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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">visa</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Vigilância Sanitária em Debate: Sociedade, Ciência &amp; Tecnologia</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Vigilância Sanitária em Debate</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2317-269X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>INCQS-FIOCRUZ</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00006</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22239/2317-269X.02009</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTIGO</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Análise tricológica de pelos-guarda de <italic>Mus musculus, Rattus rattus</italic> e <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic> (Rodentia: Muridae) aplicada à pesquisa e à identificação em alimentos</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Trichological analysis of guard hairs of <italic>Mus musculus</italic>, <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> and <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic> (Rodentia: Muridae) applied to research and identification in food</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8620-7878</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aquino</surname>
						<given-names>Cinthia Iara de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>I</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2176-5497</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Quadros</surname>
						<given-names>Juliana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>II</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>I</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Núcleo de Ciências Químicas e Bromatológicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Laboratório Regional de Ribeirão Preto</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Adolfo Lutz</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Núcleo de Ciências Químicas e Bromatológicas , Centro de Laboratório Regional de Ribeirão Preto , Instituto Adolfo Lutz , Ribeirão Preto , SP , Brasil </institution>
				<email>cinthia.aquino@ial.sp.gov.br</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>II</label>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Paraná</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Matinhos</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Setor Litoral, Universidade Federal do Paraná , Matinhos , PR , Brasil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>*</label> E-mail: <email>cinthia.aquino@ial.sp.gov.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Contribuição dos Autores</label>
					<p>Aquino CI - Concepção, planejamento (desenho do estudo) e redação do trabalho. Quadros J - Concepção, planejamento (desenho do estudo), análise, interpretação dos dados e redação do trabalho. Todos os autores aprovaram a versão final do trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Os autores informam não haver qualquer potencial conflito de interesse com pares e instituições, políticos ou financeiros deste estudo.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>06</day>
				<month>01</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>42</fpage>
			<lpage>49</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMO</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introdução</title>
					<p>Roedores estão entre as mais importantes pragas do mundo e, quando estes indivíduos ou seus pelos são encontrados nos alimentos, são considerados matérias estranhas indicativas de risco à saúde. Por outro lado, a presença de pelos humanos e dos demais mamíferos é considerada indicativa de falhas das boas práticas. Sendo assim, a caracterização dos pelos dos roedores sinantrópicos e a diferenciação dos pelos das demais espécies de mamíferos mostram-se relevantes e necessárias.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p>Caracterizar os padrões microestruturais dos pelos-guarda das três principais espécies de roedores que infestam ambientes de armazenamento de alimentos e apresentar uma proposta de protocolo para análise tricológica de pelos isolados.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Método</title>
					<p>Amostras de pelos de roedores das espécies <italic>Mus musculus, Rattus rattus</italic> e <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic> foram coletadas de espécimes colecionados e pelos-guarda íntegros foram selecionados para a preparação de lâminas para observação da microestrutura. No total, 20 pelos-guarda foram analisados para caracterização dos padrões medulares e 91 impressões cuticulares de pelos-guarda foram examinadas para caracterização de padrões cuticulares.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p>Observou-se que <italic>M. musculus</italic> apresentou medula alveolar e cutícula losângica com variações na forma e tamanho das escamas. <italic>R. rattus</italic> e <italic>R. norvegicus</italic> apresentaram medula reticulada e cutícula losângica, também com variações. Um protocolo com fluxograma de identificação foi apresentado para a análise dos pelos estudados.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusões</title>
					<p>Os pelos das espécies de roedores sinantrópicos estudados podem ser diferenciados das demais espécies de mamíferos de interesse sanitário pela presença dos padrões medulares alveolar e reticulado no escudo de pelos-guarda. Para as espécies estudadas, somente o padrão medular do escudo dos pelos-guarda confere caráter diagnóstico.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction</title>
					<p> Rodents are among the most important pests in the world and when these individuals or their fur are found in food, they are considered foreign matter indicative of health risk. On the other hand, the presence of human and other mammalian hair is considered indicative of failures in good practices. Thus, the characterization of the hair of synanthropic rodents and its differentiation from other mammal species are relevant and necessary.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To characterize the microstructural patterns of guard hairs of the three main species of rodents that infest food storage environments and to present a proposal for a protocol for the trichological analysis of isolated hairs.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Method</title>
					<p> Hair samples were plucked from collected specimens of the rodent species <italic>Mus musculus</italic>, <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> and <italic>Rattus norvegicus.</italic> Intact guard hairs were selected for the preparation of slides for observation of the microstructure. In total, 20 guard hairs were analyzed for the characterization of medullar patterns and 91 guard hair cuticular impressions were examined for the characterization of cuticular patterns.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> It was observed that <italic>M. musculus</italic> presented alveolar medulla and losangic cuticle with variations in the shape and size of the scales. <italic>R. rattus</italic> and <italic>R. norvegicus</italic> presented reticulated medulla and losangic cuticle, also with variations. A protocol with an identification flowchart was presented for the analysis of the studied hairs.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> The hairs of the studied synanthropic rodent species can be differentiated from other mammalian species of health interest by the presence of alveolar and reticulated medullar patterns in the guard hair shield. For the studied species, only the medullar pattern of the guard hair shield confers a diagnostic character.</p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Controle Sanitário de Alimentos</kwd>
				<kwd>Matérias Estranhas</kwd>
				<kwd>Sujidades Leves</kwd>
				<kwd>Risco à Saúde Humana</kwd>
				<kwd>Roedores Sinantrópicos</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Food Inspection</kwd>
				<kwd>Foreign Matter</kwd>
				<kwd>Light Filth</kwd>
				<kwd>Health Risk</kwd>
				<kwd>Synanthropic Rodents</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="1"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="35"/>
				<page-count count="8"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>Roedores estão entre as mais importantes pragas do mundo <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> . Estes mamíferos não causam somente danos físicos, mas também contaminam os produtos com substâncias alergênicas <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> , patógenos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> , fungos toxigênicos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e contaminantes físicos, como pelos, urina e fezes <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> . É de conhecimento da saúde pública que urina e fezes de roedor podem conter parasitas, bactérias patogênicas e vírus, como: <italic>Toxoplasma gondii, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus</italic> spp., <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Serratia</italic> sp., <italic>Proteus</italic> sp. e <italic>Hantavirus</italic> spp. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> . Historicamente, roedores têm sido responsáveis por mais doenças e mortes em humanos do que qualquer outro grupo de mamíferos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Além das <italic>commodities</italic> agrícolas, roedores também contaminam os alimentos processados. Após invadirem um novo local, como armazéns ou supermercados, camundongos inevitavelmente começam a roer os alimentos e as embalagens, contaminando o ambiente com seus pelos e excreções <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> . As principais espécies de roedores que infestam ambientes de armazenamento de alimentos são as exóticas introduzidas: <italic>Mus musculus</italic> Linnaeus, 1758 (camundongo), <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> Linnaeus, 1758 (rato de telhado) e <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic> Berkenhout, 1769 (ratazana) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Roedores ingerem diariamente uma quantidade de alimento equivalente a 10% do seu peso <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e contaminam muito mais que isso por suas fezes, pelos e urina, tornando o alimento impróprio para o consumo humano <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> . Por essa razão, a Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) nº 623, de 9 de março de 2022, que dispõe sobre os limites de tolerância para matérias estranhas em alimentos, os princípios gerais para o seu estabelecimento e os métodos de análise para fins de avaliação de conformidade, considera que os roedores (rato, ratazana e camundongo) e morcegos, inteiros ou em partes, são matérias estranhas indicativas de risco à saúde por veicularem agentes patogênicos para os alimentos (art. 3º, inciso IX, alíneas b e c). Adicionalmente, a presença de pelos humanos e dos demais mamíferos é considerada apenas indicativa de falhas das boas práticas (art. 3º, inciso X, alínea c) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> . Sendo assim, nas investigações de matérias estranhas em alimentos é fundamental caracterizar os pelos dos roedores sinantrópicos mais comuns, quais sejam, os camundongos ( <italic>Mus musculus</italic> ) e as ratazanas ( <italic>Rattus</italic> spp.), para diferenciá-los dos pelos de outras espécies de interesse sanitário segundo a referida resolução (ou seja, de seres humanos e das demais espécies de mamíferos).</p>
			<p>Entre os diferentes tipos de pelos dos mamíferos (ou seja, vibrissas, sobrepelos, subpelos, pelos-guarda), os pelos-guarda primários e secundários são os mais úteis na identificação microscópica por apresentarem as características microestruturais mais diagnósticas para os táxons. Os pelos-guarda apresentam, da base para o ápice: o bulbo, a haste e o escudo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> ). Na maior parte das espécies de mamíferos os pelos-guarda são formados por três camadas concêntricas de células, de dentro para fora: a medula, o córtex e a cutícula ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> ). Os principais caracteres diagnósticos são os padrões cuticulares observados na haste e os padrões medulares observados no escudo dos pelos-guarda <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> . A identificação microscópica de pelos de mamíferos é uma técnica útil na identificação de pelos em diferentes contextos como, por exemplo: no controle de qualidade de fibras animais comercializadas <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> , em investigações forenses <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> e no controle de qualidade dos alimentos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> . Exceto pelos esforços desses últimos autores, que tratam os roedores no nível taxonômico de família (ou seja, Muridae), não foram encontradas publicações ilustradas, tampouco protocolos de identificação dirigidos a auxiliar o perito nas análises laboratoriais de pelos contaminantes de alimentos, no sentido de caracterizar os pelos dos roedores sinantrópicos mais comuns e enquadrar a matéria estranha como indicativa de risco à saúde ou não, conforme preconiza a RDC Anvisa nº 623/2022.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Desenho esquemático (A) dos tipos de pelos presentes na pelagem dos mamíferos segundo Teerink 15 , sendo: a) pelo-guarda primário; b) pelo-guarda secundário com haste reta; c) pelo-guarda secundário com haste ondulada; d) subpelo. (B) camadas que formam os pelos da maioria das espécies de mamíferos, sendo a mais externa para a mais interna: a) cutícula; b) córtex; c) medula.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="f1.jpg"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Quadros <sup>26</sup> .</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar os padrões cuticulares e medulares de pelos-guarda das três espécies de roedores que mais comumente contaminam alimentos: <italic>Mus musculus</italic> (camundongo), <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> (rato de telhado) e <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic> (ratazana) e apresentar um protocolo de auxílio para análise tricológica de pelos isolados.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>MÉTODO</title>
			<p>Tufos de pelos de roedores taxidermizados das espécies <italic>Mus musculus</italic> (dois indivíduos), <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> (um indivíduo) e <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic> (dois indivíduos) foram coletados manualmente do dorso de espécimes colecionados no Laboratório de Citogenética e Genética da Conservação do Departamento de Genética da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR). As amostras de pelos foram levadas ao Laboratório de Microscopia e Morfologia do Setor Litoral da UFPR, onde foram selecionados pelos-guarda inteiros (com bulbo e ápice) com o auxílio de microscópio estereoscópico marca Bioval®. As lâminas foram preparadas contendo de três a oito pelos-guarda selecionados para observação da medula e da cutícula segundo o protocolo de Quadros e Monteiro-Filho <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> (Anexo I, p. 278). No total, 20 pelos-guarda foram analisados para caracterização dos padrões medulares e 91 impressões cuticulares de pelos-guarda foram examinadas para caracterização de padrões cuticulares ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela</xref> ).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Quantidade de lâminas confeccionadas e pelos-guarda utilizados para observação da medula e da cutícula de pelos de <italic>Mus musculus, Rattus rattus</italic> e <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic> .</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Espécies de roedores</th>
								<th>Número de lâminas para observação da medula</th>
								<th>Número de pelos-guarda analisados</th>
								<th>Número de lâminas para observação da cutícula</th>
								<th>Número de impressões cuticulares de pelos-guarda examinadas</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td><italic>Mus musculus</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">34</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><italic>Rattus rattus</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">22</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic></td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">35</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores, 2021.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Tanto o estudo da microestrutura dos pelos-guarda quanto as fotomicrografias foram feitos utilizando o microscópio óptico Leica DM 2500 (Microsystems, Wetzlar, Alemanha), aumento de 100, 200 e 400 vezes, no Laboratório de Microscopia de Alimentos do Núcleo de Ciências Químicas e Bromatológicas do Centro de Laboratório Regional do Instituto Adolfo Lutz de Ribeirão Preto VI. A análise e a descrição da microestrutura dos pelos dos roedores foram realizadas de acordo com Teerink <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e Quadros e Monteiro-Filho <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> . A nomenclatura dos padrões medulares e cuticulares utilizada segue a proposta de Quadros e Monteiro-Filho <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> . As denominações em inglês ou francês, propostas por outros autores e mencionadas no presente estudo, bem como sua correspondência com padrões medulares e cuticulares observados neste trabalho podem ser consultadas em Quadros e Monteiro-Filho <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> (Tabelas III e IV, p. 287). Estudos pretéritos utilizados para a compreensão da morfologia dos pelos das três espécies de roedores aqui abordadas foram realizados por Teerink <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> , Brunner e Coman <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> , Keogh <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> e Keller <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> .</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO</title>
			<p>Os resultados apresentados descrevem os padrões cuticulares e medulares das três espécies de roedores sinantrópicos estudadas com foco na diferenciação destas em relação a outras espécies de mamíferos de interesse sanitário. Também evidenciam diferenças e inconsistências em relação à literatura, cujas causas são discutidas. Adicionalmente, é sugerido um protocolo de análise tricológica para pelos isolados encontrados em alimentos.</p>
			<p>Com as técnicas empregadas foi possível observar que os pelos-guarda das três espécies se apresentam achatados dorso-ventralmente, evidenciando a face côncava e a convexa nas preparações de lâminas com os pelos inteiros e nas impressões cuticulares. Brunner e Coman <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> basearam-se especialmente nas características dos cortes transversais para a diagnose, o que torna as comparações com o presente estudo limitadas. Porém, a percepção de que os pelos analisados aqui são reniformes ou côncavo-convexos está de acordo com as descrições de Brunner e Coman <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> e Teerink <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> , como detalhado nas descrições das espécies a seguir.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Caracterização dos pelos-guarda das espécies estudadas com vistas à identificação de amostras de pelos desconhecidas</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Mus musculus</title>
					<p>O padrão medular no escudo dos pelos-guarda é do tipo alveolar, apresentando quatro alvéolos com contornos bem definidos na largura dos pelos-guarda ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2B</xref> ), o que corrobora a descrição de Teerink <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> para a espécie. Segundo a nomenclatura utilizada pelo referido autor, este padrão é denominado <italic>isolated</italic> . As ilustrações apresentadas por Brunner e Coman <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> para a medula de <italic>Mus musculus</italic> mostram o padrão reticular para a espécie, que o autor denomina <italic>wide aeriform lattice</italic> . Isto difere do que foi observado aqui para <italic>Mus musculus</italic> .</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Fotomicrografias ópticas dos padrões medulares e cuticulares dos pelos-guarda de <italic>Mus musculus</italic> . Medula visualizada sob aumento de (A) 200x e (B) 400x; e cutícula visualizada sob aumento de (C) 200x na face côncava e (D) 400x na face convexa.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="f2.jpg"/>
							<attrib>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores, 2021.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>O padrão cuticular na haste é losângico <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> , porém, como descrito também por Teerink <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> , observou-se que pode apresentar variações na forma e tamanho das escamas entre as faces côncava e convexa dos pelos-guarda ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2D</xref> ). Keogh <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> descreve a presença de escamas largas com margens lisas na cutícula de <italic>Mus musculus</italic> , assim como observado no presente estudo, porém denomina o padrão de <italic>petal</italic> .</p>
					<p>O comprimento médio dos pelos-guarda primários de <italic>M. musculus</italic> é de 12 mm, segundo Teerink <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> . Não foi objeto desse estudo mensurar comprimento dos pelos, porém observou-se que, para <italic>Mus musculus,</italic> os pelos são sempre menores do que para <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> e <italic>R. norvegicus</italic> , o que está de acordo com o aferido pelo autor, entre 15 e 25 mm para <italic>Rattus</italic> spp.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Rattus rattus</title>
					<p>O padrão medular do escudo é reticulado, com cinco a seis espaços delimitados na retícula na largura do pelo. A delimitação dos espaços da retícula apresenta formas irregulares, às vezes de difícil visualização ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3B</xref> ). O padrão observado está de acordo com Brunner e Coman <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> que o denominam <italic>wide aeriform lattice</italic> . Teerink <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> não diferencia os padrões alveolar e reticulado como fazem Quadros e Monteiro-Filho <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> , e Keller <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> descreve o padrão reticulado para roedores como uma treliça e o denomina <italic>en treillis</italic> .</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Fotomicrografias ópticas dos padrões medulares e cuticulares dos pelos-guarda de <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> . Medula visualizada sob aumento de (A) 200x e (B) 400x; (C) lado côncavo e (D) lado convexo da cutícula visualizados sob aumento de 200x.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="f3.jpg"/>
							<attrib>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores, 2021.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>O padrão cuticular na face côncava da haste de pelos-guarda apresenta escamas com orientação oblíqua dupla em relação ao eixo longitudinal do pelo, como descrito por Quadros e Monteiro-Filho <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> . As escamas na reentrância são tão largas quanto longas e assemelham-se ao padrão losângico ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3C</xref> ). Da mesma forma, na face convexa, o padrão cuticular se aproxima do losângico descrito por Quadros e Monteiro-Filho <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> , porém as escamas têm variações na forma e tamanho ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3D</xref> ). Isso é reportado por Teerink <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> , que se refere a este padrão como irregular ( <italic>irregular diamond petal</italic> ). Para Keogh <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> , o padrão cuticular de <italic>R. rattus</italic> é denominado mosaico ( <italic>mosaic</italic> ). Embora o nome do padrão utilizado por Keogh <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> seja diferente, as ilustrações apresentadas por essa autora evidenciam um padrão losângico segundo a nomenclatura utilizada no presente estudo, o que coincide com o observado aqui na reentrância da face côncava e na face convexa.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Rattus norvegicus</title>
					<p>A medula do escudo é reticulada, como também descrito por Brunner e Coman <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> , e apresenta de cinco a sete espaços da retícula na largura dos pelos-guarda. Porém, diferentemente de <italic>R. rattus</italic> , a delimitação dos espaços é inconspícua e estes estão arranjados transversalmente, não raramente fusionados, aparentando a formação de listras transversais dispostas ao longo do escudo dos pelos-guarda ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 4A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4B</xref> ). Quadros e Monteiro-Filho <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> apresentam a formação do padrão listrado para roedores sigmodontíneos (por exemplo, <italic>Akodon</italic> sp.), entretanto, para estes autores, o padrão medular listrado é resultante do arranjo e fusão transversal de alvéolos do padrão alveolar, uma transição de alveolar para listrado. Silveira et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> , estudando nove espécies do gênero <italic>Akodon,</italic> corroboram a existência desta modificação do padrão alveolar em listrado, o que denomina “padrão medular misto de alveolar e listrado”. Neste trabalho, no caso de <italic>R. norvegicus</italic> , optou-se por não denominar o padrão de listrado apesar da aparência das listras, porque o padrão medular de <italic>R. norvegicus</italic> advém da fusão de espaços da retícula do padrão reticular, e não do padrão alveolar, como descrito originalmente por Quadros e Monteiro-Filho <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> para o padrão listrado. Como reportado para <italic>R. rattus</italic> , Teerink <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> não diferencia o padrão reticulado do padrão alveolar, então, para este autor, a medula de <italic>R. norvegicus</italic> é <italic>isolated</italic> .</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Fotomicrografias ópticas dos padrões medulares e cuticulares dos pelos-guarda de <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic> . Medula visualizada sob aumento de (A) 200x e (B) 400x; (C) lado côncavo e (D) lado convexo da cutícula visualizados sob aumento de 200x.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="f4.jpg"/>
							<attrib>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores, 2021.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>O padrão cuticular observado na porção central da haste dos pelos-guarda é do tipo losângico conforme descrito por Teerink <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> . Na face côncava, as escamas variam mais em forma e tamanho e estão discretamente dispostas no padrão oblíquo duplo em relação ao eixo longitudinal dos pelos-guarda (em “V”) quando comparado a <italic>R. rattus</italic> . Já na face convexa o padrão losângico apresenta maior regularidade na forma e tamanho das escamas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 4C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4D</xref> ). Na região proximal da haste há um padrão cuticular em mosaico que faz a transição entre o bulbo e o padrão cuticular losângico, característico da haste dos pelos-guarda dessa espécie. Isto também foi observado por Teerink <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> . Para Keogh <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> , o que diagnostica <italic>R. norvegicus</italic> é a presença desse padrão mosaico de transição na haste ( <italic>waved mosaic</italic> ).</p>
					<p>Silveira et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> reportaram-se aos padrões cuticulares e medulares de pelos de roedores no nível taxonômico de família (ou seja, Muridae), porém o fizeram com base nas três espécies aqui estudadas (ou seja, <italic>M. musculus, R. rattus, R. norvegicus</italic> ). Segundo os autores, a cutícula das referidas espécies é folidácea, contrariando o observado neste trabalho. Como alertado por Quadros e Monteiro-Filho <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> , analisando pelos de felinos “as diferenças nos padrões cuticulares folidáceo e losângico são sutis e de difícil observação”. Ainda nesse sentido, para Silveira et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> , a medula é alveolar em <italic>Mus musculus</italic> , como relatado neste trabalho; mas também em <italic>Rattus</italic> spp., em desacordo com o presente estudo, que identificou o padrão reticulado. Certos autores não diferenciam esses padrões (alveolar e reticulado) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> , sugerindo que possa se tratar do mesmo padrão visualizado de duas formas diferentes por razões não exploradas nos estudos. Ainda nesse sentido, Brunner e Coman <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> consideram o padrão reticulado de Quadros e Monteiro-Filho <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> como <italic>lattice</italic> e o alveolar como <italic>aeriform lattice</italic> , ou seja, para os autores os dois padrões se aproximam e têm a aparência de uma treliça. No padrão <italic>aeriform lattice</italic> espaços com ar aparecem como uma rede ou treliça <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> .</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Protocolo de análise tricológica para pelos encontrados em alimentos</title>
			<p>O padrão cuticular losângico, recorrente com pequenas variações nas espécies de roedores sinantrópicos estudadas, está presente em roedores silvestres sigmodontíneos e em várias espécies de outras ordens de mamíferos como Didelphimorpha e Carnivora <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> , incluindo gatos domésticos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> . Dessa forma, a identificação de fragmentos de pelos formados apenas por haste, em que a cutícula é caráter diagnóstico, conduz a um parecer inconclusivo no sentido de enquadramento no inciso IX ou X do artigo 3º da RDC Anvisa nº 623/2022 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f05">
					<label>Figura 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Fluxograma aplicado à identificação de pelos de roedores contaminantes de alimentos.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="f5.jpg"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores, 2021.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f06">
					<label>Figura 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Fotomicrografias dos tipos de pelos e seus fragmentos. (A) pelo-guarda, (B) subpelo, (C) fragmento de pelo-guarda apenas com haste definível e (D) fragmento de pelo-guarda apenas com escudo definível (barra de escala A, D = 500 µm; B, C = 200 µm).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="f6.jpg"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores, 2021.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>O padrão alveolar da medula dos pelos-guarda de <italic>Mus musculus</italic> também pode ser observado em pequenos roedores silvestres, como em espécies de Sigmodontinae <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> . No entanto, estes roedores silvestres não têm a sinantropia como hábito. Ainda nesse sentido, embora o padrão reticulado observado nas ratazanas ( <italic>Rattus</italic> spp.) também seja relatado para outros roedores como <italic>Nectomys squamipes</italic> e <italic>Holochilus brasiliensis</italic> ; e para o marsupial <italic>Chironectes minimus</italic>
 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> , todos são silvestres e de hábito semiaquático, o que reduz as possibilidades dessas espécies contaminarem alimentos.</p>
			<p>Adicionalmente, os padrões medulares observados (alveolar e reticulado) são diferentes dos observados em pelos humanos ou de outros grupos de mamíferos aos quais a RDC Anvisa nº 623/2022 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> se refere. Segundo Silveira et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> , em humanos a medula está ausente ou é unisseriada; cães e gatos domésticos apresentam medula matricial e trabecular, respectivamente; nos morcegos, a medula é ausente; e nos gambás é do tipo crivada <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> . Felix et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> , trabalhando com raças brasileiras de bovinos utilizadas na produção de alimentos, observaram a medula trabecular. De Marinis e Asprea <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> , estudando a morfologia dos pelos de ungulados domésticos (vacas, ovelhas, cabras, cavalos e burros), relataram a presença de medula unisseriada ou multisseriada, com ou sem a formação de vacúolos, podendo apresentar-se descontínua e estreita. Todas essas características diferem acentuadamente das observadas nos roedores.</p>
			<p>Nesse sentido, a presença dos padrões alveolar e reticulado no escudo de pelos-guarda inteiros conduz ao diagnóstico de roedor ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ) e possibilita o enquadramento no inciso IX do art. 3º da RDC Anvisa nº 623/2022 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> . Adicionalmente, outro padrão que conduz ao diagnóstico de roedor por ter sido observado exclusivamente nesse grupo de mamíferos é o padrão listrado. Embora este não tenha sido descrito para as três espécies de roedores sinantrópicos estudadas aqui, já foi descrito para outras espécies de pequenos roedores silvestres (Sigmodontinae) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> .</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSÕES</title>
			<p>A análise tricológica dos pelos de roedores estudados mostrou que estas espécies sinantrópicas podem ser diferenciadas das demais espécies de mamíferos de interesse sanitário pela presença dos padrões medulares alveolar e reticulado no escudo de pelos-guarda. Os padrões cuticulares na haste, por outro lado, apresentam sobreposições interespecíficas, tornando-os inúteis para a referida diagnose. Portanto, ao analista interessa mais especificamente dominar o reconhecimento de pelos-guarda e a identificação dos padrões medulares na porção do escudo desses pelos.</p>
			<p>O protocolo de análise tricológica, contendo o fluxograma ilustrado, evidencia aqueles casos em que o parecer é inconclusivo (subpelos e fragmentos de haste) e, especialmente, possibilita enquadrar, única e exclusivamente, pelos-guarda inteiros ou fragmentos de escudo como matéria estranha indicativa de risco à saúde (pelos de roedores) ou como indicativa de falhas das boas práticas (pelos humanos e dos demais mamíferos) de acordo com a RDC Anvisa nº 623/2022.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimentos</title>
			<p>À Dra. Fernanda Gatto Almeida, por disponibilizar os exemplares de roedores para coleta de pelos junto ao Laboratório de Citogenética e Genética da Conservação do Departamento de Genética da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR).</p>
		</ack>
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	<!--<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Trichological analysis of guard hairs of <italic>Mus musculus</italic>, <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> and <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic> (Rodentia: Muridae) applied to research and identification in food</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8620-7878</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aquino</surname>
						<given-names>Cinthia Iara de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001"><sup>I</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01001"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2176-5497</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Quadros</surname>
						<given-names>Juliana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001"><sup>II</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1001">
				<label>I</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Núcleo de Ciências Químicas e Bromatológicas, Centro de Laboratório Regional de Ribeirão Preto, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2001">
				<label>II</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original"> Setor Litoral, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Matinhos, PR, Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01001">
					<label>*</label> E-mail: cinthia.aquino@ial.sp.gov.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<label>Authors’ Contribution</label>
					<p>Aquino CI - Conception, planning (study design) and writing of the work. Quadros J - Conception, planning (study design), analysis, data interpretation, and writing of the work. All the authors have approved the final version of the work.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>The authors inform that there is no potential conflict of interest with peers and institutions, political or financial, in this study.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction</title>
					<p> Rodents are among the most important pests in the world and when these individuals or their fur are found in food, they are considered foreign matter indicative of health risk. On the other hand, the presence of human and other mammalian hair is considered indicative of failures in good practices. Thus, the characterization of the hair of synanthropic rodents and its differentiation from other mammal species are relevant and necessary.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To characterize the microstructural patterns of guard hairs of the three main species of rodents that infest food storage environments and to present a proposal for a protocol for the trichological analysis of isolated hairs.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Method</title>
					<p> Hair samples were plucked from collected specimens of the rodent species <italic>Mus musculus</italic>, <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> and <italic>Rattus norvegicus.</italic> Intact guard hairs were selected for the preparation of slides for observation of the microstructure. In total, 20 guard hairs were analyzed for the characterization of medullar patterns and 91 guard hair cuticular impressions were examined for the characterization of cuticular patterns.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> It was observed that <italic>M. musculus</italic> presented alveolar medulla and losangic cuticle with variations in the shape and size of the scales. <italic>R. rattus</italic> and <italic>R. norvegicus</italic> presented reticulated medulla and losangic cuticle, also with variations. A protocol with an identification flowchart was presented for the analysis of the studied hairs.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> The hairs of the studied synanthropic rodent species can be differentiated from other mammalian species of health interest by the presence of alveolar and reticulated medullar patterns in the guard hair shield. For the studied species, only the medullar pattern of the guard hair shield confers a diagnostic character.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Food Inspection</kwd>
				<kwd>Foreign Matter</kwd>
				<kwd>Light Filth</kwd>
				<kwd>Health Risk</kwd>
				<kwd>Synanthropic Rodents</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Rodents are among the most important pests in the world<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>. These mammals not only cause physical damage, but also contaminate products with allergenic substances<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>, pathogens<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>, toxigenic fungi<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and physical contaminants such as hair, urine, and feces<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>. It is public health knowledge that rodent urine and feces can contain parasites, pathogenic bacteria and viruses, such as: <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic>, <italic>Salmonella</italic> spp., <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, <italic>Enterococcus</italic> spp., <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>, <italic>Escherichia coli, Serratia</italic> sp., <italic>Proteus</italic> sp. and <italic>Hantavirus</italic> spp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>. Historically, rodents have been responsible for more diseases and deaths in humans than any other group of mammals<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>.</p>
				<p>In addition to agricultural <italic>commodities</italic>, rodents also contaminate processed food. After invading a new location, such as warehouses or supermarkets, rats and mice inevitably start gnawing on food and packaging, contaminating the environment with their fur and excretions<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>. The main rodent species that infest food storage environments are the introduced exotic species: <italic>Mus musculus</italic> Linnaeus, 1758 (house mouse), <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> Linnaeus, 1758 (black rat) and <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic> Berkenhout, 1769 (brown rat)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>.</p>
				<p>Rodents ingest a daily amount of food equivalent to 10% of their weight<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and contaminate much more than this through their feces, hair and urine, making the food unfit for human consumption<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>. For this reason, the Resolution of the Collegiate Board (RDC) of the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa) nº 623, of March 9, 2022, which provides for the tolerance limits for foreign matter in food, the general principles for their establishment and the methods of analysis for conformity assessment purposes, considers that rodents (black rat, brown rat and house mouse) and bats, whole or in parts, are foreign matter indicative of a health risk because they carry pathogens into food (art. 3, point IX, subparagraphs b and c). In addition, the presence of human hair and that of other mammals is only considered indicative of failures in good practices (art. 3, point X, subparagraph c)14. Therefore, when investigating foreign matter in food, it is essential to characterize the hairs of the most common synanthropic rodents, namely mice (<italic>Mus musculus</italic>) and rats (<italic>Rattus</italic> spp.), in order to differentiate them from the hairs of other species of health interest according to the aforementioned resolution (i.e. humans and other mammal species).</p>
				<p>Among the different types of mammalian hair (i.e. vibrissae, overhairs, underhairs, guard hairs), the primary and secondary guard hairs are the most useful for microscopic identification because they have the most diagnostic microstructural characteristics for the taxa. The guard hairs present, from the base to the tip: the bulb, the shaft and the shield (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>). In the majority of mammal species, the guard hairs are made up of three concentric layers of cells, from the inside out: the medulla, the cortex and the cuticle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref>). The main diagnostic features are the cuticular patterns observed on the shaft and the medullar patterns observed on the shield of the guard hairs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>. The microscopic identification of mammalian hairs is a useful technique for identifying hairs in different contexts, such as the quality control of commercial animal fibres<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>, forensic investigations<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and food quality control<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>. Except for the efforts of the latter authors, who treat rodents at the taxonomic level of the family (i.e. Muridae), no illustrated publications were found. Additionally, identification protocols aimed at helping the expert in laboratory analyses of food contaminant hairs, in order to characterize the hairs of the most common synanthropic rodents and classify foreign matter as indicative of a health risk or not, as recommended by RDC Anvisa nº 623/2022, are not available.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01001">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Schematic drawing (A) of the types of hair present in mammalian fur according to Teerink15, as follows: (a) primary guard hair; (b) secondary guard hair with a straight shaft; (c) secondary guard hair with a wavy shaft; (d) underhair. (B) layers that make up the hair of most mammal species, from the outermost to the innermost: (a) cuticle; (b) cortex; (c) medulla.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-10-02-0042-gf01-en.tif"/>
						<attrib>Source: Quadros<sup>26</sup>.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>With this in mind, the aim of this study was to characterize the cuticular and medullar patterns of the guard hairs of the three rodent species that most commonly contaminate food: <italic>Mus musculus</italic> (house mouse), <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> (black rat) and <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic> (brown rat) and to present a protocol to aid in the trichological analysis of isolated hairs.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHOD</title>
				<p>Tufts of hair from taxidermized rodents of the species <italic>Mus musculus</italic> (two individuals), <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> (one individual) and <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic> (two individuals) were collected manually from the back of specimens collected at the Cytogenetics and Conservation Genetics Laboratory of the Genetics Department of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR). The hair samples were taken to the Microscopy and Morphology Laboratory of the Litoral Sector of UFPR, where whole guard hairs (with bulb and apex) were selected using a Bioval<sup>®</sup> stereoscopic microscope.</p>
				<p>The slides were prepared containing three to eight guard hairs selected for observation of the medulla and cuticle according to the protocol of Quadros and Monteiro-Filho<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> (Appendix I, p. 278). In total, 20 guard hairs were analyzed to characterize medullar patterns and 91 cuticular impressions of guard hairs were examined to characterize cuticular patterns (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1001">
						<label>Table</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Number of slides made and guard hairs used to observe the medulla and cuticle of <italic>Mus musculus</italic>, <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> and <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic> hairs.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Rodent species</th>
									<th>Number of slides for medulla observation</th>
									<th>Number of guard hairs analyzed</th>
									<th>Number of slides for obse rving the cuticle</th>
									<th>Number of cuticular impressions of guard hair examined</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Mus musculus</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">34</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Rattus rattus</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">22</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Rattus norvegicus</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">35</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors, 2021.</attrib>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Both the study of the microstructure of the guard hairs and the photomicrographs were made using a Leica DM 2500 optical microscope (Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany), at 100, 200 and 400 times magnification, at the Food Microscopy Laboratory of the Chemical and Bromatological Sciences Center of the Regional Laboratory Center of the Adolfo Lutz Institute of Ribeirão Preto VI. The microstructure of the rodent hairs was analyzed and described according to Teerink<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and Quadros and Monteiro-Filho<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>. The nomenclature used for the medullar and cuticular patterns follows that proposed by Quadros and Monteiro-Filho<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>. The English or French names proposed by other authors and mentioned in this study, as well as their correspondence with the medullar and cuticular patterns observed in this study, can be found in Quadros and Monteiro-Filho<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (Tables III and IV, p. 287). Previous studies used to understand the hair morphology of the three rodent species here addressed were carried out by Teerink<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>, Brunner and Coman<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>, Keogh<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> and Keller<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The results presented describe the cuticular and medullar patterns of the three synanthropic rodent species studied, focusing on their differentiation from other mammal species of health interest. They also highlight differences and inconsistencies in relation to the literature, the causes of which are discussed. In addition, a trichological analysis protocol is suggested for hair isolates found in food.</p>
				<p>With the techniques employed, it was possible to observe that the guard hairs of the three species are flattened dorso-ventrally, with the concave and convex faces showing up in the preparation of the slides with the whole hairs and in the cuticular impressions. Brunner and Coman<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> based their diagnosis mainly on the characteristics of the cross-sections, which means that comparisons with this study are limited. However, the perception that the hairs analyzed here are reniform or concave-convex is in line with the descriptions by Brunner and Coman<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> and Teerink<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>, as detailed in the species descriptions below.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Characterization of the guard hairs of the species studied with a view to identifying unknown hair samples</title>
					<p><italic>Mus musculus</italic></p>
					<p>The medullar pattern on the shield of the guard hairs is of the alveolar type, showing four alveoli with well-defined outlines across the width of the guard hairs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2A and 2B</xref>), which corroborates Teerink’s description<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> for the species. According to the nomenclature used by this author, this pattern is called isolated. The illustrations presented by Brunner and Coman<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> for the <italic>Mus musculus</italic> medulla show the reticular pattern for the species, which the author calls wide aeriform lattice. This differs from what was observed here for <italic>Mus musculus</italic>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02001">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Optical photomicrographs of the medullar and cuticular patterns of the guard hairs of <italic>Mus musculus</italic>. Medulla visualized under magnification of (A) 200x and (B) 400x; and cuticle visualized under magnification of (C) 200x on the concave side and (D) 400x on the convex side.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-10-02-0042-gf02-en.tif"/>
							<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors, 2021.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The cuticular pattern on the shaft is rhombic<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>, but, as also described by Teerink<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>, it was observed that there can be variations in the shape and size of the scales between the concave and convex faces of the guard hairs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2C and 2D</xref>). Keogh<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> describes the presence of wide scales with smooth margins on the cuticle of <italic>Mus musculus</italic>, as observed in this study, but calls the pattern <italic>petal</italic>.</p>
					<p>The average length of the primary guard hairs of <italic>M. musculus</italic> is 12 mm, according to Teerink<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>. It was not the subject of this study to measure the length of the hairs, but it was observed that for <italic>Mus musculus</italic> the hairs were always shorter than for <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> and <italic>R. norvegicus</italic>, which is in line with the author’s measurement of between 15 and 25 mm for <italic>Rattus</italic> spp.</p>
					<p><italic>Rattus rattus</italic></p>
					<p>The medullar pattern of the shield is reticulated, with five to six spaces delimited in the reticule across the width of the hair. The boundaries of the lattice spaces are irregularly shaped and sometimes difficult to see (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figures 3A and 3B</xref>). The pattern observed is in line with Brunner and Coman<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> who call it a wide aeriform lattice. Teerink<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> does not differentiate between the alveolar and reticulated patterns, as Quadros and Monteiro-Filho<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>, and Keller<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>describes the reticulated pattern for rodents as a lattice and calls it <italic>en treillis</italic>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03001">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Optical photomicrographs of the medullar and cuticular patterns of the guard hairs of <italic>Rattus rattus</italic>. Medulla visualized under magnification of (A) 200x and (B) 400x; (C) concave side and (D) convex side of the cuticle visualized under 200x magnification.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-10-02-0042-gf03-en.tif"/>
							<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors, 2021.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The cuticular pattern on the concave face of the guard hair shaft has scales with a double oblique orientation in relation to the longitudinal axis of the hair, as described by Quadros and Monteiro-Filho<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>. The scales in the groove are as wide as they are long and conform to the rhombic pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3C</xref>). Similarly, on the convex face, the cuticular pattern is similar to the rhombic pattern described by Quadros and Monteiro-Filho<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>, but the scales vary in shape and size (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3D</xref>). This is reported by Teerink<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>, who refers to this pattern as irregular (irregular diamond petal). For Keogh<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>, the cuticular pattern of <italic>R. rattus</italic> is called mosaic. Although the name of the pattern used by Keogh<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> is different, the illustrations presented by this author show a rhombic pattern according to the nomenclature used in this study, which coincides with that observed here in the groove of the concave face and the convex face.</p>
					<p><italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic></p>
					<p>The medulla of the shield is reticulated, as also described by Brunner and Coman<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>, and has five to seven reticular spaces across the width of the guard hairs. However, unlike in <italic>R. rattus</italic>, the delimitation of the spaces is inconspicuous and they are arranged transversely, often fused, with the formation of transverse stripes arranged along the shield of the guard hairs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figures 4A and 4B</xref>). Quadros and Monteiro-Filho<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> present the formation of the striped pattern for sigmodontine rodents (e.g. <italic>Akodon</italic> sp.), however, for these authors, the striped medullar pattern is the result of the arrangement and transverse fusion of alveoli of the alveolar pattern, a transition from alveolar to striped. Silveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup>, studying nine species of the genus <italic>Akodon,</italic> corroborate the existence of this modification of the alveolar pattern into striped, which they call “mixed alveolar and striped medullar pattern”. In this study, in the case of <italic>R. norvegicus, it</italic> was decided not to call the pattern striped despite the appearance of the stripes, because the medullar pattern of <italic>R. norvegicus</italic> comes from the fusion of reticular spaces of the reticular pattern, and not from the alveolar pattern, as originally described by Quadros and Monteiro-Filho<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> for the striped pattern. As reported for <italic>R. rattus</italic>, Teerink<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> does not differentiate the reticulated pattern from the alveolar pattern, so, for this author, the medulla of <italic>R. norvegicus</italic> is <italic>isolated</italic>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04001">
							<label>Figure 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Optical photomicrographs of the medullar and cuticular patterns of the guard hairs of <italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic>. Medulla visualized under (A) 200x and (B) 400x magnification; (C) concave side and (D) convex side of cuticle visualized under 200x magnification.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-10-02-0042-gf04-en.tif"/>
							<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors, 2021.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The cuticular pattern observed on the central portion of the guard hair shaft is rhombic, as described by Teerink<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>. On the concave face, the scales vary more in shape and size and are discreetly arranged in a double oblique pattern in relation to the longitudinal axis of the guard hairs (in a “V” shape) when compared to <italic>R. rattus</italic>. On the convex side, the rhombic pattern shows greater regularity in the shape and size of the scales (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figures 4C and 4D</xref>). In the proximal region of the shaft there is a mosaic cuticular pattern that makes the transition between the bulb and the rhombic cuticular pattern, characteristic of the guard hair shaft of this species. This was also observed by Teerink<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>. For Keogh<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>, what diagnoses <italic>R. norvegicus</italic> is the presence of this transitional mosaic pattern on the shaft (waved mosaic).</p>
					<p>Silveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> reported on the cuticular and medullar patterns of rodent hair at the taxonomic level of the family (i.e. Muridae), but did so on the basis of the three species studied here (i.e. <italic>M. musculus</italic>, <italic>R. rattus</italic>, R. <italic>norvegicus</italic>). According to the authors, the cuticle of these species is foliaceous, contrary to what was observed in this study. As Quadros and Monteiro-Filho<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> pointed out when analyzing feline hair, “the differences in foliaceous and rhombic cuticular patterns are subtle and difficult to observe”. Also in this regard, Silveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> found that the medulla is alveolar in <italic>Mus musculus</italic>, as reported in this study, but also in <italic>Rattus</italic> spp., in disagreement to the present study, which identified the reticulated pattern. Some authors do not differentiate between these patterns (alveolar and reticulated)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>, suggesting that they may be the same pattern visualized in two different ways for reasons not explored in the studies. Also along these lines, Brunner and Coman<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> consider the reticulated pattern of Quadros and Monteiro-Filho<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> as lattice and the alveolar pattern as aeriform lattice<italic>,</italic> i.e. for the authors the two patterns are close and have the appearance of a lattice. In the aeriform lattice pattern, air spaces appear as a net or lattice<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Trichological analysis protocol for hair found in food</title>
					<p>The rhombic cuticular pattern, which recurs with slight variations in the synanthropic rodent species studied, is present in sigmodontine wild rodents and in several species of other mammal orders such as Didelphimorpha and Carnivora<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>, including domestic cats<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>. Thus, the identification of hair fragments formed only by the shaft, in which the cuticle is a diagnostic character, leads to an inconclusive result in the sense of classification in item IX or X of article 3 of RDC Anvisa nº 623/2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05001">
							<label>Figure 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Flowchart applied to the identification of rodent hair contaminating food.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-10-02-0042-gf05-en.tif"/>
							<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors, 2021.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f06001">
							<label>Figure 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Photomicrographs of the hair types and their fragments: (A) guard hair, (B) underhair, (C) guard hair fragment with definable shaft only and (D) guard hair fragment with definable shield only (scale bar A, D = 500 µm; B, C = 200 µm).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2317-269X-visa-10-02-0042-gf06-en.tif"/>
							<attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors, 2021.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The alveolar pattern of the medulla of <italic>Mus musculus</italic> guard hairs can also be observed in small wild rodents, such as species of Sigmodontinae<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>. However, these wild rodents do not have synanthropy as a habit. Also in this sense, although the reticulated pattern observed in rats (<italic>Rattus</italic> spp.) has also been reported for other rodents such as <italic>Nectomys squamipes</italic> and <italic>Holochilus brasiliensis</italic>; and for the marsupial <italic>Chironectes minimus</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>, they are all wild and have a semi-aquatic habit, which reduces the chances of these species contaminating food.</p>
					<p>In addition, the medullar patterns observed (alveolar and reticulated) are different from those observed in human hair or those of other mammalian groups to which RDC Anvisa nº 623/2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> refers. According to Silveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>, in humans the medulla is absent or uniseriate; domestic dogs and cats have matrix-like and trabecular medulla, respectively; in bats, the medulla is absent; and in opossums it is of the riddled type<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>. Felix et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup>, working with Brazilian breeds of cattle used in food production, observed trabecular medulla. De Marinis and Asprea<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup>, studying the hair morphology of domestic ungulates (cows, sheep, goats, horses and donkeys), reported the presence of uniseriate or multiseriate medulla, with or without the formation of vacuoles, which can be discontinuous and narrow. All these characteristics differ markedly from those observed in rodents.</p>
					<p>In this sense, the presence of the alveolar and reticulated patterns on the shield of whole guard hairs leads to the diagnosis of rodent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref>) and makes it possible to classify them under item IX of article 3 of RDC Anvisa nº 623/2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>. In addition, another pattern that leads to the diagnosis of rodent because it has been observed exclusively in this group of mammals is the striped pattern. Although this has not been described for the three species of synanthropic rodents studied here, it has been described for other species of small wild rodents (Sigmodontinae)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>Trichological analysis of the rodent hair studied showed that these synanthropic species can be differentiated from other mammal species of health interest by the presence of alveolar and reticulated medullar patterns in the guard hair shield. The cuticular patterns on the shaft, on the other hand, show interspecific overlaps, making them useless for this diagnosis. Therefore, the analyst is more specifically interested in mastering the recognition of guard hairs and the identification of medullar patterns on the shield portion of these hairs.</p>
				<p>The trichological analysis protocol, containing the flowchart shown, highlights those cases in which the result is inconclusive (underhair and shaft fragments) and, in particular, makes it possible to classify, solely and exclusively, whole guard hairs or shield fragments as foreign matter indicative of a health risk (rodent hair) or as indicative of good practice failures (human and other mammal hair) in accordance with RDC Anvisa No. 623/2022.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Acknowledgements</title>
				<p>To Dr. Fernanda Gatto Almeida, for making the rodent specimens available for hair collection at the Cytogenetics and Conservation Genetics Laboratory of the Genetics Department of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR).</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>-->
</article>