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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tip</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>TIP. Revista especializada en ciencias químico-biológicas</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">TIP</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2395-8723</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">1405-888X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/fesz.23958723e.2021.388</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00038</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos de revisión</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Estado actual de métodos alternativos, de control de hongos y su efecto en la calidad postcosecha de frutos de jitomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>)</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Current status of alternative methods, of control of fungi and its effect on the post-harvest quality of tomato fruits (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>)</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez-Guzmán</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Montaño-Leyva</surname>
						<given-names>Beatriz</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Velázquez-Estrada</surname>
						<given-names>Rita M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sánchez-Burgos</surname>
						<given-names>Jorge A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>García-Magaña</surname>
						<given-names>María de Lourdes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>González-Estrada</surname>
						<given-names>Ramsés R.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gutiérrez-Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Porfirio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en
					Alimentos/División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Tecnológico Nacional
					de México/I. T. Tepic, Av. Tecnológico #2595, Col. Lagos del Country, Tepic
					63175, Nayarit, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Tepic</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Nayarit</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff1b">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en
					Alimentos/División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Tecnológico Nacional
					de México/I. T. Tepic, Av. Tecnológico #2595, Col. Lagos del Country, Tepic
					63175, Nayarit, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Tepic</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Nayarit</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>pgutierrez@ittepic.edu.mx</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos. Universidad de Sonora, Encinas y Rosales s/n. Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Sonora</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Sonora</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Hermosillo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sonora</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label> Porfirio Gutiérrez-Martínez. E-mail: <email>pgutierrez@ittepic.edu.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<!--pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>14</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"-->
				<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>24</volume>
			<elocation-id>e388</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Los tomates en la industria alimentaria son fundamentales por su sabor y alto valor nutricional. Para México, es de gran importancia económica por la generación de empleos directos e indirectos. Por esto la calidad postcosecha es fundamental, y puede verse alterada por condiciones como: temperatura, transporte y almacenamiento al provocar el desarrollo de hongos patógenos, que deterioran su calidad e impiden la comercialización del producto con pérdidas económicas. La principal estrategia de control son los fungicidas sintéticos, sin embargo, aunque son eficaces, afectan negativamente al medio ambiente y a los seres humanos al desarrollar cepas resistentes. Motivo por el que, los consumidores demandan constantemente productos seguros y sin residuos. Esta revisión muestra un panorama general de los métodos de control aplicados a los frutos de jitomate durante la etapa de postcosecha y plantea su aplicación, como una alternativa al uso de fungicidas, ellos son: los tratamientos térmicos, la luz ultravioleta, las sales orgánicas e inorgánicas, el quitosano, el metil jasmonato, el ácido salicílico, los extractos vegetales, los aceites esenciales y los microorganismos; considerados como sistemas ecológicos seguros y económicos que protegen contra los fitopatógenos, aumentan la vida útil y conservan la calidad de los frutos.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Tomatoes in food industry are essential for their flavor and high nutritional value. For Mexico, it is of great importance due to the spill economic and the generation of direct and indirect jobs. Therefore, post-harvest quality is essential, which can be influenced by conditions such as temperature, transport, and storage, causing the development of pathogenic fungi that deteriorate its quality and prevent its commercialization, generating economic losses. The primary control strategy is synthetic fungicides; However, although they are effective, they adversely affect the environment and humans and develop resistant strains. Because of this, consumers constantly demand safe and residue-free products. In this sense, this review shows a general overview of the control methods applied to tomato fruits during their post-harvest stage. Posing its application to the use of fungicides, such as heat treatments, ultraviolet light, organic and inorganic salts, chitosan, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, plant extracts, essential oils, and microorganisms; considering safe and economic ecological systems that protect against pathogens, increase shelf life and preserve fruit quality.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave</title>
				<kwd>Antifúngico</kwd>
				<kwd>ecoamigable</kwd>
				<kwd>postcosecha</kwd>
				<kwd>sustentable</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Antifungal</kwd>
				<kwd>ecofriendly</kwd>
				<kwd>post-harvest</kwd>
				<kwd>sustainable</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="117"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>El jitomate es una de las hortalizas de mayor demanda a nivel mundial. Con un valor de poco más de 55 millones de dólares, ocupa el cuarto lugar entre los diez cultivos más importantes en términos de valor comercial en el mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">Vincent <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>). Para México, es una de las hortalizas de mayor producción, ocupa el primer lugar a nivel mundial en exportaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">SIAP, 2019</xref>) y participa con el 2.4% de las 180 millones de toneladas que se producen en el mundo anualmente. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">FAOSTAT, 2019</xref>). Sin embargo, una vez cosechado, la calidad y vida postcosecha del fruto, está condicionada por la temperatura, humedad relativa y otros factores que reducen su calidad y valor comercial. Además, estas condiciones favorecen la proliferación de hongos fitopatógenos como: (<italic>Alternaria alternata, Alternaria solani, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillusflavus, Colletotrichum lycoperssici, Colletotrichum</italic> sp., <italic>Rhizopus</italic> sp., <italic>Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillum digitatum, Cladosproium</italic> sp., entre otros) que atacan a los frutos durante su manejo postcosecha y ocasionan pérdidas económicas significativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Arah, Amaglo, Kumah &amp; Ofori, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Sajad &amp; Jamaluddin Abid, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">Rodrigues &amp; Kakde, 2019</xref>) . Por lo tanto, el conocimiento y un diagnóstico adecuado de las enfermedades que afectan al jitomate durante la etapa postcosecha, son primordiales, para implementar tratamientos de control eficaces y alternativos al uso de fungicidas, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">Xie, Tan &amp; Yu, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Martínez-Ruiz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Arah, Ahorb, Anku, Kumah &amp; Amaglo, 2016</xref>). Actualmente, la estrategia de control que se utiliza, es la aplicación de fungicidas sintéticos, con un determinado nivel de eficacia, pero con efectos negativos en la salud humana y al medio ambiente; además de presentar problemas de resistencia a los patógenos, de aquí la tendencia en la búsqueda de tecnologías alternativas viables (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">Romanazzi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016a</xref>). Esta revisión presenta un panorama actual de las tecnologías alternativas al uso de fungicidas sintéticos para el control de enfermedades postcosecha en frutos de jitomate y como éstas impactan en parámetros relacionados a la calidad.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Fungicidas sintéticos en postcosecha</title>
			<p>El uso de fungicidas sintéticos continúa siendo la estrategia dominante en el control de algunos hongos patógenos de frutas y hortalizas; en el caso de los frutos de jitomate no es la excepción, desde hace ya algunas décadas se ha reportado su uso en pre y postcosecha (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Matyjaszczyk, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">Shamurailatpam &amp; Kumar, 2020</xref>), en donde fungicidas como Mancozeb y Azoxistrobina fueron aplicados en frutos dejitomate, a nivel <italic>in vivo</italic> y se observó una reducción del 50% de la lesión de la enfermedad ocasionada por <italic>Alternaria</italic> y <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Patel, Dange &amp; Patel, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Chapin, Wang, Lutton &amp; Gardener, 2006</xref>). En una investigación más reciente, se utilizaron dosis de 220 g/L de tiabendazol para controlar el moho gris causado por <italic>B. cinerea.</italic> Los resultados mostraron que 12 días después de la inoculación, se observó en los frutos control un deterioro del 100%, mientras que en los frutos tratados con fungicida fue del 56.68% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">Shenglong, Jihong, Shaoyang, Shuang &amp; Li, 2019</xref>). Sin embargo, aun cuando se tienen resultados favorables en el control de los patógenos, su uso persistente e indiscriminado genera residuos tóxicos, nocivos para la salud a corto plazo (irritación de la piel y ojos, dolor de cabeza y náuseas) y a largo plazo (asma, diabetes y cáncer) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Ghazanfar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Kim, Kabir &amp; Jahan, 2017</xref>). Por lo que, el uso de fungicidas químicos como estrategia de control es cada día más cuestionable aunado a su falta de eficacia cuando las cepas patógenas desarrollan resistencia, lo que hace necesaria una investigación de nuevos fungicidas, sin embargo, la acción tiene un impacto en los costos de registro para su uso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Carvalho, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">Romanazzi, Smilanick, Feliziani &amp; Droby, 2016b</xref>). También es importante conocer el compuesto que se va a aplicar, al considerar varios aspectos como: el modo y sitio de acción, su límite máximo residual (LMR) permitido y las regulaciones para su exportación (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla I</xref>), además de las, estrategias para su uso racional, apoyándose en empresas de agroquímicos y centros de investigación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">González-Estrada <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla I</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Generalidades de los fungicidas químicos utilizados en frutos de jitomate.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col span="7"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" rowspan="2">Nombre común</th>
								<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" rowspan="2">Patógenos</th>
								<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" rowspan="2"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>4</sup></xref>Modo<break/>de acción</th>
								<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" rowspan="2"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>4</sup></xref><bold>Sitio objetivo</bold></th>
								<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" colspan="3">LMR (ppm)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>1</sup></xref>US</th>
								<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>2</sup></xref>JP</th>
								<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>3</sup></xref>EU</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Azoxistrobina<break/>(Estrobilurina)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black"><italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic> Pers. ex Fr.<break/>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">Wang, Du, Nong &amp; Shao, 2019b</xref>)<break/><break/><italic>Phytophthora nicotianae</italic><break/>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">Shridhar, Sharma, Gupta &amp; Sharma, 2018</xref>)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" rowspan="3">Respiración</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Citocromo bc1 (ubiquinol<break/>oxidasa) en el sitio Qo</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">0.2</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">3.0</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">3.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Pyraclostrobin<break/>(Estrobilurina<break/>clorado)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black"><italic>Phytophthora nicotianae</italic><break/>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">Shridhar <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Complejo III: citocromo<break/>bc1 (ubiquinol oxidasa) en<break/>el sitio Qo (gen <italic>cyt b</italic>)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">-</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">0.5</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">0.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Boscalid<break/>(Carboxamida,<break/>anilida, clorado)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black"><italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic><break/>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>)<break/><break/><italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic><break/>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Habib <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Succinato deshidrogenasa</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">3.0</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">5.0</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">3.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Clorotalonil<break/>(Benzonitrilo,<break/>clorado)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black"><italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic> Pers. ex Fr.<break/>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2019b</xref>)<break/><italic>Alternaria solani</italic><break/>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Abu-El Samen, Goussous, Al-Shudifat &amp; Makhadmeh, 2016</xref>)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" rowspan="2">Actividad en<break/>varios sitios</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" rowspan="2">Actividad de contacto de<break/>múltiples sitios</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">5.0</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">5.0</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">6.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Mancozeb<break/>(Ditiocarbamato)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black"><italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic> Pers. ex Fr<break/>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2019b</xref>)<break/><break/><italic>Phytophthora nicotianae</italic><break/>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">Shridhar <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">2.5</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">-</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">3.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Tiabendazol<break/>(Benzimidazol)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black"><italic>Fusarium equiseti</italic><break/>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Chudinova, Shkunkova &amp; Elansky, 2020</xref>)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Citoesqueleto<break/>y motor<break/>proteínas</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Ensamblaje de ß-tubulina<break/>en la mitosis</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">-</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">2.0</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">0.01</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Difenoconazol<break/>(Conazol,<break/>clorado)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black"><italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic> Pers. ex Fr.<break/>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2019b</xref>)<break/><break/><italic>Alternaria solani</italic><break/>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Rani, Singh &amp; Gupta, 2017</xref>)<break/><break/><italic>Phytophthora nicotianae</italic><break/>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">Shridhar <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Biosíntesis de<break/>esteroles en<break/>membranas</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">C14-desmetilasa en esterol<break/>biosíntesis</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">0.6</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">0.6</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">2.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Ciprodinil<break/>(Pirimidina)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black"><italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic> Pers. ex Fr.<break/>( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2019b</xref>)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Aminoácidos<break/>y síntesis de<break/>proteínas</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Biosíntesis de metionina<break/>(propuesta)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">1.5</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">0.5</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">1.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Piridaben</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">-</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Sistémico</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">-</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">0.15</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">5.0</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">0.15</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Fludioxonil<break/>(Fenil pirrol)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black"><italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic><break/>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Habib <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>)</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Traducción de<break/>señales</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">MAP / Histidina-Quinasa<break/>en osmóticos transducción<break/>de señales</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">-</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">5.0</td>
								<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">3.0</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<label> </label>
							<p><sup>1</sup>Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, <sup>2</sup>The Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation <sup>3</sup>European Commission, <sup>4</sup>FRAC. Fungicide Resistance Action Commitee, (-) No disponible, 2020.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Alternativas a los fungicidas sintéticos para el control de enfermedades postcosecha del jitomate</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Tratamientos térmicos</title>
				<p>Los tratamientos térmicos, son un método físico que ha demostrado efectos benéficos en la conservación de la calidad postcosecha, por el control del daño por frío y el control de la presencia de patógenos, son seguros para el ser humano y no generan daños al ambiente. Estos, pueden ser aplicados mediante el uso de agua caliente, aire caliente, vapor húmedo o cepillados con agua caliente. Generalmente, las temperaturas empleadas para los tratamientos con agua caliente oscilan entre 40-60 °C y se manejan tiempos de 1 a 5 min, dependiendo del fruto a tratar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">Sivakumar &amp; Fallik, 2013</xref>). También, los tratamientos térmicos han mostrado ser efectivos cuando se combinan con levaduras antagónicas, como la adición de <italic>Candida guilliermondii</italic> y <italic>Pichia membranaefaciens,</italic> cuyos resultados mostraron un mayor efecto de control en la incidencia de <italic>B. cinerea.</italic> Además, el tratamiento térmico indujo la síntesis de enzimas como (β-1,3-Glucanasa (GLU), quitinasa (QUI) y fenilalanina amonio liasa (PAL) relacionadas con el sistema de defensa ante la presencia de hongos patógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">Zong <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). De igual manera, los tratamientos con aire caliente en combinación con levaduras mostraron un efecto sinérgico, al reducir el desarrollo de la enfermedad causada por <italic>B. cinerea.</italic> Observándose un aumento en la inducción de las enzimas relacionadas con la defensa y la conservación de algunos parámetros de calidad (firmeza, sólidos solubles totales, acidez titulable), en comparación con el tratamiento térmico solo y el control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">Wei <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). En ese sentido, algunos autores sugieren que la eficacia de los tratamientos térmicos puede deberse a que la temperatura podría inducir la producción de compuestos fenólicos y de enzimas antioxidantes, manteniendo la calidad del fruto. Por lo que, el efecto de los tratamientos térmicos está relacionado con los tiempos de exposición y el método de aplicación (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla II</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla II</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Efecto de los tratamientos térmicos en frutos de jitomate.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Método de<break/>aplicación</th>
									<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Condiciones</th>
									<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Resultados</th>
									<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Referencias</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Inmersión en<break/>agua</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">52 °C por 15 min<break/>A 20 °C de 0 - 4 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Aumento de la capacidad antioxidante:<break/>catalasa y peroxidasa</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Imahori, Bai &amp; Baldwin, 2016</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Inmersión en<break/>agua</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">55 °C por 7 min<break/>A 13 °C por 3 semanas</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Inhibición del desarrollo de <italic>Alternaria alternata,</italic><break/><italic>Botryits cinerea</italic> y <italic>Geotrichum candidum</italic><break/><break/>Aumento de sólidos solubles totales y firmeza<break/><break/>Disminución de la pérdida de peso</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">Yasser, Marzouk, Kamel &amp; Naaffa, 2019</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Inmersión en<break/>agua</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">40 °C por 20 min<break/>A 4 °C por 16 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Conserva los parámetros de calidad<break/><break/>Reducción del daño por frío<break/><break/>Mayor vida de anaquel</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">Tadesse &amp; Abtew, 2016</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Inmersión en<break/>agua</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">40 y 60 °C por 20 semanas<break/>A temperatura ambiente por<break/>3,6 y 10 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Control de la infección por <italic>Rhizopus stolonifer</italic></td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Alfaro-Sifuentes <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Aire caliente</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">38 °C por 12 horas<break/>A 20 °C por 15 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Reducción de la actividad de las enzimas<break/>relacionadas con la degradación de la pared celular:<break/>celulasa, poligalacturonasa, β-Galactosidasa y pectín<break/>metilesterasa<break/><break/>Reducción de la tasa respiratoria y producción de<break/>etileno</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">Wei <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Inmersión en<break/>agua</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">52 °C por 5 min<break/>A 20, 12.5 y 5 °C por 1 o 2<break/>semanas</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Reducción de daño por frío<break/><break/>Aumento de la capacidad antioxidante<break/><break/>Aumento de los compuestos fenólicos:<break/><break/>Carotenoides y licopeno</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Loayza <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Termo-<break/>sonicación</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">32 - 40 °C por 13 - 47 min<break/>Frecuencia 45 kHz y 80 % de<break/>potencia<break/>A 10 °C De 1-15 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Reducción del proceso de maduración<break/><break/>Conservación de los parámetros de calidad (color,<break/>firmeza, contenido total de fenoles y pérdida<break/>de peso).</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Pinheiro, Ganhao, Goncalves &amp; Silva, 2019</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Inmersión en<break/>agua</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">40 °C por 10 min<break/>A 4 °C por 21 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Reducción del daño por frío en un 50 %<break/><break/>Reducción de la pérdida de la actividad antioxidante<break/>en más del 50 %.</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Singh, Roy, Mishra &amp; Garg, 2020</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Inmersión en<break/>agua</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">52 °C por 5 min</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Compuestos volátiles</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2019a</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Inmersión en<break/>agua</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">40 °C por 10 min<break/>A 13 °C por 20 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Reducción del 54.8 % del deterioro del fruto<break/><break/>Aumento de la actividad enzimática de la catalasa y<break/>peroxidasa<break/><break/>Conservación de los parámetros de calidad:<break/><break/>Sólidos solubles totales, acidez titulable, ácido<break/>ascórbico y pérdida de peso</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Boonkorn, 2016</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Tratamientos UV-C</title>
				<p>La aplicación de tratamientos basados en UV-C han sido utilizados en el control de patógenos y en la conservación de la calidad durante la etapa postcosecha de una amplia variedad de frutos y hortalizas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla III</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">Zhang &amp; Jiang, 2019</xref>); el resultado se ve en un estudio realizado con frutos de jitomate y la aplicación de un tratamiento con UV-C, una dosis de 4.2 kJ/m<sup>-2</sup> por 8 min y posteriormente almacenados a 18 °C durante 35 días. Los datos obtenidos evidenciaron una menor producción de etileno hasta el día 25, respecto al control. Además, de la reducción en la actividad de algunas enzimas (pectin metilesterasa, poligaracturonasa y celulasa) relacionadas con la degradación de la pared celular, lo que provocó un incremento de su vida de anaquel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Bu, Yu, Aisikaer &amp; Ying, 2013</xref>). De igual manera cuando se aplicaron dosis de 4.1 kJ/m<sup>2</sup> y almacenados a 20 °C por 12 días, se observó una reducción de la producción de etileno y enzimas como la pectin metil esterasa y poligaracturonasa, conservándose la calidad de los frutos por más tiempo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Lu, Li, Limwachiranon, Xie &amp; Luo, 2016</xref>). Así mismo, se ha observado un aumento de compuestos benéficos para la salud como los antioxidantes (licopeno, carotenoides y compuestos fenólicos); sin alterar los atributos sensoriales de los frutos durante el almacenamiento por 21 días a 20 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Pataro, Sinik, Capitoli, Donsi &amp; Ferrari, 2015</xref>). Esto sugiere, que los tratamientos con UV-C aplicados a los frutos de jitomate tienen un efecto en el aumento del potencial antioxidante, inducción de los mecanismos de defensa, conservación de atributos sensoriales y del valor nutricional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Mditshwa, Magwaza, Tesfay &amp; Mbili, 2017</xref>). También, autores como (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Tauxe, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">Shama &amp; Alderson, 2005</xref>) proponen que el mecanismo de acción de los tratamientos con UV puede ser de dos formas: una mediante la alteración de la cadena del DNA, provocando que el hongo sea incapaz de desarrollarse y la segunda mediante la inducción de compuestos antifúngicos y de enzimas relacionadas con la defensa del fruto.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla III</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Efecto de los tratamientos con UV-C sobre los parámetros de calidad de los frutos de jitomate.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black; width: 20%" valign="top">Condiciones</th>
									<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Cultivar variedad</th>
									<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black; width: 35%" valign="top">Resultados</th>
									<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Referencias</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Dosis de 4.5 kJ/m<sup>-2</sup><break/>A 7 °C por 35 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Cultivar Valouro</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Menor producción de etileno<break/><break/>Conservación de la firmeza y compuestos fenólicos.<break/><break/>Reducción de la poligaracturonasa<break/>y pectín metil esterasa</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Mansourbahmani, Ghareyazie, Kalatejari, Mohammadi &amp; Zarinnia, 2017</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Dosis 3-4 kJ/m<sup>2</sup><break/>A 25 °C</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Variedades ‘Lanka<break/>Sour’, ‘Rashmi’<break/><break/>y ‘Bhathiya F1 híbrido</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Mayor vida de anaquel<break/><break/>Reducción de la pérdida de peso y la firmeza<break/><break/>Inhibición de la antracnosis ocasionada<break/>por <italic>Colletotrichum coccodes</italic></td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">Wanasinghe &amp; Damunupola, 2020</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Dosis 4 kJ/m<sup>2</sup><break/>por 12 min<break/>A 13 °C por 35 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top"><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>,<break/>cv. Wanza 15</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Mayor contenido de compuestos fenólicos<break/><break/>Incremento de la enzima fenilalanina amonio liasa<break/>en los primeros 21 días.</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Liu, Zheng, Sheng, Liu &amp; Zheng, 2018a</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Dosis 3.7 kJ/m<sup>2</sup><break/>por 15 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Cultivares<break/>(‘Balzamoth’,<break/>‘Clermont’, ‘Lorenzo’,<break/>‘Makari’, y ‘Trust’)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Mayor contendido de azúcares y nutrimentos<break/>(ácido málico y ácido ascórbico).</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Charles <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Dosis 8.61-10.76 kJ/m<sup>2</sup><break/>A 12 °C por 30 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top"><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic> cv. Baby TM1536</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Mayor contenido de compuestos fenólicos<break/>(Licopeno)<break/><break/>Actividad antioxidante<break/><break/>Vitamina C</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Esua, Chin, Yusof &amp; Sukor, 2019</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Dosis 0.25-1.0 kJ/m<sup>2</sup><break/>A 20 °C por 11 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">-</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Reducción del desarrollo de la pudrición negra<break/>ocasionada por <italic>Alternaria alternata</italic><break/><break/>Acumulación de ácidos fenólicos</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jiang <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">2.217 J/m<sup>2</sup><break/>A 120 y 240 min</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">-</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Capacidad antioxidante<break/><break/>Conservación de nutrientes</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Olaiya, Karigidi, Ogunleye &amp; Kareem, 2016</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">0.33 y 0.28 W/m<sup>-2</sup><break/>A 4 °C por 36 horas</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Variedades<break/>‘Budenovka’, ‘Bull<break/>Heart’ y ‘Gina’</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Mayor contenido de compuestos fenólicos<break/>(carotenoides y flavonoides)<break/><break/>Mayor actividad antioxidante (licopeno y<break/>β-caroteno)<break/><break/>Aumento de la actividad enzimática (catalasa,<break/>peroxidasa y polifenol oxidasa)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Dyshlyuk <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Dosis 0,208.2 - 969.8<break/>μW/cm<sup>-2</sup><break/>A 20 °C por 16 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top"><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic><break/>(‘Henry’s Beauts’)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Aumento de carotenoides<break/><break/>Mayor vida de anaquel</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Khubone &amp; Mditshwa, 2018</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Dosis 0.32 - 4.82 kJ.m<sup>-2</sup><break/>Por 1-15 min A 10 °C<break/>por 15 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top"><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>,<break/>cv. Zinac</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Aumento del contenido total de fenoles<break/>al 9° día (0.32 kJ.m<sup>-2</sup>).<break/><break/>Mayor vida de anaquel<break/><break/>Conservación del color y textura</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Pinheiro, Alegria, Abreu, Gonçalves &amp; Silva, 2015</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Dosis 4 kJ/m<sup>2</sup><break/>A 13 °C por 35 días</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top"><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic><break/>L. cv Wanza 15</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">Aumento de ácidos orgánicos (ácido cítrico,<break/>ácido málico, ácido ascórbico,<break/>ácido oxálico y ácido fumárico)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black" valign="top">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Yan <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Sales orgánicas e inorgánicas</title>
				<p>Las sales orgánicas e inorgánicas son sustancias químicas consideradas como aditivos y reconocidas como seguras, por sus siglas inglés &quot;Generally Recognised As Safe&quot; (GRAS), presentan atributos como gran disponibilidad, fácil manejo y de bajo costo. Actualmente son de uso común en la industria alimentaria, son de baja toxicidad y pueden combinarse con otros sistemas para el control de enfermedades en frutos y hortalizas como eljitomate durante su etapa postcosecha (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Palou, Ali, Fallik &amp; Romanazzi, 2016</xref>). Asimismo, la aplicación de sales como el sorbato de potasio, es utilizado en concentraciones bajas (0.1%) para el control de los patógenos que se presentan en los frutos de jitomate. Observándose un efecto en la reducción de la pudrición por <italic>B. cinerea, Rhizoctonia, Alternaria solani</italic> y <italic>Colletotrichum coccodes</italic> en un porcentaje de 30.81, 15.74, 31.67 y 25.24% respectivamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Jabnoun-Khiareddine <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). En el caso del carbonato de potasio, silicato, carbonato y bicarbonato de sodio, mostraron un efecto sobre el control de la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad ocasionada por <italic>B. cinerea,</italic> a una concentración de 200 y 300 mM (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Alaoui, Askarne, Boubaker, Boudyach &amp; Aoumar, 2017</xref>). También, el carbonato de potasio, propionato de sodio, carbonato y fosfato de amonio; mostraron una reducción de la severidad de la enfermedad ocasionada por <italic>B. cinerea,</italic> cuando fueron almacenados por 14 días a 5 °C, más 7 días a 20 °C. En cuanto a la incidencia de la enfermedad, sólo se observó el efecto hasta el día 14 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Fagundes, Palou, Monteiro &amp; Pérez-Gago, 2014</xref>). Así mismo, se ha reportado que sales como el benzoato de sodio en combinación con cera de abeja muestran un efecto reductor en la severidad e incidencia de la enfermedad causada por <italic>Alternaria alternata,</italic> sobre frutos de jitomate almacenados a 5 °C por 21 días, más 4 días a 20 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Fagundes, Palou, Monteiro &amp; Pérez-Gago, 2015</xref>). Además, un estudio reciente utilizó nanopartículas de sal de amonio en concentraciones de 0.1 y 0.2 mM como tratamientos para el control del moho negro y moho verde ocasionados por <italic>A. alternata</italic> y <italic>Penicillium digitatum,</italic> mostrando un porcentaje de eficacia sobre la severidad de la enfermedad mayor del 70 y 60 % respectivamente, así como, más del 60 % en los frutos inoculados naturalmente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Abdel-Rahman, Rashid &amp; Shoala, 2020</xref>). Por lo que, uno de los principales mecanismos que se le atribuyen a las sales es su efecto inhibidor, por la acción directa de la sal contra el patógeno que consiste en la alcalinización del sitio de infección, provocando una reducción de la virulencia de algunos patógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">Venditti <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Por otro lado, se han reportado mecanismos de defensa propios del fruto, por inducción de enzimas como GLU, peroxidasa (POD) y PAL, relacionadas con el control de patógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">Youssef, Sanzani, Ligorio, Ippolito &amp; Terry, 2014</xref>). El hecho de que existan pocos estudios de sales orgánicas e inorgánicas en frutos de jitomate, abre la posibilidad de nuevas investigaciones, en donde se evalúen aspectos microbiológicos y calidad del fruto.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Quitosano</title>
				<p>El quitosano, es un polímero natural, no tóxico y biodegradable, ha sido utilizado en el control postcosecha de una gran variedad de frutas y hortalizas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Duan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). Su efectividad está relacionada con propiedades antifúngicas, inducción de mecanismos de defensa en frutos tratados y como barrera de protección por su capacidad de formar películas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Romanazzi, Feliziani &amp; Sivakumar, 2018</xref>). Así mismo, puede utilizarse solo o en combinación con otros sistemas de control en la etapa de precosecha y postcosecha (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Bautista-Baños, Ventura-Aguilar, Correa-Pacheco &amp; Corona-Rangel, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gutiérrez-Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Rodríguez-Guzmán, González-Estrada, Bautista-Baños &amp; Gutiérrez-Martínez, 2019</xref>). Se ha reportado que la actividad antifúngica del quitosano consiste en alterar la permeabilidad de la membrana microbiana a través de interacciones con las superficies celulares fúngicas, provocando un desequilibrio osmótico y la liberación de macromoléculas para procesos bioquímicos vitales para su desarrollo, hasta lisis celular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Guo, Qiao, Ji, Wang &amp; Zhu, 2020</xref>). En cuanto a su propiedad de barrera se debe a su capacidad de formar recubrimientos cuando es aplicado en frutas y hortalizas y contribuye al proceso de conservación de la calidad del fruto tratado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">Xing <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>), aunado a la capacidad de inducir una mayor resistencia ante el estrés biótico o abiótico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Romanazzi, Feliziani, Baños &amp; Sivakumar, 2017</xref>). Por lo tanto, el quitosano solo o en combinación puede ser una herramienta prometedora contra el deterioro de los frutos dejitomate en postcosecha <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabla IV</xref> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Manigandan, Karthik, Ramachandran &amp; Rajagopal, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabla IV</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Estudios del efecto del quitosano sobre frutos de jitomate.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black; width: 15%">Características<break/>Quitosano</th>
									<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black; width: 15%">Combinaciones</th>
									<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black; width: 45%">Resultados</th>
									<th align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Referencias</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Peso molecular<break/>medio peso<break/>molecular<break/>(Grado<break/>desacetilación<break/>89%)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Quitosano 1.0%<break/><break/>Cera de abeja 0.1%<break/><break/>Aceite esencial de<break/>orégano (0.005, 0.03<break/>y 0.01%)<break/><break/>Ácido acético 0.1%</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Conservación de los parámetros de calidad (Firmeza y<break/>carotenoides).<break/><break/>Reducción de la producción de los parámetros fisiológicos (etileno,<break/>tasa de respiración y peso).<break/><break/>Reducción de la incidencia y severidad de los hongos (<italic>Alternaria</italic><break/>sp., <italic>Cladosporium</italic> sp., <italic>Fusarium</italic> sp. y <italic>Botrytis</italic> sp.).</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Rives- Castillo, Ventura- Aguilar, Hernández- López &amp; Bautista-Baños 2018</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Peso molecular<break/>medio (Grado<break/>desacetilación<break/>75-85%)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Quitosano (4 mg/<break/>mL)<break/><break/><italic>Cymbopogon</italic><break/><italic>citratus</italic> (Dc. Ex<break/>Nees) (1.25 μL/mL).</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Reducción de la severidad de la pudrición blanda por <italic>R. stolonifer</italic><break/>hasta el día 6.<break/><break/>Conservación de los parámetros sensoriales<break/>al día 8 (Color y sabor).</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Athayde <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Peso molecular<break/>alto (Grado<break/>desacetilación<break/>91.23%)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Quitosano 0.6%<break/><break/>Alginato 0.2%<break/><break/><italic>Flourensia cernua</italic><break/>(5,000 mg L<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Conservación de los parámetros de calidad (pérdida de peso,<break/>firmeza y color).<break/><break/>Inhibición de la presencia de microorganismos al día 6. (hongos,<break/>levaduras y microorganismos mesófilos aeróbicos).<break/><break/>Extensión de la vida de anaquel a 9 días más.</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">Salas-Méndez <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Sigma</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Quitosano<break/>1,000 ppm</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Reducción del deterioro del fruto en un 88% al día<break/>8 respecto al control.</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">Sharif, Kumer, Ahmed &amp; Paul, 2018</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Peso molecular<break/>bajo (Grado de<break/>desacetilación<break/>75-85%)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Quitosano<break/>(0.5, 1.0 y 1.5%)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Reducción de la pérdida de peso a temperatura ambiente 21 °C y<break/>de refrigeración 5 °C durante 10 días.<break/><break/>Conservación del total de fenoles y actividad antioxidante durante<break/>el almacenamiento a 5 °C</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Kibar &amp; Sabir, 2018</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Sisco Research<break/>Laboratories</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Quitosano<break/>(0.25 y 0.5%)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Reducción de la pérdida de peso y la humedad<break/>a los 30 días de almacenamiento<break/><break/>Conservación de los sólidos solubles totales durante 30 días a 6 °C</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Sucharitha, Beulah &amp; Ravikiran, 2018</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Galeno Sr.,<break/>Carmignano,<break/>Prato, Italy</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Quitosano 1.5%</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Mayor vida de anaquel de 3 a 4 días más.<break/><break/>(Reducción de la producción de etileno en los días 7-11)<break/><break/>(Reducción de la pérdida de peso y la firmeza al día 14)<break/><break/>Conservación de los parámetros de calidad<break/>(β-caroteno y licopeno).</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Pagno <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">-</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Quitosano (0.5, 1.0,<break/>2.0 y 2.5%)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Mayor vida de anaquel por 10 días más.<break/><break/>Conservación de los parámetros de calidad (acidez titulable, pH,<break/>sólidos solubles totales, firmeza y licopeno).</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Sree, Sree &amp; Samreen, 2020</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Department of<break/>Agricultural<break/>Chemistry,<break/>BAU,<break/>Mymensingh</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Quitosano (0.1, 0.2<break/>y 0.3%)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Mayor vida de anaquel a temperatura ambiente y a 4 °C<break/>en un 40 y 50% respectivamente.<break/><break/>Reducción de la pérdida de peso</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">Sultana, Zakir, Parvin, Sharmin &amp; Seal, 2019</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">-</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Quitosano (1.0, 1.5<break/>y 2.0%)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Mayor vida de anaquel por 7 días más.<break/><break/>Conservación de la firmeza, pérdida de peso.<break/><break/>Reducción del deterioro del fruto hasta un 24% respecto al control.</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Mandal &amp; Shukla, 2018</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Peso molecular<break/>alto (Grado de<break/>desacetilación<break/>79%)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Quitosano (1,500 y<break/>2,000 ppm)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Conservación de la vida de anaquel por 4 semanas<break/>más respecto al control<break/><break/>Reducción de la presencia de microorganismos después de 3<break/>semanas de almacenamiento</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Parvin, Kader, Huque, Molla &amp; Khan, 2018</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Hi-Media<break/>Laboratories<break/>(Mumbai, India)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Quitosano (1.0 y<break/>2.0%)<break/>Aloe vera (1.0 y<break/>2.0%)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Mayor vida de anaquel por 3 semanas más respecto al control<break/><break/>Conservación de los parámetros de calidad (Sólidos solubles<break/>totales, ácido cítrico, vitamina C, licopeno)<break/><break/>Conservación de compuestos fenólicos</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Khatri, Panigrahi, Prajapati &amp; Bariya, 2020</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Peso molecular<break/>medio (Grado de<break/>desacetilación<break/>85%)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Quitosano (0.5, 1.0<break/>y 1.5%)<break/><break/><italic>Ruta graveolens</italic> L.<break/>(0.5, 1.0 y 1.5%)</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">Reducción de la pérdida de peso y la firmeza desde<break/>el día 3 hasta el día 12.<break/><break/>Reducción del deterioro del fruto por la presencia de<break/>microorganismos (bacterias mesófilas aerobias y hongos).<break/><break/>Reducción de la incidencia por enfermedad<break/>hasta en un 80% al día 12.</td>
									<td align="center" style="border: 1px solid black">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Peralta-Ruiz <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Ácido salicílico y Metil jasmonato</title>
				<p>El ácido salicílico y el metil jasmonato son compuestos producidos de forma endógena por las plantas, y actúan como un regulador de la señalización para acciones como el crecimiento y el desarrollo en las plantas. Se ha demostrado que aplicados de forma exógena pueden tener un efecto antifúngico sobre los hongos patógenos en la etapa de postcosecha de cultivos hortícolas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Poveda, 2020</xref>). Por esto, los frutos de jitomate fueron sumergidos durante 5 min en ácido salicílico 1.0 Mm y posteriormente se almacenaron a 4-5 °C. Los resultados muestran que los frutos tratados presentaron una mayor vida de anaquel respecto al control. Además, se observó la conservación de algunos parámetros de calidad como el ácido ascórbico y una menor acumulación de carotenoides y licopeno compuestos relacionados con el proceso de maduración de los frutos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Mandal, Pautu, Hazarika, Nautiyal &amp; Shukla, 2016</xref>). También, se ha reportado que el ácido salicílico 0.75 mM incidió en la reducción de la pérdida de peso, así como, en una menor acumulación de β-caroteno y licopeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Kumar, Tokas, Kumar &amp; Singal, 2018</xref>). Por otro lado, el ácido salicílico combinado con timol aplicado en frutos de jitomate muestra un efecto en el control de <italic>R. stonolifer.</italic> Los resultados evidenciaron un daño sobre la estructura de la membrana celular, provocando la fuga de macromoléculas vitales para el crecimiento del patógeno. Así como, el aumento de la actividad enzimática de la polifenol oxidasa (PFO) y PAL, relacionadas con la defensa de los frutos ante la presencia de hongos patógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Kong <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). En el caso del metil jasmonato existen reportes que en concentraciones de 0.01 y 0.05μm sobre jitomates Cherry, estos presentaron un aumento del contendido de ácido ascórbico y carotenoides, especialmente el licopeno. Por lo que, el tratamiento puede beneficiar la maduración de los frutos almacenados hasta por 11 días (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Liu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018b</xref>). Además, el metil jasmonato 0.2 mM mostró proteger del daño por frío a los frutos dejitomate cuando estos son almacenados a 2 °C por 21 días (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">Zhang, Sheng, Li, Meng &amp; Shen, 2012</xref>). Por lo tanto, el uso de fitohormonas para el control postcosecha de frutos de jitomate puede ser una alternativa al uso de fungicidas sintéticos. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios sobre el tema, por lo que, se abre una oportunidad para la realización de nuevas investigaciones.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Extractos de plantas</title>
				<p>En la naturaleza, las plantas contienen compuestos bioquímicos que son utilizados selectivamente en el manejo postcosecha de frutos y hortalizas, como una sustitución segura al uso de fungicidas químicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Chitranshi, Dubey &amp; Sajjad, 2020</xref>). Un ejemplo es, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Kator, Oche, Hosea &amp; Agatsa, 2019</xref>) quienes aplicaron un extracto de hojas de moringa a una concentración de 100 g/ mL, sobre frutos de jitomate almacenados 25 días, a temperatura ambiente (25 ± 2) y humedad relativa del 60 -70 %. Los resultados mostraron frutos de calidad comercial aceptable y una reducción en el daño ocasionado por patógenos como <italic>Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium waksmanii, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum</italic> y <italic>Colletotrichum asianum,</italic> en comparación de aquellos sin tratamiento. En el caso de los extractos de zumaque (<italic>Rhus coriaria</italic>) aplicados a una concentración de 20 (μg/mL en frutos de jitomate; los resultados fueron la inhibición de un 100% en la incidencia de la infección ocasionada por <italic>Colletotrichum acutatum</italic> en frutos almacenados durante 10 días a 22 °C y a una humedad relativa del 53% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Rashid, Awla &amp; Sijam, 2018</xref>). También, se ha reportado la eficacia de los extractos de pimientos (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>) en concentraciones de 10 mg L<sup>-1</sup> en el control de la pudrición blanda ocasionada por <italic>A. alternata</italic> hasta en un 57% con respecto al control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Pane, Fratianni, Parisi, Nazzaro &amp; Zaccardelli, 2016</xref>). Por otro lado, se ha reportado que extractos de las hojas de <italic>Flourensia cernua,</italic> incorporados a un recubrimiento con base en proteína de suero, glicerol y cera de candelilla forman una barrera protectora, reduciendo la pérdida de peso y firmeza. Además, se observó una mayor vida de anaquel y mejor aspecto visual al final del almacenamiento respecto al control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Ruiz-Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). Resultados similares reportaron (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Azman, Rostam, Ibrahim &amp; Lob, 2020</xref>) quienes observaron pérdida de peso y firmeza en los frutos de jitomate al día 8. Después de ser sumergidos de 2-3 min en un tratamiento de extracto de jengibre y almacenados a temperatura ambiente (27 °C ± 2). En general, la efectividad de los extractos dependerá de los compuestos bioquímicos de la planta, entre ellos los fenólicos (flavonoides), con efecto antifúngico. Por lo tanto, el uso de extractos de plantas, como se mencionó es una opción prometedora al uso de fungicidas químicos, para protección de los frutos al ataque de patógenos durante la etapa postcosecha. Además, son de baja toxicidad y se encuentran en abundancia en la naturaleza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Cortés-Rivera, Blancas-Benitez, Romero-Islas, Gutiérrez-Martinez &amp; González-Estrada, 2019</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Aceites esenciales</title>
				<p>Los aceites esenciales son compuestos producidos como metabolitos secundarios por las plantas y prácticamente pueden obtenerse de cualquier parte de su estructura: (raíz, corteza, hojas, flores, frutos, cáscaras y exudados). Son conocidos por su amplia utilización en la industria alimentaria y reconocidos como sustancias GRAS. Además, existe un gran interés por sus propiedades antimicrobianas, en la etapa postcosecha de los frutos y las hortalizas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">Sivakumar &amp; Bautista-Baños, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Aguilar-Veloz, Calderón-Santoyo, Vázquez González &amp; Ragazzo-Sánchez, 2020</xref>). Un estudio realizado en los frutos de jitomate, de la variedad Río grande, fueron asperjados con 1 mg/mL del Ciprés (<italic>Cupressus sempervirens</italic>). Los resultados evidenciaron una reducción de la infección ocasionada por <italic>B.cinerea</italic> en un 54 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Rguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). También, cuando fue aplicado citral (1 μ1/L) se observó una reducción en la incidencia de la enfermedad del 37.4 % causada por <italic>B. cinerea,</italic> así como, un aumento de la actividad enzimática de la POD y PAL, relacionadas con la defensa de los frutos ante los patógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">Shenglong <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). Además, los aceites esenciales como el caso del orégano cuando son incorporados en un recubrimiento a base de alginato de sodio y lecitina pueden reducir el crecimiento total de la carga microbiana, mohos y levaduras en la superficie de los frutos de jitomate Cherry (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Pirozzi, Del Grosso, Ferrari &amp; Donsi, 2020</xref>). También los aceites esenciales han sido probados en combinación con otras sustancias antifúngicas como es el caso del timol con ácido salicílico, exhibiendo una sinergia en su efecto preventivo y reduciendo el diámetro de la lesión del fruto, en un 50% aproximadamente, por hongos como <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> y <italic>R. stolonifer.</italic> Lo cual es probable gracias a su mecanismo de acción, o sea, la interacción de sus componentes y estructura. En consecuencia, en algunos casos los resultados pueden mostrar diferentes efectos como aditivo, antagonista, sinergia e indiferente (Kong <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016). En general, se ha propuesto también que el mecanismo de acción de los aceites esenciales se debe a su capacidad de penetrar la pared y membranas celulares de los hongos, lo que da lugar a un desequilibrio de los componentes, con pérdida de sus funciones y la salida de compuestos como el adenosín trifosfato (ATP), iones metálicos y aminoácidos necesarios para su desarrollo y crecimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Rao, Chen &amp; McClements, 2019</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Microorganismos</title>
				<p>Actualmente, va en aumento la aplicación del control biológico mediante el uso de microorganismos antagonistas, que producen metabolitos antifúngicos e inhiben el crecimiento de los patógenos, su utilidad es más para la etapa postcosecha que en la precosecha. Los estudios han ampliado el conocimiento sobre otros mecanismos de acción con actividad antifúngica, como la competencia de nutrientes y espacio, también la secreción de antibióticos antifúngicos, mico-parasitismo e inducción de resistencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Carmona-Hernandez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Dukare <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). En la década pasada, se reportó un estudio con la levadura marina <italic>Rhodosporidium paludigenum,</italic> los resultados evidenciaron una reducción de la incidencia de la enfermedad por hongos en aproximadamente un 36% en los frutos de jitomate Cherry inoculados con <italic>B. cinerea</italic> y almacenados a 25 °C durante 5 días (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">Wang <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). También, la quitina aislada de la levadura <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> mostró un efecto inhibidor sobre el moho gris causado por <italic>B. cinerea</italic> entre 12 y 24 horas. Esto sugiere que su actividad antifúngica podría estar relacionada con el aumento de las enzimas: superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT), POD, PAL, GLU y QUI, relacionadas con la defensa de los frutos, y un pico de acción más alto entre las 12 y 24 horas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Sun <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). En el caso de <italic>Cryptococcus laurentii,</italic> aplicado en frutos de jitomate Cherry, los resultados evidenciaron una reducción de la incidencia de la enfermedad ocasionada por <italic>B. cinerea</italic> y <italic>A. alternata,</italic> en un 59.5 y 59.1 % respectivamente, menos que el control a las 48 horas después de la inoculación. Probablemente también por la inducción de las enzimas: CAT, SOD, POD, PAL, GLU y QUI y su resistencia a los patógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Lai <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). De igual manera, <italic>C. laurentii</italic> aplicada en los frutos dejitomate Cherry, se observó una reducción del 28.3 % en la incidencia de la enfermedad por <italic>B. cinerea</italic> respecto al control a las 60 horas después de la inoculación. Además, de la acumulación del etileno, reportado por su relación con las vías de señalización relacionadas a la capacidad de defensa de los frutos climatéricos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">Tang <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). Sin embargo, el uso de microorganismos para el control de los patógenos todavía es limitado. Por lo que, es necesario combinarlos con otros métodos físicos o químicos que brinden mayor efectividad y apoyados con estudios que involucren la participación de organizaciones académicas, iniciativas privadas y gubernamentales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abbey <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). Además de ser una oportunidad para investigar el uso de microorganismos como control biológico postcosecha en los frutos de jitomate.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>El jitomate se encuentra dentro de los 10 cultivos con mayor valor comercial. Sin embargo, también es uno de los frutos más perecederos, que puede ser afectado por factores bióticos y abióticos, durante su manejo postcosecha. A la fecha, el uso de fungicidas sintéticos como estrategia ha presentado resultados satisfactorios para el control de las enfermedades postcosecha en los frutos de jitomate, sin embargo, en los últimos años existe una tendencia, de parte de la sociedad y de los consumidores de un rechazo al uso de plaguicidas y demandan productos libres de esos residuos. Acorde con lo hasta aquí mencionado y con los informes presentados, existen sistemas de control eficaces y prometedores para el manejo postcosecha de los frutos de jitomate; protegiéndolos del ataque de patógenos, conservando su calidad nutracéutica y atributos sensoriales. Sin embargo, insistimos en que se requieren de más estudios <italic>in vivo</italic> que puedan ser implementados no sólo en la etapa postcosecha sino también a nivel de precosecha.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p>Se agradece el apoyo al CONACYT por la beca de doctorado otorgada al M.C.A. Carlos Azhael Rodríguez Guzmán y al Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos (LIIA) del Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic.</p>
		</ack>
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