESE DE PETRÓPOLIS (ADP), Livro de Registros de Óbito da Freguesia de N. S. do Pilar do Iguaçu (LROFNSPI), 1759-1771, fl. 62-72.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>3</label>
				<p> ADP, Livro de Registros de Batismo de Escravos da Freguesia de N. S. do Pilar do Iguaçu (LRBEFNSPI), 1719-1752; LRBEFNSPI, 1760-1772; LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783; LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795; e LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>4</label>
				<p> ADP, Livro de Registros de Batismo de Livres e Forros da Freguesia de N. S. do Pilar do Iguaçu (LRBLFFNSPI), 1714-1756; LRBLFFNSPI, 1751-1766; LRBLFFNSPI, 1766-1772; e LRBLFFNSPI, 1786-1807.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
				<label>5</label>
				<p> ADP, Livro de Registros de Óbito da Freguesia de N. S. do Pilar do Iguaçu (LROFNSPI), 1759-1771 e LROFNSPI, 1793-1808.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
				<label>6</label>
				<p> Seguimos à risca cada palavra de época porque a noção de categoria aponta, “na reflexão sobre o conhecimento, para a ideia de modelos de organização das perceções da ‘realidade’”, isto é, “conota uma capacidade ativa, estruturante, criadora (poiética), na modelação do conhecimento”. Dessa maneira, as categorias revelam a “capacidade de criar conhecimento (senão — adianto já toda a provocação... — de criar realidade)” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Hespanha, 2003</xref>, p. 823).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
				<label>7</label>
				<p> ARQUIVO HISTÓRICO ULTRAMARINO-Lisboa (AHU-RJ), Avulsos, <italic>Rio de Janeiro</italic>, cx. 116, doc. 52.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
				<label>8</label>
				<p><italic>Idem</italic>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn9">
				<label>9</label>
				<p><italic>Idem</italic>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
				<label>10</label>
				<p> Este Engenho da Posse não se confunde com o Engenho da Posse da freguesia de N. S. da Piedade do Iguaçu. Ver: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Machado, 2020</xref>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn11">
				<label>11</label>
				<p> AHU-RJ, cx. 116, doc. 52 (grifo nosso).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn12">
				<label>12</label>
				<p> Sobre estrutura fundiária e direitos costumeiros, ver <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Fragoso, 1992</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Sampaio, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Pedroza, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Oliveira, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Machado, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cruz, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Soares, 2022</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">2024</xref>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn13">
				<label>13</label>
				<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1759-1771, Data do registro de óbito: 14/10/1763.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn14">
				<label>14</label>
				<p><italic>Idem</italic>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn15">
				<label>15</label>
				<p><italic>Idem</italic>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn16">
				<label>16</label>
				<p><italic>Idem</italic>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn17">
				<label>17</label>
				<p> AHU-RJ, cx. 116, doc. 52 (grifos nossos).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn18">
				<label>18</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1766-1772, 16/07/1766 e 24/12/1766.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn19">
				<label>19</label>
				<p> Sobre a estrutura de posse no Rio de Janeiro ver: (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Florentino, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Fragoso, 1992</xref>; Góes, Florentino, 1997; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Machado, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Soares, 2022</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">2024</xref>).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn20">
				<label>20</label>
				<p> No escravismo moderno “um pelo menos dos ‘agentes principais’ não tem o seu caráter social efetivamente moldado pelo regime de produção e, consequentemente, não pode ser considerado como a encarnação de uma categoria econômica — o que necessariamente repercute sobre o papel e a natureza social dos senhores. Os escravos são fundamentalmente ‘cativos’ e se ajustam (bem ou mal) ao aparelho de produção de que tratamos, por uma combinação mais ou menos eficaz de violência, agrados, persuasão, etc. Paradoxalmente, portanto, os escravos, que a tradição juridicista teima em chamar de ‘coisa’, impossibilitam a reificação das relações sociais [...]” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Castro, 1980</xref>, p. 93-94). Os senhores também impediam que as relações sociais escravistas se resumissem à esfera econômica.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn21">
				<label>21</label>
				<p> Sobre obrigações recíprocas, mercês e serviços, ver <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Mauss, 1988</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Olival, 2001</xref>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn22">
				<label>22</label>
				<p> As visitações pastorais do monsenhor Pizarro encontram-se reproduzidas em <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Galdames, 2007</xref>, p. 309-317.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn23">
				<label>23</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809. O batismo data de 20/10/1792, e a visita, de 12/05/1795.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn24">
				<label>24</label>
				<p> Visitas pastorais do monsenhor Pizarro <italic>apud</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Galdames, 2007</xref>, p. 309-317.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn25">
				<label>25</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783; 1791-1809.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn26">
				<label>26</label>
				<p> Visitas pastorais do monsenhor Pizarro <italic>apud</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Galdames, 2007</xref>, p. 309-317.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn27">
				<label>27</label>
				<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1759-1771, Data do registro de óbito: 14/10/1763 (grifo nosso).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn28">
				<label>28</label>
				<p> Visitas pastorais do monsenhor Pizarro <italic>apud</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Galdames, 2007</xref>, p. 309-317<italic>.</italic></p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn29">
				<label>29</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 04/04/1720, 05/11/1720 e LRBLFFNSPI, 1714-1756, 15/08/1716, 07/07/1719.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn30">
				<label>30</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752: 24/03/1722, 18/06/1723 (4 vezes), 12/09/1723; 13/01/1724, 19/02/1724, 06/11/1724, 29/11/1726, 07/03/1727, 30/08/1728, 05/12/1728, 30/01/1729, 25/05/1729, 07/06/1729, 29/06/1729, 14/03/1730 (2), 10/04/1730, 25/07/1730 (5), 08/09/1730, 02/03/1731 (11), 08/09/1731, 02/01/1732 (2), 24/08/1744, 20/11/1744, 30/09/1751, 26/09/1751, 20/01/1752, 13/04/1752. ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1760-1772: 11/03/1761, 12/07/1761, 22/03/1763, 03/05/1764, 27/01/1765, 13/07/1766, 26/07/1765, 10/08/1767, 27/09/1767, 03/07/1768, 12/03/1769, 29/09/1769, [20]/10/1770, 06/01/1771, 15/08/1771. ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783: 05/04/1773, 10/01/1774, 10/10/1774, 12/10/1774, 27/11/1774, 12/02/1775, 28/08/1775, 09/10/1775, 02/07/1776, 12/02/1777, 18/01/1779, 30/10/1779, [16]/11/1779, 03/05/1780, 24/06/1782, 10/07/1782 (2), 23/03/1783. ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795: 14/03/1784, 19/03/1784, 01/06/1784, 01/09/1784, 18/09/1785, 18/09/1785, 27/03/1786, 29/06/1786, 13/09/1786, 01/04/1787, 17/09/1787, 20/12/1787, 24/05/1788, 27/05/1788, 04/10/1788, 15/02/1789, 26/04/1789, 04/10/1789, 10/12/1789, 24/07/1790, 20/03/1791, 06/12/1791. ADP, LRBEFNSPI 1791-1809: 11/08/1792; 21/08/1792; 20/01/1793; 24/06/1793; 09/02/1794; 21/05/1794, 16/11/1794, 02/07/1796, 17/08/1796, 30/08/1796, 15/04/1797, 25/01/1800, [29]/10/1802, 11/09/1804 (2), 11/09/1804, 19/04/1805, 14/05/1806, 06/08/1802, 22/01/1809..</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn31">
				<label>31</label>
				<p> Como senhores de padrinhos (se não referido como senhores de batizados): ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752: 05/11/1720, 23/11/1722, 06/11/1724, 31/07/1728, 29/11/1729, 14/03/1730, 14/03/1730, 06/01/1731, 11/06/1731, 24/02/1745, 15/01/1752, 20/01/1752. ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1760-1772: 20/01/1762. ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795: 20/10/1784, 10/08/1785, 29/04/1787, 09/04/1788. LBE 1791-1809: 06/12/1791, [17]/04/1797, 02/06/1799, 20/08/1801, 20/05/1798, 18/02/1798, c. 02/02/1805, 22/12/1800. Como senhores de madrinhas (se não referidos como senhores de batizados e de padrinhos). ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752: 10/10/1728, 14/03/1730, 19/04/1730, 25/04/1730, 25/07/1730, 24/12/1730, 11/03/1731, 09/04/1731. ADP, LRBEFNSPI 1784-1795: 06/01/1785, [10]/08/1788. ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809: 03/06/1797, 01/12/1798, 06/02/1803, 14/01/1808.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn32">
				<label>32</label>
				<p> Pai de três filhos livres batizados em 10/01/1761, 08/12/1767 e 30/10/1769 (ADP, LRBLFFNSPI).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn33">
				<label>33</label>
				<p> Ver nota 30.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn34">
				<label>34</label>
				<p> Ver nota 30.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn35">
				<label>35</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1725, 05/11/1720; LRBEFNSPI, 1744-1753, 15/01/1752 e 20/01/1752.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn36">
				<label>36</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783, 30/10/1779; LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795, 15/02/1789; LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 21/08/1792.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn37">
				<label>37</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1760-1772, 13/07/1766; LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783, 09/10/1775, 30/10/1779.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn38">
				<label>38</label>
				<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1759-1771, Data do registro de óbito: 14/10/1763.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn39">
				<label>39</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1766-1772, 24/12/1766.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn40">
				<label>40</label>
				<p> Sobre propriedades rurais <italic>pro-indiviso</italic>, apesar da partilha formal, Ver: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Pedroza, 2011</xref>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn41">
				<label>41</label>
				<p> O testador era devoto de Santa Rita, o nome da capela. A única mulher alforriada, aparentemente.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn42">
				<label>42</label>
				<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1759-1771, Data do registro de óbito: 14/10/1763 (grifos nossos).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn43">
				<label>43</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 02/01/1732.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn44">
				<label>44</label>
				<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1759-1771, Data do registro de óbito: 14/10/1763.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn45">
				<label>45</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795, 04/10/1788, 10/12/1789.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn46">
				<label>46</label>
				<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1793-1808, fl. 383-385.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn47">
				<label>47</label>
				<p> Visitas pastorais do monsenhor Pizarro <italic>apud</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Galdames, 2007</xref>, p. 309-317<italic>.</italic></p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn48">
				<label>48</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1786-1807, 23/11/1798.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn49">
				<label>49</label>
				<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1793-1808, fl. 383-385.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn50">
				<label>50</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783, 12/10/1774; ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795, 01/09/1784, 04/10/1788, 26/04/1789, 10/12/1789, 24/07/1790, 06/12/1791; ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 11/08/1792, 09/02/1794, 16/11/1794, 02/07/1796, 15/04/1797</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn51">
				<label>51</label>
				<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1793-1808, fl. 383-385.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn52">
				<label>52</label>
				<p> Padrinho escravo de Estevão. ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783, 12/10/1774.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn53">
				<label>53</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 20/10/1795.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn54">
				<label>54</label>
				<p> O conceito de qualidade de escravidão, distinto do conceito de qualidade de nobreza, encontra-se em <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Guedes; Soares, 2023</xref>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn55">
				<label>55</label>
				<p> Em “termos sociais, a propriedade escrava era amplamente disseminada e sistematicamente incluía senhores de cor e até mesmo ex-escravos, tantos os nascidos aqui, quanto os africanos. Em outras palavras, roças e fazendas de todos os tamanhos, oficinas e lares de artesãos e artesãs, casas comerciais grandes e pequenas, bem como residências rurais e urbanas dependiam da mão-de-obra cativa, em conjunto ou não com braços familiares [...]” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Libby, 2020</xref>, p. 23).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn56">
				<label>56</label>
				<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1793-1808, fl. 383-385.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn57">
				<label>57</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1766-1772, 21/01/1771 (grifo nosso).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn58">
				<label>58</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 02/01/1732</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn59">
				<label>59</label>
				<p> Ordenações Filipinas, Livro IV, Título XCII.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn60">
				<label>60</label>
				<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1759-1771, Data do registro de óbito: 14/10/1763.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn61">
				<label>61</label>
				<p><italic>Idem</italic>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn62">
				<label>62</label>
				<p><italic>Idem</italic>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn63">
				<label>63</label>
				<p> Visitas pastorais do monsenhor Pizarro <italic>apud</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Galdames, 2007</xref>, p. 309-317<italic>.</italic></p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn64">
				<label>64</label>
				<p> “Memórias Públicas e Econômicas da Cidade de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro para Uso do Vice –Rey Luiz de Vasconcelos”. <italic>Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro</italic> (RIHGB), tomo XLVII, 1884, p. 17, e RIHGB, tomo XXXIII, 1884.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn65">
				<label>65</label>
				<p> Sobre aspectos metodológicos na lida com registros paroquiais, Ver: Fragoso, Guedes, Sampaio, 2014, capítulos 1 e 2.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn66">
				<label>66</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783, 21/12/1773, 03/03/1776, 18/01/1778, 29/10/1780, 12/01/1783; LRBEFNSPI, 1760-1772, 05/08/1769, 07/02/1772, 13/12/1767; e LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795,16/04/1785.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn67">
				<label>67</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 24/03/1722, 18/06/1723 (2 batismos), 18/07/1723 (2 batismos), 12/09/1723, 13/01/1724, 19/02/1724, 06/11/1724, 29/11/1726, 07/03/1727, 30/08/1728, 05/12/1728, 30/01/1729, 25/05/1729, 07/06/1729, 29/06/1729, 14/03/1730 (2 batismos), 10/04/1730, 25/07/1730 (4 batismos), 08/09/1730, 02/03/1731 (11 batismos), 08/09/1731, 02/01/1732 (2 batismos), 24/08/1744, 20/11/1744, 30/09/1751, 20/01/1752, 13/04/1752; ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1760-1772, 11/03/1761, 12/07/1761, 22/03/1763.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn68">
				<label>68</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 14/03/1730.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn69">
				<label>69</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 14/03/1730.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn70">
				<label>70</label>
				<p> Visitas pastorais do monsenhor Pizarro <italic>apud</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Galdames, 2007</xref>, p. 309-317.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn71">
				<label>71</label>
				<p> AHU-RJ, Avulsos, cx. 116, doc. 52.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn72">
				<label>72</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 09/06/1719, 31/05/1725, 14/03/1730.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn73">
				<label>73</label>
				<p> Ver nota 67.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn74">
				<label>74</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 11/03/1761; 13/07/1766; 09/10/1775; 30/10/1779.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn75">
				<label>75</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 23/03/1783; 01/06/1784; 15/02/1789; 20/03/1791; 21/08/1792.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn76">
				<label>76</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783, 12/10/1774; ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795, 26/04/1789; ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809 09/02/1794, 02/07/1796; ADP, LROFNSPI, 1793-1808, fl. 383-385.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn77">
				<label>77</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 16/11/1794.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn78">
				<label>78</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 02/03/1731.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn79">
				<label>79</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795, 02/02/1795; 16/11/1793; 04/03/1794; LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 09/07/1796; 02/09/1797; 04/08/1802; 29/09/1801; 16/04/1803; 20/04/1798; 29/09/1801; 04/08/1802; 04/08/1802; 14/05/1806; 02/01/1807; 02/01/1807; 01/02/1808; 28/04/1808; 04/08/1798; 29/09/1801.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn80">
				<label>80</label>
				<p> ADP, Livro de Registros de Casamento de Escravos, 1786-1868, 09/01/1796.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn81">
				<label>81</label>
				<p> AHU-RJ, cx. 157, doc. 24.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn82">
				<label>82</label>
				<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1793-1808, fl. 383-385.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn83">
				<label>83</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1766-1772, 22/02/1767.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn84">
				<label>84</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783, 27/11/1774, 28/08/1775, 10/07/1782; LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795, 01/04/1787.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn85">
				<label>85</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 24/07/1802.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn86">
				<label>86</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1786-1807, 08/01/1803, 09/07/1804.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn87">
				<label>87</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1786-1807; LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn88">
				<label>88</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 29/07/1797.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn89">
				<label>89</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 06/08/1802.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn90">
				<label>90</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 04/09/1803.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn91">
				<label>91</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1786-1807, 16/03/1804.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn92">
				<label>92</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1786-1807, 10/01/1789, 25/03/1789.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn93">
				<label>93</label>
				<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1786-1807, 05/05/1788.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn94">
				<label>94</label>
				<p> ARQUIVO NACIONAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO, Livros de Notas, 1 Of., Notas, L. 173. Sem número de página (grifo nosso).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn0">
				<label>FINANCIAMENTO</label>
				<p>Pesquisa financiada pela Faperj e pelo CNPq no âmbito dos projetos: As mil e uma desigualdades da escravidão (Rio de Janeiro, 1700-1850), Cativos, alforriados e senhores: construtores da escravidão e da liberdade (Rio de Janeiro, século XVIII) e As mil e uma desigualdades da escravidão (Estado do Brasil, 1700-1850).</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0104-87752025v41e25005</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>SPECIAL ISSUE: SLAVERY, EVERYDAY LIFE, AND DYNAMICS OF MISCEGENATION IN THE IBERIAN WORLD (16<sup>TH</sup>-18<sup>TH</sup> CENTURIES): SPACES, MOBILITY, AGREEMENTS AND CONFLICTS</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Captain Luciano Gomes Ribeiro. The slave-owning elite was <italic>parda</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1001"><sup>1</sup></xref> (N. S. do Pilar do Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, c. 1770-1810)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5500-084X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>GUEDES</surname>
						<given-names>ROBERTO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8409-0271</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>SOARES</surname>
						<given-names>MOISÉS PEIXOTO</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>**</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1001">
				<label>*</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, Km 7, Zona Rural, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil robertoguedesferreira@gmail.com</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2001">
				<label>**</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, Km 7, Zona Rural, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil peixoto_moises@yahoo.com.br</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Responsible editor:</label>
					<p> Ely Bergo de Carvalho</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>This article focuses on the parish of N. S. do Pilar do Iguaçu, situated in the Recôncavo area of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, during the period from 1770 to 1810. It examines how Luciano Gomes Ribeiro, a mestizo freedman, ascended to become the owner of a mill along with 155 slaves, thereby integrating into the slave-owning elite. This case study reveals that the slave-owning elite included individuals of mixed ancestry. Additionally, the analysis highlights that Ribeiro governed lands where farmers, who typically owned slaves, resided. The family background of Ribeiro, serving as a captain of troops and an auxiliary to freed mestizo individuals, enabled him to manage both his household and the political community of Pilar do Iguaçu effectively. He emerged as the most prominent figure in a society deeply entrenched in the inequalities characteristic of the old-regime slavery system. The methodology for this study encompassed an examination of parish baptism and death records, alongside various wills and administrative documents.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Pardo freedmen and women</kwd>
				<kwd>slavery</kwd>
				<kwd>family</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Between 1774 and 1809, Luciano Gomes Ribeiro baptized 43 slaves in the parish of Nossa Senhora do Pilar do Iguaçu, located in the Recôncavo of the city of Rio de Janeiro. At these ceremonies, Luciano was recognized variably as a captain, the slave owner of an <italic>engenho</italic> (sugarcane mill), or a resident of Engenho da Posse. The title of captain was an important military rank, and that of plantation owner denoted social distinction within the slave society of the old tropical regime. Among the 43 baptisms, none were of adult Africans, commonly baptized in Rio de Janeiro or its rural parishes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Soares, 2000</xref>). Baptizing solely innocents (i.e., posthumously baptized children) does not imply that Luciano was not engaged in the flourishing Atlantic market for captives at the turn of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. The city of Rio de Janeiro, approximately 25 kilometers from Pilar, hosted the largest port for the disembarkation of African captives in the Americas and was the principal marketplace for the Portuguese monarchy, thereby integrating Pilar and the surrounding parishes into the Atlantic market seamlessly (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Demetrio, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Florentino, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Fragoso, 1992</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Machado, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Sampaio, 2003</xref>).</p>
			<p>Around 1775, Luciano obtained the military rank of captain of the auxiliaries of freed <italic>pardo</italic> men. However, from 1770 to 1809 in Pilar do Iguaçu, there is scant mention of him being a freed <italic>pardo</italic> man. While mestizos (individuals of mixed origin or status, mainly ones having Portuguese and indigenous descent) who were formerly captives and had baptized slaves were often present, the priests recording these baptisms typically obscured any slave ancestry, depending on various factors such as the length of freedom, kinship relations, and social integration. For this reason, Luciano was never described as <italic>pardo</italic> in any records where he was listed as a slave owner. In the community, his slave-owning status, his role as a captain, and his prominent family background further concealed his origins.</p>
			<p>However, on July 24, 1802, in the same parish of Pilar, he became godfather to Justiniano, the son of Xavier de Nação and Eva Crioula, slaves of Manoel Antônio Vieira. During this event, Luciano was documented by the vicar as a free <italic>pardo</italic> man (i.e., <italic>pardo livre</italic>). His social prominence did not preclude him from being identified as pardo and paired with an African slave and a Creole woman. Slave owner of black and <italic>pardo</italic> slaves, Creoles and Africans, godfather and fellow slave of another slave owner, how did the imposing Luciano deal with the baptismal and marriage sacraments of his slaves, slavery, and freedom? How did he become a part of the slave-owning elite? What can the trajectory of a man who emerged from slavery and an influential family tell us about other mestizo individuals?</p>
			<p>Our hypothesis posits that Luciano’s membership in the Gomes Ribeiro lineage and his authority over slaves and other subordinates were pivotal factors. This lineage had been established in the captaincy since the end of the 16<sup>th</sup> century, led by the captain-major Francisco Gomes Ribeiro from the mid-17<sup>th</sup> to the early 18<sup>th</sup> centuries. Francisco I,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2001">2</xref></sup> the initial captain-major, was an uncle to the subsequent Francisco II, a mere captain. Francisco II, likely to have arrived in Rio de Janeiro in the early 1700s and died unmarried in 1763, fathered Luciano Gomes Ribeiro and other <italic>pardos forros</italic> (herein used to refer to mixed-origin freedmen) men with various women.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3001">3</xref></sup> In the late 18<sup>th</sup> century, Luciano played a crucial role in continuing the familial legacy, adhering to his father Francisco II’s vision. As a result, <italic>pardo</italic> individuals emerging from slavery and agrarian elite backgrounds created a conventional social hierarchy rooted in familial connections, patronage, slavery, and land and mill ownership. These <italic>pardo</italic> slave owners were integral to the perpetuation of slavery and inequality.</p>
			<p>In consideration of the issues to be addressed in this article, we utilized five slave baptism registers, four registers for free individuals, and two death registers from the designated parish, along with administrative documents. These documents, sourced from the archives of the Diocese of Petrópolis, lack regular pagination. Therefore, in addition to the documentary reference in the footnotes, the dates mentioned in the text and the footnotes themselves also serve as documentary references. The documents examined are the slave baptism registers spanning the years 1719 to 1752, 1760 to 1772, 1772 to 1783, 1784 to 1795, and 1791 to 1809.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4001">4</xref></sup> The baptismal registers for free individuals cover the years 1714 to 1756, 1751 to 1766, 1766 to 1772, and 1786 to 1807.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5001">5</xref></sup> The death records encompass the periods 1759 to 1771 and 1793 to 1808.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn6001">6</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>A PLANTATION OWNER WITH 155 SLAVES OF NOBLE DESCENT</title>
				<p>Luciano differed from the vast majority of individuals classified as <italic>pardos</italic> (herein referred to as <italic>pardo</italic> and origin mixed-status individuals), blacks, whites, <italic>mulatos</italic>, among other social agents categorized in his time,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn7001">7</xref></sup>whether free or freed, because he originated from a prominent family, was the slave owner of a sugar mill, owned land, and possessed many slaves. However, was he conscious of these social attributes, especially the fact that being the slave owner of several slaves positioned him at the apex of a society deeply rooted in slavery?</p>
				<p>In 1778, Captain Luciano Gomes Ribeiro and his partners petitioned the Queen of Portugal, stating their ownership of a mill named Coito, located in the Recôncavo region of Rio de Janeiro. This mill occupied land that “was granted to them by a letter of land grant 126 years prior, on May 5, 1650, to their predecessors.” Nonetheless, Romão de Bastos Caldas claimed that vacant land within the mill’s bounds could be granted to him. Thus, in 1771, leveraging this claim, Caldas obtained a new land grant from the viceroy of the State of Brazil. Consequently, according to Luciano Gomes Ribeiro’s argument, the land was surveyed without adherence to its “true course and all the other terms prescribed by law.”<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn8001">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Luciano also reminded the queen of his ownership of an “industrious and significant mill” with “155 working slaves, 244 cattle [sic.] and 17 horses.” He emphasized that the mill’s operation necessitated “a vast area of land, especially for bushes,” which were essential for the sustainability and expansion of similar enterprises in America. He posited that it was within the queen’s purview to ‘protect’ the bushes and reserves essential for the operation and growth of the mills. Luciano’s characterization of the mills as integral components of slave-holding America highlighted the significance of his own mill, whose activities he argued prevented ‘decay’ and “damage to the Royal contract of tithes.” Over eight years, his establishment collected “343 net boxes of tithes, comprising 10,857 arrobas of white and fine sugar and 2,389 arrobas of inferior sugar,” at the docks of Rio de Janeiro.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn9001">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In fact, the sugarcane mill, as described by Luciano’s father in his will, featured “a crane” on the bank of a river for shipping its “boxes,” which were sent “down the river to be loaded” in the city of Rio. Economically, the sugarcane mill represented a production-flow complex from the time of the original purchase. Prior to its possession by Francisco II, Father Marcos Gomes Ribeiro had acquired the mill and bestowed it upon his brother. Thus, Luciano emphatically argued in his petition that “those lands” could not “be considered vacant” as the “viceroy” had been misinformed, prompting his appeal to the queen.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn10001">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Gomes Ribeiro perceived the yield of his plantation as a service across generations in support of the monarchy, expecting reciprocation in the form of a favor. To support his case, he cited additional acts of speech in his favor. He highlighted that, beyond the contributions of his Coito mill, also known as Engenho da Posse,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn11001">11</xref></sup> the land was “occupied by numerous farmers who had been expelled from it” due to Caldas’ petition to the viceroy. To emphasize this, Luciano referenced the “greater interest and public utility of their plantation, which Your Majesty considered in the Order of Book 4, Title 43,δ 14 [...] literally commanding — [sic.] respect for providing gardens, which, despite yielding minimal personal benefit and being of short duration, do not bring general harm to the <bold>inhabitants</bold> of the areas, or to any individual in particular.” In this assertion, which underscored the expulsion of farmers, he stressed the “general harm to the <bold>inhabitants</bold>,” considering the diverse community of sugar cane and food producers who resided on the land of the mills, including his own, who had been present for some time. For instance, on April 13, 1722, and August 31, 1723, two couples of free Indians “served on the farm of Captain Major” Francisco I, one of whom, the <italic>parda</italic> slave Branca, baptized a slave child of the same “captain-major” on July 18, 1723. Moreover, among the 61 bequests in his will, Francisco II designated 20 to parishioners of Pilar, encompassing widows and other inhabitants of the Couto neighborhood on or proximate to the sugarcane mill.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn12001">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Luciano’s plea brought to light Caldas’ detrimental interference in a centuries-old political community centered around the sugarcane mill he managed in the late 18th century. Clearly, the <italic>pardo</italic> man knew that mills with factories were much more than mere productive examples in the capitalist factory style; they were settlements governed by customary rules of access to land based on clientele and parental ties that involved slaves, free and freed farmers, <italic>pardos</italic>, blacks, Portuguese, etc.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn13001">13</xref></sup> Luciano held dominion over the lands around which the social relations, including those of production, revolved, whether among inhabitants with or without slaves. His pursuit of the crown’s approval was also an effort to maintain authority in Pilar, as vested in him due to his role as a captain of people of color and as a descendant of a captain. In essence, the request also sought royal endorsement for the local social order that Caldas had disrupted.</p>
				<p>Luciano followed his father’s project, initiated in the 1700s. In 1763, Francisco II bequeathed 1% of the net value of his considerable wealth to be apportioned among the masses for the souls in purgatory and the embellishment of the Carmo convent in Rio de Janeiro. This act of bequeathment was the fulfillment of a vow made when he arrived in Brazil; Francisco implored “Our Slave owner” to “bestow upon him wealth” and to “ensure his ventures thrived.”<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn14001">14</xref></sup> This elucidates that faith and economics were intertwined, further evidencing Francisco’s arrival in Brazil with minimal resources and subsequent wealth accumulation there. The acquisition of the sugarcane mill lands represented a long-term investment. Francisco II’s brother, Father Marcos Gomes Ribeiro, purchased 1,100 <italic>braças</italic> of land from Captain Antônio Correia Pimenta and his wife, Dona Cecília da Silva, and transferred it to his brother. These lands were situated on the Rio do Couto, upstream on the right bank.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn15001">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Following this purchase, over 22 years, between 1737 and 1759, Francisco II, Luciano’s father, acquired “mystical lands” (bordering those 1,100 braças “from various owners.” Crucially, these mystical lands originated from the inheritance left by Francisco I, father of Francisco II, to his descendants, who sold them. As the land market near the mills in Guanabar and elsewhere was familial rather than impersonal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Fragoso, 2001</xref>, p. 63–68; Levi, 1988, p. 131–168, p. 160; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Machado, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Sampaio, 2003</xref>), the acquisition of land by Francisco II from his nephew served as a means of property transmission and preservation within the Gomes Ribeiro family and their relatives. In total, Francisco II’’s acquisitions added 890 braças to the initial 1,100, nearly doubling the size of his holdings. The sugarcane mill extended beyond the parish, as evidenced by Francisco II’s note that the crane was “above the parish” of Pilar, and one of the acquired lands was situated in the “Sertão” of the parish of “Inhomirim.”<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn16001">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>At the end of the 18th century, the entire history of a family estate, encompassing its land and the social relations of its inhabitants, was managed by Luciano, a man of mixed ancestry. He endeavored, to a certain extent, to continue Francisco II’s project of maintaining the social order within the sugarcane mill (sugar mill):</p>
				<p><disp-quote>
					<p>I declare that my mind and intention is that my mill with its slaves, land, and everything else that remains at the time of my death, be preserved, both because there will be no one to buy and pay for it, and because, by preserving the said goods, it is the safest and most solid way for my children and heirs to be able to live and pass on without experiencing the misery that those who sell their parents’ property usually experience, because the money is spent with little consideration, without remembering the misery they expose themselves to in the future.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn17001">17</xref></sup></p>
				</disp-quote></p>
				<p>In his 1776 petition, Luciano defended his father’s vision for the future. His most compelling argument against his adversary’s claim to the land highlighted his family’s long-standing ownership:</p>
				<p><disp-quote>
					<p>Especially since it is certain that the respondent [Caldas] does not have more than seven slaves to cultivate a league of land [...] nor the necessary knowledge and experience, which he inculcated he had of its cultivation because he lived in that city [of Rio], practicing the trade of carpenter [...]. Furthermore, the same petitioners considered that, <bold>even though this portion of land was truly vacant; even though their entire property should not be judged against the Chapter of the Ordinance [...]; nor should they be disturbed from their immemorial possession by a guest who did not come to plant and benefit like them; but to destroy and ’’cut down the bushes of his mill in order to profit from their damage</bold> [...].<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn18001">18</xref></sup></p>
				</disp-quote></p>
				<p>Contrary to the term ‘resident farmer,’ the designation ‘guest’ likely denoted an individual without land ownership and who disregarded customary rights. Nevertheless, Caldas had been integrated into the parish as a godfather since at least 1766—a notable point, as it coincides with the year Luciano is first mentioned in records, sponsoring a free child of a <italic>pardo</italic> man, João Gomes Ribeiro.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn19001">19</xref></sup> Despite being labeled a guest, Caldas was not a newcomer; his claim for land illustrates that even a plantation owner of Luciano’s prominence could be challenged by someone, in his estimation, perceived as of lower status.</p>
				<p>We do not ascertain the identity of Luciano’s adversary, but elucidating Luciano’s perception of his social standing necessitates underscoring the distinction he drew: on one side, an adept plantation owner managing 155 slaves within a partnership and, on the other, a carpenter owning seven slaves residing in Rio de Janeiro, perceived as a slave owner. By establishing this divide, Luciano asserted his superior social status, not solely as a knowledgeable plantation owner but as an individual within the slave-owning echelon—thereby positioning himself at the societal apex, distinguishing himself from other free individuals through ownership of both a plantation and, crucially, people. The ownership of a plantation and a significant number of slaves not only facilitated the generation of additional revenue from slave labor but also conferred status and social visibility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Finley, 1991</xref>), marking him as notably distinct from both slaves and slave owners with fewer slaves. Indeed, one of the roles of slavery was to stratify the free.</p>
				<p>Moreover, he wielded enhanced negotiating leverage with the queen, as the operation of slavery on his plantation constituted a foundational support for the Portuguese monarchy in America through its contributions to the royal treasury. In advocating for royal favor, he emphasized the presence of not merely any slaves on his estate but specifically 155 “work slaves.” Thereby, he amplified his claim to the land, invoking the substantial number of slaves—a source of wealth by the standards of the era. With the exception of slaves owned by religious orders and the rare slave owners of thousands, Luciano would have been regarded as part of the slave-owning elite in any region of Brazil. He recognized that most Brazilian slave owners possessed no more than five slaves.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn20001">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Essentially, the maintenance of the slave hierarchy was required as it provided the parameters of social order for slave owners, slaves, freemen, freedmen, landless sugar cane planters, food farmers, individuals of various races, etc. This hierarchy was based on the value orientations of slavery and the ancien regime, which synergized well (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Lara, 2005</xref>, p. 21-38; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Mattos, 2001</xref>, p. 141-162; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Schwartz, 1988</xref>, p. 209-223), establishing a system where everyone was inherently unequal and accepted inequality as natural (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Fragoso, 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Levi, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Hespanha, 2010</xref>) Consequently, Luciano operated within the cognitive framework of a slave society that was founded on inequality, unlike the owner of a mechanized factory in the 20th century, understanding that his slaves were compelled to work by political and moral factors rather than being sellers of labor power.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn21001">21</xref></sup> Luciano was more than a factory owner; he was a ‘slave owner’ of slaves because (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alves, 2012</xref>) this role entailed “being served, obeyed, and respected by many.” This status was not merely about wealth ”but involved moral power and social backing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Castro, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Demetrio, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Machado, 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>However, Luciano’s ownership of a mill and slaves does not fully explain, and perhaps not principally, the essence of his claim. His initial assertion was that, 126 years prior, the land had been granted by land grant to the ”antepossuidores” (former holders) of the mill, on May 5, 1650. Similarly, at the conclusion of his petition to the Queen, he underscored the ‘immemorial possession’ of the land grant. Thus, his opening and concluding arguments highlighted not only the precedence of land ownership and its commemoration but also raised further inquiries: to what and to whom precisely was he referring?</p>
				<p>He was alluding to the perpetuation of the secular covenant between monarchs and their subjects, embodied in mutual services and grants,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn22001">22</xref></sup> which, in his instance, was materialized through the land grants awarded to the owners of the Engenho do Coito. He reminded the queen that, historically, the acquisition and occupancy of the land were derived from his father’s ancestors and their kin. Aware of the prevalent issue of landlessness among slave owners (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Fragoso, 2024</xref>), he sought to fulfill his father’s vision and resurrect the legacy of the Gomes Ribeiro family tradition. In essence, the petition addressed a pivotal issue: governance linked to the preservation of traditional hierarchies, including moral governance.</p>
				<p>In this context, Monsignor Pizarro, during pastoral visits to the Recôncavo of Rio de Janeiro in the 1790s,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn23001">23</xref></sup> made a significant impact, particularly with a book of slave baptisms in the parish of Pilar in 1795.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn24001">24</xref></sup> Pizarro noted that the parish had only three chapels: N. S. do Rosário, das Neves, and Santa Rita, in the place of Posse or Coito.” This third chapel was founded by the executor of “Captain Francisco Gomes Ribeiro,” Luciano’s father, Antônio Ribeiro de Avelar (nephew of Francisco II). Unfortunately, the documents on the chapel’s erection were lost due to the negligence of the late “vicar Alberto Caetano Álvares de Barros, following Pizarro’s visit.”<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn25001">25</xref></sup> Father Alberto had entered numerous parish registers in the parish books between 1773 and 1792,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn26001">26</xref></sup> but after his death, the chapel’s documents were not found “among his papers, as “reported by Captain Luciano Gomes Ribeiro, heir of Captain Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, who was the slave owner of the estate and administrator of the chapel.”<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn27001">27</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The will of Francis II, a devotee of Saint Rita, confirms Pizarro’s assertions and introduces an additional detail about Catholic moral governance:</p>
				<p><disp-quote>
					<p>I declare that out of the devotion I have always had for the Blessed Saint Rita, I have determined to build her a chapel on my farm in Posse, where the oratory is at present, in order to place the image of the Saint, and that of Saint Anthony of the Souls, and of Saint Michael, Her Protector. Michael, Her Protector, which I determine, if God be pleased, to do still in my lifetime, but when the same Slave owner determines otherwise, I order my executor to make it [illegible] <bold>with the grandeur I desire, with the necessary capacity to celebrate the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass in it.</bold><sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn28001">28</xref></sup></p>
				</disp-quote></p>
				<p>In the chapel overseen by Luciano, masses were held—a rite pivotal to Catholic moral education. Luciano effectively became the posthumous successor to the chapel’s founder, Captain Francisco II, which was constructed between 1766 and 1768 in the “same location” as the “oratory” of Francisco I. Nonetheless, Pizarro identified negligence on the part of Luciano Gomes Ribeiro, the “heir and administrator,” who, in the 1790s, sold the “estate” and its chapel to Captain Manoel José Moreira, who undertook its restoration.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn29001">29</xref></sup> Despite the circumstances, Luciano preserved the community’s Catholic moral framework. He managed the church, arranged for masses, and officiated the baptism and marriage of both slaves and free individuals within his chapel.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>THE GOMES RIBEIRO FAMILY</title>
				<p>What significance did the Gomes Ribeiro predecessors bear, and who were they in the lineage of the sugarcane mill inherited by Luciano? The local nobility, a political and social class that held command since the early settlement of Rio de Janeiro, derived their authority from conquest rights (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Fragoso, 2000</xref>). Throughout the 18th century, the Gomes Ribeiro surname became prominent in N. S. do Pilar. As of November 5, 1720, Captain Major Francisco I was documented as the owner of Felipe Ribeiro, father of a posthumously baptized child in the parish, although he had sponsored a freed individual as early as August 15, 1716. At one point, African slaves referred to as ‘Tapanhunos’ were under his ownership, as evidenced by the record of two “slaves” on April 4, 1720. Furthermore, one of Francisco’s slaves served as a godfather to an indigenous couple’s child on September 7, 1719.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn30001">30</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The terms ‘Indians’ and ‘Tapanhunos’ eventually vanished from baptismal records, yet the Gomes Ribeiro legacy persisted. Between 1722 and 1809, various members of the Gomes Ribeiro family had 120 slaves baptized in Pilar,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn31001">31</xref></sup> not counting their parents, godparents, and sponsors.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn32001">32</xref></sup> Among the baptized, slave owner names included Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, also known as ‘O Moço’ [The Young Man], Raimundo, Antônio, Jacob, João, Estevão, Sebastião, Luciano, and his brother Timóteo. Luciano represented the continuation of the Gomes Ribeiro lineage. While Francisco, if he was ‘Moço,’ was never identified as captain-major in Pilar. Adding complexity, Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, ‘O Velho’ [The Old Man] (likely Francisco I), was recognized as a godparent slave owner in 1731. Additionally, a mulatto freedman named Francisco Gomes Ribeiro baptized a slave on April 19, 1805. Discounting the<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn33001">33</xref></sup> freedman, the identities of Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, ‘O Moço,’ and ‘O Velho’ in parish documents are ambiguous.</p>
				<p>Esperança Mina was baptized on March 14, 1730, “on the farm of Francisco Gomes Ribeiro.” However, ‘Moço,’ the first to have slaves baptized, did so only four times between 1722 and 1732. He is listed as the slave owner of a godmother in 1729, while Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, who did not have a nickname, baptized 45 slaves between 1723 and 1763. In 1763, the year of Francisco II’s will, Francisco I had already passed away. It is possible that after ‘O Velho’’ (Francisco I) died, ‘O Moço’ (Francisco II) matured and was simply known as Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, no longer regarded as a young man. However, on August 15, 1716, when Francisco I was referred to as ‘Moço,’ he and his wife, Dona Elena da Silva, were godparents to a free man. Three years later, on September 7, 1719, Francisco had already become captain-major at the baptism of a freedman. Notably, there had been a Captain, Major Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, who was Francisco I, since 1722, as Francisco II never married.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn34001">34</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Francisco I, on the other hand, married twice and apparently had no male children (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Rheingantz, 1967</xref>, p. 271). Until 1763, in the 18th century, it was his nephew, also named Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, who inherited the title, continuing the family legacy—including the administration of the lands, the men, the mill, the drainage—and bequeathing the chapel to the parishioners, despite having arrived from Portugal with limited resources. In essence, Francisco Gomes Ribeiro (Francisco I), at times referred to as the ‘O Moço’ and at other times ‘O Velho’ in parish sources, had matured, passed away, and then his namesake, the ‘O Moço’ alluding to Francisco II, matured, perpetuating the family’s noble name and the captain’s title into the 18th century. Although the identities in baptism records are not always clear, between 1763 (the year of Francisco II’s death) and 1805, there were no more Franciscos among the Gomes Ribeiros baptizing captives in the parish. Afterward, there was only Raimundo Gomes Ribeiro with one sacramental slave in 1764, Antônio with three between 1765 and 1767, Jacob with three between 1765 and 1773, João with five between 1766 and 1771, Estevão with 12 between 1774 and 1797, Sebastião with two between 1771 and 1802, Luciano and his brother Timóteo with 43 between 1774 and 1809, another Francisco Gomes Ribeiro with one in 1805, and a Gomes Ribeiro residing in Rio de Janeiro, whose name is illegible, in 1796.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn35001">35</xref></sup> To be a Gomes Ribeiro was synonymous with being a slave owner, at least.</p>
				<p>One of the Gomes Ribeiro descendants who emerged from captivity, Luciano—an individual notably of mixed heritage—could be classified as <italic>pardo</italic>, an acknowledgment of his mestizo status. This was a common occurrence, as the predominant residents and nobles of the land had connections to slaves and freedmen, thereby passing down their inheritance of assets, positions, and titles, which included ecclesiastical roles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Fragoso, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Guedes, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Oliveira, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguiar, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Oliveira, 2020</xref>). Importantly, immaterial possessions such as names and surnames also constituted part of this legacy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Levi, 2000</xref>), identities that were sought after and embraced by mestizo slave owners who had emerged from captivity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Guedes, 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>The practice of bestowing manorial names and surnames was evident beyond the nobility and their kin, extending to free or manumitted individuals of mixed heritage—Luciano, Timóteo, Estevão, and Estevão’s daughters—all bearing the Gomes Ribeiro name or a variation thereof. Remarkably, the naming traditions of the Gomes Ribeiro lineage predated the emancipation of slaves; Francisco Gomes Ribeiro (I or II) conferred his surname upon certain slaves, notably Felipe Ribeiro in 1720, and Felix and Inácio Gomes Ribeiro in 1752.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn36001">36</xref></sup> Subsequently, Luciano and his brother Timóteo perpetuated the practice by allowing their slaves to adopt their surnames. For instance, the slave Manoel Ribeiro was granted the Ribeiro surname by his slave owner Timóteo Gomes Ribeiro in 1792. Notably, Marcelo Ribeiro and Venâncio Gomes would have been slaves of Luciano and his brother.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn37001">37</xref></sup> Venâncio Gomes, alongside his wife Maria Gomes, were initially recorded as slaves of João Gomes Ribeiro in 1766 and, later, of Luciano and Timóteo in 1775 and 1779.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn38001">38</xref></sup> It is plausible that Venâncio, who was emancipated in 1763 by Francisco II,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn39001">39</xref></sup> remained unliberated in practice by 1792, signifying that emancipation did not necessarily change his obligation to remain within the Gomes Ribeiro house, not in that of strangers, as we will point out later.</p>
				<p>Luciano sponsored the son of the <italic>pardo</italic> freedman João Gomes Ribeiro in 1766,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn40001">40</xref></sup> indicating a familial connection that possibly includes shared names and surnames among slave owners, freedmen, and slaves, suggesting a family-wide engagement in slave ownership. This interconnection extended even to the sugar mill, which was a collaborative venture, implicating the slaves under the <italic>pardo</italic> captain as belonging to Timóteo and illustrating Luciano’s representation of his partnership to the queen.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn41001">41</xref></sup> Consequently, in this familial context, the amalgamation of manorial and parental names, inclusive of those belonging to freedmen and slaves, bespoke of slavery as a familial power dynamic rather than an individualistic enterprise. The Gomes Ribeiro and other manorial families enveloped not just slaves but also freedmen and freeborn individuals, establishing a hierarchical household under the patriarchy of Luciano by the late 18th century. The act of granting manorial surnames to slaves was a deliberate strategy to underscore the prominence of their house—a tradition that mirrored the actions of other slave owners. The repetition of manorial names “across generations, as noted by clergy members with titles such as the ‘O Moço’ or ‘O Velho,’ indicates a concerted effort by powerful relatives to extend the influence of their households through the naming of their slaves, an endeavor targeted towards select slaves and their own lineage.</p>
				<p>Francisco II’s initiative aimed to establish freemen and freedmen without land within his manor, as opposed to the lands of others. Furthermore, he bequeathed legacies to various individuals within the Parish of Pilar residing on or adjacent to his property. Francisco II proclaimed:</p>
				<p><disp-quote>
					<p>I declare that among the slaves I own at the present time are four pardo people called Venâncio, Estevão, João and Valério, and a <italic>parda</italic> woman called Rita.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn42001">42</xref></sup> of whom all five, for the good services they have done me, and for the love of God, I want, and it is my will, that at my death they be freed and free as if they had been at birth, whom I wish your <bold>brother Jacob</bold> to favor and keep in his company, which family can be useful to him so that they <bold>are not forced to earn their living in the homes of strangers.</bold> <sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn43001">43</xref></sup></p>
				</disp-quote></p>
				<p>Now, Jacob is one of the sons that Francis II’ Jacob, acknowledged in Francis II’s will, upon examination, reveals two possibilities: Francis II is either their father, or they are termed Jacob’s siblings solely via a slave mother, possibly engaged in relationships with multiple partners. Regardless of paternity, if liberated, the progeny’s mothers remained a slaves, suggesting Francis II engaged in sexual and romantic liaisons with his or others’ slaves, recognizing and potentially freeing their offspring. This practice was not condemned by the Catholic moral governance, which perceived the production of illegitimate offspring between slave owners and slaves as morally acceptable, apparently preferring their continuation in servitude due to the prevailing power of hearsay was very strong public opinion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Godoy, 2017</xref>, chapter 5).</p>
				<p>Subsequent to their emancipation, freedmen adopted the surnames of their former fathers and/or slave owners, continuing these names within future freed generations alongside the perpetuation of political connections. For instance, Estevão, a slave under Francisco II ‘O Moço,’ was baptized on January 2, 1732, as the son of the unmarried slave Isabel Mina,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn44001">44</xref></sup> and liberated in 1763 by Francisco II<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn45001">45</xref></sup>. Later, around the age of 57, Estevão Gomes Ribeiro, identified as a <italic>pardo</italic> freedman and then residing on the land of Engenho da Posse,”<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn46001">46</xref></sup> still under Luciano’s oversight, exercised his role as the slave owner in two baptisms during 1788 and 1789.</p>
				<p>On November 23, 1800, the widow of Estevão Gomes Ribeiro, Ana Correa dos Santos, described as <italic>parda</italic>, passed away.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn47001">47</xref></sup> In a friendly partition with her husband’s heirs, Ana was bequeathed seven slaves, a farm, and plantations on Captain Manoel José Moreira Barbosa’s sugarcane mill. Manoel purchased the farm from ‘the <italic>pardo</italic> captain’ Luciano, as confirmed by Pizarro. Consequently, as Estevão and Ana were members of Luciano’s former household, their continued residence on the land following the sale of the plantation indicates that past political affiliations and friendships, in addition to local traditions, maintained the stability of plantation residents, despite the transfer of ownership of the factories and lands.</p>
				<p>Furthermore, inhabitants despite the transition of ownership. Moreover, preexisting political connections and/or friendships between previous (sellers) and subsequent (buyers) of mills and lands possibly influenced the sales process, diverging from impersonal market transactions. Predating Luciano, the generations of Francisco I and II engaged in land sales amongst relatives, although the specific relation between Luciano and the buyer remains unclear, potentially insinuating another form of alliance intersecting through slave relations. Research by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Vargas (2015)</xref> suggests that slaves of politically antagonistic slave owners refrained from establishing bonds, limiting such relationships within the spheres of their slave owners and their allies.</p>
				<p>Conversely, friendly, familial, or allied relations between slave owners facilitated the establishment of inter-slave compadre relationships. This dynamic is exemplified in the transaction between the Coito (or Posse) mill’s buyer, Manoel José Moreira, and the seller, Luciano Gomes Ribeiro<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn48001">48</xref></sup>, who reinforced their familial ties through the camaraderie of their slaves. On November 23, 1798, Manoel, offspring of freed individuals, welcomed Ângelo, a Creole slave under Captain Manuel José Moreira, and Marta, a Creole slave under Captain Luciano Gomes, as godparents<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn49001">49</xref></sup> to his child, signifying an extension of historical connections within the Engenho beyond the commercial exchange of the sugarcane mill. The interconnectedness of captain slave owners before and after the sale of the sugarcane mill.</p>
				<p>What does the connection between slave owners have to do with raises inquiries regarding the implications of these relationships on the progeny of mestizo people?</p>
				<p>Confident in the manorial friendships and the customary right of access to land, Ana Correa, the widow of Estevão Gomes Ribeiro, had security over her assets located on the land of a mill owned by a new slave owner, possibly no longer a member of the Gomes Ribeiro family. She bequeathed her property to her nephews, the children of her brothers. Additionally, she bequeathed 40,000 réis to Rosaura Gomes, the daughter of “my deceased husband” Estevão Gomes Ribeiro, and 20,000 réis to her paternal sister, Luciana Gomes.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn50001">50</xref></sup> Ana dos Santos was the widow of a Gomes Ribeiro and the stepmother to two Gomes children. The Gomeses, emerging from captivity, flourished in Pilar, maintaining the centuries-old surnames of their families and those of their former slave owners within the same mills, such as Coito, even as ownership of the mills changed.</p>
				<p>After the death of Francisco II, a nephew of the ‘nobleman of the land,’ in 1763, and even after the sale of the sugarcane mill to Manoel José Moreira, the descendants of the Gomes Ribeiro from slavery continued to settle on the same lands of immemorial possession. This group included Captain Luciano, his brother Timóteo, Estevão, as well as Sebastião and Francisco, all of whom were identified as pardo at least once in the parish of Pilar. Therefore, the freedmen and others who had emerged from captivity did not need to migrate to assert their freedom. They did so partly because of their status as landslave owners and because of the names and surnames they reaffirmed as an intangible inheritance from their former slave owners through customary rules of permanence on the land. The generational kinship between them, as well as with their former slave owners and their children, supported their continued presence in their birthplaces. Francisco II, a nephew of the “nobility of the land,” fathered <italic>mestizo</italic> slaves in the parish, granting them political ties, land, and names. In reciprocity, those born into slavery perpetuated the name of their house while recognizing that no one was baptized with a surname, as the act of naming was a social construct also applied by mestizos with a past of slavery (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Hameister, 2006</xref>). The <italic>pardo</italic> freedmen of Gomes Ribeiro personified this, reestablishing powerful manorial names from time immemorial in Pilar.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>PARDO</italic> MESTIZO SLAVEHOLDERS</title>
				<p>We have observed that in the baptisms of his 12 slaves, Estevão Gomes Ribeiro was identified as a <italic>pardo forro</italic> in two instances.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn51001">51</xref></sup> The remaining documents did not specify his being <italic>pardo</italic>. When dictating his will on June 10, 1799, his widow, Ana Correa dos Santos, reported that she had executed an amicable division with her husband’s heirs. Should the division have been equitable, the couple possessed 14 slaves, which exceeded the number held by the vast majority of manorial families in the parish of Pilar. Ana Correa declared herself as the widow of Estevão, daughter of the late Josefa Correa and an unknown father, childless, and mentioned that, in the aforementioned division, she received “seven slaves named José, Joaquim, Maria, Mariana, Feliciana crioula, Angélica, and Izabel <italic>crioulas</italic>.”<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn52001">52</xref></sup> The slaves Feliciana, Mariana Angola, and Maria Benguela (or from Guinea) were the mothers of the 12 individuals Estevão had baptized between 1774 and 1796, including an Angélica; likely, these were the same slaves cited in different sources, plus João, a slave who served as Estevão. <sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn53001">53</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In regard to the slave hierarchy, <italic>pardo</italic> slave owners typically did’’ not assume the role of compadres to their slaves, as sponsorship was often entrusted to relatives and affines (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Brügger, 2007</xref>, ch. 4; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Fragoso, 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">2010</xref>; Gudeman, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Schwartz, 1988</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Guedes, 2008</xref>). Conversely, in 1795, Estevão, akin to the <italic>pardo</italic> plantation owner Luciano, sponsored another owner’s slave, a Creole woman’s son, on October 20, 1795.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn54001">54</xref></sup> He was not labeled as <italic>pardo</italic>, possibly due to representation by proxy from a third party. Nevertheless, despite his slave over status at baptism, he was identified as <italic>pardo</italic> on two occasions, perhaps reflecting his inferior status compared to Captain Luciano. Estevão exemplified a <italic>pardo</italic> freed slave owner who fostered spiritual connections in captivity.</p>
				<p>This relational dynamic in captivity did not preclude individuals with a slave background from assigning “slavery qualities” (black, mulatto, negro, Creole, etc.)<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn55001">55</xref></sup> to their slaves. Slave owners frequently attributed such qualities to their slaves, but seldom to themselves by virtue of their status as slave owners. ’Furthermore, attributes they applied to themselves seldom matched those used for their slaves, a method of exerting power through associations tying their subordinates to slavery (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Paiva, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Guedes, 2017</xref>). Ana, considered <italic>parda</italic> by the priest, avoided this term for herself, opting instead to describe her slaves as <italic>crioulos</italic>, <italic>crioulas</italic>, or <italic>crioulinhas</italic>. In Pilar, within baptism records, crioulo was commonly used for Brazil-born slaves, with <italic>pardos</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3001">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Places of birth and characteristics of slavery of the mothers of innocent children (1719-1809)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="9%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Places of birth</th>
									<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Total baptisms with information on places of birth</th>
									<th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Children of Brazilian mothers</th>
									<th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">No information on places of birthc<sup>c</sup></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Children of African mothers</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Children of Brazilian mothers</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Children of <italic>Parda</italic> mothers</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Children of Creole mothers</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Adjusted decades</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">%</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">%</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">%</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">%</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>1719–1725*</td>
									<td align="center">56</td>
									<td align="center">75,7</td>
									<td align="center">18</td>
									<td align="center">24,3</td>
									<td align="center">74</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">50,0</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">50,0</td>
									<td align="center">34</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1726–1732*</td>
									<td align="center">134</td>
									<td align="center">77,0</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">23,0</td>
									<td align="center">174</td>
									<td align="center">16</td>
									<td align="center">40,0</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center">60,0</td>
									<td align="center">27</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1761–1770</td>
									<td align="center">157</td>
									<td align="center">58,6</td>
									<td align="center">111</td>
									<td align="center">41,4</td>
									<td align="center">268</td>
									<td align="center">17</td>
									<td align="center">15,3</td>
									<td align="center">94</td>
									<td align="center">84,7</td>
									<td align="center">92</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1771–1780</td>
									<td align="center">165</td>
									<td align="center">56,1</td>
									<td align="center">129</td>
									<td align="center">43,9</td>
									<td align="center">294</td>
									<td align="center">32</td>
									<td align="center">24,8</td>
									<td align="center">97</td>
									<td align="center">75,2</td>
									<td align="center">149</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1781–1790</td>
									<td align="center">302</td>
									<td align="center">60,5</td>
									<td align="center">197</td>
									<td align="center">39,5</td>
									<td align="center">499</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">20,3</td>
									<td align="center">157</td>
									<td align="center">79,7</td>
									<td align="center">76</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1791–1800</td>
									<td align="center">202</td>
									<td align="center">49,4</td>
									<td align="center">207</td>
									<td align="center">50,6</td>
									<td align="center">409</td>
									<td align="center">41</td>
									<td align="center">19,8</td>
									<td align="center">166</td>
									<td align="center">80,2</td>
									<td align="center">300</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1801–1809</td>
									<td align="center">281</td>
									<td align="center">48,3</td>
									<td align="center">301</td>
									<td align="center">51,7</td>
									<td align="center">582</td>
									<td align="center">54</td>
									<td align="center">17,9</td>
									<td align="center">247</td>
									<td align="center">82,1</td>
									<td align="center">88</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Total geral</td>
									<td align="center">1.358<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">57,2</td>
									<td align="center">1.016<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">42,8</td>
									<td align="center">2.374</td>
									<td align="center">210</td>
									<td align="center">20,7</td>
									<td align="center">806</td>
									<td align="center">79,3</td>
									<td align="center">869</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib>Source: ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719 to 1752; LRBEFNSPI, 1760 to 1772; LRBEFNSPI, 1772 to 1783; LRBEFNSPI, 1784 to 1795; and LRBEFNSPI, 1791 to 1809.</attrib>
							<fn id="TFN3001">
								<p><sup>a</sup>Includes 51 black women; <sup>b</sup>Includes 56 <italic>cabras</italic> and three mulattos; <sup>c</sup>Disregarded in the percentage calculations of the other columns.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN4001">
								<p>* We divided the period from 1719 to 1732 in two because it covers 14 years and because there are gaps in the years for the 1710s and 1730s.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN5001">
								<p>We excluded the period 1744 to 1753 because there are 103 cases without information and only 23 with information.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Apart from self-aware Creoles, the numerous mestizos individuals<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn56001">56</xref></sup> also perpetuated the slave hierarchy. They endorsed slavery by demeaning their slaves through language. Estevão’s <italic>pardo</italic> widow “liberated the Creole Feliciana” and the “Creole Joaquim,” should he compensate her with four doblas in “<italic>coartação</italic>,” “and the Creole Angélica” for “three doblas” within two years. She appointed her niece Rita, daughter of her sister Mônica, as heir, with the rest of her estate destined for her niece, “in kind, to the criolla Isabel.” Following her niece’s demise, the criolla was to be “liberated, not subject to further enslavement,” thereby emancipating four of her seven slaves. The others, including Maria and Mariana, mothers of 12 baptized children in Pilar, were intended for sale.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn57001">57</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Manorial authority was manifest in the ability to label slaves, dictate their servitude, grant, sell, or liberate them, as exhibited by Estevão Gomes Ribeiro’s widow. In her will, akin to a liturgical act (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Soares, 2009</xref>; Guedes, Soares, 2015, p. 80–124), the <italic>pardo</italic> widow requested masses for the salvation of her soul and that of her deceased husband, a freed mestizo man, financed by the sale and liberation of her Creoles. As salvation was requisite for souls of all statuses, the sale and emancipation of Creole, mulatto, and black individuals to fund the masses was considered commonplace. This practice was adopted by sovereigns Brazilian, Indian, and Angolan from the coast of Mina, who were <italic>pardo</italic>, black, white, male, and female, among others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Guedes, 2018</xref>). Catholic slavery under the Portuguese monarchy in the ancient regime was a norm shared by all slave owners.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>FROM FATHER TO SONS: GOMES RIBEIRO IN SLAVE GOVERNANCE</title>
				<p>The case of Estevão Gomes Ribeiro and his wife, of African descent, whose father was unknown, illustrates that individuals emerging from captivity could ascend to the status of slave owners, perpetuating the esteemed family surnames derived from their previous owners. Estevão, an outlaw, was an “illegitimate” child, a term referring to offspring of unmarried parents, as was his wife, Ana Correa. Similarly, Luciano Gomes Ribeiro was born out of wedlock. A baptismal record dated January 21, 1771, confirms that Luciano Gomes Ribeiro and Ana Maria do Nascimento were married and the parents of Maria, born in Pilar, with Ana hailing from the parish of Inhaúma, a rural locale in Rio de Janeiro. Maria was “identified as the <bold>paternal granddaughter of Isabel Gomes, Preta Mina, unmarried, and the slave Francisco Gomes Ribeiro.”</bold><sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn58001">58</xref></sup> In essence, Luciano was the offspring of a black woman named Preta Mina and a man of noble lineage reestablished on the land. His sibling, Timóteo, was also a’ paternal half-brother. Isabel Gomes, despite being a slave, possessed a surname indicative of manorial standing, suggesting she might also be the mother of Estevão Gomes Ribeiro (son of “Isabel Mina”), who was baptized on January 2, 1732, while was a slave of Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, referred to as “o Moço,” possibly Francisco II.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn59001">59</xref></sup> Therefore, Francisco II could potentially be the father of not only Rita, Jacob, Luciano, and Timóteo but perhaps also Estevão, given that Jacob was Estevão’s brother along with other freedmen not recognized as heirs by Francisco II.</p>
				<p>Recognizing free or slave children was not always deemed expedient. Francisco II, a knight of the Order of Christ, attained a certain level of nobility. However, the Philippine Ordinances stipulated that natural children of noblemen could only inherit in the absence of legitimate issue.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn60001">60</xref></sup> This was not applicable to Francisco II, a bachelor. Nonetheless, his knighthood posed challenges for his natural offspring’s right to inheritance if their birth occurred post-ennoblement. He acknowledged fathering Jacob “before becoming a knight,” yet he was aware that “the other two, born subsequently, could not inherit.” He requested Jacob, who was emancipated first, to “voluntarily consent” to his two brothers sharing the inheritance. To clarify the equal distribution among the acknowledged natural heirs of the knight and those born into captivity, Francisco<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn61001">61</xref></sup> and Jacob executed a legal document. Astutely, Francisco omitted to mention the enslavement of the children’s mothers, thus further legitimizing the offspring’s status. In doing so, he safeguarded his descendants and ensured the continuation of his lineage.</p>
				<p>Luciano received no small inheritance as the head of his <italic>pardo</italic> freedmen brothers, even more than them. It was common for parents who turned their children from captivity into heirs and/or legatees to favor one of them in order not to disperse the estate and consequently maintain the house (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguiar, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Guedes, 2008</xref>, ch. 5; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Oliveira, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">2020</xref>). What inheritance or legacy? Francisco II left a total of 6,652,200 réis to various people, of which 4,031,800 were personal legacies and 2,620,400 were pious dispositions. As this figure is close to his third, his fortune was around 18 contos de réis in 1763. However, the cost of building a chapel is not included in the value of Francisco II’s legacies.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn62001">62</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Francisco II also ordered that his pious bequests be fulfilled using the income from the mill, allowing the testator ten years to settle his debts. The disbursements were to originate from the mill’s income because it was essential to sustain the mill and “other mysteries of the house,” such as “gardens from which food is sourced” and slaves to be “allocated among various tasks.” The heirs were required to deliver the net proceeds from the ‘azúcares’ sold in the city of Rio to the executor of the will “annually, or “personally undertake this duty.” Should they fail to adhere to these directives, the heirs “would subsequently realize their ”error,’ for which ’no remedy would be “available.’ It was the responsibility of the testator to afford them sufficient time.”<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn63001">63</xref></sup>Father Francisco II sought adequate time and effective governance for the estate’s future, aiming to fulfill his legacies without leaving his offspring destitute or the property in the hands of strangers. The mestizo heirs proved capable of management, as Luciano had reported to the queen in 1778, highlighting that the <italic>arraial</italic> [village] contributed significantly to the royal treasury through taxes.</p>
				<p>Luciano inherited not only the mill and the farm but also slaves. This was no ordinary farm; the location served as a critical commercial hub because the chapel built by Francisco II, as noted by Pizarro, was situated “on the path of the General Road leading to Minas Gerais,” where “encampments for troops as well as numerous residences that formed a small village” were located. Therefore, the farm, with its sugar mill and the encampments for drovers, constituted a small village. It was especially beneficial for the chapel and the village to have “a resident reverend priest available to offer spiritual support to the residents of these areas and the surrounding lands, from the center of the farm to its ”boundaries.” The farm’s roads, spanning two and a half to three leagues apart, were “treacherous,” regardless of whether it was the rainy season or “during dry periods,’ complicating the provision of spiritual care. However, the primary reason for a priest’s permanent presence in the chapel was that “the area” was “the most densely populated” within the parish of Pilar. Pizarro himself observed “the immense number of people attending mass at this chapel on the day of my visit; and the continuous large attendance throughout the year,” as he was “equally informed.” During Pizarro’s visit in 1795, the chapel was overseen by the Reverend João Caetano da Fonseca, who had been serving since 1791, administering spiritual nourishment. For these reasons, it was imperative for the chapel to be “honored with the service of a curate,” that is, with a permanent priest to uphold moral governance.</p>
				<p>Pizarro’s account sheds light on crucial aspects. With numerous encampments, the highly populated village farm of <italic>Pilar do Iguaçu</italic> was positioned at a strategic juncture in the extensive trade network between Rio and Minas Gerais. Thus, with a diverse population of freemen, freedmen, and slaves engaging in age-old customary practices, the need for effective governance in the village was evident. We understand that communal land use, respect for traditions, etc., were integral to the sound management of a manorial estate in the villages, particularly concerning the management of slaves, despite Luciano possibly receiving rent and payments from landless farmers and sugar cane planters without land, mills, etc.</p>
				<p>Regarding Luciano’s management of his slaves, it is essential to first consider the demographic composition of his sugarcane mill’s inhabitants. The parish of Pilar was “among the oldest” in the Recôncavo of Rio de Janeiro. Based on a desobligation list compiled by Pizarro, in 1793, there were 55 households (‘fogos’) and 2,770 “individuals, comprising both adults and children.” In 1794, the number of households increased to 567 with 2,932 inhabitants, and in 1795, it slightly reduced to 555 households but with a total of 3,026 individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn64001">64</xref></sup> This count excluded those who resided in concealed locations. According to these statistics, the 155 slaves at the Coito Mill in 1778, owned by the mulatto captain Luciano, accounted for 5.6% of the entire parish population 16 years prior. By another estimate, in 1779/89, the parish housed 3,895 people, 1,868 of whom (48% of the total) were slaves.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn65001">65</xref></sup> The 155 slaves owned by Luciano and his brother represented 8.3% of the parish’s slave population. Given this context, the governance of slaves was indeed crucial and, by the late 18th century, largely fell under the purview of Pilar’s “slave-owning elite,” who were mestizos.</p>
				<p>Captain Luciano’s slave-owning government was founded on a significant slave population, the ownership of which is confirmed in baptismal records. These records reveal the prominence of a Gomes Ribeiro family member, who owned 155 slaves within his domain. The question arises: how did this come to be? Despite missing data for certain years, slave baptisms from the parish of Pilar are recorded from 1719 to 1809. To avoid skewing the results, we analyzed the distribution of slaves among slave owners’ by selecting mothers as the focus. Fathers were not chosen due to the prevalence of natural children lacking paternal records; similarly, godfathers and godmothers were often free or ’emancipated, making them unsuitable for this analysis. Moreover, we did not assess slave distribution by the number of baptisms per slave owner, as a single slave could have multiple children.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn66001">66</xref></sup> For instance, Maria Criolla and her husband, Teodósio Benguela, had nine children baptized between December 13, 1767, and April 16, 1785.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn67001">67</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In discussing the method of calculating the number of mothers as an indicator of slave distribution (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Góes, 1993</xref>), we divided the 18th century into three distinct phases: 1719 to 1753, 1761 to 1780, and 1781 to 1809. If a slave owner appeared in more than one period, we counted his number of mothers for each phase, even if the same mother was repeated. This means that Maria Crioula, wife of Teodósio Benguela, was counted once for 1761-1780 and again for 1781-1809. In the former, she was one of four mothers; in the latter phase, it was only her and one other.</p>
				<p>The fluctuation in the number of mothers from one phase to another, as well as changes in the number of slave owners due to deaths, migrations, etc., highlight the dynamics of slave distribution over time. Our aim was to approximate - without exactitude - the evolution across three generations of slave owners or economic conditions. This approach also enabled us to assess the temporary and enduring nature of certain manorial estates, despite the fact that many slave units were housed on lands belonging to others and that <italic>post-mortem</italic> inventory series for 18th century Rio de Janeiro are nonexistent. Nevertheless, baptismal records reveal slave ownership throughout the lifespan of a given slave owner or manorial family rather than solely at the time of their death (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Matheus, 2016</xref>, ch. 4).</p>
				<p>Although the records and techniques employed do not encompass all baptized slaves, it is evident that the Gomes Ribeiro family remained prominent within the slave-owning elite, particularly in exercising control over slave mothers. Francisco I or II distinguished themselves by dominating the most mothers during the initial period, while Luciano assumed this role in the latter period. However, this analysis presents limitations. For instance, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> seems deficient in illustrating the full scope of slave ownership compared to other studies that highlight the prevalence of slavery. It is crucial to note that the majority of slaves were male, and our assessment focused solely on ownership via mothers. Nonetheless, the predominance of male slaves during the 18th century requires further validation. Conversely, it is plausible to assert that the number of slave owners in Pilar nearly tripled from the first to the third phase. This significant increase can be attributed not only to the third period spanning a greater number of years (29) but also to the augmented influx of slaves due to the Atlantic slave trade, a trend that commenced in the second phase (1761 to 1780). This surge likely followed a gradual linear trend throughout the 1700s, fueled by the continuous rise in the volume of African captives arriving at the port of Rio. In conclusion, it is apparent that many slave owners in Pilar established their presence in the parish from the 1760s, particularly after the 1780s.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1001">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Ownership of slave mothers (Pilar do Iguaçu, 1719–1809)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="20%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th colspan="4">1719–1753 (21 elapsed years)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th colspan="2">Slave owners</th>
									<th colspan="2">Mothers</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Number of mothers</th>
									<th>N</th>
									<th>%</th>
									<th>N</th>
									<th>%</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>1</td>
									<td align="center">93</td>
									<td align="center">60,0</td>
									<td align="center">93</td>
									<td align="center">32,5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2–4</td>
									<td align="center">55</td>
									<td align="center">35,5</td>
									<td align="center">134</td>
									<td align="center">46,9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>5–10</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">3,9</td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">13,6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>More than 10</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0,6</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">7,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">155</td>
									<td align="center">100,0</td>
									<td align="center">286</td>
									<td align="center">100,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4"><bold>1761–1780 (20-year period)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>Slave owners</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>Mothers</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Number of mothers</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>N</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>%</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>N</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>%</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1</td>
									<td align="center">129</td>
									<td align="center">59,2</td>
									<td align="center">129</td>
									<td align="center">30,1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2–4</td>
									<td align="center">71</td>
									<td align="center">32,6</td>
									<td align="center">184</td>
									<td align="center">42,9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>5–10</td>
									<td align="center">16</td>
									<td align="center">7,3</td>
									<td align="center">91</td>
									<td align="center">21,2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>More than 10</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">0,9</td>
									<td align="center">25</td>
									<td align="center">5,8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">218</td>
									<td align="center">100,0</td>
									<td align="center">429</td>
									<td align="center">100,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4"><bold>1781–1809 (29-year period)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>Slave owners</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>Mothers</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Number of mothers</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>N</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>%</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>N</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>%</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1</td>
									<td align="center">227</td>
									<td align="center">51,0</td>
									<td align="center">227</td>
									<td align="center">22,3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2–4</td>
									<td align="center">171</td>
									<td align="center">38,4</td>
									<td align="center">437</td>
									<td align="center">43,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>5–10</td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">8,8</td>
									<td align="center">246</td>
									<td align="center">24,2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>More than 10</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">1,8</td>
									<td align="center">107</td>
									<td align="center">10,5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">445</td>
									<td align="center">100,0</td>
									<td align="center">1.017</td>
									<td align="center">100,0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib>Source: ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719 to 1752; LRBEFNSPI, 1760 to 1772; LRBEFNSPI, 1772 to 1783; LRBEFNSPI, 1784 to 1795; and LRBEFNSPI, 1791 to 1809. The table disregards slave owners with totally or partially illegible names and/or surnames.</attrib>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The Atlantic trade in human beings not only transported millions of captives but also created thousands, if not millions, of slave owners. Unlike novice slave owners, the Gomes Ribeiro household was established and possessed a significant number of slaves. One of the Franciscos Gomes Ribeiro, or perhaps all of them collectively, owned more than ten mothers during the period 1719-1753. In addition to 18 adults, they posthumously baptized 31 children.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn68001">68</xref></sup> Baptizing involved assuming ownership by recording the slave’s possession in the baptismal registry and transforming captives into slaves with Christian names (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bôscaro; Guedes, 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>The Philippine Ordinances of 1609 mandated that slave owners baptize slaves to officially claim ownership, under threat of forfeiture of their property, and the canonical guidelines of the First Constitutions of the Archbishopric of Bahia of 1720 emphasized the importance of slave baptisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Guedes; Soares, 2023</xref>). A devout Christian, Captain-Major Francisco was aware that legislation advocated for the conversion of captives into slaves through baptism, a requirement for legitimation of ownership. In 1730, he “baptized “a son of a slave of his who was still a pagan and would be named Josepha Mina.”<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn69001">69</xref></sup> This act not only imbued the qualities of slavery but also, by assigning a Christian baptismal name, fundamentally contributed to the (moral) governance of slavery.</p>
				<p>However, while this practice was common among all slave owners, many only began to assume the role of slave owner in their parish starting from the mid or late 18th century, particularly after 1779. In contrast, Luciano, a <italic>parda</italic> person, noted that his family had owned slave-operated lands for 126 years. The sugarcane mill (sugar mill) may have been more recent, yet his family’s presence in the parish was long-standing. The chapel, initially an oratory, dated back to 1766-68. Conversely, the first recorded baptism of a slave owned by a Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, being either Francisco I or II, occurred no later than 1720. It is noted that a Francisco Gomes Ribeiro had employed a chaplain since 1730, as evidenced by a priest’s record of a slave girl’s posthumous baptism conducted by a chaplain “of the said” slave owner.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn70001">70</xref></sup></p>
				<p>At the end of the 18<sup>th</sup> century, Luciano, as Pizarro noted, still retained a chaplain.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn71001">71</xref></sup> The practice of converting captives into slaves via baptism was common among slave owners; however, being or descending from nobility and having a chaplain in the parish was a privilege for the few. The noble house of Luciano had been enslaving Christians for an extended period, yet many other slave owners were newcomers to this practice. In his petition to the Queen, Luciano referenced legislation that prohibited the brief tenure (‘little dura’)<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn72001">72</xref></sup> of guests who, like Caldas, originated from outside and aspired to authority. For the <italic>pardo</italic>, a slave owner was defined not just by their recent arrival or prominence of lineage, but by their established presence and historical significance; it was not merely a matter of the number of slaves owned.</p>
				<p>The demographics of the slaves under Franciscos and Luciano highlight the ancient and restructured nature of the Gomes Ribeiro household in Pilar. This phenomenon is also observable across the parish when evaluating the decades of adult baptisms from Africa and those of innocents born within the parish; it is crucial to acknowledge that the priests’ definition of ‘adult’ was not based on age but rather on religious status. Examples include Custódio Mina, a “six-year-old adult” from gentile lands, and Francisco mouro <italic>escravo</italic> [slave], who was deemed a Moor and thus not innocent, both baptized in 1719. This religious criterion was similarly applied to a slave of Captain Major Francisco I or II, baptized in 1730, “Faustino Mina, a four-year-old adult,” the child of a “pagan slave” named Josefa Mina.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn73001">73</xref></sup> In addition to Josefa, Francisco I or II baptized four children of ‘still pagan’ mothers between 1730 and 1731, likely in an effort to assemble or refresh the slave population of his estate or sugarcane mill. From 1722 to 1731, he baptized 17 adults of African origin,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn74001">74</xref></sup> aligning with the broader parish trend.</p>
				<p>Accordingly, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> illustrates that, in the first decade of the 18th century, the proportion of adult African-origin baptisms nearly matched that of innocents in the parish, yet adults constituted a mere 0.9% of the baptized between 1801 and 1809. It would be inaccurate to conclude that, beyond a certain period, the increase in the parish’s slave population was solely due to natural reproduction. As the city of Rio de Janeiro redistributed new captives from Africa, a significant number were relocated to other regions. Despite a general decline and the rarity of adult baptisms in Pilar, the majority of innocents born between 1719 and 1790 were African mothers, with rates varying between 77% and 56.1% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). Children of Brazilian-born (Creole) mothers only surpassed those of African women between 1791 and 1809 by a narrow margin and with numerous cases lacking information from 1791 to 1800. Thus, there was a gradual increase in the number of children born to Creole women from the 1760s onward, notwithstanding the limited data from 1744 to 1753. In summary, until 1790, children of African-origin mothers predominated.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2001">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Baptisms of adults and innocent, natural, and legitimate children (1719–1809)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="10%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th colspan="4">Classification</th>
									<th rowspan="2">Total baptisms</th>
									<th colspan="4">Innocent</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th colspan="2">Adults</th>
									<th colspan="2">Innocent</th>
									<th colspan="2">Natural</th>
									<th colspan="2">Legitimate</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Adjusted decades</th>
									<th>#</th>
									<th>%</th>
									<th>#</th>
									<th>%</th>
									<th>#</th>
									<th>#</th>
									<th>%</th>
									<th>#</th>
									<th>%</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>1719 a 1725*</td>
									<td align="center">77</td>
									<td align="center">41,6</td>
									<td align="center">108</td>
									<td align="center">58,4</td>
									<td align="center">185</td>
									<td align="center">71</td>
									<td align="center">65,7</td>
									<td align="center">37</td>
									<td align="center">34,3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1726 a 1732*</td>
									<td align="center">71</td>
									<td align="center">26,1</td>
									<td align="center">201</td>
									<td align="center">73,9</td>
									<td align="center">272</td>
									<td align="center">130</td>
									<td align="center">64,7</td>
									<td align="center">71</td>
									<td align="center">35,3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1744 a 1753**</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">6,0</td>
									<td align="center">126</td>
									<td align="center">94,0</td>
									<td align="center">134</td>
									<td align="center">83</td>
									<td align="center">65,9</td>
									<td align="center">43</td>
									<td align="center">34,1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1761 a 1770</td>
									<td align="center">19</td>
									<td align="center">5,0</td>
									<td align="center">360</td>
									<td align="center">95,0</td>
									<td align="center">379</td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">10,8</td>
									<td align="center">321</td>
									<td align="center">89,2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1771 a 1780</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">1,6</td>
									<td align="center">443</td>
									<td align="center">98,4</td>
									<td align="center">450</td>
									<td align="center">180</td>
									<td align="center">40,6</td>
									<td align="center">263</td>
									<td align="center">59,4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1781 a 1790</td>
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="center">2,5</td>
									<td align="center">575</td>
									<td align="center">97,5</td>
									<td align="center">590</td>
									<td align="center">317</td>
									<td align="center">55,1</td>
									<td align="center">258</td>
									<td align="center">44,9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1791 a 1800</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">1,8</td>
									<td align="center">709</td>
									<td align="center">98,2</td>
									<td align="center">722</td>
									<td align="center">368</td>
									<td align="center">51,9</td>
									<td align="center">341</td>
									<td align="center">48,1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1801 a 1809</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">0,9</td>
									<td align="center">670</td>
									<td align="center">99,1</td>
									<td align="center">676</td>
									<td align="center">406</td>
									<td align="center">60,6</td>
									<td align="center">264</td>
									<td align="center">39,4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Total</td>
									<td align="center">216</td>
									<td align="center">6,3</td>
									<td align="center">3.192</td>
									<td align="center">93,7</td>
									<td align="center">3.408</td>
									<td align="center">1.594</td>
									<td align="center">49,9</td>
									<td align="center">1.598</td>
									<td align="center">50,1</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib>Source: ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719 to 1752; LRBEFNSPI, 1760 to 1772; LRBEFNSPI, 1772 to 1783; LRBEFNSPI, 1784 to 1795; and LRBEFNSPI, 1791 to 1809.</attrib>
							<fn id="TFN1001">
								<p>* We divided the period from 1719 to 1732 in two because it covers 14 years and because there are gaps in the years for the 1710s and 1730s.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN2001">
								<p>** The period 1744 to 1753 is missing, so we have added the years together.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The mothers of the slaves under Captains Francisco I or II and Luciano Gomes Ribeiro, who were of mixed descent, constituted the majority of African children in the parish of Pilar until 1790. However, Franciscos I and II, in the process of assembling or reassembling their slaveholdings, baptized 18 African adults. These adults, along with 20 mothers, were registered up until 1760, with only two mothers being documented between 1761 and 1763. Of their 23 mothers, 12 were of African origin, five were born in Brazil (<italic>Creole</italic>) and the origins of the remaining five could not be identified. Out of all the mothers, only ten were married.</p>
				<p>These baptisms occurred up until 1763, indicating a trend towards children of African mothers and those born outside of Christian marriage until 1753. Conversely, the demographics of Luciano’s and his brother Timóteo’s slaves changed direction in the parish from the 1760s onwards. In that decade, likely due to ecclesiastical influence, there was a sharp increase in the number of baptisms of legitimate children, which decreased in subsequent decades. In essence, from 1761 onwards, during Luciano’s era, the rates of nuptiality (slave marriages) and legitimacy (children born to married parents) among slaves were higher than in the era of his predecessors, up until 1760. This rate was consistent for children of African mothers and those born in Brazil. From 1790 onwards, the number of innocents born to Creole mothers outpaced those born to Africans mothers.</p>
				<p>Therefore, between 1774 and 1809, besides not baptizing adults, the innocents fathered by Luciano and his brother Timóteo were from 19 different female slaves, among whom only six were African, ten Creole, and three unidentified. Eleven mothers were married. Structurally, during Luciano’s time, after 1760, the rates of slave marriages in Pilar were higher than during the time of the Franciscos. This creolization (in terms of becoming native) of Luciano’s slaveholding provides strong evidence that he may have inherited slaves from Francisco I, and thus also inherited established norms in slave treatment, including, most likely, granting his surname to slaves and respecting kinship rules established by the slaves themselves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Góes; Florentino, 1997</xref>). In assessing the family ties of the slaves, it is crucial to estimate their minimum time in slavery.</p>
				<p>The baptism records for the Franciscos’ slaves span 43 years of the manorial estate in the parish (1720–1763) and its continuation under Luciano and Timóteo Gomes Ribeiro for 35 years (1774–1809). However, these records cover only a portion of the slaves’ lives. Deaths, emancipation, and potential escapes inevitably impacted the duration of slaves’ residencies at the Coito mill. Regrettably, gaps in the documentation for 1723 to 1733, 1746 to 1750, and 1757 to 1759 hinder our ability to determine the longevity of slaves during the Franciscos’ tenure. Thus, we are left with only an approximate understanding of the stability of slave governance in Coito between 1774 and 1809.</p>
				<p>Despite the gap, it appears that certain slaves were passed through generations of Gomes Ribeiro slave owners. In 1761, Venâncio, a <italic>pardo</italic> man, married a woman whose name is illegible, both being slaves of either Francisco I or II. Francisco II emancipated a Venâncio in his will of 1763. However, by 1766, Venâncio Gomes, now a free <italic>pardo</italic> man, was married to Maria Rodrigues, a slave of João Gomes Ribeiro. In 1775, Venâncio Gomes, still a slave owned by Luciano and Timóteo, remained married to Maria Gomes. Likely due to a clerical error by the priest, he was recorded as a slave in 1775, but by 1779, while still married to Maria, a ‘Criole,’ Venâncio was once again recognized as a <italic>pardo</italic> freedman, although she remained a slave. Thus, within a stable marital context, Maria and Venâncio Gomes were owned by four members of the Gomes Ribeiro lineage from the same manorial estate: João, Francisco, Luciano, and Timóteo. The management of slaves within this old household was a familial generational matter. Despite Venâncio Gomes securing his freedom in 1766, thereby becoming a <italic>pardo forro</italic>, he and his wife continued to navigate within the sphere of the Gomes Ribeiro slave owners for 19 years.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn75001">75</xref></sup></p>
				<p>During the tenure of Luciano and Timóteo’s manorial oversight, Marcelo Crioulo and Maria Rebolo/Angola sustained their marriage, which lasted nine years and produced five children between March 1783 and August 1792.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn76001">76</xref></sup> This example of a stable couple was not isolated among the Gomes Ribeiro slaves, with some relationships lasting at least 13 years. However, the ’condition of being a single mother did not necessarily denote instability (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). For instance, Mariana Angola, a slave of the <italic>pardo</italic> man Estevão Gomes Ribeiro, cohabited with him unmarried for 22 years,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn77001">77</xref></sup> from 1774 to 1796. In 1800, 26 years later, Mariana was bequeathed in the will of Estevão’s wife, the mulatta Ana Correa Soares. ’It is noteworthy that the widow emancipated the unmarried ‘criolla’ Feliciana, mother of Florentino, who was baptized on April 15, 1797. Ana Correa Soares willed the ‘criolla’ Isabel to her niece Rita, but following her niece’s death, Isabel was emancipated. Isabel, baptized on November 16, 1794, was the daughter of an unmarried black slave.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn78001">78</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4001">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Couples, single mothers, number of children, and minimum length of slavery of Luciano Gomes Ribeiro’s slaves (1787–1809)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="25%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th colspan="2">Places of birth</th>
									<th>Baptized children</th>
									<th>Minimum period (years) in slavery</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th colspan="4">Couples</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Isabel Angola and Antônio Gentio da Costa</td>
									<td align="center">27/11/1774–01/04/1787</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Rosa Angola, with children by an unknown father in 1774, and married to Roque between 1777 and 1785</td>
									<td align="center">10/01/1774–17/09/1785</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Maria Rebolo/Angola and Marcelo Ribeiro, Creole</td>
									<td align="center">23/03/1783–21/08/1792</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Maria Gomes, Creole, and Venâncio Gomes</td>
									<td align="center">09/10/1775–30/10/1779</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Jeronima Creole and Leandro Creole</td>
									<td align="center">17/08/1796–11/09/1804</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Paula and Francisco Benguela</td>
									<td align="center">10/10/1774</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Salvador and Teresa</td>
									<td align="center">02/07/1776</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Andressa and Mateus, both from Gentio da Costa.</td>
									<td align="center">10/07/1782</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Rosa married to André</td>
									<td align="center">20/12/1787</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">Single slaves</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ana Parda or Crioula</td>
									<td align="center">18/01/1779–21/05/1794</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Josefa Parda or Cabra</td>
									<td align="center">27/03/1786–24/06/1793</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Rosa Bambuíla or Angola</td>
									<td align="center">24/06/1782–17/09/1787</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bernarda de nação</td>
									<td align="center">14/05/1806–22/01/1809</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Joana Crioula</td>
									<td align="center">06/08/1802–11/09/1804</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Luzia Cabra</td>
									<td align="center">24/05/1788–04/10/1789</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ana Angola</td>
									<td align="center">12/02/1775</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Lourença Crioula</td>
									<td align="center">16/11/1779</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Maria Crioula</td>
									<td align="center">03/05/1780</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Victorian Crioula</td>
									<td align="center">29/06/1786</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mother of illegible name</td>
									<td align="center">20/01/1793</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib>Source: ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772 to 1783; LRBEFNSPI, 1784 to 1795; and LRBEFNSPI, 1791 to 1809.</attrib>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In conclusion, single slave mothers also remained within the same household for substantial periods and saw their freed children become potential mestizos slave owners, exemplified by Sebastião, Estevão, and Luciano, among many other mestizos individuals who perpetuated the institution of slavery.</p>
				<p>In short, the demographics of Luciano and Timóteo’s slaves differed significantly from those of the generation of slave owners that preceded them. However, the “generations of captivity,” a term eloquently coined by Ira <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Berlin (2006)</xref>, encompassed not only slaves but also their slave owners. The Franciscos staffed their enslavement operations with Africans. On a single day, March 2, 1731, they acquired 11 adult slaves, bringing their total to 18 since March 24, 1722.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn79001">79</xref></sup> Luciano and Timóteo undeniably inherited these “generations of captivity.” Their agricultural enterprises were established before June 1778, by which time Luciano had referenced the 155 slaves on his sugarcane mill (sugar mill), a number that clearly did not materialize overnight.</p>
				<p>Luciano and his partners’ petition dates back to 1778. Notably, between 1774 and 1777, baptismal records of their slaves solely listed his name as the slave owner. It was only after this petition, from 1779 forward, that the slaves were identified as belonging to “Captain Luciano Gomes Ribeiro and his brother Timóteo Gomes Ribeiro.” This partnership was acknowledged in the baptism records until March 20, 1791. Subsequently, Timóteo baptized only one additional slave on August 21, 1792, because from January 1793 to January 1809, he was not recorded as a slave owner of the baptizing mothers, leaving only Captain Luciano. This absence suggests that he might have died or dissolved the partnership with his brother.</p>
				<p>During the tenure of the brothers’ partnership, the priests often noted in a majority of those baptismal instances that the slave owners “resided at Engenho da Posse.” On occasions when the joint ownership of captives was not mentioned, Timóteo, like Luciano, was still referred to as “slave owner of sugarcane mill.” At times, records explicitly stated that the baptized, along with their fathers, mothers, godfathers, and godmothers, were “slaves of Captain Luciano Gomes Ribeiro and his brother Timóteo Gomes Ribeiro’s Engenho da Posse.” In baptismal documents, Luciano and/or Timóteo were listed as the mill’s owners until 1786, by which time Pizarro, previously silent about Timóteo, noted in 1795 that the mill had already been sold. The new owner had 19 slaves baptized between 1793 and 1808, and in a sacrament on April 20, 1798, it was declared that the parents were “slaves of Captain Manoel José Moreira’s sugarcane mill.”<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn80001">80</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The sale of the sugar cane mill did not necessarily translate to the sale of the slaves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Lima, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Machado, 2020</xref>). Despite no longer being a plantation owner by 1795, Luciano married off four slaves on January 9, 1796.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn81001">81</xref></sup> He might have been considered elderly by the standards of the time. Before 1776, he had mentioned that, following an order to establish new auxiliary troops and ordinances “on March 22, 1766,” the viceroy Conde do Lavradio appointed him as captain of the third infantry of “freed <italic>pardo</italic> men.” He sought a royal confirmation patent, which was issued on April 17, 1776. Although there is no date on the patent letter issued by Lavradio, Luciano was already being referred to as captain in a slave baptism on October 9, 1775. By 1794, he had retired from this post,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn82001">82</xref></sup> yet he continued to be recognized as a captain in the baptisms of his slaves until 1809. The <italic>pardo</italic> son of a black slave who had retired retained the prestige of captain and the status of slave owner despite no longer being the owner of the plantation.</p>
				<p>Luciano’s exact age is not known at any specific point in his life. However, since he retired in the mid-1790s and had become a godfather in 1766, by the last year recorded in the baptismal books, 1809, he was well into his 50s, if not older. The <italic>pardo</italic> freedman Estevão, possibly his brother, and his wife had passed away by 1800,<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn83001">83</xref></sup> marking the departure of their generation of freedmen. Before her death, the <italic>parda</italic> widow of a Gomes Ribeiro freed Creoles in her will, who may have later achieved social enfranchisement. Long before this, Jacob, Gomes Ribeiro’s older brother, on February 22, 1767, had his slave Rosália, the daughter of the Creole Teodósia, baptized and, on March 1 of the same year, attended the church to provide the child with her baptismal font. As he was literate, Jacob signed the manumission document<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn84001">84</xref></sup> This act of granting freedom and the chosen method formed part of the Christian governance of slaves, a tradition maintained by the Gomes Ribeiro family for centuries.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
				<p>In 1774, Luciano’s initial three entries of slave baptisms were documented. In the third entry, dated November 27, Isabel and her husband had their son baptized. By April 1, 1787, the couple had three additional children baptized. In the first two instances, in 1774 and 1775, the priests ’made no mention of the parents’ origins. However, by 1782, Antônio and Isabel were identified as being from “gentio da Costa,” and by 1787, Isabel was described as ‘Angola.’<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn85001">85</xref></sup> After 13 years in bondage, the couple ceased to have any further baptismal records in the parish. It is noteworthy that Luciano was not described as ‘<italic>pardo</italic>’ in these records. The earliest indication in the parish records of Luciano’s association with slavery appears in the baptismal record of his daughter from 1771, noting that the girl was the paternal granddaughter of the black slave Mina Isabel, Luciano’s mother, without explicitly mentioning his racial designation. The second unambiguous reference to Luciano’s racial status as <italic>pardo</italic> (i.e., someone of mixed African and European descent) occurs in the record of baptism from July 24, 1802, where he served as godfather. On this occasion, Priest Joaquim Soares de Oliveira attributed to him the status of <italic>pardo livre</italic> (i.e., a freeborn <italic>pardo</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn86001">86</xref></sup> On January 8, 1803, both he and his wife were recorded as <italic>pardos livre</italic> at the baptism of their son, Manoel. Subsequently, on July 9, 1804, Luciano and his wife, Mariana Rodrigues dos Santos, both free <italic>pardo</italic> people, baptized another daughter, Inácia, with Saint Rita serving as godmother, as documented by Father Oliveira.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn87001">87</xref></sup> For most of the period that Luciano’s name appears in the parish’s slave registries, he was not acknowledged as a free <italic>pardo</italic> person; in fact, he was free, not free.</p>
				<p>In 89 of the 623 records entered into the books between 1797 and 1809, a particular priest characterized the godparents as freedmen, irrespective of whether they were <italic>pardo</italic>, black, Creole, or of other origins. However, only 21 innocents were designated as <italic>pardos forros</italic> (i.e., a freed <italic>pardo</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn88001">88</xref></sup> This distinction suggests that, within the context of pervasive inequality, the priest made a nuanced differentiation between being a <italic>pardo livre</italic> and a <italic>pardo forro</italic>. Luciano was among the individuals who received such differentiation. Furthermore, there is an additional detail concerning the vicar’s involvement. His initial record in a slave baptism book is dated September 29, 1797, marking his role as a commissioned vicar—an appointment made due to a vacancy in the parish church.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn89001">89</xref></sup> Intriguingly, on August 6, 1802, this vicar, who had baptized Luciano a month earlier, subsequently referred to him solely by his name, his enduring surnames, and by his status as a ‘captain.’<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn90001">90</xref></sup> The vicar’s engagement did not conclude there. On September 4, 1803, he once again affirmed Luciano’s status as a free <italic>pardo</italic> man during the baptism of a child “born to Vicente, a Creole, and a slave of Domingos Ribeiro, and Emerenciana Maria, a Creole slave.”<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn91001">91</xref></sup> Lastly, on March 16, 1804, at the baptism of a daughter born to a free <italic>pardo</italic> couple, the godparents Luciano and his wife Mariana were not categorized as <italic>pardos</italic> by the priest.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn92001">92</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In summary, for the vicar, who frequently linked Luciano to slavery, the captain was recognized as a free <italic>pardo</italic> man only when he acted as a sponsor for the children of slaves, a peculiar discretion of this priest. Father Antônio Gonçalves Grandão, another priest from Pilar, only recognized Luciano by his military rank in two baptisms of freed individuals on January 10 and March 25, 1789, despite one of the parents being a free <italic>pardo</italic> man.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn93001">93</xref></sup> Furthermore, Father Grandão did not designate Estevão Gomes Ribeiro as a <italic>pardo forro</italic> when he was associated with a couple identified as such in the baptism of a freed innocent on May 5, 1788.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn94001">94</xref></sup> In essence, racial classification was contingent upon relational circumstances.</p>
				<p>The final piece of evidence suggesting that the captain himself was once a slave is discernible in the “deed of freedom” granted by “Captain Luciano Gomes Ribeiro to his slave Isabel Congo,” who may have been the same individual as Isabel Angola. This document was issued on August 28, 1793, in the city of Rio de Janeiro. On this occasion, it was recorded that “Luciano Gomes Ribeiro, Captain of the Troop of <italic>Pardo</italic> Men and assistant in the Parish of Pilar de Iguaçu, “was present.” Among his possessions, Luciano owned, among many other slaves,</p>
				<p><disp-quote>
					<p><bold>a black woman of the Congo nation by the name of Isabel and for the good services she has received from her up to the present and also for having given her the sum of [32,000] réis in current money which she acquired through the alms she was given for the purpose of her release, never failing in the obligation of her service; therefore, the said Captain Luciano Gomes Ribeiro said</bold> that he, of his own free will [...] gave [...] the said <bold>black woman</bold> Isabel Congo [...] her freedom and letter of release.<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn95001">95</xref></sup></p>
				</disp-quote></p>
				<p>It was not explicitly stated that he was <italic>pardo</italic>; rather, he was merely the captain of the Troop of <italic>pardo</italic> Men. Once again, Luciano exercised his slave ownerly power by sustaining the Gomes Ribeiro estate. Slave owners possessing numerous slaves tended to emancipate fewer manumitted individuals and did so less frequently (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Guedes, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Paiva, 2001</xref>). His behavior was predicated on the premise that he was not only superior to his manumitted individuals but also to those slave owners possessing fewer slaves. Through such actions, he undermined Bastos Caldas, who owned merely seven slaves. Therefore, it seems implausible that black and <italic>pardo</italic> militia officers would “assert equal rights” alongside white officers, as has been posited (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Kraay, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Souza, 2020</xref>), and that <italic>pardos</italic> individuals and freedmen were present in regiments originating from the Portugal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ferreira, 2023</xref>, p. 52-56), due to the absence of a consistent conception of race.</p>
				<p>Luciano descended from a lineage of captains, highlighting that an individual’s position within the ordinances, even for <italic>pardos</italic> (mixed-origin individuals), was contingent upon familial connections and social networks. Thus, p<italic>ardos</italic> with the requisite lineage and social standing could assert “equal rights,” invoking their ancestors’ ancient privileges still recognized in the late 18th century. Hence, the alleged ‘equal rights’ proclaimed by those emerging from enslavement were primarily applicable to officers of color, excluding the broader community of <italic>pardos</italic>, blacks, mulattos, <italic>mamelucos</italic>, <italic>cafuzos</italic>, and others. In the pre-modern era, rights were synonymous with privileges rather than universal equality. Understanding this, Luciano, in his petition to the Queen, sought privileges for the ancestral lands of Gomes Ribeiro. His act of manumission epitomized the manorial privilege, extending to the right to label another individual as black—given she was a slave. This delineation underscores that the slave-owning elite was aware of their supreme position within the social hierarchy of Iguaçu in Portuguese America.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
				<p>We extend our gratitude to Professor João Fragoso for his critical review of the manuscript and his invaluable insights into the nobility of the land, as well as to Professor Ana Machado for providing parish records from the parish of Pilar. Our appreciation also goes to the students who participated in these projects: Ana Melo, Caio Carvalho, Daniel Soares, Gabriel Borges, João Silva, Juliano Mello, Kevin Wetter, Larissa Fragoso, Lethicia Marinho, Mateus Nóbrega, Paolo Simas, and Victória Baudson.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1001">
					<label>1</label>
					<p><italic>Pardo, pardos</italic> (male singular and plural forms), <italic>parda, pardas</italic> (female singular and plural forms), as well as mulatto, mulattos, mulatta, and mulattas, were polysemic terms used for social classifications. This means that these designations did not necessarily refer to skin color but also to factors such as social status, including being free of slave ancestry. However, there were also <italic>pardos</italic> and mulattos who were slaves. In some regions during the 17 and 18 centuries, Indians people could also be classified as <italic>pardos</italic> and/or mulattos. Thus, the social and relational contexts in which these categories were used were crucial in defining one’s status, legal standing, and social position.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2001">
					<label>2</label>
					<p> This was Captain Major Francisco Gomes Ribeiro, who married Antônia de Azevedo around 1680. See: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Rheingantz, 1967</xref>, p. 271.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3001">
					<label>3</label>
					<p> ARQUIVO DA DIOCESE DE PETRÓPOLIS (ADP), Livro de Registros de Óbito da Freguesia de N. S. do Pilar do Iguaçu (LROFNSPI), 1759-1771, fl. 62-72.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4001">
					<label>4</label>
					<p> ADP, Livro de Registros de Batismo de Escravos da Freguesia de N. S. do Pilar do Iguaçu (LRBEFNSPI), 1719-1752; LRBEFNSPI, 1760-1772; LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783; LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795; and LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn5001">
					<label>5</label>
					<p> ADP, Livro de Registros de Batismo de Livres e Forros da Freguesia de N. S. do Pilar do Iguaçu (LRBLFFNSPI), 1714-1756; LRBLFFNSPI, 1751-1766; LRBLFFNSPI, 1766-1772; and LRBLFFNSPI, 1786-1807.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6001">
					<label>6</label>
					<p> ADP, Livro de Registros de Óbito da Freguesia de N. S. do Pilar do Iguaçu (LROFNSPI), 1759-1771 e LROFNSPI, 1793-1808.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7001">
					<label>7</label>
					<p> We followed every epochal word to the letter because the notion of category points, “in the reflection on knowledge, to the idea of models for organizing perceptions of “reality,” in other words, “it connotes an active, structuring, creative (poietic) capacity for shaping knowledge.” In this way, the categories reveal the “capacity to create knowledge (if not — I’m going to start with the provocation... — to create reality)” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Hespanha, 2003</xref>, p. 823).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8001">
					<label>8</label>
					<p> ARQUIVO HISTÓRICO ULTRAMARINO-Lisboa (AHU-RJ), Avulsos, <italic>Rio de Janeiro</italic>, cx. 116, doc. 52.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn9001">
					<label>9</label>
					<p><italic>Idem</italic>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn10001">
					<label>10</label>
					<p><italic>Idem</italic>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn11001">
					<label>11</label>
					<p> This Engenho da Posse is not to be confused with the Engenho da Posse in the parish of N. S. da Piedade do Iguaçu. See: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Machado, 2020</xref>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn12001">
					<label>12</label>
					<p> AHU-RJ, cx. 116, doc. 52 (emphasis added).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn13001">
					<label>13</label>
					<p> On land structure and customary rights, see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Fragoso, 1992</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Sampaio, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Pedroza, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Oliveira, 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Machado, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cruz, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Soares, 2022</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">2024</xref>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn14001">
					<label>14</label>
					<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1759-1771, Date of death registration: 14/10/1763.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn15001">
					<label>15</label>
					<p><italic>Idem</italic>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn16001">
					<label>16</label>
					<p><italic>Idem</italic>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn17001">
					<label>17</label>
					<p><italic>Idem</italic>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn18001">
					<label>18</label>
					<p> AHU-RJ, cx. 116, doc. 52 (emphasis added).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn19001">
					<label>19</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1766-1772, 16/07/1766 and 24/12/1766.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn20001">
					<label>20</label>
					<p> On the structure of tenure in Rio de Janeiro see: (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Florentino, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Fragoso, 1992</xref>; Góes, Florentino, 1997; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Machado, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Soares, 2022</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">2024</xref>).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn21001">
					<label>21</label>
					<p> In modern slavery, “at least one of the ‘main agents’ does not have his social character effectively shaped by the regime of production and, consequently, cannot be considered as the embodiment of an economic category - which necessarily has repercussions on the role and social nature of the masters. Slaves are fundamentally ‘captives’ and adjust (well or badly) to the apparatus of production we are dealing with, through a more or less effective combination of violence, pleasing, persuasion, etc. Paradoxically, therefore, slaves, which the legal tradition insists on calling ‘things’, make it impossible to reify social relations [...]” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Castro, 1980</xref>, p. 93-94). The masters also prevented slave social relations from being reduced to the economic sphere.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn22001">
					<label>22</label>
					<p> On reciprocal obligations, favors and services, see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Mauss, 1988</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Olival, 2001</xref>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn23001">
					<label>23</label>
					<p> Monsignor Pizarro’s pastoral visitations are reproduced in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Galdames, 2007</xref>, p. 309-317.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn24001">
					<label>24</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809. The baptism dates from 20/10/1792, and the visit from 12/05/1795.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn25001">
					<label>25</label>
					<p> Pastoral visits of Monsignor Pizarro <italic>apud</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Galdames, 2007</xref>, p. 309-317.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn26001">
					<label>26</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783; 1791-1809.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn27001">
					<label>27</label>
					<p> Pastoral visits of Monsignor Pizarro <italic>apud</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Galdames, 2007</xref>, p. 309-317.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn28001">
					<label>28</label>
					<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1759-1771, Date of death registration: 14/10/1763 (emphasis added).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn29001">
					<label>29</label>
					<p> Pastoral visits of Monsignor Pizarro <italic>apud</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Galdames, 2007</xref>, p. 309-317<italic>.</italic></p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn30001">
					<label>30</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 04/04/1720, 05/11/1720 and LRBLFFNSPI, 1714-1756, 15/08/1716, 07/07/1719.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn31001">
					<label>31</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752: 24/03/1722, 18/06/1723 (4 times), 12/09/1723; 13/01/1724, 19/02/1724, 06/11/1724, 29/11/1726, 07/03/1727, 30/08/1728, 05/12/1728, 30/01/1729, 25/05/1729, 07/06/1729, 29/06/1729, 14/03/1730 (2), 10/04/1730, 25/07/1730 (5), 08/09/1730, 02/03/1731 (11), 08/09/1731, 02/01/1732 (2), 24/08/1744, 20/11/1744, 30/09/1751, 26/09/1751, 20/01/1752, 13/04/1752. ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1760-1772: 11/03/1761, 12/07/1761, 22/03/1763, 03/05/1764, 27/01/1765, 13/07/1766, 26/07/1765, 10/08/1767, 27/09/1767, 03/07/1768, 12/03/1769, 29/09/1769, [20]/10/1770, 06/01/1771, 15/08/1771. ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783: 05/04/1773, 10/01/1774, 10/10/1774, 12/10/1774, 27/11/1774, 12/02/1775, 28/08/1775, 09/10/1775, 02/07/1776, 12/02/1777, 18/01/1779, 30/10/1779, [16]/11/1779, 03/05/1780, 24/06/1782, 10/07/1782 (2), 23/03/1783. ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795: 14/03/1784, 19/03/1784, 01/06/1784, 01/09/1784, 18/09/1785, 18/09/1785, 27/03/1786, 29/06/1786, 13/09/1786, 01/04/1787, 17/09/1787, 20/12/1787, 24/05/1788, 27/05/1788, 04/10/1788, 15/02/1789, 26/04/1789, 04/10/1789, 10/12/1789, 24/07/1790, 20/03/1791, 06/12/1791. ADP, LRBEFNSPI 1791-1809: 11/08/1792; 21/08/1792; 20/01/1793; 24/06/1793; 09/02/1794; 21/05/1794, 16/11/1794, 02/07/1796, 17/08/1796, 30/08/1796, 15/04/1797, 25/01/1800, [29]/10/1802, 11/09/1804 (2), 11/09/1804, 19/04/1805, 14/05/1806, 06/08/1802, 22/01/1809...</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn32001">
					<label>32</label>
					<p> As lords of godparents (if not referred to as lords of baptisms): ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752: 05/11/1720, 23/11/1722, 06/11/1724, 31/07/1728, 29/11/1729, 14/03/1730, 06/01/1731, 11/06/1731, 24/02/1745, 15/01/1752, 20/01/1752. ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1760-1772: 20/01/1762. ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795: 20/10/1784, 10/08/1785, 29/04/1787, 09/04/1788. LBE 1791-1809: 06/12/1791, [17]/04/1797, 02/06/1799, 20/08/1801, 20/05/1798, 18/02/1798, c. 02/02/1805, 22/12/1800. As lords of godmothers (if not referred to as lords of baptisms and godfathers). ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752: 10/10/1728, 14/03/1730, 19/04/1730, 25/04/1730, 25/07/1730, 24/12/1730, 11/03/1731, 09/04/1731. ADP, LRBEFNSPI 1784-1795: 06/01/1785, [10]/08/1788. ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809: 03/06/1797, 01/12/1798, 06/02/1803, 14/01/1808.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn33001">
					<label>33</label>
					<p> Father of three free children baptized on 10/01/1761, 08/12/1767 and 30/10/1769 (ADP, LRBLFFNSPI).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn34001">
					<label>34</label>
					<p> See note 31.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn35001">
					<label>35</label>
					<p> See note 31.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn36001">
					<label>36</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1725, 05/11/1720; LRBEFNSPI, 1744-1753, 15/01/1752 and 20/01/1752.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn37001">
					<label>37</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783, 30/10/1779; LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795, 15/02/1789; LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 21/08/1792.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn38001">
					<label>38</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1760-1772, 13/07/1766; LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783, 09/10/1775, 30/10/1779.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn39001">
					<label>39</label>
					<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1759-1771, Date of death registration: 14/10/1763.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn40001">
					<label>40</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1766-1772, 24/12/1766.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn41001">
					<label>41</label>
					<p> On <italic>pro-indiviso</italic> rural properties, despite formal division, See: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Pedroza, 2011</xref>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn42001">
					<label>42</label>
					<p> The testator was a devotee of Santa Rita, the name of the chapel. The only freed woman, apparently.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn43001">
					<label>43</label>
					<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1759-1771, Date of death registration: 14/10/1763 (emphasis added).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn44001">
					<label>44</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 02/01/1732.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn45001">
					<label>45</label>
					<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1759-1771, Date of death registration: 14/10/1763.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn46001">
					<label>46</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795, 04/10/1788, 10/12/1789.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn47001">
					<label>47</label>
					<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1793-1808, fl. 383-385.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn48001">
					<label>48</label>
					<p> Pastoral visits of Monsignor Pizarro <italic>apud</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Galdames, 2007</xref>, p. 309-317<italic>.</italic></p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn49001">
					<label>49</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1786-1807, 23/11/1798.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn50001">
					<label>50</label>
					<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1793-1808, fl. 383-385.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn51001">
					<label>51</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783, 12/10/1774; ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795, 01/09/1784, 04/10/1788, 26/04/1789, 10/12/1789, 24/07/1790, 06/12/1791; ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 11/08/1792, 09/02/1794, 16/11/1794, 02/07/1796, 15/04/1797</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn52001">
					<label>52</label>
					<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1793-1808, fl. 383-385.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn53001">
					<label>53</label>
					<p> Stephen’s slave godfather. ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783, 12/10/1774.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn54001">
					<label>54</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 20/10/1795.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn55001">
					<label>55</label>
					<p> The concept of the quality of slavery, as distinct from the concept of the quality of nobility, can be found in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Guedes and Soares (2023)</xref>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn56001">
					<label>56</label>
					<p> In “social terms, slave ownership was widespread and systematically included colored masters and even former slaves, both those born here and Africans. In other words, plantations and farms of all sizes, workshops and homes of craftsmen and women, commercial houses large and small, as well as rural and urban residences depended on captive labor, together or not with family arms [...]” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Libby, 2020</xref>, p. 23).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn57001">
					<label>57</label>
					<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1793-1808, fl. 383-385.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn58001">
					<label>58</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1766-1772, 21/01/1771 (emphasis added).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn59001">
					<label>59</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 02/01/1732</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn60001">
					<label>60</label>
					<p> Philippine Ordinances, Book IV, Title XCII.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn61001">
					<label>61</label>
					<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1759-1771, Date of death registration: 14/10/1763.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn62001">
					<label>62</label>
					<p><italic>Idem</italic>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn63001">
					<label>63</label>
					<p><italic>Idem</italic>.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn64001">
					<label>64</label>
					<p> Pastoral visits of Monsignor Pizarro <italic>apud</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Galdames, 2007</xref>, p. 309-317<italic>.</italic></p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn65001">
					<label>65</label>
					<p> “Memórias Públicas e Econômicas da Cidade de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro para Uso do Vice -Rey Luiz de Vasconcelos.” <italic>Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro</italic> (RIHGB), volume XLVII, 1884, p. 17, and RIHGB, volume XXXIII, 1884.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn66001">
					<label>66</label>
					<p> On methodological aspects of dealing with parish records, see: Fragoso, Guedes, Sampaio, 2014, chapters 1 and 2.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn67001">
					<label>67</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783, 21/12/1773, 03/03/1776, 18/01/1778, 29/10/1780, 12/01/1783; LRBEFNSPI, 1760-1772, 05/08/1769, 07/02/1772, 13/12/1767; and LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795,16/04/1785.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn68001">
					<label>68</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 24/03/1722, 18/06/1723 (2 baptisms), 18/07/1723 (2 baptisms), 12/09/1723, 13/01/1724, 19/02/1724, 06/11/1724, 29/11/1726, 07/03/1727, 30/08/1728, 05/12/1728, 30/01/1729, 25/05/1729, 07/06/1729, 29/06/1729, 14/03/1730 (2 baptisms), 10/04/1730, 25/07/1730 (4 baptisms), 08/09/1730, 02/03/1731 (11 baptisms), 08/09/1731, 02/01/1732 (2 baptisms), 24/08/1744, 20/11/1744, 30/09/1751, 20/01/1752, 13/04/1752; ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1760-1772, 11/03/1761, 12/07/1761, 22/03/1763.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn69001">
					<label>69</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 14/03/1730.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn70001">
					<label>70</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 14/03/1730.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn71001">
					<label>71</label>
					<p> Pastoral visits of Monsignor Pizarro <italic>apud</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Galdames, 2007</xref>, p. 309-317.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn72001">
					<label>72</label>
					<p> AHU-RJ, Avulsos, cx. 116, doc. 52.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn73001">
					<label>73</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 09/06/1719, 31/05/1725, 14/03/1730.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn74001">
					<label>74</label>
					<p> See note 67.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn75001">
					<label>75</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 11/03/1761; 13/07/1766; 09/10/1775; 30/10/1779.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn76001">
					<label>76</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 23/03/1783; 01/06/1784; 15/02/1789; 20/03/1791; 21/08/1792.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn77001">
					<label>77</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783, 12/10/1774; ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795, 26/04/1789; ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809 09/02/1794, 02/07/1796; ADP, LROFNSPI, 1793-1808, fl. 383-385.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn78001">
					<label>78</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 16/11/1794.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn79001">
					<label>79</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1719-1752, 02/03/1731.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn80001">
					<label>80</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795, 02/02/1795; 16/11/1793; 04/03/1794; LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 09/07/1796; 02/09/1797; 04/08/1802; 29/09/1801; 16/04/1803; 20/04/1798; 29/09/1801; 04/08/1802; 04/08/1802; 14/05/1806; 02/01/1807; 02/01/1807; 01/02/1808; 28/04/1808; 04/08/1798; 29/09/1801.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn81001">
					<label>81</label>
					<p> ADP, Book of Marriage Records of Slaves, 1786-1868, 09/01/1796.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn82001">
					<label>82</label>
					<p> AHU-RJ, cx. 157, doc. 24.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn83001">
					<label>83</label>
					<p> ADP, LROFNSPI, 1793-1808, fl. 383-385.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn84001">
					<label>84</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1766-1772, 22/02/1767.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn85001">
					<label>85</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1772-1783, 27/11/1774, 28/08/1775, 10/07/1782; LRBEFNSPI, 1784-1795, 01/04/1787.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn86001">
					<label>86</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 24/07/1802.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn87001">
					<label>87</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1786-1807, 08/01/1803, 09/07/1804.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn88001">
					<label>88</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1786-1807; LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn89001">
					<label>89</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 29/07/1797.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn90001">
					<label>90</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 06/08/1802.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn91001">
					<label>91</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBEFNSPI, 1791-1809, 04/09/1803.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn92001">
					<label>92</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1786-1807, 16/03/1804.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn93001">
					<label>93</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1786-1807, 10/01/1789, 25/03/1789.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn94001">
					<label>94</label>
					<p> ADP, LRBLFFNSPI, 1786-1807, 05/05/1788.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn95001">
					<label>95</label>
					<p> ARQUIVO NACIONAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO, Livros de Notas, 1 Of., Notas, L. 173. No page number (our emphasis).</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>FINANCING</label>
					<p> This research was funded by FAPERJ and CNPq as part of the following projects: “As mil e uma desigualdades da escravidão (Rio de Janeiro, 1700-1850),” “Cativos, alforriados e senhores: construtores da escravidão e da liberdade (Rio de Janeiro, século XVIII),” and “As mil e uma desigualdades da escravidão (Estado do Brasil, 1700-1850).</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>