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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">biotecnia</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Biotecnia</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Biotecnia</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1665-1456</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidad de Sonora, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18633/biotecnia.v26.2130</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00023</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Aislamiento y caracterización filogenética de bacterias nativas cultivables procedentes de minas abandonadas en Tacna, Perú</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
					<trans-title>Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of cultivable native bacteria from abandoned mines in Tacna, Peru</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8822-5954</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cáceda Quiroz</surname>
						<given-names>César Julio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1b"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0034-2276</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Maraza Choque</surname>
						<given-names>Gisela July</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-3164-1497</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chachaque Callo</surname>
						<given-names>Dina Mayumi</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6992-5237</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fora Quispe</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela de Lourdes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Farfan Pajuelo</surname>
						<given-names>Diana Galeska</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1405-6924</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carpio Mamani</surname>
						<given-names>Milena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Profesional de Biología-Microbiología, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Av. Cusco s/n, Tacna 23004, Perú.</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Facultad de Ciencias</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escuela Profesional de Biología-Microbiología</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann</institution>
					<country country="PE">Peru</country>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff1b">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Profesional de Biología-Microbiología, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Av. Cusco s/n, Tacna 23004, Perú.</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Facultad de Ciencias</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escuela Profesional de Biología-Microbiología</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann</institution>
					<country country="PE">Peru</country>
					<email>ccacedaq@unjgb.edu.pe</email>
				</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><sup>*</sup></label>Autor para correspondencia: César Julio Cáceda Quiroz. Correo-e: <email>ccacedaq@unjgb.edu.pe</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn1">
					<p>Los autores declaran no tener ningún conflicto de interés.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<!--<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>08</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>-->
			<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>26</volume>
			<elocation-id>e2130</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="pub">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Las bacterias nativas adaptadas a ambientes contaminados han demostrado su gran capacidad de sobrevivir en condiciones adversas. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las bacterias presentes en suelos de minas abandonadas, además de investigar las relaciones filogenéticas de estas bacterias nativas cultivables. Se realizó el aislamiento bacteriano, la extracción de ADN, amplificación por PCR, secuenciación del gen 16S ARNr, reconstrucción filogenética de Máxima Verosimilitud (ML) con RaXML, e identificación de géneros relacionadas con microreact. Las secuencias obtenidas fueron editadas a un tamaño de 1200 - 1400 pb, que posteriormente se compararon con 1137 secuencias procedentes de la base de datos del GenBank. Los nueve aislamientos obtenidos se agruparon filogenéticamente en seis grupos que corresponderían a los géneros <italic>Bacillus</italic>, <italic>Cytobacillus</italic>, <italic>Paenibacillus</italic>, <italic>Microbacterium</italic>, <italic>Peribacillus</italic>, <italic>Acinetobacter</italic>. Por lo tanto, se resalta el potencial inexplorado de estas bacterias para ser utilizadas en procesos de biorremediación. Además, algunas de estas bacterias pueden ser propuestos como indicadores de contaminación, lo que amerita realizar una investigación más detallada debido a que estos microorganismos pueden ser empleados en futuras investigaciones. </p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Native bacteria adapted to contaminated environments have demonstrated their remarkable survival ability under adverse conditions. This study aimed to identify bacteria present in soils from abandoned mines and to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of these cultivable native bacteria. Bacterial isolation, DNA extraction, PCR amplification, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction using RaXML, and identification of related genera using microreact, were conducted. The obtained sequences were edited to a 1200 - 1400 bp size, and subsequently compared with 1137 sequences from the GenBank database. The nine obtained isolates were phylogenetically grouped into six clusters corresponding to the genera <italic>Bacillus</italic>, <italic>Cytobacillus</italic>, <italic>Paenibacillus</italic>, <italic>Microbacterium</italic>, <italic>Peribacillus</italic>, and <italic>Acinetobacter</italic>. Thus, the unexplored potential of these bacteria for use in bioremediation processes is highlighted. Additionally, some of these bacteria may be proposed as pollution indicators, warranting further detailed investigation as these microorganisms could be employed in future research endeavors.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Bacteria nativa</kwd>
				<kwd>Minas abandonadas</kwd>
				<kwd>Contaminación de suelos</kwd>
				<kwd>Reconstrucción filogenética</kwd>
				<kwd>Biorremediación</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Native bacteria</kwd>
				<kwd>Abandoned mines</kwd>
				<kwd>Soil contamination</kwd>
				<kwd>Phylogenetic reconstruction</kwd>
				<kwd>Bioremediation</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="1"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="87"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>Las minas abandonadas o inactivas son un problema a nivel global, que representan una amenaza potencial para la salud y el ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Candeias et al., 2019</xref>). Durante los procesos extractivos, es común que se generen residuos mineros que permanecen en el suelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Ali y Khan, 2017</xref>), estos desechos exhiben la capacidad de ser transportadores de contaminantes, pudiendo ingresar a la cadena alimentaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Wuana y Okieimen, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Bini et al., 2017</xref>), este fenómeno puede ocasionar perturbaciones en el entorno del ecosistema.</p>
			<p>A nivel mundial, se estima que existen más de un millón de minas abandonadas, incluidos pozos, socavones y minas aluviales en funcionamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Coelho y Teixeira, 2011</xref>). Especificamente en las explotaciones de cobre, se realizan comunmente a tajo abierto, generando grandes cantidades de desechos. La producción de una tonelada de cobre, requieren más de 150 toneladas de mineral, las cuales son sometidas a procesos de excavación, trituración, flotación y extracción mediante diferentes métodos que dependen de la naturaleza del material (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Rzymski et al., 2017</xref>). La extracción de azufre, está condicionada por la profundidad del yacimiento, resultando en un impacto ambiental perjudicial, típicamente manifestado como la acidificación del suelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Tabak et al., 2020</xref>). De estos factores surge a la necesidad de recuperar los terrenos mineros abandonados, un desafío que en algunos casos resulta ser extraordinariamente compleja (Favas <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018).</p>
			<p>Desde esta perspectiva, se han desarrollado metodologías orientadas a mejorar y desarrollar una gestión eficiente de los desechos mineros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Agboola et al., 2020</xref>), con la finalidad de mitigar y atenuar el impacto generado en el ambiente. En este enfoque, los microorganismos son los más utilizados para desintoxicar una gran cantidad de contaminantes a través de su actividad metabólica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Liu et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Bala et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las bacterias presentes en el suelo desempeñan un rol importante en el mantenimiento de la dinámica ecológica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Fernandes et al., 2018</xref>). Además, se puede encontrar especies bacterianas aún no caracterizadas, que habitan en sitios contaminados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Altimira et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Salam y Varma, 2019</xref>), las cuales poseen la capacidad de convertir los desechos en valiosos recursos biológicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Kumar y Gopal, 2015</xref>), resistir el estrés ambiental a través de la mutación y evolución, permitiéndoles sobrevivir en una amplia diversidad de áreas y condiciones ambientales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Jiang et al., 2020</xref>). Estos microorganismos autóctonos son un grupo de consorcios microbianos innatos que habitan en el suelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Jan et al., 2020</xref>), y resultan altamente beneficiosos en aplicaciones de biolixiviación, biodegradación, biofertilizante, <italic>natural farming</italic>, y biocompostaje, generando beneficios económicos, sociales y de protección ambiental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Kumar y Gopal, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Kapahi y Sachdeva, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">Verma y Kuila, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">Zhang et al., 2020</xref>). Su empleo puede aumentar la eficiencia en los procesos de biorremediación, debido a su gran potencial para sobrevivir en diversos ambientes y puede evitar impactos ecológicos impredecibles asociados con la introducción de organismos no nativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Bôto et al., 2021</xref>). En este sentido, es necesario comprender la diversidad bacteriana en ambientes específicos, debido que permiten comprender la complejidad de estos sistemas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">Valenzuela-González et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>El gen 16S rRNA se usa ampliamente en filogenia bacteriana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Hassler et al., 2022</xref>), este análisis de secuencias facilita la identificación de cepas raramente aisladas, y puede conducir al reconocimiento de nuevos patógenos y bacterias no cultivables (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Clarridge, 2004</xref>). Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que las plataformas de secuenciación de lectura corta, de las regiones variables del gen 16S rRNA no pueden lograr la resolución taxonómica que ofrece la secuenciación del gen completo (~ 1500 pb) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Johnson et al., 2019</xref>) a pesar de ser un método de identificación rápido y preciso para aislados bacterianos, no es aplicable para varios géneros y solo proporcionan identificación hasta el nivel de Género (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Raina et al., 2019</xref>). Por otra parte, es importante entender las relaciones filogenéticas de las bacterias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Woese, 1987</xref>), debido a que genéticamente pueden estar relacionadas por similitudes en aspectos de funcionalidad. Los genomas bacterianos pueden contener rastros de una historia evolutiva compleja, que incluye una extensa recombinación homóloga, pérdida, duplicación y transferencia horizontal de genes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">Zhou et al., 2020</xref>). Además, aún no se han estudiado a profundidad las bacterias que están asociados a suelos contaminados por metales pesados.</p>
			<p>Por lo tanto, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar bacterias presentes en suelos contaminados en minas abandonadas, así como investigar sus relaciones filogenéticas de las bacterias nativas cultivables, con la posibilidad de emplearse en procesos de biorremediación.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materiales y métodos</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Área de estudio</title>
				<p>El estudio se realizó en las minas abandonadas ubicadas en las provincias de Candarave (17° 3’ 1” LS y 70° 10’ 3.5” LW) y Palca (17° 46’ 45.4” LS y 69° 51’ 57.0” LW) en el departamento Tacna, Perú. Estas instalaciones mineras realizaban la extracción de azufre y cobre respectivamente, y los pasivos ambientales que se analizo se encontró contaminación por arsénico, plomo y cianuro libre (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Cáceda et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para el aislamiento bacteriano se realizó un muestreo aleatorio compuesto en cinco puntos por cada área de investigación, las muestras de residuos mineros se recolectaron a una profundidad de 0 - 15 cm, luego se almacenó y selló en bolsas de plástico de primer uso para luego ser transportadas al laboratorio de biorremediación de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Aislamiento de microorganismos</title>
				<p>Para el aislamiento bacteriano, se pesó 100 g de cada muestra de residuo minero y se agregó en un matraz de un litro que contenía 200 mL de agua destilada estéril, posteriormente se homogenizó a 150 rpm a temperatura ambiente durante 1 h, luego se transfirió 10 mL del sobrenadante en 90 mL del medio Infusión Cerebro Corazón (ICC), que se incubó a 30 °C por 24 h (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Restrepo et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Kandasamy et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Khamar et al., 2015</xref>). Finalmente, se sembró en placas con Agar Tripticasa Soya (ATS) y las bacterias fueron criopreservadas a - 80 °C en Caldo Tripticasa Soya (CTS) con 30 % de glicerol.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Extracción de ADN, PCR y secuenciación</title>
				<p>Se realizó la extracción de ADN utilizando el kit ADN bacteriano <italic>innuPREP</italic> (AnalytikJena, 2017), posteriormente para la amplificación por PCR se utilizaron <italic>primers</italic> universales <italic>forward</italic> 27F 5’ AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG 3’ y <italic>reverse</italic> 1492R 5’ TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT 3’ (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Hou et al., 2018</xref>); para la reacción de PCR se utilizó con un volumen final de 25 µL, que incluye Buffer 10x (2.5 µL), 50 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub> (1 µL), 2 mM, dNTP’s (2.5 µL), 10 nM primers (1 µL), 5U µL<sup>-1</sup> Taq DNA polimerasa (0.20 µL) (Invitrogen), 8 ng de ADN que fueron cuantificados utilizando un fluorómetro Qubit 4 (Life Technologies, EE. UU.) y se completó con agua ultra pura, las condiciones de reacción fueron las siguientes: a 96 °C por 4 min, y 30 ciclos de 30 seg a 94 °C, 30 seg a 55 °C, y extensión de 1 min a 71 °C, con una extensión final de 10 min a 72 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Dos Santos et al., 2019</xref>). La cuantificación de ADN se realizó utilizando Qubit y se visualizaron mediante electroforesis en gel de agarosa al 1 %, los que contenían bandas visibles se enviaron a secuenciar a la empresa Macrogen, Seúl-Corea del Sur.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis de datos</title>
				<p>Las secuencias de ADN fueron alineadas y ensambladas mediante el software MEGA v6.0 y posteriormente la identificación taxonómica se realizó comparándolo con la base de datos del GenBank, del Centro Nacional de Información Biotecnológica (National Center for Biotechnology Information-NCBI), usando la herramienta BLASTN. Se consideraron sólo aquellas secuencias que presentaban un porcentaje de identidad superior a 94 % con la secuencia sometida. La reconstrucción filogenética de máxima verosimilitud (<italic>máximum likelihood</italic>) se realizó mediante el programa RaXML y la identificación de géneros relacionados con el programa microreact.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Resultados y discusión</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Identificación molecular y reconstrucción filogenética</title>
				<p>En este estudio, todas las secuencias obtenidas fueron editadas a un tamaño de 1200 a 1400 pb. Posteriormente se realizó una búsqueda en la base del GenBank y se realizó la comparación de secuencias de nucleótidos mediante un Blast que reveló porcentajes de identidad superior al 94%. Para la reconstrucción filogenética de máxima verosimilitud se utilizó una metadata conformada por 1137 secuencias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) que incluyeron 116 géneros bacterianos.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Identification of the strains.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" style="border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid">Cepa</th>
									<th align="center" style="border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid">Identifiación</th>
									<th align="center" style="border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid">Cobertura (%)</th>
									<th align="center" style="border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid">Identidad (%)</th>
									<th align="center" style="border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid">Accesion</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">B1</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none"><italic>Paenibacillus</italic></td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">100</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">99.56</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">
										<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/FR849920.1?report=genbank&amp;log$=nucltop&amp;blast_rank=12&amp;RID=Z5U8WZ6B01R">FR849920.1</ext-link>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">B2</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none"><italic>Bacillus</italic></td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">100</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">99.85</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">
										<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/NR_118996.1?report=genbank&amp;log$=nucltop&amp;blast_rank=4&amp;RID=Z5UH153V01R">NR_118996.1</ext-link>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">B3</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none"><italic>Cytobacillus</italic></td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">100</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">99.85</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">
										<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/NR_112635.1?report=genbank&amp;log$=nucltop&amp;blast_rank=1&amp;RID=Z5VGGR09016">NR_112635.1</ext-link>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">B4</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none"><italic>Peribacillus</italic></td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">100</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">100</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">
										<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/NR_117474.1?report=genbank&amp;log$=nucltop&amp;blast_rank=1&amp;RID=Z5VSG1X0013">NR_117474.1</ext-link>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">B5</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none"><italic>Bacillus</italic></td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">99</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">100</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">
										<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/NR_115526.1?report=genbank&amp;log$=nucltop&amp;blast_rank=4&amp;RID=Z5VX6A11013">NR_115526.1</ext-link>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">B6</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none"><italic>Bacillus</italic></td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">100</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">100</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">
										<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/NR_074540.1?report=genbank&amp;log$=nucltop&amp;blast_rank=7&amp;RID=Z5W18RA9013">NR_074540.1</ext-link>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">B9</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none"><italic>Bacillus</italic></td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">100</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">100</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">
										<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/NR_113266.1?report=genbank&amp;log$=nucltop&amp;blast_rank=8&amp;RID=Z5W7AB22016">NR_113266.1</ext-link>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">B10</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none"><italic>Microbacterium</italic></td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">100</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">94.07</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none">
										<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/OP351504.1?report=genbank&amp;log$=nucltop&amp;blast_rank=6&amp;RID=Z5XDPB8Z013">OP351504.1</ext-link>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid">B11</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid"><italic>Acitenobacter</italic></td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid">99</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid">99.86</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid">
										<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/NR_113346.1?report=genbank&amp;log$=nucltop&amp;blast_rank=1&amp;RID=Z5XGAHYS016">NR_113346.1</ext-link>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Lista de géneros bacterianos identificadas a nivel molecular, mediante amplificación por PCR del gen ARN 16S, provenientes de muestras de suelos de minas abandonadas, en la provincia de Tacna, Perú.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phylogenetic reconstruction of maximum likelihood tree from 1137 sequences of the 16S rRNA gene.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1665-1456-biotecnia-26-e2130-gf1.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Las cepas B1, B2, B4, B3, B5, B6, B9, B10, B11 fueron aislados de residuos mineros contaminados con arsénico, plomo y cinauro libre (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Cáceda et al., 2022</xref>), estas bacterias se agruparon en 6 grupos que corresponde a los géneros <italic>Bacillus</italic>, <italic>Cytobacillus</italic>, <italic>Paenibacillus</italic>, <italic>Microbacterium</italic>, <italic>Peribacillus</italic> y <italic>Acinetobacter</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>), lo que indica su capacidad de sobrevivir, adaptarse y proliferarse en entornos adversos afectados por la contaminación, y podrían transformar los residuos en recursos biológicos valiosos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Kumar y Gopal, 2015</xref>), desempeñando un papel crucial en este tipo de hábitats, que podría aumentar la eficiencia en los procesos de biorremediación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Guo et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Kumar y Gopal, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Vaishnavi et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Amrane et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Maximum likelihood of phylogenetic reconstruction. A: P<italic>aenibacillus</italic> sp<italic>.</italic>; B: <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp.; C: <italic>Cytobacillus</italic> sp<italic>.</italic>; D: <italic>Peribacillus</italic> sp.; F: <italic>Mycrobacterium</italic> sp. B10; G: <italic>Acitenobacter</italic> sp. 
								</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1665-1456-biotecnia-26-e2130-gf2.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>El análisis filogenético obtenido mediante el método de máxima verosimilitud (ML), indica que la cepa B1 está estrechamente relacionada con el género <italic>Paenibacillus</italic>, la cepa B4 con <italic>Peribacillus</italic>, las cepas B2, B6, B9, B5 con el género <italic>Bacillus</italic>, la cepa B3 esta relacionado con el género <italic>Cytobacillus</italic>, B10 con el género <italic>Microbacterium</italic> y la cepa B11 al género de <italic>Acitenobacter</italic> (Figura 3). Lo que sugiere que los taxones comparten características ecológicas y rasgos funcionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Morrissey et al., 2016</xref>). El gen 16S ARNr comúnmente se utiliza para investigar la filogenia y la taxonomía bacteriana, proporcionando identificación a nivel de género y especie, la falta de una definición cuantitativa consensuada de género o especie dificulta la identificación a nivel de especie. En la mayoría de los casos, la identificación de géneros supera el 90% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Janda y Abbott, 2007</xref>), pero surgen dificultades debido a la similitud genética entre individuos que varía del 92% al 99% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Pereira et al., 2020</xref>), complicando la identificación precisa a nivel de especie (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Clarridge, 2004</xref>).</p>
				<p>Especificamente el género <italic>Bacillus</italic> alberga aproximadamente 293 especies/subespecies, constituyen un grupo filogenéticamente incoherente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Patel y Gupta, 2020</xref>), además basado en el marco filogenético, la genómica comparativa y las características morfológicas, algunas especies se han separado del género <italic>Bacillus</italic> y se han asignado a nuevos géneros. Ademas, las relaciones entre individuos de una misma especie o género se actualizan periódicamente, proponiendo la transferencia de especies de estos clados a nuevos géneros de <italic>Bacillus</italic> como son: <italic>Alicyclobacillus</italic>, <italic>Paenibacillus</italic>, <italic>Aneurinibacillus</italic>, <italic>Brevibacillus</italic>, <italic>Halobacillus</italic>, <italic>Virgibacillus</italic>, <italic>Filobacillus</italic>, <italic>Jeotgalibacillus</italic> y <italic>Peribacillus Cytobacillus</italic>, <italic>Mesobacillus</italic>, <italic>Neobacillus</italic>, <italic>Metabacillus</italic> y <italic>Alkalihalobacillus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">Starostin et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Jiang et al., 2021</xref>), que representan un paso importante hacia la clarificación de la filogenia y taxonomía del género <italic>Bacillus</italic>. Estos géneros tienden a formar clados en el árbol filogenético, algunos basados en secuencias concatenadas para grandes conjuntos de proteínas diferenciadas de otras especies de <italic>Bacillaceae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Patel y Gupta, 2020</xref>)<italic>.</italic></p>
				<p>En el caso del género <italic>Bacillus</italic>, se han realizado investigaciones en biotecnología, considerándolos agentes potencialmente activos y eficaces para la eliminación de diversos metales tóxicos presentes en el ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Alotaibi et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Arce-Inga et al., 2022</xref>). Las investigaciones realizadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">Zahoor y Rehman (2009)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Guo et al. (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Gupta et al. (2010)</xref> así como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ayangbenro y Babalola (2020)</xref>, aislaron <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp., <italic>Bacillus cereus</italic>, <italic>B. subtilis</italic>, <italic>B. thuringiensis</italic>, <italic>B. sterothermophilus</italic>, <italic>B. megaterium</italic>, <italic>B. cereus</italic>, <italic>B. pumilus</italic>, <italic>B. licheniformis</italic>, <italic>B. jeotgalim</italic> de ambientes contaminados demostrando tolerancia a metales pesados con capacidad para ser utilizados en procesos de biorremediación. Investigaciones realizadas por Ran <italic>et al.</italic> (2020) identificaron a <italic>Bacillus safensis</italic> de un suelo de mina contaminada por manganeso (Mn) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Mekuto et al. (2016)</xref> identificaron a <italic>Bacillus marisﬂavi</italic>, que tuvo la capacidad de crecer en medios que contienen CN<sup>-</sup> y SCN<sup>-</sup>.</p>
				<p>Para <italic>Acinetbobacter</italic> sp<italic>.</italic>, en investigaciones realizadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Bazzi et al. (2020)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Cai et al. (2021)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Dhakephalkar y Chopade (1994)</xref>, Irawati <italic>et al.</italic> (2021), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Méndez et al. (2017)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Nagvenkar y Ramaiah (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Pande et al. (2022)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Sevak et al. (2023)</xref> reportaron a <italic>Acinetobacter radioresistens</italic>, <italic>Acinetobacter calcoaceticus</italic>, <italic>A. baumannii</italic>, <italic>A. calcoaceticus</italic>, <italic>A. junii</italic>, <italic>A. lwoffii</italic> y <italic>A. johnsonii</italic>, que fueron utilizados en procesos de biorremediación para extraer y detoxificar metales pesados transformando compuestos tóxicos como As, Cu, Cr, Hg, y Ag en sustancias menos tóxicas. Además, se ha demostrado la capacidad de este género para biodegradar hidrocarburos totales de petroleo, produciendo biosurfactantes en agua y suelo contaminando (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Ortega <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). <italic>Acinetobacter venetianus</italic> ha demostrado la capacidad de degradar alcanos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Mahjoubi et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Jung y Park, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Nutman et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Méndez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Ho et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Cai <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para el género Paenibacillus se han identificado a <italic>Paenibacillus polymyxa, Paenibacillus dendritiformis, Paenibacillus validus</italic>, <italic>
 <italic>Paenibacillus alba</italic> 
</italic> han mostrado potencial de eliminar metales pesados e hicrocarburos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Rawat y Rai, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Çolak et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Kim et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Huang et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Dawwam et al., 2023</xref>). </p>
				<p>Además en investigaciones realizadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Agarry et al. (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Onuoha (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Grady et al. (2016)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Shibulal et al. (2017)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Sernaque <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>, mencionaron que <italic>Paenibacillus</italic> spp<italic>.</italic> fué aislado de suelos contaminados.</p>
				<p>En el caso del género <italic>Peribacillus</italic>, se han reportado 15 especies aisladas de muestras de suelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Jiang et al., 2021</xref>). En el caso de <italic>Peribacillus frigoritolerans</italic> tiene la capacidad de degradar algunos plásticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">Wufuer et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>Se conocen más de 90 especies de <italic>Microbacterium</italic>; en investigaciones realizadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Corretto et al. (2020)</xref> aislaron 70 microbacterias, pertenecientes a 20 especies diferentes (entre ellas: <italic>M. azadirachtae</italic>, <italic>M. hydrocarbonoxydans</italic>, <italic>M. pumilum</italic>, <italic>M. oxydans</italic>, etc.) en suelos contaminados con zinc, plomo y cadmio; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Sheng et al. (2008)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Aniszewski et al. (2010)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Learman et al. (2019)</xref>, aislaron 16 cepas diferentes de microbacterias de suelo presentes en suelo minero contaminado. Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Corretto <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref> indican que varias especies de microbacterias han demostrado ser resistentes a diferentes metales pesados. Además, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Salam et al. (2014)</xref> reportaron especies de este género que son capaces de tolerar y mantenerse viables en suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos, altas concentraciones de metales pesados y con capacidad de degradar el antraceno. También <italic>Microbacterium terregenes</italic> está involucrado en la degradación del fenol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abdel-Razek et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>En relación al género de <italic>Cytobacillus</italic>, investigaciones realizadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Tarasov et al. (2023)</xref> han reportado a <italic>Cytobacillus pseudoceanisediminis</italic>, <italic>Cytobacillus oceanisediminis y Cytobacillus firmus</italic> que resisten bien la acción de los compuestos tóxicos de metales pesados y pueden ser utilizadas en tecnologías de biorremediación. <italic>Cytobacillus</italic> sp<italic>.</italic> ha sido aislado de suelos contaminados con petróleo crudo, mostrando capacidad de remoción de metales como el niquel, cadmio y plomo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Hussein y Saeed 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>La capacidad de resistir a metales pesados en estos géneros se relaciona con la presencia de enzimas y genes de resistencia, que varían para cada microorganismo. La biotransformación bacteriana se considera esencial para una desintoxicación eficaz y para minimizar los riesgos tóxicos de los metales pesados en la seguridad ambiental, estas transformaciones incluyen la capacidad de <italic>Bacillus cereus</italic> MRS-1 para convertir Hg<sup>2+</sup> en HgS, <italic>Bacillus pumilus</italic> S3 para transformar Pb<sup>2+</sup> en PbS, <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. KMO2 para convertir As<sup>3+</sup> en As<sup>5+</sup> y, <italic>Microbacterium</italic> sp. MRS-1 para la conversión de Co<sup>2+</sup> a Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Mathivanan et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>En consecuencia, la amenaza significativa originada por las actividades antropogénicas en el entorno ha impulsado la consideración de estrategias innovadoras de descontaminación. Es crucial explorar las interacciones entre las comunidades microbianas en ambientes contaminados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Chandran et al., 2020</xref>). Por ende, es necesario profundizar en la investigación de estos géneros debido a sus posibles aplicaciones en los procesos de biorremediación. Además, se sugiere la utilización de diversos marcadores moleculares para una identificación precisa de los microorganismos, lo que permitirá comprender mejor las comunidades microbianas presentes en los suelo de minas abandonadas.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>El aislamiento y la caracterización filogenética de bacterias nativas cultivables procedentes de minas abandonadas, permitió identificar nueve aislamientos que se agruparon filogenéticamente en seis géneros distintos <italic>Bacillus</italic>, <italic>Cytobacillus</italic>, <italic>Paenibacillus</italic>, <italic>Microbacterium</italic>, <italic>Peribacillus</italic> y <italic>Acinetobacter</italic>. La complejidad de las comunidades bacterianas en suelos de minas abandonadas resalta la importancia de comprender estas interacciones microbianas en entornos contaminados y profundizar en la investigación de estos géneros debido a sus posibles aplicaciones en los procesos de biorremediación.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimiento</title>
			<p>Agradecemos a la Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, por el financiamiento de este estudio, y a la Dirección Regional de Energía y Minas de Tacna por la orientación como guía de campo en la etapa inicial del proyecto.</p>
		</ack>
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