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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">visa</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Vigilância Sanitária em Debate: Sociedade, Ciência &amp; Tecnologia</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Vigilância Sanitária em Debate</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2317-269X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>INCQS-FIOCRUZ</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00005</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22239/2317-269X.01991</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTIGO</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Condições higiênicossanitárias de unidades de alimentação e nutrição de escolas participantes do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar: qual a realidade em Goiás?</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Hygienic and sanitary conditions of “Units of food and nutrition” at schools participating in the Brazilian School Feeding Program: What is the reality in Goiás?</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1927-4496</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Giovanna Angela Leonel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>I</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2238-3308</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marques</surname>
						<given-names>Thais de Paula</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>II</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7991-6518</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marchewicz</surname>
						<given-names>Tainá Amélia Santana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>II</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3270-3010</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Borges</surname>
						<given-names>Liana Jayme</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>II</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4992-4522</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Karine Anusca</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>II</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5851-1343</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Thaísa Anders Carvalho</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>II</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6528-7389</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alexandre-Weiss</surname>
						<given-names>Veruska Prado</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>II</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>I</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Nutrição</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Brasília</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Nutrição , Universidade de Brasília , Brasília , DF , Brasil </institution>
				<email>giovannaangela@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>II</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Nutrição</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Goiás</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Nutrição , Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brasil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>*</label> E-mail: <email>giovannaangela@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Contribuição dos Autores</label>
					<p>Oliveira GAL, Marques TP, Marchewicz TAS, Borges LJ, Martins KA, Souza TAC, Alexandre-Weiss VP – Concepção, planejamento (desenho do estudo), análise, interpretação dos dados e redação do trabalho. Todas as autoras aprovaram a versão final do trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Os autores informam não haver qualquer potencial conflito de interesse com pares e instituições, políticos ou financeiros deste estudo.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>06</day>
				<month>01</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>33</fpage>
			<lpage>41</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMO</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introdução</title>
					<p>Para a oferta de refeições seguras aos estudantes, preconizado pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, se faz necessária uma condição higiênicossanitária adequada da Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p>Avaliar as condições higiênicossanitárias das Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição de escolas participantes do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar em municípios goianos, bem como verificar possíveis associações com: índices municipais, características da escola e supervisão de nutricionista.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Método</title>
					<p>Estudo transversal, realizado entre 2017 e 2019, com amostra de 395 escolas, de 103 municípios de Goiás. As condições higiênicossanitárias foram verificadas por nutricionistas, por meio de um <italic>checklist</italic> baseado na RDC nº 216, de 15 de setembro de 2004 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária e nos índices municipais de desenvolvimento humano e da educação básica em base de dados públicas. As características da escola e o recebimento de supervisão foram perguntados aos diretores escolares. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva dos itens do <italic>checklist</italic> e testes de hipóteses e correlação.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p>A maioria das unidades (69,4%) foi classificada como de risco sanitário regular, de acordo com o <italic>checklist</italic> . Obteve-se diferenças significativas entre: as escolas municipais e estaduais (p = 0,02); a mesorregião Norte das outras (p = 0,00) e o baixo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano das demais categorias (p = 0,02). Ademais, o alto Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (5º ano) apresentou uma associação com o muito baixo risco sanitário (p = 0,04).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusões</title>
					<p>Infere-se que há necessidade de medidas corretivas. Sugere-se a implementação de manuais de boas práticas; a formação de manipuladores; a supervisão contínua do nutricionista e do Conselho de Alimentação Escolar; e o investimento da gestão com vistas à Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional dos escolares.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction</title>
					<p>In order to offer safe meals to students, as recommended by the Brazilian School Feeding Program (PNAE, in Portuguese), an adequate hygienic-sanitary condition of “Units of Food and Nutrition” is necessary.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p>To evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of the “Units of Food and Nutrition” at schools participating in the Brazilian School Feeding Program in municipalities in Goiás, as well as to verify possible associations with municipal indexes, school characteristics and supervision by a nutritionist. Method: Cross-sectional study, carried out between 2017 and 2019, with a sample of 395 schools, from 103 municipalities in Goiás. The hygienic-sanitary conditions were collected by nutritionists, through a checklist based on Anvisa’s RDC nº 216/2004 and municipal indexes of human development and basic education in public databases. The school’s characteristics and the existence of supervision by a nutritionist were asked to school directors. Descriptive analysis of the checklist items and hypothesis and correlation tests were performed.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p>Most units (69.4%) were classified as having regular health risk, according to the checklist. Significant differences were obtained between municipal and state schools (p = 0.02); difference of northern mesoregion from the others (p = 0.00) and low Human Development Index of the other categories (p = 0.02) were observed. Furthermore, the high Basic Education Development Index (5<sup>th</sup>grade) was associated with a very low health risk (p = 0.04).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p>It is inferred that there is a need for corrective measures. Manuals of good practices should be implemented, along with training of handlers, ongoing supervision by the nutritionist and the School Feeding Council, and investment in management with a view to the Food and Nutritional Security of schoolchildren.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Risco Sanitário</kwd>
				<kwd>Segurança Alimentar</kwd>
				<kwd>Alimentação Escolar</kwd>
				<kwd>Serviços de Alimentação</kwd>
				<kwd>Manipulação de Alimentos</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Health Risk</kwd>
				<kwd>Food Security</kwd>
				<kwd>School Feeding</kwd>
				<kwd>Food Services</kwd>
				<kwd>Food Handling</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="1"/>
				<table-count count="3"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="41"/>
				<page-count count="9"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>O consumo de alimentos ou água contaminados por micro-organismos patogênicos, como fungos, bactérias, protozoários ou vírus, pode ocasionar doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTA) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> . No Brasil, entre 2007 e 2015, registraram-se 123.455 surtos de DTA, com o adoecimento de 140.223 pessoas e 108 óbitos, uma média anual de 725 surtos e 13.917 casos, sendo que 7,4% ocorreram em escolas e creches <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . A contaminação dos alimentos pode ocorrer ao longo de toda a cadeia de produção e o monitoramento dos riscos representa um maior controle higiênicossanitário, imprescindível para evitar DTA <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Para tanto, no Brasil, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa), órgão do Ministério da Saúde, atua na regulação, fiscalização, monitoramento, registro de produtos e controle sanitário de Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> . A publicação pela Anvisa da Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) nº 216, de 15 de setembro de 2004 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> , representa um marco no controle sanitário, ao fornecer informações sobre os procedimentos que devem ser adotados para garantir que os alimentos produzidos em UAN sejam higiênicos e que sua qualidade esteja em conformidade com a legislação sanitária <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Outra ação brasileira que se tornou uma política pública de grande força e longevidade no Brasil é o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE). O programa busca garantir a Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) e o Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada (DHAA) a todos os escolares brasileiros matriculados na rede pública de ensino <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> . No ano de 2020, foram atendidos pelo PNAE, 47,3 milhões de escolares nas 179,5 mil escolas de educação básica no Brasil <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> . Com isso, a maioria das escolas públicas brasileiras possui Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição Escolares (UANE), para produção de refeições seguras, com qualidade e com acompanhamento do nutricionista responsável técnico (RT) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Vale destacar que o PNAE atende, em sua maioria, escolares vulneráveis quanto aos aspectos nutricional e socioeconômico, em que a alimentação escolar pode ser a única refeição do dia <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> . Com isso, a produção de alimentos seguros tanto do ponto de vista higiênicossanitário quanto nutricional nesse ambiente é uma prática extremamente necessária. A não garantia da SAN pode favorecer o risco de surtos alimentares que advêm do consumo de alimentos contaminados por manipulação inadequada, condição determinante de adoecimento dos escolares <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as condições higiênicossanitárias das UAN de escolas participantes do PNAE em municípios goianos, bem como verificar possíveis associações com os índices municipais (Desenvolvimento Humano e da Educação Básica), as características da escola (dependência administrativa, divisão territorial, nível educacional e localidade na mesorregião) e o recebimento de supervisão do nutricionista e do Conselho de Alimentação Escolar.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>MÉTODO</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Tipo de estudo e aspectos éticos</title>
				<p>Estudo transversal, recorte do projeto “Avaliação do Programa Nacional de Alimentação escolar em municípios goianos”, executado pelo Centro Colaborador em Alimentação e Nutrição Escolar (CECANE) da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), entre os anos de 2017 e 2019, com financiamento do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (FNDE), órgão responsável pela gestão do programa no Brasil. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Goiás, sob o parecer n° 2.616.421/2018.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Amostra</title>
				<p>O tamanho da amostra foi de 395 UAN de escolas escolhidas por conveniência em reunião presencial com os secretários de educação e o nutricionista RT do PNAE dos municípios selecionados pelo FNDE.</p>
				<p>Para a escolha da escola, o CECANE da UFG estipulou critérios com base na quantidade possível para avaliação, no nível educacional e na localização. Já a seleção dos municípios foi realizada pelo FNDE e abarcou entidades executoras com possível gestão negativa do PNAE, além de uma subamostra de municípios com possível gestão positiva, de acordo com os dados extraídos dos: Sistema de Gestão de Conselhos (SIGECON), Sistema de Gestão de Prestação de Contas (SiGPC), Sistema Integrado de Gestão da Alimentação Escolar (SIGAE), Sistema Integrado de Gestão Financeira (SIGEF) e Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar Nutricional (SISVAN) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figura</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Critérios para a seleção dos municípios e das escolas. CECANE UFG, 2020.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="f1.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores, 2021.</attrib>
						<attrib>FNDE: Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação; PNAE: Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar; CAE: Conselho de Alimentação Escolar; CECANE: Centro Colaborador em Alimentação e Nutrição Escolar; UFG: Universidade Federal de Goiás; RT: Responsável Técnico.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Neste sentido, as 395 escolas selecionadas estavam distribuídas em um total de 103 municípios goianos e foram visitados 32 municípios em 2017, 41 em 2018 e 30 em 2019. Desses, de acordo com a classificação elaborada pelo FNDE, nove (três em cada ano avaliado) foram considerados com possível gestão positiva do PNAE e 95 (29 em 2017, 38 em 2018 e 27 em 2019) com possível gestão negativa do PNAE.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Instrumento de coleta e variáveis</title>
				<p>O instrumento aplicado para avaliação das condições higiênicossanitárias foi a “Lista de Verificação em Boas Práticas para UAN”, desenvolvida pelo CECANE da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> , que consiste em um <italic>checklist</italic> validado e adaptado para escolas, com base na RDC nº 216/2004 da Anvisa <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> . A lista é dividida em seis blocos temáticos, como: edifícios e instalações da área de preparo de alimentos (36 itens), equipamentos de temperatura controlada (nove itens), manipuladores de alimentos (oito itens), recebimento de mercadoria (quatro itens), processos e produções de alimentos (35 itens), higienização ambiental (20 itens) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> .</p>
				<p>Além disso, um questionário elaborado pelos próprios pesquisadores foi aplicado aos diretores das escolas para obter dados sobre as características da escola, como: dependência administrativa, divisão territorial, nível educacional, localidade na mesorregião e recebimento de supervisão do nutricionista e do Conselho de Alimentação Escolar (CAE).</p>
				<p>Adicionalmente, foram coletados por pesquisa documental em bases de dados públicas o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) e o Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (IDEB). O IDEB municipal foi obtido no <italic>site</italic> oficial do Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (Inep) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e o IDHM, pelo Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> .</p>
				<p>As variáveis estudadas foram do tipo qualitativa e quantitativa. As qualitativas foram: dependência administrativa (municipal ou estadual), divisão territorial (urbana ou rural), mesorregiões de Goiás (Norte, Sul, Centro, Leste ou Noroeste), nível educacional (creche ou não creche), supervisão da nutricionista na escola (sim, parcialmente ou não) e visita do CAE na escola (sim, parcialmente ou não), categorização do risco sanitário (muito alto, alto, regular, baixo ou muito baixo) e IDHM (muito alto, alto, médio, baixo ou muito baixo). Já as variáveis quantitativas analisadas foram: os índices IDHM, IDEB e os escores de risco sanitário do <italic>checklist</italic> .</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Coleta de dados</title>
				<p>Previamente, as nutricionistas do CECANE da UFG foram capacitadas para padronização do instrumento de coleta e realizaram um teste-piloto em uma escola de Goiânia, a qual não fez parte da amostra. Em seguida, foi realizado contato telefônico e encaminhado um ofício do FNDE e do CECANE de UFG para o agendamento das visitas, via correio eletrônico, aos gestores do PNAE (prefeitos e secretários de educação) de municípios selecionados.</p>
				<p>A partir disso, em data agendada, as nutricionistas do CECANE de UFG visitaram os municípios e suas respectivas escolas. Nessas escolas, primeiramente, os pesquisadores se reuniram com os diretores escolares para a coleta da assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e aplicação do questionário de dados gerais da escola.</p>
				<p>Também foram inspecionadas as UANE e preenchidas as listas de verificação das condições higiênicossanitárias <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> . Assinalou-se uma opção de resposta, de acordo com o que foi observado na UANE e a descrição do item na lista, sendo computados como: SIM, quando as observações estavam de acordo com a descrição do item, e NÃO, quando teve discordância, e aqueles não pertinentes à avaliação do estabelecimento foram não aplicáveis (NA).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise dos dados</title>
				<p>Os itens do <italic>checklist</italic> foram tabulados no programa “Boas Práticas na Alimentação Escolar”, desenvolvido pelos CECANE da UFRGS e o da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), em parceria com o FNDE. É um aplicativo que contém a lista de verificação de boas práticas e classifica o risco sanitário em graus, de acordo com a pontuação estabelecida pelo instrumento de coleta: grau muito alto de risco sanitário entre 0 e 25 pontos; alto, de 26 a 50; regular, de 51 a 75; baixo, de 76 a 90; e muito baixo risco sanitário, de 90 a 10 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> . Para analisar a situação sanitária, considerou-se as avaliações de cada bloco temático referentes: a classificação categórica relacionada ao nível de atendimento aos requisitos sanitários (variando de risco sanitário muito alto a muito baixo) e a pontuação relativa ao grau de risco (variando de 0 a 100) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> .</p>
				<p>Além disso, o programa calculou a classificação e a pontuação geral da UANE a partir dos somatórios dos pontos encontrados por bloco e multiplicados por pesos atribuídos ao bloco <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> . As pontuações <italic>do checklist</italic> e a categorização do risco sanitário, de cada bloco e geral da UANE, juntamente com os índices municipais e os dados gerais da escola foram tabulados no Excel.</p>
				<p>Realizou-se uma análise descritiva na qual foram apresentadas as frequências absoluta e relativa simples para dados categóricos e a mediana e o desvio interquartílico para dados numéricos, visto que apresentaram assimetria.</p>
				<p>Posteriormente, avaliou-se a distribuição dos dados pelo teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnof. Como os dados apresentaram uma distribuição não normal, aplicaram-se os testes não paramétricos de Mann-Whitney para variáveis com duas categorias de respostas e Kruskal-Wallis para mais de duas categorias e, neste, quando houve significância estatística, foi realizado o <italic>post-hoc</italic> de Dunn. Também foi calculada a correlação de Spearman entre o valor bruto das pontuações gerais das condições higiênicossanitárias e os índices municipais (IDMH e IDEB). As correlações foram classificadas em muito baixo (0,01 a 0,09), baixo (0,10 a 0,29), moderado (0,30 a 0,49), substancial (0,5 a 0,69), e categorias muito fortes (maior que 0,70), sugerido por Davis <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> . Os dados foram analisados no <italic>software</italic> SPSS Statistics® versão 23, considerando um nível de significância de p &lt; 0,05 e intervalo de confiança de 95%.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Foram avaliados 103 municípios goianos, distribuídos nas seguintes mesorregiões do estado de Goiás: 34,0% (n = 35) no Sul; 26,2% (n = 27) no Centro; 16,5% (n = 17) no Leste; 13,6% (n = 14) no Noroeste; e 9,7% (n = 10) no Norte.</p>
			<p>Em relação ao IDEB, os municípios apresentaram uma média de 5,90 ± 0,67 relativa à 4ª série/5º ano escolar do ensino fundamental; de 5,10 ± 0,49 referente à 8ª série/9º ano do ensino fundamental e de 4,20 ± 0,44, da 3ª série do ensino médio. Considerando o IDHM, 2,0% deles (n = 2) apresentaram índice baixo; 50,0% (n = 51), médio; e 49,0% (n = 50), alto, com uma média de 0,698 ± 0,040, dentro da faixa média de desenvolvimento humano no Brasil <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>No que se refere à presença de comunidades tradicionais na área de jurisdição dos municípios, constatou-se que nenhum abrangeu comunidades indígenas, mas 13 apresentaram comunidades quilombolas registradas pela Fundação Cultural Palmares (seis municípios visitados em 2017, seis em 2018 e um em 2019), e 34 contavam com assentamentos da reforma agrária (11 em 2017, dez em 2018 e 13 em 2019).</p>
			<p>Foram avaliadas 395 escolas, em sua maioria de dependência administrativa municipal (72,4%, n = 286), localizadas na zona urbana (83,8%, n = 331) e de nível educacional fundamental e/ou médio (76,7%, n = 303). Nenhuma escola estava localizada em área indígena, mas 4,3% (n = 17) estavam em comunidades remanescentes de quilombos e 1,5% (n = 6) em assentamentos da reforma agrária.</p>
			<p>Destaca-se que nove municípios não possuíam nutricionistas RT pelo PNAE, o que significou que 20 escolas (5,0% da amostra) não tinham um profissional para o controle das boas práticas sanitárias, porém não foi avaliado se a quantidade de nutricionistas era adequada à quantidade de alunos conforme os parâmetros numéricos mínimos de referência da Resolução n° 465, de 23 de agosto de 2010 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> , do Conselho Federal de Nutricionistas. Dentre os que possuíam nutricionista, foi perguntado ao diretor escolar e/ou coordenador pedagógico se o profissional visita a escola e grande parcela respondeu que sim (64,6%; n = 255). Quanto à supervisão do CAE, foi observado que a maioria não realizava visita à escola (65,8%, n = 260).</p>
			<p>A pontuação geral do risco sanitário das UANE foi regular em 69,4% (n = 274) da amostra. Porém, ressalta-se que 7,0% (n = 28) apresentaram risco sanitário muito alto e alto. Percebe-se que as categorias com maior média de pontuação de risco sanitário muito baixo ou baixo foram: “recebimento” e “equipamentos para temperatura controlada”, respectivamente. As demais categorias foram classificadas com maior pontuação em risco sanitário “regular” ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Frequência da situação de risco sanitário das Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição segundo a Lista de Verificação em Boas Práticas em 395 escolas de Goiás, Brasil.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="3">Item</th>
								<th colspan="5">Frequência n (%)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="5">
									<hr/>
								</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th>Muito alto</th>
								<th>Alto</th>
								<th>Regular</th>
								<th>Baixo</th>
								<th>Muito baixo</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Edifícios e instalações da área de preparo de alimentos</td>
								<td align="center">7 (1,8)</td>
								<td align="center">54 (13,7)</td>
								<td align="center">239 (60,5)</td>
								<td align="center">81 (20,5)</td>
								<td align="center">14 (3,5)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Equipamentos para temperatura controlada</td>
								<td align="center">16 (4,1)</td>
								<td align="center">32 (8,1)</td>
								<td align="center">92 (23,3)</td>
								<td align="center">237 (60,0)</td>
								<td align="center">18 (4,6)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Manipuladores de alimentos</td>
								<td align="center">6 (1,5)</td>
								<td align="center">68 (17,2)</td>
								<td align="center">171 (43,3)</td>
								<td align="center">78 (19,7)</td>
								<td align="center">72 (18,2)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Recebimento de mercadoria</td>
								<td align="center">6 (1,5)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (2,3)</td>
								<td align="center">14 (3,5)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (1,5)</td>
								<td align="center">360 (91,1)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Processos e produções de alimentos</td>
								<td align="center">6 (1,5)</td>
								<td align="center">130 (32,9)</td>
								<td align="center">212 (53,7)</td>
								<td align="center">40 (10,1)</td>
								<td align="center">7 (1,8)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Higienização ambiental</td>
								<td align="center">3 (0,8)</td>
								<td align="center">84 (21,3)</td>
								<td align="center">233 (59,0)</td>
								<td align="center">52 (13,2)</td>
								<td align="center">23 (5,8)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pontuação geral</td>
								<td align="center">5 (1,2)</td>
								<td align="center">23 (5,8)</td>
								<td align="center">274 (69,4)</td>
								<td align="center">82 (20,8)</td>
								<td align="center">11 (2,8)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib>Fonte: Lista de Verificação em Boas Práticas para Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição Escolar (CECANE UFRGS) <sup>12,13</sup> .</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Além disso, as condições higiênicossanitárias entre as escolas municipais e estaduais, as mesorregiões de Goiás e os IDHM apresentaram diferenças estatísticas ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Observa-se que, nas variáveis mesorregiões de Goiás e IDMH, a mesorregião Norte e o baixo IDMH se diferenciam de suas demais categorias, respectivamente.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Pontuação geral das condições de risco higiênicossanitário de Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição Escolares, pelos testes de hipóteses (n = 395).</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Variável</th>
								<th>Mediana (Desvio-interquartil)</th>
								<th>valor de p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Dependência administrativa <sup>1</sup></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Municipal</td>
								<td align="center">67,87 (14,69)</td>
								<td align="center">0,022*</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Estadual</td>
								<td align="center">70,93 (11,38)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Divisão territorial <sup>1</sup></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Urbana</td>
								<td align="center">69,89 (13,97)</td>
								<td align="center">0,075</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Rural</td>
								<td align="center">66,01 (13,56)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Nível educacional <sup>1</sup></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Berçário/creche</td>
								<td align="center">71,25 (12,37)</td>
								<td align="center">0,209</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pré-escola, fundamental e médio</td>
								<td align="center">68,56 (14,54)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="3">Localização em área diferenciada (quilombola ou em assentamento da reforma agrária) <sup>1</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sim</td>
								<td align="center">65,36 (22,02)</td>
								<td align="center">0,938</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Não</td>
								<td align="center">69,42 (13,78)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mesorregiões de Goiás <sup>2</sup></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Norte</td>
								<td align="center">61,45 (18,54)</td>
								<td align="center">0,000*</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Noroeste</td>
								<td align="center">70,58 (10,07)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Centro</td>
								<td align="center">72,13 (14,75)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sul</td>
								<td align="center">67,61 (12,87)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Leste</td>
								<td align="center">67,36 (16,23)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="3">Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal <sup>2</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Baixo</td>
								<td align="center">56,85 (7,33)</td>
								<td align="center">0,020*</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Médio</td>
								<td align="center">69,83 (14,73)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Alto</td>
								<td align="center">69,39 (12,80)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Supervisão do nutricionista <sup>2</sup></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sim</td>
								<td align="center">69,83 (13,87)</td>
								<td align="center">0,383</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Não</td>
								<td align="center">69,56 (17,38)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Parcialmente</td>
								<td align="center">70,08 (12,96)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="3">Supervisão do Conselho de Alimentação Escolar <sup>2</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sim</td>
								<td align="center">70,59 (13,20)</td>
								<td align="center">0,349</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Não</td>
								<td align="center">68,56 (14,53)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Parcialmente</td>
								<td align="center">67,96 (9,76)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores, 2020.</attrib>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><sup>1</sup> Teste Mann-Whitney; <sup>2</sup> Teste de Kruskal-Wallis e <italic>post-hoc</italic> de Dunn; *p &lt; 0,05.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Observa-se também que há uma correlação positiva forte entre as condições higiênicossanitárias gerais e o IDEB 4ª série/5º ano (p &lt; 0,05), ou seja, o maior valor do IDEB 4ª série/5º ano foi associado a maior pontuação do risco sanitário (classificação muito baixo risco sanitário) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Correlação entre a pontuação geral das condições higiênicossanitárias e os índices municipais.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="3">Variável</th>
								<th rowspan="3">Mediana (Desvio-interquartil)</th>
								<th colspan="2">Correlação de Spearman</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="2">
									<hr/>
								</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th>Coeficiente r</th>
								<th>valor de p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>IDMH</td>
								<td align="center">0,698 (0,04)</td>
								<td align="center">0,041</td>
								<td align="center">0,422</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>IDEB 4ª série/5º ano do ensino fundamental</td>
								<td align="center">5,900 (1,10)</td>
								<td align="center">0,101</td>
								<td align="center">*0,045</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>IDEB 8ª série/9º ano do ensino fundamental</td>
								<td align="center">5,200 (0,70)</td>
								<td align="center">0,074</td>
								<td align="center">0,144</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>IDEB 3ª série do ensino médio</td>
								<td align="center">4,200 (0,60)</td>
								<td align="center">0,059</td>
								<td align="center">0,244</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores, 2020.</attrib>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>*p &lt; 0,05.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>IDHM: Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal; IDEB: Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSSÃO</title>
			<p>Vários estudos avaliaram as condições higiênicossanitárias de UANE <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> . Porém, este é pioneiro por investigar as escolas participantes do PNAE no estado de Goiás, que representam aproximadamente 42,0% dos municípios de todas as mesorregiões de Goiás, e por relacionar os dados das condições higiênicossanitárias com os principais índices municipais, de desenvolvimento social e educacional, assumindo posição de vanguarda na produção deste tipo de associação.</p>
			<p>Evidenciou-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas das condições higiênicossanitárias entre as escolas municipais e estaduais, da mesorregião Norte com as demais regiões de Goiás e da classificação “baixo” do IDHM em relação às outras classificações (médio e alto). Além disso, o valor aumentado do IDEB 4ª série/5º ano apresentou uma correlação com muito baixo risco sanitário das UANE.</p>
			<p>O IDEB foi formulado para mensurar a qualidade do aprendizado no Brasil e definir metas para o aperfeiçoamento do ensino. Este índice permite o monitoramento por meio de dados concretos, calculado a partir da taxa de rendimento escolar (aprovação dos alunos) e as médias de desempenho dos estudantes nos exames aplicados pelo Inep, índices que são obtidos a partir do Censo Escolar anualmente <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>No contexto do estado de Goiás, a nota do IDEB referente ao ano de 2019 para anos iniciais do ensino fundamental (rede pública) é de 6,0 pontos e para anos finais do ensino fundamental (rede pública) é de 5,1 pontos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> . No presente estudo, identificou-se que uma maior nota do IDEB se relaciona a um menor risco sanitário, resultado corroborado pelo estudo de Gomes et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> , que evidenciou que municípios que cumpriram a legislação do PNAE, a qual também dispõe sobre condições higiênicossanitárias, apresentaram maior nota no IDEB.</p>
			<p>Estudos que avaliaram as boas práticas sanitárias de UANE atendidas pelo PNAE em diversas realidades brasileiras encontraram que parte expressiva não atende adequadamente aos requisitos normativos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> . Isso corrobora com o presente estudo, que identificou que 69,4% das escolas avaliadas tinham risco sanitário regular, ou seja, atendiam de forma regular às normativas sanitárias.</p>
			<p>Já em outros estudos foram apresentados índices da situação de risco sanitário alto e muito alto maiores do que os resultados encontrados nas escolas em Goiás, ou seja, as UANE goianas apresentaram melhores condições sanitárias em comparação com municípios da Paraíba <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> , de Alagoas <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> , de São Paulo <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e do Rio Grande do Sul <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> . Mesmo que o presente estudo não tenha avaliado se a quantidade de nutricionistas nos municípios condizia com a quantidade de alunos, acredita-se que a presença do nutricionista em 95,0% das UANE avaliadas no presente estudo pode ter favorecido as melhores condições sanitárias, quando em comparação a outros estudos, já que o nutricionista é o responsável por orientar e supervisionar as ações de controle higiênicossanitário no âmbito do PNAE <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>A presença de um nutricionista no local de manipulação está intrinsecamente relacionada à alta adequação nos locais de manipulação de alimentos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> e a um controle higiênicossanitário mais efetivo do processo produtivo de refeições <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> . Por isso, é fundamental uma maior inserção do nutricionista como agente gerencial e de educação em saúde, com o quantitativo adequado proporcional aos alunos atendidos, de forma a atender as exigências sanitárias em vigor e se tornar parceiro efetivo na promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Acredita-se que, para melhorar o risco sanitário das escolas, são necessários: mais investimentos para reformas estruturais, instalação de telas milimétricas nas janelas, instalação de luminárias com grade de proteção acrílica, aquisição de termômetros e de balcões térmicos e compra de equipamentos de proteção individual <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> . Além da necessidade de intervenção imediata dos setores competentes para intermediar ações que minimizem a médio/curto prazo os danos à qualidade das refeições produzidas, tais como: formação continuada com manipuladores de alimentos, implementação do manual de boas práticas com os procedimentos operacionais padronizados, padronização de serviço, diminuição no tempo de espera da distribuição das refeições expostas à temperatura ambiente e acompanhamento da produção de alimentos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Entre as escolas municipais e estaduais, as condições higiênicossanitárias apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significantes. As escolas estaduais apresentaram maior mediana, ou seja, risco sanitário baixo em comparação às municipais com risco regular. Foi observado pelos pesquisadores deste estudo que as UANE das escolas estaduais possuem uma melhor infraestrutura quando comparada às escolas municipais, o que pode ter favorecido em uma melhor pontuação quanto ao risco sanitário.</p>
			<p>A Secretaria de Educação do Estado de Goiás (SEDUC-GO), em seu Plano Estadual de Educação (2015-2025) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> , prevê o planejamento da infraestrutura das escolas estaduais e melhorias necessárias para o bom funcionamento. Com isso, nota-se escolas com cozinhas planejadas. Já nas escolas municipais, foi observado que, geralmente, não há um planejamento para a sua construção. Elas são, em sua maioria, adaptadas a partir de espaços já existentes e, aparentemente, grande parte das UANE possui estrutura física de uma cozinha doméstica <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Diferentemente, em escolas de Viçosa (Minas Gerais), nenhuma diferença estatística foi encontrada ao se comparar a infraestrutura entre escolas municipais e estaduais, mas foi observada inadequação da infraestrutura nas áreas de preparo e de distribuição das refeições. Ademais, as escolas estaduais apresentaram maiores irregularidades na execução do PNAE em relação às municipais <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Em relação às escolas em zona rural e urbana, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes do risco sanitário, apesar de as escolas da zona rural apresentarem um valor menor de mediana na pontuação da situação de risco sanitário, ou seja, um maior risco sanitário.</p>
			<p>A mesorregião Norte de Goiás apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante com as demais regiões de Goiás. As UANE dos municípios da região Norte apresentaram menor mediana, ou seja, maior risco sanitário. Essa região é limitada pela porção Sul do estado do Tocantins, no Leste pela região Nordeste do estado de Goiás e no Oeste pelo estado do Mato Grosso e é composta por 26 municípios. Em comparação com as demais, a região Norte apresenta menor dinamicidade econômica, o que pode provocar menor geração de emprego e renda, menor receita própria na forma de arrecadação de impostos, taxas e contribuições <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> . Acredita-se que essa situação econômica da região possa ter influenciado um maior risco sanitário nas escolas, com uma possível redução na verba direcionada à estrutura e à organização da alimentação escolar.</p>
			<p>Ressalta-se que o estudo encontrou algumas limitações, dentre elas a seleção dos municípios realizada pelo FNDE, sendo que a maioria dos municípios já evidenciava alguma irregularidade no PNAE junto ao órgão e retrata a realidade de um estado. Também durante as visitas <italic>in loco</italic> não foi possível observar todas as etapas de produção de alimentos, com isso, alguns itens foram marcados conforme o relato das manipuladoras de alimentos.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSÕES</title>
			<p>A classificação de risco sanitário regular foi observada em parte expressiva das UANE avaliadas, mesmo nas escolas que foram selecionadas pelos gestores do PNAE nos municípios. Destaca-se que os itens que contribuíram para o risco sanitário alto foram “processos e produções de alimentos” e “higienização ambiental”, os quais podem ser solucionados por capacitação de manipuladores de alimentos, supervisão contínua do nutricionista RT e investimento por parte da gestão em infraestrutura das UANE.</p>
			<p>Ademais, foram encontradas diferenças significativas das condições higiênicossanitárias entre: as escolas municipais e estaduais, que apresentam diferentes formas de gestão do PNAE; a mesorregião Norte das outras, localidade que pode ser afetada pela baixa visibilidade governamental; e o baixo IDHM, que pode estar relacionado à renda das cidades. A associação entre o alto IDEB e o muito baixo risco sanitário reforça a ideia da relação entre a segurança alimentar e sua influência na aprendizagem e no rendimento escolar.</p>
			<p>Observa-se que a estrutura das UANE ainda está muito aquém do disposto na RDC n° 216/2004 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> da Anvisa. Neste caso, por mais que o regulamento técnico de boas práticas da Anvisa inclua as cozinhas institucionais, ressalta-se que as cozinhas escolares apresentam particularidades, logo, carecendo de notas técnicas regulatórias específicas. Recomenda-se também mais diálogo e parcerias entre a equipe de Vigilância Sanitária municipal e os gestores do PNAE, visto que as políticas públicas de alimentação escolar e a vigilância sanitária se alinham no que tange ao controle da qualidade higiênicossanitários. Sendo assim, as ações da vigilância sanitária poderão ser decisivas para a garantia da qualidade da alimentação escolar.</p>
			<p>Além disso, destaca-se a importância da fiscalização e de uma maior atenção por parte dos gestores no que tange às condições higiênicossanitárias. Sugere-se adequação física das UANE; maior qualificação dos manipuladores de alimentos de forma permanente; elaboração e implementação de manuais de boas práticas com detalhamento dos procedimentos operacionais padronizados; supervisão e orientação contínua do nutricionista e do conselho de alimentação escolar; e investimento da gestão municipal e escolar, a fim de propiciar um ambiente mais seguro e consequentemente maior segurança alimentar para os escolares.</p>
			<p>A execução das boas práticas visa prover alimentos seguros ofertados aos estudantes, o que é primordial ao acesso de todos a alimentos de qualidade na tentativa da garantia da SAN e na promoção da saúde do escolar.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimentos</title>
			<p>Às prefeituras e Secretarias de Educação do estado e dos municípios de Goiás, por permitirem a realização desse estudo. Às escolas, por colaborarem com a realização da coleta de dados. Às nutricionistas do CECANE UFG, Fernanda Cabral, Natália Alves, Anne Silva, Rejane Diniz, Keila Sousa e Victória Barros, por colaborarem na coleta de dados. Aos estagiários auxiliares de pesquisa do CECANE UFG, em especial Arielly Faleiro e Mohamad Fontenele, pelo suporte na tabulação dos dados. E à professora Lucilene Maria de Sousa, coordenadora de gestão do CECANE UFG no ano de 2017.</p>
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	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Hygienic and sanitary conditions of “Units of food and nutrition” at schools participating in the Brazilian School Feeding Program: What is the reality in Goiás?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1927-4496</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Giovanna Angela Leonel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>I</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01001"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2238-3308</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marques</surname>
						<given-names>Thais de Paula</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>II</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7991-6518</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Marchewicz</surname>
						<given-names>Tainá Amélia Santana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>II</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3270-3010</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Borges</surname>
						<given-names>Liana Jayme</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>II</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4992-4522</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Karine Anusca</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>II</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5851-1343</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Thaísa Anders Carvalho</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>II</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6528-7389</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alexandre-Weiss</surname>
						<given-names>Veruska Prado</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>II</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1001">
				<label>I</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2001">
				<label>II</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01001">
					<label>*</label> E-mail: giovannaangela@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ Contributions</p>
					<p>Oliveira GAL, Marques TP, Marchewicz TAS, Borges LJ, Martins KA, Souza TAC, Alexandre-Weiss VP – Conception, planning (study design), analysis, data interpretation and writing of the manuscript. All authors approved the final draft of the manuscript.</p>
					<p>Disclosures</p>
					<p>The authors report that there is no potential conflict of interest with peers and institutions, nor political or financial conflicts in this study.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>Authors have no potential conflict of interest to declare, related to this study’s political or financial peers and institutions.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction</title>
					<p>In order to offer safe meals to students, as recommended by the Brazilian School Feeding Program (PNAE, in Portuguese), an adequate hygienic-sanitary condition of “Units of Food and Nutrition” is necessary.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p>To evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of the “Units of Food and Nutrition” at schools participating in the Brazilian School Feeding Program in municipalities in Goiás, as well as to verify possible associations with municipal indexes, school characteristics and supervision by a nutritionist. Method: Cross-sectional study, carried out between 2017 and 2019, with a sample of 395 schools, from 103 municipalities in Goiás. The hygienic-sanitary conditions were collected by nutritionists, through a checklist based on Anvisa’s RDC nº 216/2004 and municipal indexes of human development and basic education in public databases. The school’s characteristics and the existence of supervision by a nutritionist were asked to school directors. Descriptive analysis of the checklist items and hypothesis and correlation tests were performed.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p>Most units (69.4%) were classified as having regular health risk, according to the checklist. Significant differences were obtained between municipal and state schools (p = 0.02); difference of northern mesoregion from the others (p = 0.00) and low Human Development Index of the other categories (p = 0.02) were observed. Furthermore, the high Basic Education Development Index (5<sup>th</sup>grade) was associated with a very low health risk (p = 0.04).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p>It is inferred that there is a need for corrective measures. Manuals of good practices should be implemented, along with training of handlers, ongoing supervision by the nutritionist and the School Feeding Council, and investment in management with a view to the Food and Nutritional Security of schoolchildren.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Health Risk</kwd>
				<kwd>Food Security</kwd>
				<kwd>School Feeding</kwd>
				<kwd>Food Services</kwd>
				<kwd>Food Handling</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The consumption of food or water contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, protozoa or viruses can cause foodborne diseases<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> . In Brazil, between 2007 and 2015, 123,455 outbreaks of foodborne diseases were recorded, with 140,223 people becoming ill and 108 deaths, an annual average of 725 outbreaks and 13,917 cases, 7.4% of which occurred in schools and daycare centers<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . The contamination of food may occur throughout the production chain, and risk monitoring can enable greater hygienic and sanitary control, which is essential to prevent foodborne diseases<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> .</p>
				<p>To this end, in Brazil, the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), a autarchy of the Ministry of Health, acts in the regulation, supervision, monitoring and registration of products and in the health control of Food and Nutrition Units (UAN)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> . Anvisa’s joint board resolution (RDC) n. 216, of September 15, 2004<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> , is a landmark in health control because it provides information on the procedures that should be adopted to ensure that food produced in Food and Nutrition Units is hygienic and that its quality is in accordance with the health legislation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> .</p>
				<p>Another Brazilian action that has become a public policy of great strength and longevity in Brazil is the National School Feeding Program (PNAE in Portuguese), which seeks to ensure Food and Nutrition Security (SAN) and the Human Right to Adequate Food (DHAA) to all Brazilian schoolchildren enrolled in public school networks<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> . In 2020, the National School Feeding Program served 47.3 million students in 179.500 basic education schools in the nationwide<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> . Thus, most Brazilian public schools have Food and Nutrition Units for the production of safe and quality meals, monitored by a head nutritionist<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> .</p>
				<p>The Brazilian School Feeding Program serves many students who are vulnerable in nutritional and socioeconomic terms, and to whom the school meal may be their only meal of the day<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> . Therefore, the production of safe food both from a hygienic-sanitary and nutritional point of view is of the utmost importance in this setting. The lack of guaranteed Food and Nutrition Security may increase the risk of foodborne disease outbreaks resulting from the consumption of food contaminated by improper handling, a determining condition for schoolchildren to become ill<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> .</p>
				<p>In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the hygiene and sanitary conditions of Food and Nutrition Units of schools participating in the Brazilian School Feeding Program in municipalities of the state of Goiás, as well as to check possible associations with municipal indexes (Human Development and Basic Education), school characteristics (administrative dependence, territorial division, educational level and location in the mesoregion) and supervision from a nutritionist and a School Feeding Council.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHOD</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Type of study and ethical aspects</title>
					<p>This is a cross-sectional study that is part of a project called “Evaluation of the National School Feeding Program in municipalities of Goiás”, conducted by the Collaborating Center for School Food and Nutrition (CECANE) of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG), between the years 2017 and 2019, with funding from the National Education Development Fund (FNDE), the body responsible for managing the program in Brazil. The research was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Federal University of Goiás, under opinion n. 2.616.421/2018.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sample</title>
					<p>The sample included 395 Food and Nutrition Units in schools chosen by convenience in a face-to-face meeting with education secretaries and head nutritionists of the Brazilian School Feeding Program in the municipalities selected by the National Education Development Fund.</p>
					<p>To choose the schools, the Collaborating Center for School Food and Nutrition of the Federal University of Goiás set criteria based on the quantity possible for evaluation, educational level, and location. The selection of the municipalities was done by the National Education Development Fund and included executing entities with possible negative management of the Brazilian School Feeding Program, and a sub-sample of municipalities with possible positive management, according to data obtained from the Council Management System (SIGECON), Accountability Management System (SiGPC), Integrated School Meal Management System (SIGAE), Integrated Financial Management System (SIGEF) and Nutritional Food Surveillance System (SISVAN) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Image</xref> ).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01001">
							<label>Image</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Criteria for the selection of municipalities and schools. CECANE UFG, 2020.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-10-02-0033-gf01-en.tif"/>
							<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors, 2021.</attrib>
							<attrib>FNDE: National Fund for Education Development; PNAE: National School Feeding Program; CAE: School Feeding Council; CECANE: Collaborating Center in School Food and Nutrition; UFG: Federal University of Goiás; RT: Head Technical Responsible.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The 395 selected schools were distributed across a total of 103 municipalities of Goiás, and 32 municipalities were visited in 2017, 41 in 2018, and 30 in 2019. Of these, according to the classification prepared by the National Education Development Fund, 9 (three in each year evaluated) were considered to have possible positive management of the Brazilian School Feeding Program, whereas 95 (29 in 2017, 38 in 2018, and 27 in 2019) were considered to have possible negative management.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Collection instrument and variables</title>
					<p>The instrument adopted to evaluate the hygienic and sanitary conditions was the “Checklist of Good Practices for Food and Nutrition Units”, prepared by the Collaborating Center for School Food and Nutrition of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> . It is a checklist that has been validated and adapted for schools based on Anvisa’s joint board resolution — RDC n. 216/2004<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> . The list is divided into six overarching topics, namely: buildings and facilities in the food preparation area (36 items), temperature-controlled equipment (nine items), food handlers (eight items), receipt of goods (four items), food processes and production (35 items), and environmental hygiene (20 items)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> .</p>
					<p>Additionally, a questionnaire prepared by the researchers themselves was applied to school principals to garner data on school characteristics, such as: administrative dependence, territorial division, educational level, location in the mesoregion, and availability of supervision from a nutritionist and from the School Feeding Council.</p>
					<p>Furthermore, the Municipal Human Development Index and the Basic Education Development Index were collected by documentary research in public databases. The municipal Basic Education Development Index was obtained from the official website of the Anísio Teixeira National Institute of Educational Studies and Research (Inep)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> , and the Municipal Human Development Index, from the Human Development Atlas in Brazil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> .</p>
					<p>The variables studied were qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative variables were administrative dependence (municipal or state), territorial division (urban or rural), mesoregions of Goiás (North, South, Central, East or Northwest), educational level (daycare or not daycare), supervision of a nutritionist at school (yes, partially, or no) and School Feeding Council visits at the school (yes, partially, or no), categorization of health risk (very high, high, regular, low or very low), and Municipal Human Development Index (very high, high, medium, low or very low). The quantitative variables analyzed were the Municipal Human Development Index, the Basic Education Development Index, and the checklist’s health risk scores.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Data collection</title>
					<p>The nutritionists of the Collaborating Center for School Food and Nutrition of the Federal University of Goiás were previously trained to standardize the collection instrument and conducted a pilot test at a school in Goiânia, which was not part of the sample. Then, telephone contact was made, and a letter to schedule visits was emailed from both the National Education Development Fund and the Collaborating Center for School Food and Nutrition of the Federal University of Goiás to the Brazilian School Feeding Program managers (mayors and education secretaries) of the selected municipalities.</p>
					<p>After that, on a scheduled date, nutritionists from the Federal University of Goiás Collaborating Center visited the municipalities and their respective schools. In those schools, the researchers first met with the school principals to collect their signatures on the Free and Informed Consent Form and apply the school’s general data questionnaire.</p>
					<p>Also, Food and Nutrition Units were inspected, and the checklists of hygienic-sanitary conditions were completed<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> . A response option was checked, according to what was observed in the Food and Nutrition Units, and the item description on the list was computed as: YES, when the observations were in agreement with the item description, and NO, when they were not, and those not relevant to the establishment evaluation were not applicable (NA).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Data analysis</title>
					<p>The checklist items were entered into the program “ <italic>Boas Práticas na Alimentação Escolar</italic> — Good Practices in School Meals”, developed by the Collaborating Center for School Food and Nutrition of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul — UFRGS, and the Federal University of São Paulo — Unifesp, in partnership with the National Education Development Fund. It is an application that contains a checklist of good practices and classifies health risks in levels, according to the score established by the collection instrument: very high health risk level, from 0 to 25 points; high, from 26 to 50; medium, from 51 to 75; low, from 76 to 90; and very low health risk, from 90 to 10<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> . To analyze the sanitary situation, the evaluations of each topic were considered referring to: the category classification related to the level of compliance with sanitary requirements (ranging from very high to very low health risk) and the score related to the level of risk (ranging from 0 to 100)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> .</p>
					<p>Additionally, the program calculated the classification and the overall score of the Food and Nutrition Unit based on the sum of the points found per topic and multiplied by the weights assigned to the topic<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> . The checklist scores and the health risk categorization of each topic and the Food and Nutrition Unit’s overall health risk, along with the municipal indexes and the school’s general data, were computed in Excel.</p>
					<p>We performed a descriptive analysis in which both the absolute and the relative simple frequencies were presented for category data, while the median and the interquartile deviation were presented for numerical data, since they presented asymmetry.</p>
					<p>Subsequently, data distribution was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnof normality test. Since the data presented a non-normal distribution, the Mann-Whitney non-parametric tests were applied for variables with two categories of responses, whereas the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied for more than two categories, and in the latter, when there was statistical significance, Dunn’s post-hoc test was performed. The Spearman correlation was also calculated between the raw value of the general scores of hygienic-sanitary conditions and the municipal indexes (Municipal Human Development Index and Basic Education Development Index). The correlations were classified into very low (0.01 to 0.09), low (0.10 to 0.29), moderate (0.30 to 0.49), substantial (0.5 to 0.69), and very strong categories (greater than 0.70), suggested by Davis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> . Data were analyzed in SPSS Statistics® version 23 software, considering a significance level of p &lt; 0.05 and 95% confidence interval.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>A total of 103 municipalities in the state of Goiás were evaluated, distributed in the following mesoregions: 34.0% (n = 35) in the South; 26.2% (n = 27) in the Center; 16.5% (n = 17) in the East; 13.6% (n = 14) in the Northwest; and 9.7% (n = 10) in the North.</p>
				<p>Regarding the Basic Education Development Index, the municipalities presented an average of 5.90 ± 0.67 for the 4<sup>th</sup>grade/5<sup>th</sup>grade of elementary school; 5.10 ± 0.49 for the 8<sup>th</sup>grade/9<sup>th</sup>grade of middle school; and 4.20 ± 0.44 for the 3<sup>rd</sup>grade of high school. Considering the Municipal Human Development Index, 2.0% of them (n = 2) had a low index; 50.0% (n = 51), a medium index; and 49.0% (n = 50), a high index, with an average of 0.698 ± 0.040, within the average range of human development in Brazil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> .</p>
				<p>Regarding the presence of traditional communities in the jurisdiction of the municipalities, it was found that none comprised indigenous communities, but 13 presented <italic>quilombola</italic> communities registered by the Palmares Cultural Foundation (six municipalities visited in 2017, six in 2018, and one in 2019), and 34 counted on agrarian reform settlements (11 in 2017, 10 in 2018, and 13 in 2019).</p>
				<p>A total of 395 schools were evaluated, mostly of municipal administrative dependence (72.4%, n = 286), located in urban areas (83.8%, n = 331), and of primary and/or secondary education (76.7%, n = 303). No school was located in indigenous areas, but 4.3% (n = 17) were in remaining <italic>quilombola</italic> communities, and 1.5% (n = 6) in agrarian reform settlements.</p>
				<p>It is noteworthy that nine municipalities did not have a Brazilian School Feeding Program head nutritionist, which meant that 20 schools (5.0% of the sample) did not have a professional to control good health practices. However, we did not assess whether the number of nutritionists was appropriate for the number of students according to the minimum reference parameters of Resolution n. 465 of 23 August 2010<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> , of the Federal Council of Nutritionists. Among those who had a nutritionist, the school principal and/or the pedagogical coordinator were asked whether the nutritionist visits the school, and a large portion answered yes (64.6%; n = 255). As for the supervision of the School Feeding Council, we observed that most did not visit the schools (65.8%, n = 260).</p>
				<p>The overall health risk score of the Food and Nutrition Units was regular for 69.4% (n = 274) of the sample. However, it is noteworthy that 7.0% (n = 28) showed very high and high health risks. The categories with the highest average scores for very low or low health risk were: “receipt” and “temperature-controlled equipment”, respectively. The other categories were classified with higher score in “regular” health risk ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1001">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Frequency of the health risk situation of Food and Nutrition Units according to the Good Practices Checklist in 395 schools in Goiás, Brazil.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="17%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="3">Item</th>
									<th colspan="5">Frequency n (%)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th colspan="5">
										<hr/>
									</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th>Very high</th>
									<th>High</th>
									<th>Regular</th>
									<th>Low</th>
									<th>Very low</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Food preparation area buildings and facilities</td>
									<td align="center">7 (1.8)</td>
									<td align="center">54 (13.7)</td>
									<td align="center">239 (60.5)</td>
									<td align="center">81 (20.5)</td>
									<td align="center">14 (3.5)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Temperature-controlled equipment</td>
									<td align="center">16 (4.1)</td>
									<td align="center">32 (8.1)</td>
									<td align="center">92 (23.3)</td>
									<td align="center">237 (60.0)</td>
									<td align="center">18 (4.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Food handlers</td>
									<td align="center">6 (1.5)</td>
									<td align="center">68 (17.2)</td>
									<td align="center">171 (43.3)</td>
									<td align="center">78 (19.7)</td>
									<td align="center">72 (18.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Receipt of good</td>
									<td align="center">6 (1.5)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (2.3)</td>
									<td align="center">14 (3.5)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (1.5)</td>
									<td align="center">360 (91.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Food production and processes</td>
									<td align="center">6 (1.5)</td>
									<td align="center">130 (32.9)</td>
									<td align="center">212 (53.7)</td>
									<td align="center">40 (10.1)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (1.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Environmental hygiene</td>
									<td align="center">3 (0.8)</td>
									<td align="center">84 (21.3)</td>
									<td align="center">233 (59.0)</td>
									<td align="center">52 (13.2)</td>
									<td align="center">23 (5.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Overall score</td>
									<td align="center">5 (1.2)</td>
									<td align="center">23 (5.8)</td>
									<td align="center">274 (69.4)</td>
									<td align="center">82 (20.8)</td>
									<td align="center">11 (2.8)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib>Source: Checklist of Good Practices for School Food and Nutrition Units (Collaborating Center for School Food and Nutrition — CECANE Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul)<sup>12,13</sup>.</attrib>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Additionally, the hygienic-sanitary conditions among the municipal and state schools, the mesoregions of Goiás and the Municipal Human Development Index showed statistical differences ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). We observed that, in the variables of mesoregions of Goiás and Municipal Human Development Index, the northern mesoregion and the low Municipal Human Development Index differ from other categories, respectively.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2001">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Overall score of hygienic-sanitary risk conditions of School Food and Nutrition Units, by hypothesis tests (n = 395).</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th>Median (Interquartile deviation)</th>
									<th>p value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Administrative dependence<sup>1</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Municipal</td>
									<td align="center">67.87 (14.69)</td>
									<td align="center">0.022*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>State</td>
									<td align="center">70.93 (11.38)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Territorial division<sup>1</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Urban</td>
									<td align="center">69.89 (13.97)</td>
									<td align="center">0.075</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Rural</td>
									<td align="center">66.01 (13.56)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Educational level<sup>1</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Nursery/ daycare</td>
									<td align="center">71.25 (12.37)</td>
									<td align="center">0.209</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pre-school, elementary, middle, and high school</td>
									<td align="center">68.56 (14.54)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="3">Location in a differentiated area ( <italic>quilombola</italic> or agrarian reform settlement)<sup>1</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">65.36 (22.02)</td>
									<td align="center">0.938</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">69.42 (13.78)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mesoregions of Goiás<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>North</td>
									<td align="center">61.45 (18.54)</td>
									<td align="center">0.000*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Northwest</td>
									<td align="center">70.58 (10.07)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Center</td>
									<td align="center">72.13 (14.75)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>South</td>
									<td align="center">67.61 (12.87)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>East</td>
									<td align="center">67.36 (16.23)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="3">Municipal Human Development Index<sup>2</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Low</td>
									<td align="center">56.85 (7.33)</td>
									<td align="center">0.020*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Medium</td>
									<td align="center">69.83 (14.73)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>High</td>
									<td align="center">69.39 (12.80)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Nutritionist’s supervision<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">69.83 (13.87)</td>
									<td align="center">0.383</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">69.56 (17.38)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Partially</td>
									<td align="center">70.08 (12.96)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="3">School Feeding Council Supervision<sup>2</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">70.59 (13.20)</td>
									<td align="center">0.349</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">68.56 (14.53)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Partially</td>
									<td align="center">67.96 (9.76)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib>Source: prepared by the authors, 2020.</attrib>
							<fn id="TFN1001">
								<p><sup>1</sup>Mann-Whitney test;<sup>2</sup>Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn’s post-hoc; *p &lt; 0.05.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>We also observed that there is a strong positive correlation between the general hygienic-sanitary conditions and the 4<sup>th</sup>grade/5<sup>th</sup>grade Basic Education Development Index (p &lt; 0.05), that is, the highest value of the 4<sup>th</sup>grade/5<sup>th</sup>grade Basic Education Development Index was associated with a higher health risk score (very low health risk classification) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3001">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Correlation between the overall score of hygienic-sanitary conditions and municipal indexes.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
									<th rowspan="3">Median (Interquartile deviation)</th>
									<th colspan="2">Spearman correlation</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th colspan="2">
										<hr/>
									</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th>Coefficient r</th>
									<th>p Value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>IDMH</td>
									<td align="center">0.698 (0.04)</td>
									<td align="center">0.041</td>
									<td align="center">0.422</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IDEB 4<sup>th</sup>grade/5<sup>th</sup>grade of elementary school</td>
									<td align="center">5.900 (1.10)</td>
									<td align="center">0.101</td>
									<td align="center">*0.045</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IDEB 8<sup>th</sup>grade/9<sup>th</sup>grade of middle school</td>
									<td align="center">5.200 (0.70)</td>
									<td align="center">0.074</td>
									<td align="center">0.144</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IDEB 3<sup>rd</sup>grade of high school</td>
									<td align="center">4.200 (0.60)</td>
									<td align="center">0.059</td>
									<td align="center">0.244</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib>Source: prepared by the authors, 2020.</attrib>
							<fn id="TFN2001">
								<p>*p &lt; 0.05.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN3001">
								<p>IDHM: Municipal Human Development Index; IDEB: Basic Education Development Index.1</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Several studies have evaluated the hygienic-sanitary conditions of Food and Nutrition Units<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> . However, this one is a pioneer because it investigates schools participating in the Brazilian School Feeding Program in the state of Goiás, which represent approximately 42.0% of the municipalities in all the mesoregions of Goiás, and relates data on hygienic-sanitary conditions with the main municipal indexes of social and educational development, a pioneering initiative in this type of association.</p>
				<p>Statistically significant differences in the hygienic-sanitary conditions among the municipal and state schools, of the North mesoregion versus the other regions of Goiás, and of the “low” classification of the Municipal Human Development Index in relation to the other classifications (medium and high) stood out. Additionally, the increased value of the 4<sup>th</sup>grade/5<sup>th</sup>grade Basic Education Development Index showed a correlation with very low health risk of the Food and Nutrition Units.</p>
				<p>The Basic Education Development Index was designed to measure the quality of learning in Brazil and to set goals for the improvement of education. This index allows monitoring by means of concrete data, calculated from the school performance rate (students’ success) and the averages of student performance in examinations applied by the National Institute of Educational Studies and Research — Inep, indexes that are obtained from the School Census every year<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> .</p>
				<p>In the context of the state of Goiás, the Basic Education Development Index score for 2019 for the early years of elementary school (public system) is 6.0 points and for the final years of elementary school (public system) is 5.1 points<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> . This study identified that a higher Basic Education Development Index score is related to a lower health risk, a result corroborated by the study of Gomes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> , which showed that municipalities that complied with the Brazilian School Feeding Program legislation, which also includes hygienic-sanitary conditions, achieved a higher score in the Basic Education Development Index.</p>
				<p>Studies that evaluated the good sanitary practices of the Food and Nutrition Units served by the Brazilian School Feeding Program in several Brazilian settings found that a significant part does not properly meet the regulatory requirements<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> . This corroborates this study, which found that 69.4% of the schools analyzed had regular health risk, that is, they met the health standards in a regular way.</p>
				<p>Other studies, however, found indexes of high and very high health risk situation, which are higher than the results found in schools in Goiás, indicating that the Food and Nutrition Units in Goiás presented better sanitary conditions compared to municipalities in the states of Paraíba<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> , Alagoas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> , São Paulo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and Rio Grande do Sul<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> . Even though this study did not assess whether the number of nutritionists in the municipalities matched the number of students, we believe that the presence of a nutritionist in 95.0% of the Food and Nutrition Units evaluated in this study may have favored better sanitary conditions when compared to other studies, since the nutritionists are responsible for guiding and supervising the actions of hygienic-sanitary control under the Brazilian School Feeding Program<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> .</p>
				<p>The presence of a nutritionist in the food handling areas is intrinsically related to the high adequacy of food handling areas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and a more effective hygienic-sanitary control of the meal production process<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> . Therefore, a greater insertion of nutritionists as management and health education agents is fundamental, with the appropriate quantity to the students served, aiming to meet the sanitary requirements in force and become effective partners in the promotion of appropriate and healthy nutrition<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> .</p>
				<p>It is believed that, to improve the health risk of schools, the following are necessary: more investments in structural renovation, installation of millimeter screens in windows, installation of light fixtures with acrylic protection grids, purchase of thermometers and thermal counters, and purchase of individual protection equipment<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> . There is also the need for immediate intervention of the competent sectors to mediate actions that minimize, in the medium/short term, the damage to the quality of the meals produced, such as: continuing training of food handlers, implementation of a manual of good practices with standard operating procedures, standardization of service, reduction in waiting time for the distribution of meals exposed to room temperature, and monitoring of food production<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> .</p>
				<p>Between municipal and state schools, hygienic-sanitary conditions showed statistically significant differences. State schools achieved a higher median, that is, low health risk compared to municipal schools, with regular risk. The researchers of this study observed that the Food and Nutrition Units of state schools have better infrastructure when compared to the municipal schools, which may have favored a better score on health risk.</p>
				<p>The Education Department of the State of Goiás (SEDUC-GO), in its State Education Plan (2015-2025)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> , provides for the planning of the infrastructure of state schools and necessary improvements for their proper functioning. Thus, schools with planned kitchens were found. In municipal schools, however, we observed that, in general, there is no planning for the construction of kitchens. They are mostly adapted from existing spaces and, apparently, most Food and Nutrition Units have the physical structure of a household kitchen<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> .</p>
				<p>By contrast, at schools in Viçosa (Minas Gerais), no statistical difference was found when comparing the infrastructure of municipal and state schools, but inadequate infrastructure was observed in the areas of food preparation and distribution. Also, state schools showed more irregularities in the implementation of the Brazilian School Feeding Program than municipal schools<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> .</p>
				<p>In relation to schools in rural and urban areas, no statistically significant differences in health risk were found, although schools in rural areas have a lower median value in the score of health risk situation, that is, a higher health risk.</p>
				<p>Food and Nutrition Units in the Northern region had a lower median, in other words, a higher health risk. This region is bordered by the Southern portion of the state of Tocantins, in the East, by the Northeast region of the state of Goiás, and in the West, by the state of Mato Grosso, and is composed of 26 municipalities. Compared to the others, the North region has less economic dynamism, which can cause lower employment and income generation, lower self-generated revenue in the form of collection of taxes, fees, and contributions<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> . It is believed that this economic situation in the region may have influenced a greater health risk in schools, with a possible reduction in the budget allocated to the structure and organization of school meals.</p>
				<p>It is important to highlight that the study had some limitations, among which the selection of the municipalities by the National Education Development Fund, since most municipalities already had some irregularities with the Brazilian School Feeding Program and portray the reality of a state. Also, during the on-site visits, it was not possible to observe all stages of food production, so some items were marked according to the accounts of the food handlers.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The regular health risk classification was observed in a significant part of the evaluated Food and Nutrition Units, even in schools that were selected by the Brazilian School Feeding Program managers in the municipalities. It is noteworthy that the items that contributed to the high health risk were “processes and food production” and “environment hygiene”, which can be solved by training of the food handlers, continuous supervision by nutritionists and investment in the infrastructure of Food and Nutrition Units.</p>
				<p>Additionally, significant differences in hygienic-sanitary conditions were found between municipal and state schools, which have different forms of management of the Brazilian School Feeding Program; the Northern mesoregion and the other regions, which can be affected by low government visibility; and the low Municipal Human Development Index, which may be related to the revenue of the cities. The association between high Basic Education Development Index and very low health risk reinforces the idea of the association between food safety and its influence on learning and school performance.</p>
				<p>It is observed that the structure of Food and Nutrition Units is still far below the provisions of Anvisa’s joint board resolution — RDC n. 216/20045. In this case, although the technical regulation of good practices of Anvisa includes institutional kitchens, it should be noted that school kitchens have particularities that require specific regulatory technical notes. More dialogue and partnerships between municipal health surveillance teams and Brazilian School Feeding Program managers are also recommended, since the public policies for school meals and health surveillance are aligned with regard to the control of hygienic-sanitary quality. Thus, the actions of health surveillance may be decisive to ensure the quality of school meals.</p>
				<p>Furthermore, the importance of inspection and greater attention from managers to hygienic-sanitary conditions stands out. Physical adequacy of Food and Nutrition Units is suggested; higher qualification of food handlers on a permanent basis; preparation and implementation of manuals of good practices with details of standard operating procedures; supervision and continuous guidance of a nutritionist and by the School Feeding Council; and investment by the municipal and school management, in order to provide a safer environment and consequently greater food safety for schoolchildren.</p>
				<p>The implementation of good practices aims to provide safe food to students, which is essential to the access by all to quality food in an attempt to ensure Food and Nutrition Security (SAN) and promote the health of schoolchildren.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
				<p>To the city halls and education departments of the state and municipalities of Goiás, for allowing this study to be carried out. To the schools for collaborating with the data collection. To the nutritionists from the Collaborating Center for School Food and Nutrition — CECANE Federal University of Goiás, Fernanda Cabral, Natália Alves, Anne Silva, Rejane Diniz, Keila Sousa, and Victória Barros, for collaborating with data collection. To the research assistants trainees of the Collaborating Center for School Food and Nutrition — CECANE Federal University of Goiás, especially Arielly Faleiro and Mohamad Fontenele, for the support with data processing. And to Professor Lucilene Maria de Sousa, management coordinator of the Collaborating Center for School Food and Nutrition — CECANE Federal University of Goiás in the year 2017.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>