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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Vigilância Sanitária em Debate</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">visa</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Vigilância Sanitária em Debate</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Vigilância Sanitária em Debate</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2317-269X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>INCQS-FIOCRUZ</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22239/2317-269X.01363</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Farmacovigilância de polifarmácia e reações adversas medicamentosas em idosos hospitalizados em hospital universitário de Manaus, Amazonas</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Pharmacovigilance of polypharmacy and adverse drug reactions in hospitalized elderly in a university hospital in Manaus, Amazonas</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5928-9932</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Liliane Félix dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
          <email>tatiane@ufam.edu.br</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7262-7644</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Ellen de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0755-268X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Ariele Bandeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6781-8673</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Natália Serrão Lins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8384-4249</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Karoline Rodrigues da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9703-4829</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana Brasil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9411-1008</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiane Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Amazonas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> * E-mail: 
          <email>tatiane@ufam.edu.br</email>
        </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Conflito de Interesse</p>
          <p>Os autores informam não haver qualquer potencial conflito de interesse com pares e instituições, políticos ou financeiros deste estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <!--pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"-->
        <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Oct-Dec</season>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>7</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>41</fpage>
      <lpage>47</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Introdução</title>
          <p> A polifarmácia – uso concomitante de cinco ou mais medicamentos – apresenta riscos exacerbados de reações adversas medicamentosas (RAM) no idoso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Esse trabalho teve como objetivo observar a ocorrência da polifarmácia e de eventos adversos relacionados a medicamentos em idosos hospitalizados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Método</title>
          <p> Foi realizado um estudo observacional, analítico e prospectivo, com coleta de dados a partir das prescrições dos idosos selecionados e de notificações de RAM. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto à prevalência de polifarmácia e à incidência de RAM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram acompanhados 42 idosos internados na enfermaria de clínica médica de janeiro a junho de 2018, sendo 66,7% do gênero feminino e 33,3% do masculino. As médias de idade e de tempo de hospitalização foram, respectivamente, 73 ± 8 anos e 22 ± 14 dias. Foi verificada a presença de polifarmácia em 85,0% das prescrições, com média de nove medicamentos por paciente. Os eventos adversos mais frequentes foram: hipotensão arterial (18,3%), hemorragias (12,2%) e hipoglicemia (10,2%). Os resultados revelam uma alta prevalência de polifarmácia em idosos internados associada também à significativa incidência de RAM nesta população.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusões</title>
          <p> A atuação do farmacêutico clínico e a instituição de conciliação medicamentosa são medidas necessárias para identificar os padrões de prescrições direcionadas à população idosa e propor estratégias específicas para o problema da polifarmácia no idoso.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
        <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Introduction</title>
          <p> Polypharmacy – the concomitant use of multiple (usually five or more) prescription drugs - poses exacerbated risks of adverse drug reactions (ADR) for the elderly.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> The aim of this study was to observe the prevalence of polypharmacy and the incidence of ADR in hospitalized elderly.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p> An observational, analytical and prospective study was performed to collect data from the medical prescriptions of selected elderly and from ADR reports. Patients were evaluated for the prevalence of polypharmacy and the incidence of ADR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 42 elderly patients were hospitalized from January to June 2018 (66.7% were female and 33.3% were male). The mean age and hospitalization time were, respectively, 73 ± 8 years and 22 ± 14 days. Polypharmacy was detected in 85.0% prescriptions, with an average of 9 medications per patient. The most frequent adverse events were hypotension (18.3%), bleeding (12.2%) and hypoglycemia (10.2%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The results reveal a high prevalence of polypharmacy in hospitalized elderly, also related to the significant incidence of ADR in this population. The role of the clinical pharmacist and the institution of drug conciliation are necessary measures to identify prescribing patterns focused on the elderly population and to propose specific strategies for the problem of polypharmacy in the elderly.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimedicação</kwd>
        <kwd>Farmacovigilância</kwd>
        <kwd>Efeitos Colaterais</kwd>
        <kwd>Reações Adversas Relacionadas a Medicamentos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Elderly</kwd>
        <kwd>Polypharmacy</kwd>
        <kwd>Pharmacovigilance</kwd>
        <kwd>Side Effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Adverse Drug Reactions</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
      <p>No Brasil e no mundo o processo de transição epidemiológica, caracterizado por uma redução das taxas de morbidade e mortalidade e pelo consequente aumento da expectativa de vida, vem determinando o aumento da prevalência de agravos à saúde relacionados ao envelhecimento e às doenças crônico-degenerativas
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
        </sup>. De acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), mais de 28 milhões de pessoas se encontram na faixa etária de 60 anos de idade ou mais, o que representa cerca de 15% da população brasileira atual
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>O aumento do percentual de idosos implica na reformulação de políticas públicas de saúde, especialmente as relacionadas ao uso de medicamentos, devido à maior demanda por serviços de saúde e por tratamento farmacológico regular. Por outro lado, a ênfase em políticas públicas de saúde que envolvam o fornecimento de medicamentos no âmbito de programas para o controle de doenças específicas expõe a população idosa a riscos associados à polifarmácia e a reações adversas potenciais, que podem resultar em hospitalizações e aumento de custos em saúde
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,
          <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>Existem várias definições de polifarmácia na literatura, porém, em estudos que incluíram idosos, o critério mais utilizado é o consumo de cinco ou mais medicamentos concomitantemente, parâmetro que talvez seja mais adequado a esta faixa etária
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,
          <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>Por reação adversa medicamentosa (RAM) entende-se qualquer resposta a um medicamento que seja prejudicial, não intencional e que ocorra nas doses normalmente utilizadas (dosagem padrão racional) em seres humanos para profilaxia, diagnóstico, tratamento de doenças ou para a modificação de uma função fisiológica
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,
          <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>No Brasil, cerca de 23,0% da população consome 60,0% da produção nacional de medicamentos, sendo que neste grupo encontram-se principalmente as pessoas acima de 60 anos
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
        </sup>. O estudo Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento (SABE), de 2006, realizado com 1.115 idosos da cidade de São Paulo, apontou que 89,5% eram usuários de medicamentos
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
        </sup>. Em outras cidades brasileiras, observou-se que de 69,1% a 85,0% dos idosos usavam mais de três medicamentos prescritos, demonstrando a alta prevalência de consumo medicamentoso nesta faixa etária
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>Em comparação aos jovens, estima-se que idosos possuam sete vezes mais risco de desenvolver RAM e quatro vezes mais risco de hospitalização por RAM. Além disso, as RAM podem simular síndromes geriátricas ou precipitar quadros de confusão mental, incontinências urinária e fecal e quedas
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
        </sup>. Em geral, os principais fatores de risco para RAM relacionados à polifarmácia são interações, efeitos colaterais, toxicidade, superdosagem, intolerância e idiossincrasia
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,
          <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
        </sup>. No paciente idoso, as mudanças fisiológicas decorrentes da idade avançada modificam a distribuição, o metabolismo e a excreção de fármacos, alterando a ação e a concentração no sítio receptor e justificando a maior probabilidade de RAM na senescência
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,
          <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>Frente aos riscos que acompanham o uso de medicamentos e em especial a polifarmácia, a farmacovigilância surge como intervenção para “identificar, avaliar e monitorar a ocorrência dos eventos adversos relacionados ao uso de medicamentos, com o objetivo de garantir que os benefícios relacionados ao uso destes sejam maiores que os riscos potenciais por eles causados”
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
        </sup>. Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), farmacovigilância é a ciência e conjunto de atividades relativas à identificação, avaliação, compreensão e prevenção de efeitos adversos ou quaisquer problemas relacionados ao uso de medicamentos
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>Em países como os Estados Unidos, a farmacovigilância tem papel consolidado na avaliação do impacto do uso de medicamentos no sistema de saúde local, e estima-se que, para cada dólar gasto em medicamento, US$ 1,33 é destinado ao tratamento de eventos adversos
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
        </sup>. No Brasil, dados sobre o consumo de múltiplas drogas por idosos e suas consequências para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) são escassos, principalmente no que se refere à prevalência de polifarmácia em populações vivendo fora dos grandes centros urbanos do eixo Sul-Sudeste.
      </p>
      <p>Neste contexto de incertezas, o presente estudo teve como objetivo principal identificar a prevalência de polifarmácia e a incidência de RAM associadas em uma população de idosos internados em um hospital universitário público terciário na cidade de Manaus, Amazonas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>MÉTODO</title>
      <p>Foi desenhado estudo observacional, analítico, descritivo, prospectivo e quantitativo, com coleta de dados primários a partir da análise dos prontuários de idosos hospitalizados e de dados secundários oriundos de notificações de farmacovigilância do Serviço de Vigilância em Saúde e Segurança do Paciente (SVSSP) do Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas (HUGV).</p>
      <p>Foram incluídos pacientes com 60 anos de idade ou mais, internados nas enfermarias masculina e feminina de clínica médica, nos meses de janeiro a junho de 2018, que foram acompanhados durante o período de hospitalização, a fim de se observar a presença de polifarmácia e RAM. Os critérios de exclusão foram presença, à admissão, de complicações decorrentes do uso de medicamentos, 
        <italic>delirium</italic>, insuficiência hepática e/ou renal crônicas ou agudizadas.
      </p>
      <p>Para a coleta de dados referentes à prescrição de medicamentos, foi preenchida uma ficha-protocolo padronizada para avaliação de cada paciente incluído na pesquisa, na qual constavam informações de identificação do participante (nome, gênero, idade e número de registro do prontuário), dados clínicos (datas de internação e alta e diagnósticos) e informações pertinentes à pesquisa, como quantidade e relação de todos os medicamentos em uso, presença de polifarmácia e descrição de grupos de fármacos.</p>
      <p>A categorização dos fármacos seguiu os critérios da classificação 
        <italic>Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical </italic>(ATC), que distingue os medicamentos conforme sua atuação nos diversos sistemas orgânicos: aparelho digestivo/metabolismo, sangue e hematopoiéticos, aparelho cardiovascular, medicamentos dermatológicos, sistema musculoesquelético, anti-infecciosos sistêmicos, antineoplásicos/imunomoduladores, sistema nervoso, aparelho respiratório e outros
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,
          <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>As fichas-protocolo foram preenchidas após revisão dos prontuários. Dados complementares e ausentes nos prontuários foram recuperados através de consulta ao sistema eletrônico de informação hospitalar (Aplicativo de Gestão para Hospitais Universitários – AGHU) e de entrevistas direcionadas realizadas à beira do leito com o paciente.</p>
      <p>Após a coleta dos dados, as informações obtidas foram armazenadas em banco de dados 
        <italic>online</italic> do Google Formulários e importadas pelo programa Microsoft Excel, versão 2013. Para variáveis quantitativas como “idade” e “número de medicamentos prescritos”, foi realizado cálculo estatístico simples e os resultados foram apresentados segundo o formato média (X) ± desvio-padrão (DP). Para a variável “tempo de internação” foi calculada a mediana (em dias).
      </p>
      <p>O critério para a identificação de polifarmácia foi o uso de cinco ou mais fármacos concomitantemente durante a admissão ou no período de internação, conforme a definição de polifarmácia mais utilizada em estudos internacionais
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
        </sup>. Além da prevalência de polifarmácia (casos já existentes na admissão hospitalar e novos casos identificados a partir da internação) e da incidência de RAM (casos novos no período de acompanhamento), foram quantificados o percentual de uso de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados (MPI) para idosos e a presença de multimorbidade.
      </p>
      <p>Os medicamentos prescritos foram caracterizados como inapropriados ou não com base nos critérios de Beers-Fick, conforme sua última atualização em 2015
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,
          <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
        </sup>. Para o diagnóstico de multimorbidade foi considerada a presença de duas ou mais doenças simultaneamente, conforme definição da OMS
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>Os participantes declararam sua anuência em participar do estudo através de assinatura de Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). O projeto foi submetido à avaliação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) da Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), sendo aprovado sob parecer do CEP nº 2.275.077, de 14 de setembro de 2017.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTADOS</title>
      <p>Foram acompanhados 54 pacientes idosos internados nas enfermarias de clínica médica do HUGV no período de janeiro a junho de 2018. Deste total, 12 pacientes foram retirados da pesquisa por apresentarem: insuficiência hepática e/ou renal aguda (três pacientes), insuficiência hepática e/ou renal crônica agudizada (oito pacientes) ou quadro de 
        <italic>delirium</italic> à admissão (um paciente), conforme critérios de exclusão.
      </p>
      <p>Dos 42 idosos incluídos para seguimento na pesquisa, 28 (66,7%) eram do gênero feminino e 14 (33,3%), do gênero masculino. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 73 ± 8 anos. A população idosa analisada apresentou um tempo de internação médio de 22 ± 14 dias, sendo a mediana do tempo de internação, em dias, 18,5. O tempo mínimo de internação observado foi de 6 dias e o tempo máximo, de 71 dias. A maioria dos pacientes (35,0%) permaneceu hospitalizada durante 10 a 19 dias (
        <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>).
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribuição dos idosos internados por tempo de internação (dias) no Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas, 2018.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-7-4-0041-gf01.jpg"/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>As condições clínicas mais frequentes apresentadas pelos idosos foram: hipertensão arterial sistêmica (81,0%), diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (33,0%), insuficiência cardíaca (23,0%), demência (19,0%), distúrbios hemorrágicos (14,0%), quedas e/ou fraturas (12,0%) e arritmias (12,0%). Multimorbidade foi encontrada em 31 (74,0%) casos acompanhados.</p>
      <p>As principais queixas relatadas pelos pacientes durante a internação hospitalar foram: dispneia (40,0%), perda ponderal (38,0%), hiporexia/anorexia (33,0%), edema periférico (28,0%), astenia (24,0%), distúrbios miccionais (24,0%), ascite (21,0%), dor torácica (21,0%), constipação intestinal (21,0%), tosse (16,0%), dor abdominal (14,0%), hemorragias (14,0%) e parestesia (14,0%).</p>
      <p>Foi registrado um total de 391 medicamentos prescritos, com média de 9 ± 4 medicamentos por paciente. Todos os pacientes receberam prescrição de pelo menos um fármaco e um paciente teve o máximo de 19 medicamentos diferentes prescritos. A maioria dos pacientes (59,5%) recebeu entre cinco e 12 medicamentos durante a internação.</p>
      <p>A 
        <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ilustra a distribuição de idosos por número de medicamentos prescritos.
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribuição dos idosos internados no Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas por número de medicamentos prescritos, 2018.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-7-4-0041-gf02.jpg"/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>Foi verificada a presença de polifarmácia em 36 prescrições analisadas, ou seja, uma prevalência de 85,0% de polifarmácia por semestre. É interessante destacar que 26 idosos (61,9%) já estavam em uso de polifarmácia à admissão hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Dentre as medicações prescritas, 49 foram suspensas por ocorrência de RAM durante a internação hospitalar, o que correspondeu a uma incidência de 12,5% de RAM no semestre. Os eventos adversos mais frequentes identificados foram: hipotensão arterial (18,3%), distúrbios hemorrágicos (12,2%) e episódios de hipoglicemia (10,2%) por uso de anti-hipertensivos, anticoagulantes e hipoglicemiantes orais, respectivamente. Apesar disso, esses eventos adversos são considerados esperados para tais grupos farmacológicos
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,
          <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,
          <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>A classe de fármacos mais prescrita, de acordo com a classificação ATC, foi a dos medicamentos indicados para o tratamento de doenças do aparelho cardiovascular, com total de 128 prescrições (32,0%), seguida dos medicamentos relacionados ao aparelho digestivo e metabolismo (
        <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>).
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classes de fármacos prescritos para idosos hospitalizados no Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas, 2018.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Classe de fármacos (Classificação ATC) </th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Aparelho cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">128</td>
                <td align="center">32,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aparelho digestivo e metabolismo</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">20,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangue e órgãos hematopoiéticos</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">17,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sistema nervoso</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">13,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anti-infeciosos de uso sistêmico</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sistema musculoesquelético</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aparelho geniturinário</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aparelho respiratório</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Órgãos sensitivos</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">391</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ATC: 
                <italic>Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em análise secundária dos dados observou-se que, do total de medicamentos prescritos, 10,0% foram medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados para idosos, segundo os critérios de Beers-Fick, dos quais a maior representatividade também foi de medicamentos para o aparelho cardiovascular (
        <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>).
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribuição dos medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados prescritos a idosos durante hospitalização no Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas, segundo grupo farmacológico, 2018.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Grupo farmacológico</th>
                <th>Medicamento</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Aparelho cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">Furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">20,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Digoxina</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">10,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Propranolol</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">7,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">Aparelho digestivo e metabolismo</td>
                <td align="center">Omeprazol</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">17,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Óleo mineral</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">7,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Glibenclamida</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Metoclopramida</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Dexametasona</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Sangue e órgãos hematopoiéticos</td>
                <td align="center">Enoxaparina</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Varfarina</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Sistema nervoso</td>
                <td align="center">Amitriptilina</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Clonazepam</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Haloperidol</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Alprazolam</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Total</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Observou-se que o tempo de internação teve fraca tendência de correlação positiva com o número de medicamentos prescritos e, consequentemente, com a presença de polifarmácia. Já a média de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados prescritos ao idoso teve correlação diretamente proporcional à polifarmácia (
        <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figuras 3</xref> e 
        <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">4</xref>).
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relação entre tempo de internação e presença de polifarmácia em idosos internados no Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas, 2018.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-7-4-0041-gf03.jpg"/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relação entre o número de medicamentos prescritos/polifarmácia e a média do número de medicamentos inapropriados prescritos em idosos internados no Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas, 2018.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-7-4-0041-gf04.jpg"/>
        </fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSÃO</title>
      <p>A escolha da terapia farmacológica destinada ao paciente idoso deve ser criteriosa e considerar as alterações metabólicas decorrentes da senescência. A tendência mundial de prescrição de múltiplos fármacos à população idosa é crescente e está associada a diversos tipos de eventos adversos
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,
          <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,
          <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,
          <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>Um estudo europeu recente que usou dados da coorte 
        <italic>Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe</italic> (SHARE), conduzida em 18 países do continente, apontou índices de polifarmácia em idosos europeus que variaram de 26,0% na Suíça a 40,0% na República Tcheca
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
        </sup>. Outra coorte realizada na Suécia demonstrou uma propensão já esperada de aumento do percentual de polifarmácia conforme o envelhecimento da população sueca com índices de 27,0% em 1988, 54,0% em 2001 e 65,0% em 2006
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>No Brasil, uma pesquisa recente de base populacional no município de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, encontrou uma prevalência de polifarmácia em idosos de 32,0% (IC95% 29,8–34,3), com média do uso de medicamentos nos 30 dias prévios às entrevistas de 3,8 (variando entre 0 e 28)
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
        </sup>. As variáveis que apresentaram associação com polifarmácia foram sexo feminino, idade avançada (70 a 79 anos, IC95% 1,15–1,68; 80 anos ou mais, IC95% 1,22–2,02), autoavaliação de saúde negativa, consulta médica nos últimos 3 meses e internação hospitalar nos últimos 6 meses
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>A relação entre polifarmácia e idade e, consequentemente, o aumento do risco de RAM em idosos está bem estabelecida e a correlação de RAM com a idade avançada é significativa ao menos em algumas condições clínicas
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,
          <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
        </sup>. A prevalência de RAM em idosos internados em hospitais indianos, por exemplo, variou de 5,9% a 6,9%
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
        </sup>. Uma revisão integrativa de 2016 analisou 47 trabalhos que abordaram o tema e demonstrou a ocorrência frequente de RAM em idosos, embora não tenha realizado uma análise quantitativa da incidência ou prevalência de RAM
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>No presente estudo, a elevada prevalência de polifarmácia observada em pacientes internados em hospital público terciário, ou seja, 85,0% por semestre em 2018, com média de 9 ± 4 fármacos por paciente, é compatível com dados da literatura nacional e internacional e correlacionou-se diretamente com RAM e associações medicamentosas inapropriadas
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,
          <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,
          <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,
          <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,
          <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
        </sup>. A incidência de 12,5% de RAM no semestre pode ser considerada igualmente elevada.
      </p>
      <p>O predomínio de fármacos de ação no sistema cardiovascular prescritos aos idosos evidenciado neste trabalho, quer tenham sido apropriados ou não, possivelmente reflete a epidemiologia das doenças cardiovasculares que, além de possuírem grande prevalência na população geral, tendem a ser mais frequentes quanto maior a média de idade da população, como é o caso da amostra de pacientes estudados
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>Dentre os fármacos considerados como MPI e que foram prescritos aos idosos, encontravam-se medicamentos de uso corriqueiro, como furosemida e omeprazol, mas que, neste grupo de pacientes, devem ser usados com precaução e sempre se ponderando o risco-benefício da utilização. Contudo, como informações sobre os MPI em idosos são pouco difundidas, é provável que os prescritores de fato ignorassem o potencial deletério destes fármacos e a prescrição dos MPI (ou manutenção daqueles já em uso) tenha sido realizada sem o devido ajuste ou substituição frente ao risco.</p>
      <p>Embora a pesquisa tenha se baseado na definição de polifarmácia proposta em publicações anteriores sobre polifarmácia em idosos, ou seja, uso concomitante de cinco ou mais medicamentos, não há consenso na literatura sobre a quantidade de fármacos mínima que determine seu diagnóstico
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
        </sup>. Portanto, caso fossem considerados critérios mais amplos (duas ou mais drogas, por exemplo), a prevalência de polifarmácia verificada neste estudo poderia ser maior e inclusive abranger quase a totalidade dos sujeitos incluídos na pesquisa.
      </p>
      <p>Além disso, o perfil dos pacientes observados caracterizou-se pelo predomínio de multimorbidade, identificada em 75,0% dos doentes, outro agravo reconhecidamente associado ao envelhecimento
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
        </sup>. Ou seja, a complexidade dos problemas clínicos e a consequente necessidade de múltiplas terapias e maior tempo de internação podem ter sido determinantes para a alta vulnerabilidade dos idosos hospitalizados à polifarmácia, bem como para a incidência de RAM potencialmente fatais (hipotensão e hemorragias) evidenciadas no seguimento dos idosos.
      </p>
      <p>É possível que o cenário onde a pesquisa foi realizada (hospital terciário de ensino com sistema de farmacovigilância implantado) tenha determinado um viés de seleção para pacientes mais graves ou patologias mais complexas, bem como para o maior diagnóstico dos desfechos clínicos. No entanto, é razoável extrapolar tais achados para idosos em situação de internação em hospitais gerais onde, além do risco da ocorrência de polifarmácia e de RAM efetivamente existir, a detecção destes agravos pode não ser efetuada por carência de ações permanentes de vigilância em saúde.</p>
      <p>Estas evidências ressaltam a importância de uma melhor avaliação da terapia medicamentosa destinada a idosos hospitalizados, incluindo medidas de conciliação medicamentosa entre fármacos de uso contínuo domiciliar ou os de uso hospitalar. A instituição da farmacovigilância das drogas prescritas a idosos internados, especialmente nos casos de múltiplas associações, torna-se indispensável para que se construa um plano terapêutico individualizado e para que se evitem as complicações decorrentes do uso inapropriado de medicamentos nesta população vulnerável.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>CONCLUSÕES</title>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo revelaram uma alta prevalência de polifarmácia, quando comparada a estudos nacionais e internacionais, e uma significativa incidência de RAM em idosos internados em um hospital universitário da cidade de Manaus, Amazonas. A análise dos dados quanto ao uso de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados para idosos e à presença de multimorbidade também sugere uma frequência significativa de ambos.</p>
      <p>É necessário identificar os padrões de prescrições direcionadas à população idosa internada a fim de propor estratégias específicas para o cenário da polifarmácia no idoso. Neste sentido, a atuação do farmacêutico clínico é fundamental para a instituição de conciliação medicamentosa e de regime de dosagem individualizada de medicamentos, de acordo com os parâmetros farmacodinâmicos e farmacocinéticos específicos deste perfil populacional.</p>
      <p>O uso racional de medicamentos em idosos deve ser obrigatoriamente estimulado nas diversas categorias de assistência hospitalar, a fim de proporcionar a otimização da assistência ao paciente idoso internado e reduzir eventos adversos decorrentes de terapêutica medicamentosa inadequada.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos a todo o corpo clínico do Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas (HUGV) pela assistência aos pacientes participantes e apoio a este estudo; à Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Amazonas (FAPEAM); ao Programa de Apoio à Iniciação Científica do Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas (PAIC-HUGV); ao Serviço de Vigilância em Saúde e Segurança do Paciente do Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas (SVSSP-HUGV).</p>
    </ack>
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          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1316.2800">https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1316.2800</ext-link>
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        <mixed-citation>.Yazdanyar A, Newman AB. The burden of cardiovascular disease in the elderly: morbidity, mortality, and costs. Clin Geriatr Med. 2009;25(4):563-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2009.07.007</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Yazdanyar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newman</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The burden of cardiovascular disease in the elderly: morbidity, mortality, and costs</article-title>
          <source>Clin Geriatr Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>563</fpage>
          <lpage>585</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2009.07.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2009.07.007</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pharmacovigilance of polypharmacy and adverse drug reactions in hospitalized elderly in a university hospital in Manaus, Amazonas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5928-9932</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Liliane Félix dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7262-7644</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Ellen de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0755-268X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Ariele Bandeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6781-8673</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Natália Serrão Lins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8384-4249</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Karoline Rodrigues da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9703-4829</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana Brasil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9411-1008</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiane Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> * E-mail: tatiane@ufam.edu.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>Authors have no potential conflict of interest to declare, related to this study’s political or financial peers and institutions.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Introduction</title>
          <p> Polypharmacy – the concomitant use of multiple (usually five or more) prescription drugs - poses exacerbated risks of adverse drug reactions (ADR) for the elderly.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> The aim of this study was to observe the prevalence of polypharmacy and the incidence of ADR in hospitalized elderly.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p> An observational, analytical and prospective study was performed to collect data from the medical prescriptions of selected elderly and from ADR reports. Patients were evaluated for the prevalence of polypharmacy and the incidence of ADR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 42 elderly patients were hospitalized from January to June 2018 (66.7% were female and 33.3% were male). The mean age and hospitalization time were, respectively, 73 ± 8 years and 22 ± 14 days. Polypharmacy was detected in 85.0% prescriptions, with an average of 9 medications per patient. The most frequent adverse events were hypotension (18.3%), bleeding (12.2%) and hypoglycemia (10.2%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The results reveal a high prevalence of polypharmacy in hospitalized elderly, also related to the significant incidence of ADR in this population. The role of the clinical pharmacist and the institution of drug conciliation are necessary measures to identify prescribing patterns focused on the elderly population and to propose specific strategies for the problem of polypharmacy in the elderly.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Elderly</kwd>
        <kwd>Polypharmacy</kwd>
        <kwd>Pharmacovigilance</kwd>
        <kwd>Side Effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Adverse Drug Reactions</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
        <p>In Brazil and worldwide, the epidemiological transition process, characterized by a decrease in morbidity and mortality rates and a consequent increase in life expectancy, has been determining an increase in the prevalence of health problems related to aging and chronic degenerative diseases
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
          </sup>. According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), more than 28 million people are aged 60 and over in Brazil, accounting for about 15% of the current country’s population
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>The increase in the number of senior citizens requires redesigned public health policies, especially those related to medication use, particularly because of the higher demand for health services and regular pharmacological treatment. On the other hand, the emphasis on public health policies that involve the provision of drugs within disease-specific programs exposes the elderly population to risks associated with polypharmacy and potential adverse reactions, which may result in hospitalizations and higher healthcare-related costs
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,
            <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>There are several definitions of polypharmacy in the literature. However, in studies that included the elderly, the most commonly used criterion is the consumption of five or more drugs concomitantly, a parameter that seems more appropriate for this age group
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,
            <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is any response to a drug that is harmful, unintentional and occurs at standard (or recommended) dosage normally used in humans for disease prophylaxis, diagnosis, treatment or for the modification of a physiological function
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,
            <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>In Brazil, about 23.0% of the population consumes 60.0% of the national production of medicines, and in this group are mainly people over 60 years old
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
          </sup>. The 2006 Health, Welfare and Aging (SABE) study, conducted with 1,115 senior citizens in the city of São Paulo, found that 89.5% of them were taking some medication
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
          </sup>. In other Brazilian cities, the study found that 69.1% to 85.0% of the senior citizens took more than three prescription drugs, demonstrating the high prevalence of medication consumption in this age group
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>In comparison with the young, it is estimated that the elderly are seven times more likely to have an ADR and four times more likely to be hospitalized because of an ADR. Furthermore, ADRs may simulate geriatric syndromes or precipitate mental confusion, urinary and fecal incontinence, and falls
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
          </sup>. Overall, the main risk factors for polypharmacy-related ADRs are interactions, side effects, toxicity, overdose, intolerance, and idiosyncrasy
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,
            <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
          </sup>. In elderly patients, physiological changes resulting from old age may modify drug distribution, metabolism and excretion, changing the action and concentration at the receptor site, hence justifying the higher probability of ADR in senescence
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,
            <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>Given the risks that accompany drug use – and polypharmacy, in particular – pharmacovigilance appears as an intervention to “detect, assess and monitor the occurrence of adverse events related to drug use, with the objective of ensuring that the benefits related to their use are greater than the risks they may cause”
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
          </sup>. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>In countries like the United States, pharmacovigilance plays a consolidated role in assessing the impact of medication use on the local health system. It is estimated that for every dollar spent on medication, USD 1.33 is spent on treating adverse drug events
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
          </sup>. In Brazil, data on the use of multiple drugs by the elderly and their consequences for the Unified Health System (SUS) are scarce, especially regarding the prevalence of polypharmacy in populations living outside the big cities of Southern and Southeastern Brazil.
        </p>
        <p>In this context of uncertainty, the present study aimed to identify the prevalence of polypharmacy and the associated incidence of ADRs in an elderly population admitted to a tertiary public university hospital in the city of Manaus, state of Amazonas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>METHOD</title>
        <p>An observational, analytical, descriptive, prospective and quantitative study was designed, with collection of primary data from the medical records of hospitalized elderly patients and secondary data from pharmacovigilance reports of the Health and Safety Surveillance Service (SVSSP) of the Getúlio Vargas University Hospital (HUGV).</p>
        <p>We included patients aged 60 and older, admitted to the male and female internal medicine units, from January to June 2018. These patients were followed during the hospitalization period for the presence of polypharmacy and ADRs. Exclusion criteria were the presence, at admission, of complications related to the use of drugs, delirium, chronic or acute liver and/or kidney failure.</p>
        <p>For data collection regarding medication prescription, a standardized protocol form was filled out for the assessment of each patient included in the research. The form contained the participant’s identification information (name, gender, age and medical record number), clinical data (dates of hospitalization and discharge and diagnoses) and relevant information for the research, like number and list of all drugs in use, presence of polypharmacy and description of drug groups.</p>
        <p>The categorization of the drugs followed the classification criteria of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC), which distinguishes the drugs according to their performance in the various organ systems: digestive system/metabolism, blood and hematopoietic, cardiovascular system, dermatological drugs, musculoskeletal system, anti-infectious diseases, antineoplastic/immunomodulatory agents, nervous system, respiratory tract and others
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,
            <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>The protocol forms were filled out after review of the medical records. Complementary data and data that were missing from the medical records were retrieved from the electronic information system of the hospital (Management Application for University Hospitals – AGHU) and bedside interviews with the patients.</p>
        <p>After data collection, the information obtained was stored in Google Forms online database and imported by Microsoft Excel version 2013. For quantitative variables like “age” and “number of prescribed medications”, simple statistical calculation was performed and the results were presented according to the format: mean (X) ± standard deviation (SD). For the “length of stay” variable, the median (in days) was calculated.</p>
        <p>The criterion for detection of polypharmacy was the use of five or more drugs concurrently during admission or during hospitalization, according to the definition of polypharmacy most commonly used in international studies
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
          </sup>. In addition to the prevalence of polypharmacy (existing cases at hospital admission and new cases detected after hospitalization) and the incidence of ADRs (new cases during follow-up), we quantified the percentage of use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) for the elderly and the presence of multimorbidity.
        </p>
        <p>The prescribed drugs were characterized as inappropriate or not based on the Beers-Fick criteria, according to their last update in 2015
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,
            <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
          </sup>. For the diagnosis of multimorbidity, the presence of two or more diseases was considered simultaneously, as per the WHO definition
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>Participants stated their consent to participate in the study by signing the Informed Consent Form (ICF). The project was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of the Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM) and was approved under the opinion n. 2.275.077, of September 14, 2017.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTS</title>
        <p>Fifty-four elderly patients admitted to the internal medicine units of the HUGV were followed from January to June 2018. Of these, 12 patients were withdrawn from the study because they had acute liver and/or kidney failure (three patients), exacerbated chronic liver and/or kidney failure (eight patients), or delirium at admission (one patient), according to the exclusion criteria.</p>
        <p>Of the 42 elderly patients eligible for follow-up, 28 (66.7%) were female and 14 (33.3%) male. The mean age of the patients was 73 ± 8 years. The elderly population analyzed had a mean length of stay of 22 ± 14 days, with the median length of stay of 18.5 days. The minimum hospitalization time observed was 6 days and the maximum time was 71 days. Most patients (35.0%) remained hospitalized for 10 to 19 days (
          <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>).
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of hospitalized elderly patients by length of stay (days) at the Getulio Vargas University Hospital, 2018.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-7-4-0041-gf01_en.jpg"/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>The most common clinical conditions presented by the elderly were systemic hypertension (81.0%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (33.0%), heart failure (23.0%), dementia (19.0%), bleeding disorders (14.0%), falls and/or fractures (12.0%) and arrhythmias (12.0%). Multimorbidity was found in 31 (74.0%) cases followed.</p>
        <p>The main complaints reported by patients during hospitalization were dyspnea (40.0%), weight loss (38.0%), hyporexia/anorexia (33.0%), peripheral edema (28.0%), asthenia (24.0%), voiding disorders (24.0%), ascites (21.0%), chest pain (21.0%), constipation (21.0%), cough (16.0%), abdominal pain (14.0%), hemorrhages (14.0%) and paraesthesia (14.0%).</p>
        <p>A total of 391 prescription drugs were recorded, with an average of 9 ± 4 medications per patient. All patients were prescribed at least one drug and one patient had a maximum of 19 different drugs prescribed. Most patients (59.5%) received between five and 12 medications during hospitalization.</p>
        <p>
          <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> illustrates the distribution of elderly by number of prescribed drugs.
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of hospitalized elderly patients at the Getulio Vargas University Hospital by number of prescribed medications, 2018.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-7-4-0041-gf02_en.tif"/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>The presence of polypharmacy was verified in 36 prescriptions analyzed, that is, a prevalence of 85.0% of polypharmacy per semester. It worth highlighting that 26 elderly patients (61.9%) were already exposed to polypharmacy at hospital admission.</p>
        <p>Among the prescribed medications, 49 were suspended due to the occurrence of ADRs during hospitalization, which corresponded to an incidence of 12.5% of ADRs in the semester. The most frequently detected adverse events were: hypotension (18.3%), bleeding disorders (12.2%) and episodes of hypoglycemia (10.2%) due to the use of antihypertensive, anticoagulant and oral hypoglycemic agents, respectively. Nevertheless, these adverse events are considered to be expected for such pharmacological groups
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,
            <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,
            <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>The most prescribed class of drugs, according to the ATC classification, were the medications indicated for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, with a total of 128 prescriptions (32.0%), followed by those related to the digestive tract and metabolism (
          <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classes of drugs prescribed for hospitalized elderly patients at the Getulio Vargas University Hospital, 2018.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Drug class (ATC Classification)</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular system</td>
                  <td align="center">128</td>
                  <td align="center">32.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digestive tract and metabolism</td>
                  <td align="center">81</td>
                  <td align="center">20.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Blood and hematopoietic organs</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">17.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nervous system</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">13.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anti-infectives for systemic use</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Musculoskeletal system</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Genitourinary system</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Respiratory system</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sensory organs</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">391</td>
                  <td align="center">100.0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>ATC: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In a secondary analysis of the data, 10.0% of the prescribed drugs were potentially inappropriate for the elderly, according to the Beers-Fick criteria, of which the most representative were also cardiovascular drugs (
          <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>).
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of potentially inappropriate medications prescribed to the elderly during hospitalization at the Getulio Vargas University Hospital, according to pharmacological group, 2018.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Pharmacological group</th>
                  <th>Medication</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Cardiovascular system</td>
                  <td align="center">Furosemide</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">20.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Digoxin</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">10.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Propranolol</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">Digestive tract and metabolism</td>
                  <td align="center">Omprazole</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">17.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Mineral oil</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Glibenclamide</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Metoclopramide</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dexametazone</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Blood and hematopoietic organs</td>
                  <td align="center">Enoxaparin</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Warfarin</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Nervous system</td>
                  <td align="center">Amitriptyline</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Clonazepam</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Haloperidol</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Alprazolam</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">100.0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>It was observed that the length of hospitalization had a slight trend toward positive correlation with the number of prescribed drugs and, consequently, with the presence of polypharmacy. The mean of potentially inappropriate medications prescribed to the elderly correlated directly with polypharmacy (
          <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figures 3</xref> and 
          <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">4</xref>).
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Relationship between length of stay and presence of polypharmacy in the elderly hospitalized at the Getulio Vargas University Hospital, 2018.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-7-4-0041-gf03_en.tif"/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Relationship between the number of prescribed medications/polypharmacy and the mean number of inappropriate medications prescribed to the elderly admitted to the Getulio Vargas University Hospital, 2018.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-7-4-0041-gf04_en.tif"/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSSION</title>
        <p>The choice of a drug-based therapy for an elderly patient should be careful and consider the metabolic changes resulting from old age. The worldwide trend of prescribing multiple drugs to the elderly is increasing and is associated with several types of adverse events
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,
            <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,
            <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,
            <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>A recent European study using data from the SHARE Cohort, conducted in 18 countries across the continent, found polypharmacy indices in elderly Europeans ranging from 26.0% in Switzerland to 40.0% in the Czech Republic
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
          </sup>. Another cohort conducted in Sweden has shown an expected trend toward increasing the percentage of polypharmacy as the Swedish population ages, with rates of 27.0% in 1988, 54.0% in 2001 and 65.0% in 2006
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>In Brazil, a recent population-based survey in the city of Florianópolis, state of Santa Catarina, found a prevalence of polypharmacy in the elderly of 32.0% (95% CI 29.8–34.3), with a 3.8 mean of drug use in the 30 days before the interviews (ranging from 0 to 28)
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
          </sup>. The variables associated with polypharmacy were female gender, old age (70 to 79 years, 95% CI 1.15–1.68; 80 years or older, 95% CI 1.22–2.02), negatively self-assessed health, medical appointment in the last 3 months and hospitalization in the last 6 months
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>The relationship between polypharmacy and age and, consequently, the increased risk of ADRs in the elderly is well established and the correlation of ADRs with old age is significant, at least in some clinical conditions
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,
            <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
          </sup>. The prevalence of ADRs in the elderly in Indian hospitals, for example, ranged from 5.9% to 6.9%
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
          </sup>. A 2016 integrative review analyzed 47 papers that addressed the topic and demonstrated the frequent occurrence of ADRs in the elderly, although it did not perform a quantitative analysis of the incidence or prevalence of ADRs
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>In the present study, the high prevalence of polypharmacy found in patients admitted to a tertiary public hospital, that is, 85.0% per semester in 2018, with a mean of 9 ± 4 drugs per patient, is compatible with data from Brazilian and international literature. It is also directly correlated with ADRs and inappropriate drug associations
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,
            <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,
            <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,
            <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,
            <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
          </sup>. The incidence of 12.5% of ADRs in the semester can be considered equally high.
        </p>
        <p>The predominance of drugs for the cardiovascular system prescribed to the elderly evidenced in this study, whether appropriate or not, possibly reflects the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases. In addition to having a high prevalence in the general population, these diseases tend to become more frequent as the mean age of the population increases, as is the case of the studied sample of patients
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>Among the PIMs prescribed to the elderly, there were routine-use drugs, like furosemide and omeprazole. However, in this group of patients, even these drugs should be used with caution, always considering their risk-benefit ratio. Nevertheless, since information on PIMs in the elderly is poorly disseminated, it is likely that prescribers would in fact ignore the harmful potential of these drugs and the prescription of PIMs (or maintenance thereof) was made without proper adjustment or replacement in view of the risk.</p>
        <p>Although the research was based on the definition of polypharmacy found in previous publications on polypharmacy in the elderly, that is, concomitant use of five or more drugs, there is no consensus in the literature on the minimum amount of drugs that will determine this diagnosis
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
          </sup>. Therefore, if broader criteria were considered (two or more drugs, for example), the prevalence of polypharmacy found in this study could be higher and even include almost all subjects of the research.
        </p>
        <p>Furthermore, the profile of the patients observed was characterized by the predominance of multimorbidity, detected in 75.0% of patients, another condition admittedly associated with aging
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
          </sup>. That is, the complexity of clinical problems and the consequent need for multiple therapies and longer hospitalization may have been determinant for these patients’ high vulnerability to polypharmacy, as well as for the incidence of life-threatening ADRs (hypotension and hemorrhages), evidenced in the follow-up.
        </p>
        <p>It is possible that the setting in which the research was conducted (tertiary teaching hospital with pharmacovigilance system in place) determined a selection bias for more severe patients or more complex pathologies, as well as for a higher diagnosis of clinical outcomes. However, it is reasonable to extend these findings to elderly patients hospitalized in general hospitals where, in addition to the risk of polypharmacy and ADRs actually occurring, these conditions may not be detected due to the lack of continuing health surveillance actions.</p>
        <p>This evidence underscores the importance of better assessment of drug-based therapies for hospitalized elderly patients, including measures of drug reconciliation between continuous home-use and hospital-use drugs. The establishment of pharmacovigilance of drugs prescribed to hospitalized elderly patients, especially in cases of multiple associations, is fundamental for the design of individualized therapeutic plans and to avoid complications arising from the inappropriate prescription of drugs to this vulnerable population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
        <p>The results of this study have shown a high prevalence of polypharmacy when compared to other Brazilian and international studies, and a significant incidence of ADRs in the elderly admitted to a university hospital in the city of Manaus, Amazonas. Analysis of data on the use of potentially inappropriate medications for the elderly and the presence of multimorbidity also suggests a significant frequency of both.</p>
        <p>It is necessary to identify the patterns of prescriptions made for the hospitalized elderly population in order to propose specific strategies to address polypharmacy in the elderly. In this sense, the role of the clinical pharmacist is fundamental to determine the proper drug conciliation and individualized drug dosing regimen, according to the specific pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters of this population profile.</p>
        <p>The rational use of medications in the elderly should be compulsorily encouraged in the various categories of hospital care, in order to optimize the care provided to elderly patients and reduce adverse events resulting from inadequate drug-based therapies.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We thank the entire clinical staff of the Getulio Vargas University Hospital (HUGV) for supporting the participating patients and this study; the Amazonas Research Support Foundation (FAPEAM); the Scientific Initiation Support Program of the Getulio Vargas University Hospital (PAIC-HUGV); and the Patient Health and Safety Surveillance Service of the Getulio Vargas University Hospital (SVSSP-HUGV).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article-->
</article>
