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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Vigilância Sanitária em Debate</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">visa</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Vigilância Sanitária em Debate</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Vigilância Sanitária em Debate</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2317-269X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>INCQS-FIOCRUZ</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22239/2317-269x.01364</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>REVISÃO</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Existe associação do uso de implantes mamários texturizados com linfoma anaplásico de células grandes?</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Is there an association between the use of textured breast implants with anaplastic large cell lymphoma?</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2905-8946</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Girardi</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana da Motta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>I</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
          <email>juliana.girardi@fiocruz.br</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6500-2213</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Vilela de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>I</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>II</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fundação Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Brasília, DF, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">
          <label>*</label>
        E-mail:
          <email>juliana.girardi@fiocruz.br</email>
        </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Conflito de Interesse</p>
          <p>Os autores informam não haver qualquer potencial conflito de interesse com pares, instituições, políticos ou financeiros deste estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <!--pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"-->
        <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Oct-Dec</season>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>7</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>85</fpage>
      <lpage>95</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Introdução</title>
          <p> O linfoma anaplásico de células grandes (ALCL) é um tipo raro de linfoma não Hodgkin e alguns relatos têm apontado possível associação entre a sua ocorrência e a implantação de próteses mamárias, especialmente as texturizadas. Contudo até o momento, pouco se sabe sobre o processo da doença e sua relação com os implantes mamários.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Identificar se há associação entre o uso de implantes mamários e o desenvolvimento de ALCL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Método</title>
          <p> Foi feita uma revisão de literatura com busca sistemática nas bases de dados: Medline via PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) em fevereiro de 2019, utilizando os termos
          
            <italic>Breast Implantation</italic>
          e
          
            <italic>anaplastic large-cell lymphomas</italic>
          .
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Ao todo foram identificados 797 estudos, dos quais 12 foram selecionados e incluídos no presente trabalho: dois estudos de caso-controle, cinco registros retrospectivos de banco de dados, um estudo de coorte prospectiva e quatro revisões sistemáticas de relatos de casos. Os estudos de caso-controle apontaram aumento da chance de ocorrência de ALCL nas pacientes com implante mamário. Nos casos de ALCL relatados, a maioria relaciona-se a implantes de superfície texturizada, entretanto os dados podem estar enviesados já que este é o tipo de prótese mais vendida em todo o mundo. Grande parte dos procedimentos foram realizados por motivos estéticos, seguidos de reconstrução mamária após câncer de mama e mastectomia. Nesses casos, não se sabe se a reconstrução é um fator de risco ou agravante para o desenvolvimento de ALCL. Os dados foram provenientes de estudos realizados nos Estados Unidos da América, Holanda, Suécia, Reino Unido e Itália.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusões</title>
          <p> Até o momento, os dados apontaram associação entre o implante mamário e o desenvolvimento de ALCL, entretanto não há como se estabelecer relação causal.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Introduction</title>
          <p>Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and some reports have indicated a possible association between its occurrence and the implantation of breast implants, especially the textured ones. However, so far, little is known about the disease process and its relationship with breast implants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>Thus, the aim of this study was to identify whether there is an association between the use of breast implants and the development of ALCL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p>A systematic literature review was performed on the databases: Medline via PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Virtual Health Library (BVS) in February 2019 using the terms “Breast Implantation” and “anaplastic large-cell lymphomas.” Results: A total of 797 studies were identified, of which 12 were selected and included in the present study: 2 case-control studies, 5 retrospective database records, 1 prospective cohort and 4 systematic case report reviews. Case-control studies have shown increse the chance of ALCL in breast implant patients. In the reported cases of ALCL, most were relate to textured surface implants; however, data may be skewed as this is the best-selling type of prosthesis worldwide. Most of the procedures were performed for aesthetic reasons, followed by breast reconstruction after breast cancer and mastectomy. In these cases, it is not known whether reconstruction is a risk or aggravating factor for the development of ALCL. The data came from studies conducted in the United States of America - USA, Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom and Italy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>To date, data indicate an association between breast implant and the development of ALCL; however, there is no way to establish a causal relationship.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
        <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes</kwd>
        <kwd>Implantes Mamários</kwd>
        <kwd>Associação</kwd>
        <kwd>Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Relação Causal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Breast Implants</kwd>
        <kwd>Association</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk</kwd>
        <kwd>Causal Relationship</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária</funding-source>
          <award-id>003</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
      <p>O linfoma anaplásico de células grandes (ALCL) é um tipo raro de linfoma não Hodgkin (LNH), que envolve as células do sistema imune. O ALCL é caracterizado por um crescimento anormal dos linfócitos T e é subdividido em ALCL sistêmico, cutâneo e puro
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
        </sup>. Atualmente, existem duas variantes principais do ALCL: uma expressa a proteína quinase do linfoma anaplásico (ALK+) e a outra não (ALK-), sendo esta última a variante mais comum. Destaca-se que a expressão da proteína ALK pelas células tumorais é um fator prognóstico independente preditor de sobrevivência
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>O ALCL associado a implantes mamários (
    
        <italic>breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma</italic>
    : BIA-ALCL) é extremamente raro, atinge a cápsula fibrótica ao redor do implante e ainda não possui patogenia bem elucidada, apresentando-se sob a forma de seroma ou massa
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>O primeiro caso de BIA-ALCL foi reportado em 1997
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
        </sup>. Nas duas últimas décadas, os relatos documentados de casos confirmados de BIA-ALCL ultrapassam 300. O número exato de casos é difícil de ser determinado devido à ausência de dados globais sobre vendas de implantes mamários e a limitações significativas na notificação mundial de BIA-ALCL
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>Até o momento, pouco se sabe sobre a doença e sua relação com as próteses mamárias. O diagnóstico normalmente ocorre durante a cirurgia de revisão do implante devido a um seroma atrasado ou persistente, associado a dor ou inchaço da mama. Em média, o BIA-ALCL desenvolve-se em 9 anos após a implantação da prótese
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>Apesar de o Brasil ser o segundo maior mercado mundial de implantes mamários, atrás apenas dos Estados Unidos da América (EUA), não há dados oficiais nacionais da doença
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
        </sup>. De acordo com o Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), a estimativa de novos casos de LNH para 2018 seria de 10.180, dos quais 5.370 ocorreriam em homens e 4.810 em mulheres
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>A
    
        <italic>Food and Drug Administration </italic>
    (FDA), desde 2011, investiga a possível associação entre este câncer e os implantes mamários, fomentando um registro nacional de casos suspeitos
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
        </sup>. Em 2017, os dados da FDA apontaram que a maior parte (56,0%) dos BIA-ALCL registrados ocorreram em pacientes que tinham implantes texturizados; 7,0% em pacientes com implantes lisos e em 36,0% dos casos a informação não estava disponível. Em 50,0%, o preenchimento das próteses era de silicone, em 35,0% de solução salina e em 15,0% a informação não estava disponível
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>As superfícies dos implantes mamários possuem uma camada externa de elastômero de silicone de forma estável, podendo ter a superfície lisa ou texturizada. O preenchimento pode ser de gel de silicone ou solução salina
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
        </sup>. A texturização do implante é uma irregularidade da superfície do silicone, projetado para mimetizar a forma e conferir os benefícios dos implantes de poliuretano, que apresentam menos complicações
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>Dado que o FDA aponta que a maior parte dos casos ocorreu em pacientes com implantes texturizados, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar se, de fato, há associação entre o uso de implantes mamários, principalmente os texturizados, e o desenvolvimento de ALCL.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>MÉTODO</title>
      <p>Foi feita uma revisão de literatura a fim de identificar se as evidências científicas apontavam associação entre o uso de implantes mamários, principalmente os texturizados, e o desenvolvimento de ALCL. Duas perguntas de pesquisa foram norteadoras do trabalho: i) “Pessoas com implantes mamários texturizados apresentam risco ou chance de desenvolver ALCL em comparação com pessoas com outros tipos de implantes mamários?”; ii) “Pessoas com implantes mamários texturizados apresentam risco ou chance de desenvolver ALCL em comparação com pessoas sem implantes?”.</p>
      <p>Para tanto, em fevereiro de 2019, foram feitas buscas estruturadas, conforme
    
        <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>
    , nas bases de dados: Medline (via PubMed), Cochrane Library, Embase e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS).
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estratégias de busca para cada base de dados.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col">Bases de dados</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">Estratégia de busca</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Medline via PubMed</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">((“Breast Implantation”[Mesh]) OR (“Breast Implants”[Mesh]) OR (“Prostheses and Implants “[MESH])) AND ((“Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic”[Mesh]) OR (anaplastic large-cell lymphomas) OR (cd30 anaplastic large-cell lymphoma) OR (ki-1 lymphomas))</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Cochrane Library</td>
                <td align="center">Estratégia 1</td>
                <td align="center">Breast implants</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Estratégia 2</td>
                <td align="center">Breast Implantation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Estratégia 3</td>
                <td align="center">Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Embase</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">((‘breast implant’/exp) OR (‘breast endoprosthesis’/exp) OR (‘breast prosthesis’/exp) OR (‘silicone breast implant’/exp)) AND (‘anaplastic large cell lymphoma’/exp))</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BVS</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">((Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic) OR (Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes) OR (Linfoma de Células Grandes Anaplásico) OR (Linfoma Anaplástico de Grandes Células CD30-Positivo) OR (Linfoma de Células Grandes Ki-1) OR (Lymphomas, Ki-1) OR (Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma)) AND ((Breast Implantation) OR (Prostheses and Implants) OR (Breast Implantation) OR (Implantes de Mama) OR (Prótese Interna de Mama))</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Foram considerados elegíveis estudos de coorte, caso-controle, revisões sistemáticas de relatos de casos e observacionais do tipo registros de banco de dados sobre pacientes com linfomas e/ou implantação de próteses mamárias publicados em inglês, português ou espanhol. Não houve restrição quanto à data de publicação.</p>
      <p>Não foram selecionados estudos com animais,
    
        <italic>in vitro</italic>
    , cartas ao editor e estudos cujo texto completo não estivesse disponível.
      </p>
      <p>Foram excluídos estudos que: i) não abordassem pacientes com implantes mamários e ALCL; ii) não estudassem qualquer um dos desfechos: incidência, prevalência, mortalidade, tempo de desenvolvimento da doença, fatores contribuintes, risco ou chance de ocorrer BIA-ALCL.</p>
      <p>O processo de seleção dos estudos foi realizado em duas etapas com auxílio da ferramenta
    
        <italic>on-line</italic>
    Rayyan QCRI (disponível em: &lt;https://rayyan.qcri.org/welcome&gt;). Inicialmente, foi feita triagem a partir da leitura de títulos e resumos por dois revisores independentes. Posteriormente, os artigos selecionados foram lidos na íntegra. Aqueles considerados adequados, segundo os critérios de inclusão e exclusão preestabelecidos, foram incluídos no trabalho. Nos casos de discordâncias entre os avaliadores, a decisão foi tomada em consenso.
      </p>
      <p>Os dados dos estudos selecionados foram extraídos com a coleta das informações sobre a população, a doença e os implantes mamários.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTADOS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Seleção dos estudos</title>
        <p>A pesquisa da literatura recuperou 797 estudos, dos quais 112 eram duplicatas. Dessa forma, 685 estudos foram triados por título e resumo segundo os critérios de elegibilidade acima apontados. Desses, 20 seguiram para fase de leitura do texto completo. Os artigos que apresentavam potencial de elegibilidade, mas que não tiveram seus resumos ou textos completos obtidos, foram excluídos desta revisão. O total de 12 estudos atenderam a todos os critérios de inclusão estabelecidos. Os detalhes do processo de seleção e os motivos para exclusão estão ilustrados na
      
          <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura</xref>
      .
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma do resultado da busca, seleção e inclusão dos estudos.</title>
              <p>ALCL: linfoma anaplásico de células grandes.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-7-4-0085-gf01.jpg"/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Características dos estudos</title>
        <p>Dos 12 estudos selecionados, a maioria era estudos observacionais retrospectivos. Foram incluídos dois estudos de caso-controle, cinco estudos retrospectivos de registro de bases de dados, uma coorte prospectiva e quatro revisões sistemáticas (RS) de relatos de casos.</p>
        <p>Os estudos reportavam dados dos EUA, Holanda, Suécia, Reino Unido e Itália. Na maioria dos estudos, o procedimento teve finalidade estética, seguida de reconstrução mamária após carcinoma de mama ou mastectomia profilática.</p>
        <p>Os implantes mais relatados foram os de superfície texturizada. Porém, em muitos (cerca de 50,0% dos casos), as informações sobre o tipo de implante, superfície e preenchimento eram desconhecidas. McGhan, Allergan e Mentor estão entre os produtores que mais apareceram nos estudos.</p>
        <p>As principais características dos estudos incluídos estão apresentadas na
      
          <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>
      e os principais resultados na
      
          <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>
      .
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Características dos estudos incluídos.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Autores</th>
                  <th>Local</th>
                  <th>Período</th>
                  <th>População</th>
                  <th>N (BIA-ALCL)</th>
                  <th>Motivo do procedimento</th>
                  <th>Tipo de implante</th>
                  <th>Tipo de preenchimento</th>
                  <th>Produtor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">Estudos de casos-controle</td>
                  <td></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Boer et al., 2018</td>
                  <td align="center">Holanda</td>
                  <td align="center">1990–2016</td>
                  <td>Pacientes diagnosticados com linfoma primário não Hodgkin no seio, seja ALCL mamário ou com outros tipos de linfoma de mama</td>
                  <td>Casos (n = 32) Controles (n = 146)</td>
                  <td>Estético (n = 22) Reconstrução após mastectomia profilática (n = 3) Reconstrução após mastectomia devido a CA mama (n = 7)</td>
                  <td>Macrotexturados: 23/32 (72,0%) Microtexturizados: 5/32 (16,0%) Desconhecido: 4/32 (12,0%)</td>
                  <td>IA</td>
                  <td>Eurosilicone PIP Allergan Inamed McGhan Nagor Mentor Sebbin</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Daphne et al., 2008</td>
                  <td align="center">Holanda</td>
                  <td align="center">1990–2006</td>
                  <td>Mulheres com diagnóstico histopatológico de ALCL</td>
                  <td>Casos (n = 11) Controles (n = 35)</td>
                  <td>Todos estéticos</td>
                  <td>Texturizado: 3/11 (27,0%)</td>
                  <td>Hidrogel: 1/11 (9,0%) Desconhecido: 1/11 (9,0%)</td>
                  <td>McGahn, Nagor Rofil PIP</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">Estudos retrospectivos de bancos de dados</td>
                  <td></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sirinavasa et al., 2017</td>
                  <td align="center">40 países</td>
                  <td align="center">2010–2015</td>
                  <td>Informações da base de dados:
                
                    <italic>The International Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience -MAUDE database</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td>258</td>
                  <td>Reconstrução (n = 58) Estético (n = 97) Não especificado (n = 103)</td>
                  <td>Texturizado: 129/258 (50,0%) Liso: 11/258 (4,0%) Desconhecido: 115/258 (45,0%) Histórico de ambos 3 (1,0%)</td>
                  <td>Salina: 104/258 (40,0%) Silicone: 90/258 (35,0%) Desconhecido: 64/258 (25,0%)</td>
                  <td>Allergan: 161/229* (70,3%) Cui: 1/229 (0,4%) Inamed: 4/229 (1,7%) McGhan: 19/229 (8,3%) Mentor: 20/229 (8,7%) Silimed: 1/229 (0,4%) McGhan/Allergan: 1/229 (0,4%) Desconhecidos: 22/229 (9,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Popplew et al., 2011</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1999–2007</td>
                  <td>Informações da base de dados:
                
                    <italic> City of Hope Pathology database</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td>Estético (n = 6) Desconhecido (n = 2)</td>
                  <td>Texturizado: 1/8 (12,5%)</td>
                  <td>Salina: 2/8 (25,0%) Silicone: 1/8 (12,5%) Desconhecido: 2/8 (25,0%)</td>
                  <td>McGhan para o texturizado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doren et al., 2017</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1996–2015</td>
                  <td>Mulheres com câncer associado ao implante Dados da Literatura de todos os casos documentados de BIA-ALCL dos EUA</td>
                  <td>100</td>
                  <td>Estético (n = 49) Mastectomia (n = 44) Desconhecido (n = 7)</td>
                  <td>Texturizado: 51/100 (51,0%)</td>
                  <td>Desconhecido: 49/100 (49,0%)</td>
                  <td>Allergan e Mentor</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dashevsky et al., 2018</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">2010–2016</td>
                  <td>Mulheres submetidas à reconstrução mamária ou ao aumento estético Informações da base de dados:
                
                    <italic>Large US Cancer Center</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td>11</td>
                  <td>Motivos estéticos (n = 2) Reconstrução após carcinoma (n = 9)</td>
                  <td>Texturizado: 7/11 (63,0%), sendo: - Salina texturizada: 4/11 (36,3%) - Silicone texturizado: 2/11 (18,2%) - Material desconhecido texturizado: 1/11 (9,1%) Desconhecido: 4/11 (36,0%), sendo: - Silicone textura desconhecida: 3/11 (27,3%)</td>
                  <td>Salina: 4/11 (36,3%) Silicone: 5/11 (45,5%) Desconhecido: 2/11 (18,2%)</td>
                  <td>IA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Campanale et al., 2017</td>
                  <td align="center">Itália</td>
                  <td align="center">2014–2017</td>
                  <td>Adultos com BIA-ALCL Informações da base de dados Italiana:
                
                    <italic>Dispovigilance</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td>22, sendo 21 em mulheres</td>
                  <td>Reconstrução (n = 14; 63,6%) Estético (n = 8; 36,3%)</td>
                  <td>Texturizado: 22/22 (100,0%)</td>
                  <td>Silicone: 20/22 (91,0%) Preenchimento de duplo lúmen - salina e silicone: 1/22 (4,5%) Silicone e poliuretano: 1/22 (4,5%)</td>
                  <td>IA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">Estudos de coorte prospectiva</td>
                  <td></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wang et al., 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1995–2012</td>
                  <td>Mulheres com ALCL e que trabalhavam em escolas públicas</td>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td>IA</td>
                  <td>IA</td>
                  <td>Salina e silicone</td>
                  <td>IA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">Revisões sistemáticas de relatos de casos</td>
                  <td></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Story et al., 2013</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1990–2012</td>
                  <td>Pessoas com ALCL e implante mamário</td>
                  <td>39</td>
                  <td>IA</td>
                  <td>IA</td>
                  <td>IA</td>
                  <td>IA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rupani et al., 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">Reino Unido</td>
                  <td align="center">1995–2014</td>
                  <td>Pessoas com implante mamário e malignidades hematopoiéticas</td>
                  <td>71</td>
                  <td>Estético (n = 41) Reconstrução mamária (n = 27) Desconhecido (n = 3)</td>
                  <td>Texturizado: 24/71 (33,8%)</td>
                  <td>Salina: 29/71 (41,0%) Silicone: 30/71 (42,0%) Silicone e salina: 3/71 (4,3%) Hidrogel: 1/71 (1,4%) Desconhecido: 8/71 (11,3%)</td>
                  <td>IA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kim et al., 2011</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1966–2010</td>
                  <td>População com implante mamário e ALCL ou outros linfomas não Hodkgin</td>
                  <td>29</td>
                  <td>Troca de implantes (n = 7; 24,0%) Reconstrução (n = 5, 17,0%)</td>
                  <td>Texturizado: 6/29 (20,7%) Desconhecido: 23/29 (79,3%)</td>
                  <td>Salina: 16/29 (55,0%) Silicone: 11/29 (38,0%) Não informado: 2/29 (7,0%)</td>
                  <td>McGhan: 4/29 (14,0%) Nagor: 2/29 (7,0%) Rolfil PIP hidrogel: 1/29 (3,0%) Não reportado: 22/29 (76,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Jewell et al., 2011</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1990–2010</td>
                  <td>Pacientes com implante mamário e diagnóstico de ALCL com comprometimento do tecido mamário (BIA-ALCL)</td>
                  <td>27</td>
                  <td>Estético (n = 14; 52,0%) Reconstrução (n = 11; 41,0%) Desconhecido (n = 2; 7,0%)</td>
                  <td>Texturizado: 5/27 (18,5%)</td>
                  <td>Salina: 13/27 (48,15%) Silicone: 12/27 (44,45%) Hidrogel: 1/27 (3,70%) Desconhecido: 1/27 (3,70%)</td>
                  <td>IA</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>BIA-ALCL:
            
                  <italic>breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma;</italic>
            ALCL: linfoma anaplásico de células grandes; N: número de casos; IA: Informação ausente; PIP:
            
                  <italic>Poly Implant Prothese</italic>
            .
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>* Total de 229 MDR
            
                  <italic>reports</italic>
            (relatórios de dispositivos médicos) que possuíam a informação referente ao produtor do implante.
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Principais resultados dos estudos encontrados.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Autores</th>
                  <th>Local</th>
                  <th>Período</th>
                  <th>Idade média (anos)</th>
                  <th>N (BIA-ALCL)</th>
                  <th>Tempo de desenvolvimento ALCL – diagnóstico (anos)</th>
                  <th>Manifestação (massa, seroma, CC)</th>
                  <th>ALK+</th>
                  <th>ALK-</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">Estudos de casos-controle</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Boer et al., 2018</td>
                  <td align="center">Holanda</td>
                  <td align="center">1990–2016</td>
                  <td align="center">18–75</td>
                  <td align="center">Casos (n = 32)</td>
                  <td align="center">11–20</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Daphne et al., 2008</td>
                  <td align="center">Holanda</td>
                  <td align="center">1990–2006</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0 (variando entre 24–68)</td>
                  <td align="center">Casos (n = 11)</td>
                  <td align="center">1–23</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">Estudos retrospectivos de bancos de dados</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sirinavasa et al., 2017</td>
                  <td align="center">40 países</td>
                  <td align="center">2010–2015</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">258</td>
                  <td align="center">10,08</td>
                  <td align="center">Seroma (n = 134, 51,9%) Massa (n = 28, 10,8%) CC (n = 29, 11,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Popplew et al., 2011</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1999–2007</td>
                  <td align="center">45,0 (variando entre 32–62)</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">Em média 7 anos após a cirurgia do implante</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">7 casos eram ALK-</td>
                  <td align="center">1 caso ALK+ (paciente sem implante)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doren et al., 2017</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1996–2105</td>
                  <td align="center">53,2 ± 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">10,7 ± 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dashevsky et al., 2018</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">2010–2016</td>
                  <td align="center">54,0 (variando entre 35–77)</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">Em média 10 (variando entre 6–14)</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Campanale et al., 2017</td>
                  <td align="center">Itália</td>
                  <td align="center">2014–2017</td>
                  <td align="center">49,6 (variando entre 30–71)</td>
                  <td align="center">22, sendo 21 em mulheres</td>
                  <td align="center">6,8 (variando entre 1–22)</td>
                  <td align="center">Seroma: 16 pacientes; seroma e linfadenopatia: 1 paciente; CC: 2 pacientes; seroma e contratura capsular: 1 paciente; seroma e nódulo palpável: 1 paciente</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">Estudos de coorte prospectiva</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wang et al., 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1995–2012</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">Revisões sistemáticas de relatos de casos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Story et al., 2013</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1990–2012</td>
                  <td align="center">51,0 (28–87)</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">Sintomas: 34 pacientes CC: 2/34 (6,0%) Massa: 12/34 (35,0%) Periprostético: 18/34 (53,0%) Outros: 2/34 (15,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/36 (3,0%)**</td>
                  <td align="center">35/36 (97,0%)**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rupani et al., 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">Reino Unido</td>
                  <td align="center">1995–2014</td>
                  <td align="center">51,4 (28–87)</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">1 a 32</td>
                  <td align="center">CC: 11/71 (16,0%) Massa: 14/71 (20,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/71 (3,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66/71 (4,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kim et al., 2011</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1966–2010</td>
                  <td align="center">50,5 (28–87)</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">11,7 (1–23)</td>
                  <td align="center">CC: 2/29 (7,0%) Massa: 7/29 (24,0%) Seroma: 14/29 (48,0%) Dor: 6/29 (21,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">25/29 (86,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Jewell et al., 2011</td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">1990–2010</td>
                  <td align="center">51,0 (28–87)</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (1–23)</td>
                  <td align="center">CC: 2/14 (7,0%)* Massa: 3/14 (21,0%)* Dor e inchaço: 1/14* (7,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">IA</td>
                  <td align="center">Maioria</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>BIA-ALCL:
            
                  <italic>breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma;</italic>
            ALCL: linfoma anaplásico de células grandes; N: número de casos; CC: contratura capsular; ALK+: presença de proteína quinase do linfoma anaplásico ALK-: ausência de proteína quinase do linfoma anaplásico; IA: Informação ausente.
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>* Dados apenas do que implantaram a prótese com finalidade estética.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>**
            
                  <italic>Status</italic>
            disponível de 36 pacientes.
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudos de caso-controle</title>
        <p>Foram selecionados dois estudos de caso-controle, ambos realizados na Holanda, cujas
      
          <italic>odds ratios </italic>
      (OR) estimadas foram altas, apontando alta chance de mulheres com implante mamário terem ALCL. Ambos buscaram identificar se a chance de ALCL estava associada a próteses mamárias. Importante ressaltar que a OR expressa se a chance de desenvolver a doença (no caso, o ALCL) no grupo de expostos é maior (ou menor) do que no grupo de não expostos.
        </p>
        <p>O estudo de Daphne et al.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
          </sup> foi realizado em duas partes. Na primeira foi conduzida uma pesquisa no banco de dados da base populacional
      
          <italic>Pathologisch Anatomisch Landelijk Geautomatiseerd Archief</italic>
      (PALGA) de cobertura nacional para pacientes com linfoma mamário diagnosticado entre 1990 e 2006. Depois foi realizado um estudo de caso-controle aninhado. Na primeira parte, foram identificadas 11 mulheres com diagnóstico de ALCL, das quais oito tiveram acometimento mamário unilateral e três, bilateral.
        </p>
        <p>Para o estudo de caso-controle, foi realizada uma análise de regressão logística condicional para estimar a OR de ALCL associado à prótese mamária, cujo valor foi de 18,2 (IC95%: 2,1–156,8). Os resultados sugeriram associação entre próteses mamárias de silicone e o desenvolvimento de ALCL. Embora esse aumento de 18 vezes e o desenvolvimento de ALCL possa causar preocupação significativa entre as mulheres com próteses mamárias, deve-se observar que a chance permanece baixa devido à rara ocorrência de ALCL da mama na população (11 casos na Holanda em 17 anos, cuja população é de 8 milhões de mulheres). Estima-se que a incidência de ALCL na mama varie entre 0,1 a 0,3 por 100.000 mulheres com próteses por ano (cinco casos em 1,7–5,1 milhões de pessoas-ano)
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>O estudo aponta que, caso as próteses de silicone também estejam associadas a linfomas mamários diferentes de ALCL, a força da associação entre próteses mamárias e ALCL na mama podem ter sido subestimadas.</p>
        <p>O estudo de Boer et al.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
          </sup> analisou se havia um tipo específico de implante que pudesse estar mais associado ao ALCL. Quarenta e três pacientes foram identificadas com ALCL mamário, dos quais 32 tinham implante mamário ipsilateral e sete tiveram câncer de mama anterior a implantação da prótese mamária. Dos 146 controles, uma paciente possuía o implante mamário (com finalidade estética) na mama afetada pelo linfoma. Isto resultou em uma OR de 421,8 (IC95%: 52,6–3.385,2; P &lt; 0,001) para o BIA-ALCL. Portanto, os autores afirmaram que implantes aumentam fortemente a chance deste tipo raro de linfoma.
        </p>
        <p>No estudo, a prevalência estimada de mulheres entre 20 a 70 anos com implante mamário foi de 3,3% em 2015. Riscos cumulativos de BIA-ALCL em mulheres com implantes foram de 29 por milhão em pessoas com 50 anos e 82 por milhão em pessoas com 70 anos, ou seja, é muito maior em mulheres mais velhas. A média de idade de mulheres com BIA-ALCL foi entre 18–75 anos, mas o maior número de casos reportados foi entre 51–75 anos. O número necessário de mulheres com implantes para causar um caso de ALCL da mama antes dos 75 anos de idade foi de 6.920, evidenciando a raridade da doença. A maioria dos casos diagnosticados ocorreu entre 2011–2016. A maior porcentagem dos implantes corresponde aos macrotexturizados, das empresas Allergan, Inamed e McGhan
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudos retrospectivos de análises de banco de dados</title>
        <p>Foram recuperados estudos retrospectivos de banco de dados, dos quais a maioria (3/5) foi realizada nos EUA. No relato de tais estudos continham as caracteristicas mais comuns dos pacientes, tais como: os tipos de implantes, em qual mama foi identificado o linfoma, o tempo do diagnóstico, a média de idade dos pacientes e os principais sintomas. Todos relataram implantes de silicone ou solução salina, em que grande parte a superfície era texturizada.</p>
        <p>O estudo de Srinivasa et al.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
          </sup> utilizou banco de dados internacionais do Brasil, Canadá, China, Colômbia, Japão, México, estados-membros da União Europeia, Nova Zelândia, Coreia do Sul e Itália, além de uma pesquisa na base de dados
      
          <italic>International Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experienc</italic>
      e (MAUDE), fomentada por 40 países, em que foram analisados, entre 2010 e 2015, um total de 459 relatórios de dispositivos médicos. Tais relatórios contêm informações sobre eventos adversos, mortes suspeitas associadas a dispositivos, lesões graves e malformações. Metástase linfonodal foi relatada em 16 (6,2%) casos, enquanto em 12 (4,7%) não foi especificada a ocorrência de qualquer metástase linfonodal. Vale ressaltar que as bases do Brasil (Sistema de Notificações para a Vigilância Sanitária – Notivisa), Canadá (
      
          <italic>Vigilance Adverse Reaction Online Database</italic>
      – VAROD), China (
      
          <italic>China Food and Drug Administration</italic>
      – CFDA), Colômbia (
      
          <italic>Ministry of Health and Social Protection</italic>
      ), Japão (
      
          <italic>Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency</italic>
      – PMDA), México (
      
          <italic>Secretaria de Salud</italic>
      ) e Coreia do Sul (
      
          <italic>Ministry of Food and Drug Safety</italic>
      – MFDS) não apresentaram nenhum caso de BIA-ALCL.
        </p>
        <p>O estudo de Popplewell et al.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
          </sup> analisou arquivos de pacientes que apresentavam linfoma primário de células T, entre 1999 e 2007. Esses documentos eram do departamento de Patologia e Hematologia de Células Hematopoéticas provenientes do banco de dados de patologia da
      
          <italic>City of Hope Pathology, </italic>
      USA. Foram identificados oito casos de BIA-ALCL, sendo que, destes, sete expressavam o ALK- e um único caso de ALCL ALK+, que era de uma paciente de 15 anos que não possuía implante mamário. Os sintomas relatados pelos pacientes foram inchaço, acúmulo de líquidos na mama e aumento de massa. Os autores concluíram que há uma forte inclinação em direção a histologia ALCL ALK- na ocorrência de linfoma primário de células T associados a implantes mamários.
        </p>
        <p>O estudo de Doren et al.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
          </sup>analisou 100 casos de BIA-ALCL documentados entre 1996–2015 nos EUA. A partir disso, foi identificada incidência de 2,03 casos por 1 milhão de pessoas-ano com implantes mamários texturizados e prevalência de uma a cada 30.000 mulheres com implantes texturizados.
        </p>
        <p>Assumindo que o ALCL associado ao implante mamário ocorre apenas em implantes texturizados, o risco de desenvolvê-lo é muito maior que o risco de desenvolver ALCL primário com acometimento do tecido mamário na população geral (67,6 vezes superior), considerando a incidência de 3,00 por 100 milhões por ano, segundo a literatura.</p>
        <p>O estudo aponta associação, mas não causalidade. E apresenta como limitação o fato de que a doença ocorre predominantemente em pessoas com implantes texturizados, uma vez que utiliza dados de vendas dos EUA de implantes texturizados das empresas Allergan e Mentor, não avaliando os demais tipos de implantes
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>O estudo de Dashevsky et al.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
          </sup> avaliou o sistema de informações hospitalares de um centro de câncer dos EUA a fim de revisar o prontuário eletrônico de mulheres diagnosticadas com BIA-ALCL entre 2010 e 2016 submetidas à reconstrução mamária ou ao aumento estético na instituição. O estudo aponta que não é possível estabelecer correlação com a textura dos implantes mamários, dado o pequeno número de casos.
        </p>
        <p>Apesar da maior parte dos implantes mamários serem bilaterais (10/11, 91,0%), os pacientes só desenvolveram BIA-ALCL unilateral. Em 56,0% dos casos, o BIA-ALCL foi diagnosticado do mesmo lado do câncer anterior
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>O estudo de Campanale et al.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
          </sup>relatou casos italianos de BIA-ALCL registrados na base de dados,
      
          <italic>Dispovigilance. </italic>
      Uma iniciativa da autoridade de saúde do governo italiano (Ministério da Saúde) para monitorar, investigar e compreender a real incidência do BIA-ALCL, além de identificar os dispositivos médicos que possam estar associados à doença e seus aspectos clínico-patológicos. Em 2015, a incidência estimada de BIA-ALCL na população italiana foi de 2,8 casos por 100.000 pacientes.
        </p>
        <p>Destaca-se que os dados foram coletados em 2017, porém, os diagnósticos foram feitos entre 2010 e 2016 e as próteses colocadas entre 1994 e 2012. Cinco casos foram estadiados como cânceres em estágio(s) avançado(s).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudos de coorte prospectiva</title>
        <p>O estudo de Wang et al.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
          </sup> avaliou a associação entre implantes mamários e a incidência de linfoma de células T na coorte
      
          <italic>California Teachers Study</italic>
      (CTS), que incluiu 123.392 profissionais do sexo feminino de escolas públicas. Desse total, dez mulheres foram diagnosticadas com ALCL, sendo que somente duas relataram ter implante mamário – salino e de silicone. O implante foi associado a um aumento de 10,9 vezes no risco específico de desenvolver ALCL (HR = 10, 9; IC95%: 2,18–54,00). Nenhuma delas tinha histórico familiar de linfoma, tampouco de doença celíaca identificada. O local primário identificado do ALCL em uma delas foi a mama e na outra os gânglios linfáticos múltiplos. Nenhum outro participante do estudo diagnosticado com qualquer outro subtipo de linfoma de células T relatou o uso de implantes mamários, assim como nenhum outro linfoma de célula T identificado na coorte assim como a mama foi o sítio primário em nenhum outro linfoma de célula T identificado na coorte.
        </p>
        <p>Os dados confirmaram uma associação entre implantes mamários e risco de ALCL, porém a ocorrência de ALCL entre mulheres com implantes mamários permaneceu extremamente baixa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudos de revisões sistemáticas de relatos de casos</title>
        <p>O estudo de Story et al.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
          </sup> realizou uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase, FDA e
      
          <italic>Web of Knowledge</italic>
      , no período de 1990 a 2012. O estudo incluiu 23 relatos de casos que descreveram 39 pacientes com ALCL nas proximidades do implante – seja de gel, de silicone ou de solução salina.
        </p>
        <p>Os sintomas apresentados estavam disponíveis para 34 pacientes, sendo o mais comum o inchaço da mama afetada, que estava associado a dor em alguns pacientes. Destes, 18 (53,0%) apresentaram líquido periprostético (1 ano após o implante), 12 (35,0%) tinham massa palpável e quatro (12,0%), outras manifestações. Desses 34 pacientes, um apresentou tanto o líquido periprostético quanto a massa palpável. Os implantes mamários foram removidos da maioria das pacientes em que tal informação estava disponível (26 de 28 pacientes, 93,0%). Duas pacientes (7,0%) os mantiveram
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>O tempo de seguimento estava disponível para 20 pacientes, o qual variou de 7 a 108 meses, com uma média de 30 meses. Vinte e três pacientes (79,0%) tiveram resposta completa ao tratamento, quatro tiveram resposta desconhecida (14,0%) e dois morreram (7,0%), sendo que para esses dois houve comprometimento além do sítio primário no momento do diagnóstico, incluindo envolvimento nodal e sistêmico
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>O estudo de Rupani et al.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
          </sup> revisou e analisou a literatura publicada sobre malignidades hematopoiéticas associadas a implantes mamários. As buscas foram realizadas no Pubmed, entre 1995 e 2014, e recuperaram 83 casos de linfoma associados a implantes mamários, dos quais 71 eram ALCL.
        </p>
        <p>Dos 71 casos de ALCL, 66 eram ALK-. Os resultados não apontaram associação com qualquer tipo particular de implante. O estudo sugeriu que os casos mais agressivos e a baixa taxa de mortalidade podem estar relacionados à presença de massas mamárias
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>Os dados compilados sugerem que há um risco baixo de desenvolver ALCL. Contudo, é necessário que haja maior conscientização da população sobre a associação entre implantes mamários e o desenvolvimento de ALCL, e que os pacientes que desejam por implantes mamários devem ser informados sobre o risco
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>O estudo de Kim et al.
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
          </sup> analisou relatos de casos notificados de linfoma não Hodgkin em pacientes com implantes mamários. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase e
      
          <italic>Web of Science</italic>
      . Trinta e quatro artigos foram incluídos no estudo, reportando 36 casos de linfoma não Hodgkin em pacientes com implantes mamários, dos quais 29 (81,0%) eram ALCL.
        </p>
        <p>Dos 29 casos de ALCL, em 20 (69,0%) o implante afetado foi removido e em um caso (3,0%) o implante foi mantido. Nos demais oito casos (26,0%), não havia informação disponível sobre o assunto. A maioria dos relatos de ALCL (n = 21, 72,0%) não indicou se a cápsula estava ou não associada à inflamação. Vinte e cinco dos 29 casos de ALCL (86,0%) eram negativos para ALK
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>Na maioria dos casos (16 de 29, 55,17%), a mama afetada foi a direita, seguida da esquerda (12 de 29 casos, 41,98%). Apenas um paciente (3,45%) teve manifestação bilateral. No que concerne à localização do implante, poucos casos tinham tal informação, a maioria dos casos (27 de 29, 93,00%) não reportavam essa informação.</p>
        <p>Dos pacientes que tiveram câncer prévio, o tempo médio entre o primeiro câncer e o diagnóstico de ALCL foi de 14,7 anos (variando de 7 a 32 anos) – segundo dados provenientes de 10 casos. Dois pacientes dos 29 (7,0%) tinham histórico de linfoma de célula T prévio e o tempo médio entre a manifestação do linfoma célula T e o diagnóstico de ALCL foi de 1,8 anos (variando de 1 a 2,5 anos)
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>No estudo de Jewell et al.
          <sup>19</sup>, a busca foi conduzida no PubMed limitada a artigos em língua inglesa publicados entre janeiro de 1990 a outubro de 2010. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar casos publicados de ALCL associado à mama. Estudos sobre ALCL cutâneo que não envolvessem o tecido mamário periprotético foram excluídos.
        </p>
        <p>Um total de 18 publicações foram recuperadas, as quais descreviam 27 casos de ALCL em pacientes com implante de gel de silicone e solução salina. Proporções semelhantes de pacientes tinham prótese dos dois preenchimentos
          <sup>19</sup>.
        </p>
        <p>A manifestação clínica mais comum foi inchaço mamário unilateral relacionado à coleta de fluido periprotético tardio (1 ano após o implante). A mama inchada às vezes era relatada como dolorida e sensível ao toque, mas raramente com contratura maciça ou capsular. Além disso, os sintomas constitucionais (febre, perda de peso e sudorese noturna) raramente foram relatados. Já nos pacientes diagnosticados com ALCL sem fluido periprotético tardio (n = 14), a apresentação ao diagnóstico variou: três apresentavam massa; um, dor e inchaço; e dois, contratura capsular
          <sup>19</sup>.
        </p>
        <p>A textura do implante foi relatada em apenas cinco casos (todos de superfície texturizada), impedindo a determinação de qualquer padrão de associação entre ALCL e texturização do implante. A maioria dos casos era ALK-. A maioria dos pacientes (59,0%) não apresentava doença disseminada e ficou livre de doença após um acompanhamento médio de 16 meses (variando de 7 a 48 meses) após terapia
          <sup>19</sup>.
        </p>
        <p>Uma associação, sem evidência de causalidade, foi relatada entre implantes mamários e o desenvolvimento de ALCL. Contudo, mais estudos são necessários para confirmar a associação. ALCL associado à mama ocorreu raramente em mulheres com e sem implantes mamários, com e sem antecedentes de câncer, com e sem a presença de líquido periprotético tardio e com diferentes tipos de implantes (não se limitou a um tipo específico de prótese)
          <sup>19</sup>.
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSÃO</title>
      <p>Foram encontradas poucas evidências que atendessem às perguntas de pesquisa. A maioria não relaciona o tipo de textura com o linfoma, nem o tipo de implante.</p>
      <p>As evidências encontradas apresentaram limitações, entre elas, destacam-se:</p>
      <p>i.Pequena quantidade de estudos realizados até o momento com boa qualidade metodológica que respondessem as perguntas de pesquisa. A maior parte das informações são provenientes de relatos de casos, tipo de estudo não selecionado para essa síntese;</p>
      <p>ii.Pequeno número de BIA-ALCL estudados nos estudos (casuística pequena), o que não permite muitas inferências, já que o poder estatístico de amostras pequenas é reduzido. O fato de o carcinoma ser raro esbarra na escassez de resultados para a questão;</p>
      <p>iii.A maioria dos estudos não apresentou duração adequada para a observação do desfecho de interesse – acompanhamento por pelo menos 10 anos, tempo necessário para o desenvolvimento do ALCL, segundo a literatura.</p>
      <p>Até o momento, os dados apontam que o implante mamário aumenta o risco e/ou a chance de BIA-ALCL. Os resultados indicaram associação, mas não relação causal. Vale ressaltar que, mesmo que haja aumento do número de BIA-ALCL, ainda há escassez de dados que permitam inferir sobre a ocorrência de BIA-ALCL, isto porque a casuística de ALCL é pequena, por se tratar de uma doença rara.</p>
      <p>É importante destacar que os estudos de caso-controle são delineamentos ideais para doenças raras, pois iniciam a investigação a partir do efeito (a doença) e avaliam retrospectivamente os fatores de risco (as causas). Desta forma, permitem investigar simultaneamente diferentes hipóteses de causa e origem da doença, além de identificar prevalência
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
        </sup>. Os resultados dos estudos encontrados apontaram chances muito maiores (OR elevada) de ALCL nos pacientes com implantes mamários, contudo não estratificam por tipo de implante e textura. São necessários mais estudos com períodos de acompanhamento adequados, com maior número de mulheres, gerações, poder estatístico, diferentes tipos de implantes e empresas produtoras para avaliar melhor tais questões.
      </p>
      <p>Um estudo epidemiológico dos EUA revelou uma prevalência de 33 casos de BIA-ALCL por 1 milhão de pessoas com implantes de mamas texturizadas. A literatura australiana relata uma incidência maior do que nos Estados Unidos. Na Ásia, quase não há casos relatados e na América Latina, apenas alguns
        <sup>19,
    
          <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
        </sup>. Ademais, o fato da maior parte dos dados ser proveniente dos EUA provavelmente está relacionado ao alerta emitido pelo FDA e ao historico dos EUA serem o país que mais faz cirurgias de implantação mamária. Destaca-se ainda que haja possibilidade de subnotificação nos demais países.
      </p>
      <p>Importante considerar que praticamente todos os estudos apontaram uma taxa superior de amostras com implantes texturizados em relação aos lisos. Isso ocorre porque os implantes texturizados são aproximadamente 85,0% mais vendidos em todo o mundo em relação aos lisos. Por esta razão, pela pequena quantidade de casos existentes (n) e por haver poucos estudos de boa qualidade realizados, não se pode afirmar que implantes texturizados são diretamente associados ao ALCL, tampouco estabelecer relação biunívoca
        <sup>
          <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
        </sup>.
      </p>
      <p>Não foram encontrados estudos que explorassem a relação da contratura capsular e o BIA-ALCL. Foram encontrados estudos que reportaram contratura capsular, porém não se sabe se, de fato, ela é um fator de risco ou se há relação causal com o BIA-ALCL.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Implicações para prática e pesquisa</title>
        <p>Dado que os resultados da revisão apontam que são necessários mais estudos para avaliar o papel dos implantes texturizados na etiologia do ALCL, o fomento à pesquisa é uma forma de obter mais dados qualificados para avaliação estatística. Ademais, o incentivo para a criação de registro colaborativo de bancos de dados, como apontado em alguns estudos, é fundamental para que os órgãos reguladores de diversos países mantenham dados obrigatórios desses pacientes, contendo informações que abranjam desde o produto até manifestações clínicas. Desta forma, as autoridades regulatórias poderiam monitorar os desfechos desses pacientes, identificar potenciais problemas relacionados à saúde e intervir com medidas regulatórias, conforme necessário.</p>
        <p>Tais medidas podem ser incentivadas não só pelas autoridades sanitárias, como também por sociedades nacionais e internacionais de especialidades médicas afins à temática.</p>
        <p>O fomento a estudos que explorem a casuística brasileira do BIA-ALCL é necessário, assim como a estudos científicos rigorosos que possam identificar e explorar qualquer potencial relação causal entre implantes mamários e a ocorrência de BIA-ALCL. Ademais, estudos genéticos sobre a população afetada pelo BIA-ALCL poderiam esclarecer porque apenas alguns pacientes com implantes mamários desenvolvem a doença.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>CONCLUSÕES</title>
      <p>Os dados apontaram associação entre o desenvolvimento de ALCL e a implantação de próteses mamárias, porém não se pode afirmar relação causal. O ALCL é um tipo raro de linfoma cujos dados sobre casuística são escassos, e tem ocorrido em um pequeno número de pacientes com implante mamário. Apesar da possibilidade de uma mulher com implante mamário desenvolver BIA-ALCL ser baixa, informações abrangentes sobre o risco da doença devem ser dadas a todos os pacientes envolvidos. Os riscos e benefícios devem ser informados pelo médico e discutidos com o paciente que pretende submeter-se à cirurgia de prótese mamária.</p>
      <p>É importante destacar que o estudo contribui para alertar médicos, profissionais de saúde e pacientes a respeito da segurança e da proteção dos pacientes que possam vir a ter próteses mamárias implantadas, para que fiquem vigilantes à questão.</p>
    </sec>
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  <!--sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>REVIEW</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is there an association between the use of textured breast implants with anaplastic large cell lymphoma?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2905-8946</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Girardi</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana da Motta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>I</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6500-2213</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Vilela de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>I</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>II</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>I</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Brasília, DF, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>II</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">
          <label>*</label>
          <bold>E-mail:</bold>
        juliana.girardi@fiocruz.br
        </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>Authors have no potential conflict of interest to declare, related to this study’s political or financial peers and institutions.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Introduction</title>
          <p>Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and some reports have indicated a possible association between its occurrence and the implantation of breast implants, especially the textured ones. However, so far, little is known about the disease process and its relationship with breast implants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>Thus, the aim of this study was to identify whether there is an association between the use of breast implants and the development of ALCL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p>A systematic literature review was performed on the databases: Medline via PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Virtual Health Library (BVS) in February 2019 using the terms “Breast Implantation” and “anaplastic large-cell lymphomas.” Results: A total of 797 studies were identified, of which 12 were selected and included in the present study: 2 case-control studies, 5 retrospective database records, 1 prospective cohort and 4 systematic case report reviews. Case-control studies have shown increse the chance of ALCL in breast implant patients. In the reported cases of ALCL, most were relate to textured surface implants; however, data may be skewed as this is the best-selling type of prosthesis worldwide. Most of the procedures were performed for aesthetic reasons, followed by breast reconstruction after breast cancer and mastectomy. In these cases, it is not known whether reconstruction is a risk or aggravating factor for the development of ALCL. The data came from studies conducted in the United States of America - USA, Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom and Italy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>To date, data indicate an association between breast implant and the development of ALCL; however, there is no way to establish a causal relationship.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Breast Implants</kwd>
        <kwd>Association</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk</kwd>
        <kwd>Causal Relationship</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
        <p>Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) that involves cells of the immune system. ALCL is characterized by abnormal growth of T lymphocytes and is subdivided into systemic, cutaneous and pure ALCL
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
          </sup>. There are currently two major variants of ALCL: one expresses anaplastic lymphoma protein kinase (ALK+) and the other doesn’t (ALK-). The latter is the most common variant. The expression of ALK protein by tumor cells is an independent prognostic factor for prediction of survival
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is extremely rare. It affects the fibrotic capsule around the implant and its pathogeny is not yet well understood. It appears in the form of a seroma or mass
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>The first case of BIA-ALCL was reported in 1997
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
          </sup>. In the last two decades, there have been more than 300 documented reports of confirmed cases of BIA-ALCL. The exact number of cases is difficult to determine due to the absence of global data on breast implant sales and significant limitations in worldwide reporting of BIA-ALCL
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>So far, little is known about the disease and its relationship to breast implants. Diagnoses are usually made during implant revision surgeries motivated by delayed or persistent seroma associated with breast pain or swelling. On average, BIA-ALCL develops 9 years after implantation of the prosthesis
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>Although Brazil is the second largest world market for breast implants, behind the United States only, there are no official national data on the disease
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
          </sup>. According to the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), the estimate of new cases of NHL for 2018 would be 10.180, of which 5.370 would occur in men and 4.810 in women
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>Since 2011, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been investigating the possible association between this cancer and breast implants and fostering a national database of suspected cases
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
          </sup>. In 2017, FDA data indicated that the majority (56.0%) of reported BIA-ALCL cases occurred in patients who had textured implants; 7.0% in patients with smooth implants and in 36.0% of cases information was not available. In 50.0% of them, the filling of the prostheses was silicone; in 35.0% it was saline solution, and in 15.0% information was not available
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>The surfaces of breast implants have a stable outer layer of silicone elastomer and may have a smooth or textured surface. The filler may be silicone gel or saline solution
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
          </sup>. The implant texture is an irregularity on the silicone surface designed to mimic the shape and the benefits of polyurethane implants, which have fewer complications
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>Since the FDA points out that most cases occurred in patients with textured implants, the aim of this study was to identify whether there is in fact an association between the use of breast implants, especially textured implants, and the development of ALCL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>METHOD</title>
        <p>A literature review was done to identify whether scientific evidence suggested any association between the use of breast implants, especially textured implants, and the development of ALCL. Two research questions guided the work: i) “Do people with textured breast implants have a higher risk or chance of having ALCL compared to people with other types of breast implants?”; ii) “Do people with textured breast implants have a higher risk or chance of having ALCL compared to people without implants?”.</p>
        <p>To this end, in February 2019, structured searches were performed according to
      
          <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>
      in the following databases: Medline (via PubMed), Cochrane Library, Embase and Virtual Health Library (BVS).
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Search strategies for each database.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col">Database</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">Search strategy</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medline via PubMed</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">((“Breast Implantation” [Mesh]) OR (“Breast Implantation [Mesh]) OR (“Prostheses and Implants” [MESH])) AND ((“Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic” [Mesh]) OR (anaplastic large-cell lymphomas) OR (cd30 anaplastic large-cell lymphoma) OR (ki-1 lymphomas))</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Cochrane Library</td>
                  <td align="center">Strategy 1</td>
                  <td align="center">Breast implants</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Strategy 2</td>
                  <td align="center">Breast implantation</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Strategy 3</td>
                  <td align="center">Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Embase</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">((‘breast implant’/exp) OR (‘breast endoprosthesis’/exp) OR (‘breast prosthesis’/exp) OR (‘silicone breast implant’/exp)) AND (‘anaplastic large cell lymphoma’/exp))</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BVS</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">((Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic) OR (
                
                    <italic>Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes</italic>
                ) OR (
                
                    <italic>Linfoma de Células Grandes Anaplásico</italic>
                ) OR (
                
                    <italic>Linfoma Anaplástico de Grandes Células CD30-Positivo</italic>
                ) OR (
                
                    <italic>Linfoma de Células Grandes Ki-1</italic>
                ) OR (Lymphomas, Ki-1) OR (Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma)) AND ((Breast Implantation) OR (Prostheses and Implants) OR (Breast Implantation) OR (
                
                    <italic>Implantes de Mama</italic>
                ) OR (
                
                    <italic>Prótese Interna de Mama</italic>
                ))
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Cohort, case-control studies, systematic reviews of case reports and observational database-type reports on patients with lymphoma and/or breast implants published in English, Portuguese or Spanish were considered eligible. There was no restriction regarding the date of publication.</p>
        <p>The following types of studies were not selected: animal studies,
      
          <italic>in vitro</italic>
      , letters to the editor and studies whose full text was not available.
        </p>
        <p>We excluded studies that: i) did not address patients with breast implants and ALCL; ii) did not study any of the following outcomes: incidence, prevalence, mortality, disease development time, contributing factors, risk or chance of BIA-ALCL.</p>
        <p>The study selection process was conducted in two steps with the help of the Rayyan QCRI online tool (available at: &lt;https://rayyan.qcri.org/welcome&gt;). Initially, the studies were screened by two independent reviewers who read the titles and the abstracts. Then the selected papers were read in full. Those considered adequate according to the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. In cases of disagreement between the reviewers, the decision was made by consensus.</p>
        <p>Data from the selected studies were extracted by collecting information on the population, the disease and breast implants.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Selection of studies</title>
          <p>The literature search retrieved 797 studies, of which 112 were duplicate studies. Thus, 685 studies were screened by title and abstract according to the eligibility criteria above. Of these, 20 were selected for the reading of their full text. Papers that were potentially eligible but whose abstracts or full texts were not found were excluded from this review. A total of 12 studies met all established inclusion criteria. Details of the selection process and reasons for exclusion are illustrated in the
        
            <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure</xref>
        .
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Flowchart of the results of search, selection and inclusion of studies.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-7-4-0085-gf01_en.jpg"/>
              <attrib>ALCL: anaplastic large cell lymphoma.</attrib>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of the studies</title>
          <p>Of the 12 studies selected, most were retrospective observational studies. Two case-control studies, five retrospective database registration studies, one prospective cohort, and four systematic case report reviews were included.</p>
          <p>The studies reported data from the United States, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Italy. In most studies, the procedure had an esthetic purpose, followed by breast reconstruction after breast carcinoma or prophylactic mastectomy.</p>
          <p>The most reported implants were textured surface implants. However, in many (about 50.0% of cases), information on implant type, surface and filling was unknown. McGhan, Allergan, and Mentor are some of the manufacturers that most appeared in the studies.</p>
          <p>The main characteristics of the included studies are presented in
        
            <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>
        and the main results are in
        
            <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>
        .
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Characteristics of the included studies.</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Authors</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Location</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Period</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Population</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>N</bold>
                      <bold>(BIA-ALCL)</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Reason for the procedure</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Type of implant</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Type of filling</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Manufacturer</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" colspan="8">Case-control studies</td>
                    <td></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Boer
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2018
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Netherlands</td>
                    <td align="center">1990–2016</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients diagnosed with primary non-Hodgkin’s breast lymphoma, either breast ALCL or other types of breast lymphoma</td>
                    <td align="center">Cases (n = 32) Controls (n = 146)</td>
                    <td align="center">Esthetic (n = 22) Reconstruction after prophylactic mastectomy (n = 3) Reconstruction after mastectomy due to breast CA (n = 7)</td>
                    <td align="center">Macrotextured: 23/32 (72.0%) Microtextured: 5/32 (16.0%) Unknown: 4/32 (12.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">Eurosilicone PIP Allergan Inamed McGhan Nagor Mentor Sebbin</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Daphne
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2008
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Netherlands</td>
                    <td align="center">1990–2006</td>
                    <td align="center">Women with histopathological diagnosis of ALCL</td>
                    <td align="center">Cases (n = 11) Controls (n = 35)</td>
                    <td align="center">All esthetic</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 3/11 (27.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Hydrogel: 1/11 (9.0%) Unknown: 1/11 (9.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">McGhan, Nagor Rofil PIP</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" colspan="8">Retrospective database studies</td>
                    <td></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Srinivasa
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2017
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">40 countries</td>
                    <td align="center">2010–2015</td>
                    <td align="center">Database information: The International Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience – MAUDE database</td>
                    <td align="center">258</td>
                    <td align="center">Reconstruction (n = 58) Esthetic (n = 97) Not specified (n = 103)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 129/258 (50.0%) Smooth: 11/258 (4.0%) Unknown: 115/258 (45.0%) History of both 3 (1.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Saline: 104/258 (40.0%) Silicone: 90/258 (35.0%) Unknown: 64/258 (25.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Allergan: 161/229* (70.3%) Cui: 1/229 (0.4%) Inamed: 4/229 (1.7%) McGhan: 19/229 (8.3%) Mentor: 20/229 (8.7%) Silimed: 1/229 (0.4%) McGhan/Allergan: 1/229 (0.4%) Unknown: 22/229 (9.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Popplewell
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2011
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1999–2007</td>
                    <td align="center">Database information: City of Hope Pathology database</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">Esthetic (n = 6) Unknown (n = 2)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 1/8 (12.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Saline: 2/8 (25.0%) Silicone: 1/8 (12.5%) Unknown: 2/8 (25.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">McGhan for the textured</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Doren
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2017
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1996–2015</td>
                    <td align="center">Women with implant-associated cancer Literature data from all documented USA BIA-ALCL cases</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                    <td align="center">Esthetic (n = 49) Mastectomy (n = 44) Unknown (n = 7)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 51/100 (51.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Unknown: 49/100 (49.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Allergan and Mentor</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Dashevsky
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2018
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">2010–2016</td>
                    <td align="center">Women undergoing breast reconstruction or esthetic augmentation Database information: Large US Cancer Center</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                    <td align="center">Esthetic reasons (n = 2) Reconstruction after carcinoma (n = 9)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 7/11 (63.0%), of which: - Textured saline: 4/11 (36.3%) - Textured silicone: 2/11 (18.2%) - Unknown textured material: 1/11 (9.1%) Unknown: 4/11 (36.0%), of which: - Silicone unknown texture: 3/11 (27.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Saline: 4/11 (36.3%) Silicone: 5/11 (45.5%) Unknown: 2/11 (18.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Campanale
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2017
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Italy</td>
                    <td align="center">2014–2017</td>
                    <td align="center">Adults with BIA-ALCL Italian database information: Dispovigilance</td>
                    <td align="center">22, of which 21 in women</td>
                    <td align="center">Reconstruction (n = 14; 63.6%) Esthetic (n = 8; 36.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 22/22 (100.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Silicone: 20/22 (91,0%) Saline and silicone double lumen filling: 1/22 (4.5%) Silicone and polyurethane: 1/22 (4.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" colspan="8">Prospective cohort studies</td>
                    <td></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Wang
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2015
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1995–2012</td>
                    <td align="center">Women with ALCL who worked in public schools</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">Saline and silicone</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" colspan="8">Systematic reviews of case reports</td>
                    <td></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Story
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2013
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1990–2012</td>
                    <td align="center">People with ALCL and breast implant</td>
                    <td align="center">39</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Rupani
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2015
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">United Kingdom</td>
                    <td align="center">1995–2014</td>
                    <td align="center">People with breast implant and hematopoietic malignancies</td>
                    <td align="center">71</td>
                    <td align="center">Esthetic (n = 41) Breast reconstruction (n = 27) Unknown (n = 3)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 24/71 (33.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Saline: 29/71 (41.0%) Silicone: 30/71 (42.0%) Silicone and saline: 3/71 (4.3%) Hydrogel: 1/71 (1.4%) Unknown: 8/71 (11.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Kim
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2011
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1966–2010</td>
                    <td align="center">Population with breast implants and ALCL or other non-Hodgkin lymphomas</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">Implant replacement (n = 7; 24.0%) Reconstruction (n = 5, 17.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 6/29 (20.7%) Unknown: 23/29 (79.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Saline: 16/29 (55.0%) Silicone: 11/29 (38.0%) Not informed: 2/29 (7.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">McGhan: 4/29 (14.0%) Nagor 2/29 (7.0%) Rolfil PIP hydrogel: 1/29 (3.0%) Not reported: 22/29 (76.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Jewell
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2011
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1990–2010</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with breast implants and diagnosis of ALCL with breast tissue impairment (BIA-ALCL)</td>
                    <td align="center">27</td>
                    <td align="center">Esthetic (n = 14; 52.0%) Reconstruction (n = 11; 41.0%) Unknown (n = 2; 7.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 5/27 (18.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Saline: 13/27 (48.15%) Silicone: 12/27 (44.45%) Hydrogel: 1/27 (3.70%) Unknown: 1/27 (3.70%)</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" colspan="8">Case-control studies</td>
                    <td></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Boer
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2018
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Netherlands</td>
                    <td align="center">1990–2016</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients diagnosed with primary non-Hodgkin’s breast lymphoma, either breast ALCL or other types of breast lymphoma</td>
                    <td align="center">Cases (n = 32) Controls (n = 146)</td>
                    <td align="center">Esthetic (n = 22) Reconstruction after prophylactic mastectomy (n = 3) Reconstruction after mastectomy due to breast CA (n = 7)</td>
                    <td align="center">Macrotextured: 23/32 (72.0%) Microtextured: 5/32 (16.0%) Unknown: 4/32 (12.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">Eurosilicone PIP Allergan Inamed McGhan Nagor Mentor Sebbin</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Daphne
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2008
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Netherlands</td>
                    <td align="center">1990–2006</td>
                    <td align="center">Women with histopathological diagnosis of ALCL</td>
                    <td align="center">Cases (n = 11) Controls (n = 35)</td>
                    <td align="center">All esthetic</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 3/11 (27.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Hydrogel: 1/11 (9.0%) Unknown: 1/11 (9.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">McGhan, Nagor Rofil PIP</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" colspan="8">Retrospective database studies</td>
                    <td></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Srinivasa
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2017
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">40 countries</td>
                    <td align="center">2010–2015</td>
                    <td align="center">Database information: The International Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience – MAUDE database</td>
                    <td align="center">258</td>
                    <td align="center">Reconstruction (n = 58) Esthetic (n = 97) Not specified (n = 103)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 129/258 (50.0%) Smooth: 11/258 (4.0%) Unknown: 115/258 (45.0%) History of both 3 (1.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Saline: 104/258 (40.0%) Silicone: 90/258 (35.0%) Unknown: 64/258 (25.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Allergan: 161/229* (70.3%) Cui: 1/229 (0.4%) Inamed: 4/229 (1.7%) McGhan: 19/229 (8.3%) Mentor: 20/229 (8.7%) Silimed: 1/229 (0.4%) McGhan/Allergan: 1/229 (0.4%) Unknown: 22/229 (9.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Popplewell
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2011
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1999–2007</td>
                    <td align="center">Database information: City of Hope Pathology database</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">Esthetic (n = 6) Unknown (n = 2)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 1/8 (12.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Saline: 2/8 (25.0%) Silicone: 1/8 (12.5%) Unknown: 2/8 (25.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">McGhan for the textured</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Doren
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2017
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1996–2015</td>
                    <td align="center">Women with implant-associated cancer Literature data from all documented BIA-ALCL cases from the USA</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                    <td align="center">Esthetic (n = 49) Mastectomy (n = 44) Unknown (n = 7)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 51/100 (51.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Unknown: 49/100 (49.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Allergan and Mentor</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Dashevsky
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2018
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">2010–2016</td>
                    <td align="center">Women undergoing breast reconstruction or esthetic augmentation Database information: Large US Cancer Center</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                    <td align="center">Esthetic reasons (n = 2) Reconstruction after carcinoma (n = 9)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 7/11 (63.0%), of which: - Textured saline: 4/11 (36.3%) - Textured silicone: 2/11 (18.2%) - Unknown textured material: 1/11 (9.1%) Unknown: 4/11 (36.0%), of which: - Silicone unknown texture: 3/11 (27.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Saline: 4/11 (36.3%) Silicone: 5/11 (45.5%) Unknown: 2/11 (18.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Campanale
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2017
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Italy</td>
                    <td align="center">2014–2017</td>
                    <td align="center">Adults with BIA-ALCL Italian database information: Dispovigilance</td>
                    <td align="center">22, of which 21 in women</td>
                    <td align="center">Reconstruction (n = 14; 63.6%) Esthetic (n = 8; 36.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 22/22 (100.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Silicone: 20/22 (91.0%) Saline and silicone double lumen filling: 1/22 (4.5%) Silicone and polyurethane: 1/22 (4.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" colspan="8">Prospective cohort studies</td>
                    <td></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Wang
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2015
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1995–2012</td>
                    <td align="center">Women with ALCL who worked in public schools</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">Saline and silicone</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" colspan="8">Systematic reviews of case reports</td>
                    <td></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Story
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2013
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1990–2012</td>
                    <td align="center">People with ALCL and breast implant</td>
                    <td align="center">39</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Rupani
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2015
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">United Kingdom</td>
                    <td align="center">1995–2014</td>
                    <td align="center">People with breast implant and hematopoietic malignancies</td>
                    <td align="center">71</td>
                    <td align="center">Esthetic (n = 41) Breast reconstruction (n = 27) Unknown (n = 3)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 24/71 (33.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Saline: 29/71 (41.0%) Silicone: 30/71 (42.0%) Silicone and saline: 3/71 (4.3%) Hydrogel: 1/71 (1.4%) Unknown: 8/71 (11.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Kim
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2011
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1966–2010</td>
                    <td align="center">Population with breast implants and ALCL or other non-Hodgkin lymphomas</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">Implant replacement (n = 7; 24.0%) Reconstruction (n = 5, 17.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 6/29 (20.7%) Unknown: 23/29 (79.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Saline: 16/29 (55.0%) Silicone: 11/29 (38.0%) Not informed: 2/29 (7.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">McGhan: 4/29 (14.0%) Nagor 2/29 (7.0%) Rolfil PIP hydrogel: 1/29 (3.0%) Not reported: 22/29 (76.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Jewell
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2011
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1990–2010</td>
                    <td align="center">Patients with breast implants and diagnosis of ALCL with breast tissue impairment (BIA-ALCL)</td>
                    <td align="center">27</td>
                    <td align="center">Esthetic (n = 14; 52.0%) Reconstruction (n = 11; 41.0%) Unknown (n = 2; 7.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Textured: 5/27 (18.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Saline: 13/27 (48.15%) Silicone: 12/27 (44.45%) Hydrogel: 1/27 (3.70%) Unknown: 1/27 (3.70%)</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>BIA-ALCL: breast implant associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma; ALCL: anaplastic large cell lymphoma; N: number of cases; MI: missing information; PIP: Poly Implant Prothèse.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>* Total of 229 MDR reports (medical device reports) that had information on the implant manufacturer.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Main results of the studies found.</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>
                      <bold>Authors</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Location</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Period</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Mean age (years)</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>N</bold>
                      <bold>(BIA-ALCL)</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>ALCL development time - diagnosis (years)</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>Manifestation</bold>
                      <bold>(mass, seroma, CC)</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>ALK+</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center">
                      <bold>ALK-</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="9">Case-control studies</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Boer
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2018
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Netherlands</td>
                    <td align="center">1990–2016</td>
                    <td align="center">18-75</td>
                    <td align="center">Cases (n = 32)</td>
                    <td align="center">11-20</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Daphne
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2008
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Netherlands</td>
                    <td align="center">1990–2006</td>
                    <td align="center">40.0 (ranging from 24–68)</td>
                    <td align="center">Cases (n = 11)</td>
                    <td align="center">1–23</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="9">Retrospective database studies</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Srinivasa
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2017
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">40 countries</td>
                    <td align="center">2010–2015</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">258</td>
                    <td align="center">10.08</td>
                    <td align="center">Seroma (n = 134, 51.9%) Mass (n = 28, 10.8%) CC (n = 29, 11.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Popplewell
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2011
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1999–2007</td>
                    <td align="center">45.0 (ranging from 32–62)</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">On average 7 years after implant surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">7 cases were ALK-</td>
                    <td align="center">1 ALK+ case (patient without implant)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Doren
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2017
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1996–2105</td>
                    <td align="center">53.2 ± 12.3</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                    <td align="center">10.7 ± 4.6</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dashevsky
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2018
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">2010–2016</td>
                    <td align="center">54.0 (ranging from 35–77)</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                    <td align="center">On average 10 (ranging from 6–14)</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Campanale
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2017
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Italy</td>
                    <td align="center">2014–2017</td>
                    <td align="center">49.6 (ranging from 30–71)</td>
                    <td align="center">22, of which 21 in women</td>
                    <td align="center">6.8 (ranging from 1–22)</td>
                    <td align="center">Seroma: 16 patients; seroma and lymphadenopathy: 1 patient; CC: 2 patients; seroma and capsular contracture: 1 patient; seroma and palpable node: 1 patient</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="9">Prospective cohort studies</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Wang
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2015
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1995–2012</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="9">Systematic reviews of case reports</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Story
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2013
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1990–2012</td>
                    <td align="center">51.0 (28–87)</td>
                    <td align="center">39</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">Symptoms: 34 patients CC: 2/34 (6.0%) Mass: 12/34 (35,0%) Periprosthetic: 18/34 (53.0%) Others: 2/34 (15.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1/36 (3.0%)**</td>
                    <td align="center">35/36 (97.0%)**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rupani
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2015
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">United Kingdom</td>
                    <td align="center">1995–2014</td>
                    <td align="center">51.4 (28–87)</td>
                    <td align="center">71</td>
                    <td align="center">1 to 32</td>
                    <td align="center">CC: 11/71 (16.0%) Mass: 14/71 (20.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1/71 (3.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">66/71 (4.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kim
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2011
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1966–2010</td>
                    <td align="center">50.5 (28–87)</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">11.7 (1–23)</td>
                    <td align="center">CC: 2/29 (7.0%) Mass: 7/29 (24.0%) Seroma: 14/29 (48.0%) Pain: 6/29 (21.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">25/29 (86.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Jewell
                  
                      <italic>et al</italic>
                  ., 2011
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">1990–2010</td>
                    <td align="center">51.0 (28–87)</td>
                    <td align="center">27</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (1–23)</td>
                    <td align="center">CC: 2/14 (7.0%)* Mass: 3/14 (21.0%)* Pain and swelling: 1/14* (7.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">MI</td>
                    <td align="center">Majority</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>BIA-ALCL: breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma; ALCL: anaplastic large cell lymphoma; N: number of cases; CC: capsular contracture; ALK+: presence of anaplastic lymphoma protein kinase; ALK-: absence of anaplastic lymphoma protein kinase; MI: missing information.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>* Data only of those who implanted the prosthesis for esthetic purposes.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>** Status available for 36 patients.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Case-control studies</title>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>We selected two case-control studies, both conducted in the Netherlands, whose estimated odds ratios (OR) were high, indicating a high chance of women with breast implants having ALCL. Both sought to identify whether the chance of ALCL was associated with breast implants. Importantly, the OR expresses whether the chance of having the disease (in this case, ALCL) in the exposed group is higher (or lower) than in the unexposed group.</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>The study by Daphne</italic>
            </bold>
            <bold>
              <italic>et al</italic>
            </bold>
            <bold>
              <italic>.</italic>
            </bold>
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
            </sup>
            <bold>
              <italic>was done in two parts. In the first, a survey of the</italic>
            </bold>
            <bold>
              <italic>Pathologisch Anatomisch Landelijk Geautomatiseerd Archief</italic>
            </bold>
            <bold>
              <italic>(PALGA) population database was conducted for nationally diagnosed patients with breast lymphoma diagnosed between 1990 and 2006. Then a nested case-control study was carried out. In the first part, 11 women diagnosed with ALCL were identified, of which eight had unilateral breast involvement and three, bilateral.</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>For the case-control study, a conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the ALCL OR associated with the breast implant, whose value was 18.2 (</italic>
            </bold>
            <bold>
              <italic>95% CI: 2.1–156.8)</italic>
            </bold>
            <bold>
              <italic>. The results suggested an association between silicone breast implants and the development of ALCL. Although this 18-fold increase and the development of ALCL may cause significant concern among women with breast implants, it should be noted that the chance remains low due to the rare occurrence of breast ALCL in the population (11 cases in 17 years in the Netherlands, whose population is 8 million women). The incidence of breast ALCL is estimated to range from 0.1 to 0.3 per 100,000 women with prostheses per year (five cases in</italic>
            </bold>
            <bold>
              <italic>1.7–5.1 millio</italic>
            </bold>
            <bold>
              <italic>n person-years)</italic>
            </bold>
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
            </sup>
            <bold>
              <italic>.</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>The study points out that if silicone implants are also associated with breast lymphomas other than ALCL, the strength of the association between breast implants and breast ALCL may have been underestimated.</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>The study by Boer</italic>
            </bold>
            <bold>
              <italic>et al</italic>
            </bold>
            <bold>
              <italic>.</italic>
            </bold>
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
            </sup>
            <bold>
              <italic>analyzed whether there was a specific type of implant that could be more associated with ALCL. Forty-three patients were identified with breast ALCL, of which 32 had ipsilateral breast implants and seven had breast cancer prior to the breast prosthesis. Of the 146 controls, one patient had a breast implant (for esthetic purposes) in the breast affected by the lymphoma. This resulted in an OR of 421.8 (95% CI: 52.6–3.385.2;</italic>
            </bold>
            <bold>
              <italic>P &lt;0.001)</italic>
            </bold>
            <bold>
              <italic>for BIA-ALCL. Therefore, the authors stated that implants greatly increase the chance of this rare type of lymphoma.</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>
              <italic>In the study, the estimated prevalence of women aged 20 to 70 years with breast implants was 3.3% in 2015. Cumulative risks of BIA-ALCL in women with implants were 29 per million in 50-year-olds and 82 per million in 70-year-olds; in other words, it is much higher in older women. The average age of women with BIA-ALCL was between 18–75 years, but the highest number of reported cases was between 51–75 years. The number of women with implants required for a case of breast ALCL before age 75 was 6,920, which indicates how rare the disease is. Most of the diagnosed cases occurred between 2011–2016. The largest percentage of implants corresponded to macrotextured implants from Allergan, Inamed and McGhan</italic>
            </bold>
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
            </sup>
            <bold>
              <italic>.</italic>
            </bold>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Retrospective database studies</title>
          <p>We retrieved retrospective database studies, of which most (3/5) had been done in the United States. The reports of these studies contained the most common characteristics of the patients, like the types of implants, in which breast the lymphoma was detected, the time of diagnosis, the average age of the patients and the main symptoms. They all reported silicone or saline solution implants, in which much of the surface was textured.</p>
          <p>The study by Srinivasa
        
            <italic>et al</italic>
        .
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
            </sup>used international databases from Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Japan, Mexico, European Union Member States, New Zealand, South Korea and Italy, as well as a search in the International Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database (MAUDE), fostered by 40 countries, where a total of 459 medical device reports were reviewed between 2010 and 2015. These reports contain information about adverse events, suspected device-associated deaths, serious injuries, and malformations. Lymph node metastasis was reported in 16 (6.2%) cases, whereas in 12 (4.7%) no lymph node metastasis was specified. It is noteworthy that the bases of Brazil (Health Surveillance Notification System – Notivisa), Canada (Vigilance Adverse Reaction Online Database – VAROD), China (China Food and Drug Administration – CFDA), Colombia (Ministry of Health and Social Protection), Japan (Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency – PMDA), Mexico (
        
            <italic>Secretaria de Salud</italic>
        ) and South Korea (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety – MFDS) did not report any cases of BIA-ALCL.
          </p>
          <p>The study by Popplewell
        
            <italic>et al</italic>
        .
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
            </sup>analyzed archives of patients with primary T-cell lymphoma between 1999 and 2007. These documents came from the Department of Hematopoietic Cell Pathology and Hematology of the United States City of Hope Pathology database. Eight cases of BIA-ALCL were detected, of which seven expressed ALK- and a single case was ALCL ALK+, a 15-year-old patient who did not have breast implants. Symptoms reported by the patients were swelling, fluid accumulation in the breast and increased mass. The authors concluded that there is a strong inclination toward ALCL ALK- histology in the occurrence of primary T-cell lymphoma associated with breast implants.
          </p>
          <p>The study by Doren
        
            <italic>et al</italic>
        .
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
            </sup>reviewed 100 documented BIA-ALCL cases from 1996–2015 in the United States. Based on that, they determined an incidence of 2.03 cases per 1 million person-years with textured breast implants and a prevalence of one in 30.000 women with textured implants.
          </p>
          <p>Assuming that breast implant-associated ALCL occurs only with textured implants, the risk of developing it is much higher than the risk of developing primary ALCL with breast tissue involvement in the general population (67.6 times higher), considering the incidence of 3.00 per 100 million per year, according to the literature.</p>
          <p>The study points to association, but not causality. And its limitation is the fact that the disease occurs predominantly in people with textured implants, since it uses United States sales data for textured implants from Allergan and Mentor but does not evaluate other types of implants
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
            </sup>.
          </p>
          <p>The study by Dashevsky
        
            <italic>et al</italic>
        .
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
            </sup>assessed the hospital information system of a United States cancer center to review the electronic medical records of women diagnosed with BIA-ALCL between 2010 and 2016 and who had undergone breast reconstruction or cosmetic augmentation at the institution. The study points out that it is not possible to establish any correlation with the breast implant texture given the small number of cases.
          </p>
          <p>Although most breast implants were bilateral (10/11, 91.0%), patients only developed unilateral BIA-ALCL. In 56.0% of cases, BIA-ALCL was diagnosed on the same side as the previous cancer
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
            </sup>.
          </p>
          <p>The study by Campanale
        
            <italic>et al</italic>
        .
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
            </sup>reported Italian cases of BIA-ALCL recorded in the Dispovigilance database, an initiative of the Italian government’s health authority (Ministry of Health) to monitor, investigate and understand the true incidence of BIA-ALCL and identify medical devices that may be associated with the disease and its clinical and pathological aspects. In 2015, the estimated incidence of BIA-ALCL in the Italian population was 2.8 cases per 100.000 patients.
          </p>
          <p>It is noteworthy that data were collected in 2017, however, diagnoses were made between 2010 and 2016 and prostheses were placed between 1994 and 2012. Five cases were staged as advanced-stage cancers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prospective cohort studies</title>
          <p>The study by Wang
        
            <italic>et al</italic>
        .
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
            </sup>assessed the association between breast implants and the incidence of T-cell lymphoma in the California Teachers Study (CTS) cohort, which included 123.392 female public school workers. Of this total, ten women were diagnosed with ALCL, and only two reported having breast implants – either saline or silicone. The implant was associated with a 10.9-fold increase in the specific risk of developing ALCL (HR = 10.9; 95% CI: 2.18–54.00). None had a family history of lymphoma or identified celiac disease. The detected primary site of ALCL in one was the breast and in the other the multiple lymph nodes. No other study participant diagnosed with any other T-cell lymphoma subtype reported the use of breast implants, nor did any other T-cell lymphoma identified in the cohort had the breast as the primary site.
          </p>
          <p>The data confirmed an association between breast implants and ALCL risk, but the occurrence of ALCL among women with breast implants remained extremely low.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Systematic reviews of case reports</title>
          <p>The study by Story
        
            <italic>et al</italic>
        .
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
            </sup>performed a search on the PubMed, Embase, FDA and Web of Knowledge databases from 1990 to 2012. The study included 23 case reports that described 39 patients with ALCL in the vicinity of the implant – either gel, silicone or saline.
          </p>
          <p>The symptoms presented were available for 34 patients, and the most common was swelling of the affected breast, which was associated with pain in some patients. Of these, 18 (53.0%) had periprosthetic fluid (1 year after implantation), 12 (35.0%) had palpable mass and four (12.0%) had other manifestations. Of these 34 patients, one had both periprosthetic fluid and palpable mass. Breast implants were removed from most patients where such information was available (26 of 28 patients, 93.0%). Two patients (7.0%) kept their implants
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
            </sup>.
          </p>
          <p>Follow-up time was available for 20 patients. It ranged from 7 to 108 months, with an average of 30 months. Twenty-three patients (79.0%) had complete response to the treatment, four had unknown response (14.0%) and two died (7.0%). For these two, there was impairment beyond the primary site at the time of diagnosis, including nodal and systemic involvement
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
            </sup>.
          </p>
          <p>The study by Rupani
        
            <italic>et al</italic>
        .
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
            </sup>reviewed and analyzed the published literature on hematopoietic malignancies associated with breast implants. The searches were performed at PubMed between 1995 and 2014, and retrieved 83 cases of lymphoma associated with breast implants, of which 71 were ALCL.
          </p>
          <p>Of the 71 cases of ALCL, 66 were ALK-. The results showed no association with any particular type of implant. The study suggested that the most aggressive cases and the low mortality rate may be related to the presence of breast masses
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
            </sup>.
          </p>
          <p>Compiled data suggest that there is a low risk of developing ALCL. However, there must be greater public awareness of the association between breast implants and the development of ALCL, and patients who want breast implants should be informed about the risk
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
            </sup>.
          </p>
          <p>The study by Kim
        
            <italic>et al</italic>
        .
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
            </sup>reviewed reports of reported cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in patients with breast implants. Searches were performed in the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases. Thirty-four papers were included in the study reporting 36 cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in breast implant patients, of which 29 (81.0%) were ALCL.
          </p>
          <p>Of the 29 cases of ALCL, in 20 (69.0%) the affected implant was removed and in one case (3.0%) the implant was maintained. In the remaining eight cases (26.0%), there was no information available on the subject. Most reports of ALCL (n = 21, 72.0%) did not indicate whether or not the capsule was associated with the inflammation. Twenty-five of the 29 ALCL cases (86.0%) were negative for ALK
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
            </sup>.
          </p>
          <p>In most cases (16 of 29, 55.17%), the right breast was affected, followed by the left breast (12 of 29 cases, 41.98%). Only one patient (3.45%) had bilateral manifestation. Regarding the location of the implant, few cases had such information; most cases (27 of 29, 93.00%) did not report this.</p>
          <p>Of patients who had had cancer before, the mean time between the first cancer and the diagnosis of ALCL was 14.7 years (ranging from 7 to 32 years) – according to data from 10 cases. Two patients out of 29 (7.0%) had a history of previous T-cell lymphoma and the mean time between T-cell lymphoma manifestation and diagnosis of ALCL was 1.8 year (ranging from 1 to 2.5 years)
            <sup>
              <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
            </sup>.
          </p>
          <p>In the study by Jewell
        
            <italic>et al</italic>
        .
            <sup>19</sup>, the search was conducted on PubMed and limited to papers in English published between January 1990 and October 2010. The objective of the study was to identify published cases of breast-associated ALCL. Studies on cutaneous ALCL that did not involve periprosthetic breast tissue were excluded.
          </p>
          <p>A total of 18 publications were retrieved. They described 27 cases of ALCL in patients with silicone gel and saline implants. Similar ratios of patients had both fill prostheses
            <sup>19</sup>.
          </p>
          <p>The most common clinical manifestation was unilateral breast swelling related to late periprosthetic fluid collection (1 year after implant placement). The swollen breast was sometimes reported to be painful and tender to the touch, but rarely with mass or capsular contracture. Furthermore, constitutional symptoms (fever, weight loss and night sweats) were rarely reported. In patients diagnosed with ALCL without late periprosthetic fluid (n = 14), the presentation at diagnosis varied: three had mass; one, pain and swelling; and two, capsular contracture
            <sup>19</sup>.
          </p>
          <p>Implant texture was reported in only five cases (all with textured surface), thus hindering the determination of any association pattern between ALCL and implant texturing. Most of the cases were ALK-. Most patients (59.0%) had no disseminated disease and were disease-free after a median follow-up of 16 months (ranging from 7 to 48 months) after therapy
            <sup>19</sup>.
          </p>
          <p>An association, with no evidence of causality, has been reported between breast implants and the development of ALCL. However, further studies are needed to confirm that association. Breast-associated ALCL rarely occurred in women with and without breast implants, with and without a history of cancer, with and without the presence of late periprosthetic fluid and with different implant types (not limited to a specific type of prosthesis)
            <sup>19</sup>.
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSSION</title>
        <p>Little evidence was found to answer the research questions. Most do not relate the type of texture to lymphoma or the type of implant.</p>
        <p>The evidence found had limitations. Among them, the following stand out:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Small number of studies done so far with good methodological quality and that addressed the research questions. Most of the information comes from case reports, a type of study not selected for this synthesis;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Small number of BIA-ALCL studied in the studies (small sample), which does not enable much inference, since the statistical power of small samples is reduced. The fact that this is a rare carcinoma also contributes to the scarcity of results in this matter;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Most studies did not have the appropriate length to enable observation of the outcome of interest – follow-up for at least 10 years, which is the time required for the development of ALCL according to the literature.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>To date, data indicate that breast implants increase the risk and/or chance of BIA-ALCL. Results indicated association but not causal relationship. It is noteworthy that, even if there is an increase in the number of BIA-ALCL, there is still lack of data to infer more about the occurrence of BIA-ALCL, since the ALCL sample is small because it is a rare disease.</p>
        <p>It is important to highlight that case-control studies are ideal designs for rare diseases, once they start the investigation from the effect (the disease) and retrospectively assess risk factors (the causes). Thus, they enable the simultaneous investigation of different hypotheses of cause and origin of the disease, in addition to identification of prevalence
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
          </sup>. The results of the studies indicated much higher odds (high OR) of ALCL in patients with breast implants, but they are not stratified by implant type and texture. Further studies with appropriate follow-up periods are needed, with more women, generations, statistical power, different types of implants and manufacturing companies, so that we can better assess these questions.
        </p>
        <p>A United States epidemiological study revealed the prevalence of 33 BIA-ALCL cases per 1 million people with textured breast implants. Australian literature reports a higher incidence than the United States. In Asia there are almost no reported cases, and in Latin America, only a few
          <sup>19,
      
            <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
          </sup>. Furthermore, the fact that most of the data comes from the United States is probably related to the FDA alert and the fact that the United States is the country with the most breast implant surgeries. The possibility of underreporting in other countries should also be considered.
        </p>
        <p>It is important to consider that virtually all studies have shown a higher rate of samples with textured implants than smooth implants. This is because textured implants sell approximately 85.0% more than smooth implants worldwide. For this reason, because of the small number of existing cases (n) and because there are few good quality studies available, it cannot be stated that textured implants are directly associated with ALCL, nor can a biunivocal relationship be established
          <sup>
            <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
          </sup>.
        </p>
        <p>No studies were found that explored the relationship of capsular contracture and BIA-ALCL. Studies have been found that reported capsular contracture, but it is not known whether it is in fact a risk factor or whether there is a causal relationship with BIA-ALCL.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Implications for practice and research</title>
          <p>Given that the results of the review indicate that further studies are needed to assess the role of textured implants in the etiology of ALCL, research support is a way to obtain more qualified data for statistical assessment. Furthermore, the incentive for the creation of a collaborative database, as pointed out in some studies, is fundamental for the regulators of several countries to keep mandatory data of these patients containing information ranging from the product itself to clinical manifestations. With that, regulatory authorities would be able to monitor these patients’ outcomes, detect potential health-related problems, and intervene with regulatory measures as needed.</p>
          <p>These measures can be encouraged not only by health authorities, but also by national and international societies of related medical specialties.</p>
          <p>Studies that address the Brazilian series of BIA-ALCL are needed, as well as rigorous scientific studies that can detect and explore any potential causal relationship between breast implants and the onset of BIA-ALCL. In addition, genetic studies on the population affected by BIA-ALCL could clarify why only a few patients with breast implants develop the disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
        <p>The data have shown an association between the development of ALCL and breast implants, but no causal relationship can be determined. ALCL is a rare type of lymphoma whose case-related data are scarce. Moreover, it has occurred in a small number of patients with breast implants. Although the possibility of a woman with breast implants having BIA-ALCL is low, comprehensive information on the risk of the disease should be given to all patients involved. The risks and benefits should be informed by the physician and discussed with the patients who intend to undergo breast implant surgery.</p>
        <p>Importantly, the study contributes to alert physicians, healthcare professionals and patients about the safety and protection of patients who may have breast implants in the future, so that they are vigilant about the issue.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Funding</p>
          <p>The research was funded by the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa) through Project Direb 003 Fio 17: actions to support the regulatory governance of products subject to health surveillance, which establishes a partnership between the agency and the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) Brasília.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article-->
</article>
